Academic literature on the topic 'Campaign announcements'

The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of visual metaphors usage in the design of foreign public service announcement campaigns about ecological problems. The specifics of graphic and expressive means of public service announcements against the destruction of forest resources is analysed, typical types of visual metaphors used in public service announcement materials in campaigns of WWF and other world public organizations about this topic are distinguished. It was found that the main implementation element of authors’ communicative strategy in public service announcement materials is the graphic part of advertising, which is based on a metaphorical understanding of reality, and the text serves as an explanatory addition to it. Visual content can be largely outspoken, cruel, and appealing to guilt and fear, which ensures the impact of the suggestive influence of public service announcement products and serves as a factor of effectiveness for a public service announcement campaign about this problem.

Abstract We construct a dynamic model of election campaigns. In the model, opportunities for candidates to refine/clarify their policy positions are limited and arrive stochastically along the course of the campaign until the predetermined election date. We show that this simple friction leads to rich and subtle campaign dynamics. We first demonstrate these effects in a series of canonical static models of elections that we extend to dynamic settings, including models with valence and a multidimensional policy space. We then present general principles that underlie the results from those models. In particular, we establish that candidates spend a long time using ambiguous language during the election campaign in equilibrium.

The National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) is a federally sponsored national partnership including government, nonprofit, professional, and private sector organizations. The NDEP uses social marketing principles and processes to develop and implement awareness campaigns and educational activities to improve the treatment and health status of people with diabetes. Co-sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), NDEP launched its “Control Your Diabetes. For Life.” awareness campaign in 1998. The campaign was designed to educate the millions of Americans with diabetes and their social supporters about the seriousness of diabetes, ways to control the disease, and the benefits of good glucose control. The NDEP conducted extensive audience research and applied behavior change theories and the social marketing framework to design, implement, and evaluate the campaign. From 1998 to 2003, the campaign achieved at least 700 million media impressions with its culturally appropriate television and radio public service announcements, print ads, and newspaper and magazine stories. In addition, over half of people with diabetes indicated awareness of the campaign and NDEP has tracked positive trends in practice of blood glucose testing and awareness of the A1C (also known as the hemoglobin A1C), the best measure of blood glucose control, since the campaign's launch.

Child safety seats are being used more frequently, but correct and consistent use is still a problem. Educating the community and medical professionals about the correct use of child safety seats helps with correct usage. Educational campaigns can be directed to parents, medical professionals, safety professionals (fire and police departments), hospitals, and schools. Television public service announcements, mailings, billboards, radio spots, and a web site have all been part of a successful child safety seat educational campaign in Oregon. Improving the public’s knowledge of the correct use of child safety seats will reduce the number of childhood injuries, and medical professionals can play a significant part in this educational campaign.

Women keep gaining ground in the world of American politics. There are more women senators, representatives, Supreme Court justices, secretaries of state and governors than ever. Still, America has never had a female president or even vice president. By examining the communication skills of women who have run for president we can begin to assess how a woman creates ethos for the presidency. This study focuses on an understudied genre of campaign speaking; a comparison of two high profile female candidates' announcement speeches from both respective political parties. How a woman reveals that she is a candidate for president is key to her success. The presidential announcements of Elizabeth Dole and Hillary Clinton are examined to consider what introductory communication traits may best serve the next woman who attempts to break the largest and seemingly toughest glass ceiling: the United States presidency

Although public service announcements (PSAs) are used extensively in social marketing campaigns, few studies have examined the overall landscape of PSAs. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all PSAs aired on national television from 2001–2006. Data are from an all-inclusive industry database. Units of analysis were the number of ads, estimated amount of airtime, and estimated dollar value of airtime. Over 183,000 PSAs aired on average each year from 2001–2006, estimated to be worth about $1.6 billion per year. PSAs represented 2% of advertisements on national television, with more (30.5%) PSAs airing overnight between 1:00 am and 5:00 am than at other times of the day, and more appearing in the fall than other times of the year. The most common topic of PSAs was health. Sports programs contained a smaller percentage of PSAs than other types of programs. The results can help policymakers ensure that PSAs air in sufficient quantity and at effective times, inform campaign decisions about allocation of funds and placements of PSAs, and point to the need to monitor PSAs for each campaign.

Background: Pharmacists can offer medication expertise to help better control diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improve patient outcomes, particularly in rural communities. This project evaluated the impact of an awareness campaign on perceptions of expanded pharmacy services. Methods: The “Your Pharmacists Knows” campaign included a 30-s commercial, print material, and media announcements. A non-randomized pre-post study was completed using a modified theory of planned behavior (mTPB) to assess knowledge, attitude, perceived benefits and norms, and perceived control. A 73-item survey was administered to a convenience sample (n = 172) across South Dakota. Regression models to assess intent and utilization were conducted using age, gender, race, education, population, and insurance status as predictors for mTPB constructs. Results: Most common predictors were female gender and higher education level (p < 0.001). All mTPB constructs were significant predictors of intent to use services (p < 0.001). Knowledge and perceived control had the largest influence on intent. Additionally, there was significant improvement in post-campaign service utilization (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This campaign positively influenced intent to seek and utilize services in rural communities where pharmacies may be the only healthcare option for miles. Through targeted campaigns, patients with diabetes or CVD may find access to services to better manage their conditions.

Political events frequently affect the condition of the stock market and industrial sectors anywhere in the world, Indonesia is no exception. Regarding the political year, the manufacturing industry is expected to perform the best. The two manufacturing industry sectors are expected to gain the highest performance growth, namely the food and beverage industry and textile product industry. Due to the increasing demand for election campaign activities in local Indonesia, both are likely to achieve positive growth. The condition of pandemic of Covid-19 strike combined political events are an event that could have implications for capital market turbulence, this hypothesis is developed on the assumption that major events can affect the macroeconomics so that corporate actions in the form of dividend announcements can affect stock returns, this will certainly be avoided by investors. However, in this research using event study data set for 2018-2020 based on the corporate actions of dividend announcements, it was revealed that this was not an influential factor. Using the event study research method and the paired sample t-test, the results show that there is no difference in stock returns before and after the announcement of dividends, even though the corporate action was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic which was happened consecutively after political events. From the results of the research conducted by the writers, which results in the premise that cash dividend announcements do not provide a good signal for investors in Indonesia, there is an assumption that investors do not notice dividend announcements as a distortion of interest in investing

Objectives. In light of challenges imposed by the changing media landscape and decreasing classroom time available for health interventions, new approaches are needed to disseminate anti-tobacco messages to adolescents. This study reported process evaluation of an in-school three-year anti-tobacco media campaign conducted in 10 schools in Louisiana. Methods. Over three years, 10 schools received an in-school anti-tobacco media campaign. The media campaign was one intervention component of the Acadiana Coalition of Teens against Tobacco. Campaign measures were tracked over the campaign's three-year duration. The campaign and evaluation were designed to target the students as they progressed through high school. The number of students who completed the surveys were 1,823 in Year 1, 1,552 in Year 2, and 1,390 in Year 3. Schools eligible for participation were publicly funded schools with no magnet or special populations and within a two-hour driving distance of the New Orleans study office. Results. In a self-report survey (Year 1, n=1,823; Year 2, n=1,552; Year 3, n=1,390), more than 75% and 50% of students reported being exposed to posters and public service announcements, respectively. Recognition of campaign theme was more than 80%. Almost half of respondents reported that the posters were interesting, one-third reported that the posters prevented them from smoking, and 10% reported that the posters encouraged them to cease smoking. Stock media posters had a significantly higher affective reaction than the customized media posters. Conclusion. Findings suggest that in-school media programs are useful and should be considered as a viable approach to health education for adolescents.

The main focus of this thesis is the analysis of political campaigns when candidates choose their statements in a strategic way. In the first chapter, ‘Discretion and renegotiation in electoral campaigns’, I present a model of electoral campaigning as a problem of competitive delegation. The chapter considers a situation in which there is uncertainty about what the optimal policy should be; in this environment voters may want to leave discretion to a candidate, in order to allow him to adjust his policies to the state of the world, once he is elected. The paper analyses how the ambiguity level of the political statements is influenced by the presence of uncertainty over the candidates’ ideology, by the possibility of ex post renegotiation between the elected candidate and the voters and by several political variables. In the second chapter, ‘Last minute policies and the incumbency advantage’, joint with Stefan Penczynski, we investigate the timing of statements in political debates and campaigns. Early statements can influence the political agenda and signal competence and vision, late statements are based on more information about appropriate measures. We find that candidates speak early on issues they are better-informed about in order to signal relevance and move them up the agenda. Since opponents benefit from this revelation, however, candidates remain silent once their information is sufficiently precise and valuable. In the last chapter, ‘Discretion and ambiguity in electoral campaigns: a look into the empirical evidence’, I compare several models of ambiguity in electoral campaigns, including my own model which was introduced in the first chapter. I use the methodology of Campbell (1983) to have a proxy for ambiguity of the electoral statements, and the data from the American National Election Studies on Senate elections from 1988-1990-1992, to investigate which of the correlations predicted by these models seem to be present in the data.

This written thesis accompanies three television public service announcement spots. Two of the spots are 60 seconds and one of the spots is 45 seconds in length. I produced this public service television advertising campaign to highlight the issue of child illiteracy in Pakistan and to encourage expatriate and resident Pakistani's to donate to educational charities. A Website created by the filmmaker is promoted in the campaign. This Website provides information about various charities that educate children in Pakistan. Detailed accounts of pre-production, production and post-production of the campaign allow the viewer to comprehend the challenges in producing television campaigns for social causes. Theoretical issues are also discussed, including the causes of illiteracy, the importance and role of social campaigns, the history and uses of propaganda as well as the aesthetic concerns of a public service campaign producer. I discuss the importance of creating the culture of public service campaigns in a third world country like Pakistan, and states that the Pakistani community needs to look inwards to overcome the challenge of illiteracy.

This visual analysis of the Stay out of Gangs public service announcement (PSA) is a site for social investigations. The investigation follows the question of what kind of work the campaign does, in terms of the social discourses it works within and its broader social impact. More specifically, this paper explores the design of the campaign, focusing on the way it frames and interpellates intended audiences, paying attention to the discourses that are produced. The discourses observed in the campaign both reflect and reference popular representations of the gangster and the stereotypes of ethnic minority groups in our society. This paper concludes that the interpellation of both the marginalized at-risk and the law abiding subject positions is working within the PSA, thereby reinforcing social discourses of social inclusion and exclusion currently working in society.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not Public Service Announcements (PSAs) were an effective tool at modifying young adults’ perception of the r-word (the word “retard” or “retarded”). The PSAs included in this study were part of the Special Olympics’ “Spread the Word to End the Word” campaign. This study examined the efficacy of these PSAs by comparing three groups’ perception of the r-word: experimental group 1 who watched a PSA titled “It’s Not Acceptable” (PSA 1 group), experimental group 2 who watched a PSA titled “We Need a New R-word” (PSA 2 group), and a third control group who watched no PSA. The purpose of the control group was to gain a baseline of how today’s young adults perceived the r-word with no influence from PSAs. Six hundred and seventy-five participants were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The two experimental groups watched their respective PSAs and completed the survey materials comprised of a consent form, their affective and cognitive responses to the PSA, their ratings of the r-word and their demographic information. The control group watched no PSA but completed the survey materials comprised of a consent form, their ratings of the r-word and their demographic information. This study then examined what the differences were between the three groups’ perception of the r-word. It was hypothesized that PSA 1 group would have a more negative perception of the r-word than PSA 2 group and the control group, due to PSA 1’s framing the r-word as similar to other minority slurs, and using affect to facilitate message acceptance. The PSA 1 group participants thought more about the argument within their PSA, and rated higher affective responses to their PSA, when compared to the PSA 2 group; however, PSA 1 group did not have a more negative perception of the r-word than the other two groups. Results found that the PSA 2 group perceived the r-word as significantly less respectful than the participants in the control group. These findings are discussed in terms of message design for future PSAs regarding the r-word

Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2017
A epidemia mundial do tabaco é uma das maiores ameaças à saúde pública matando atualmente mais de 7 milhões de pessoas e com um aumento previsto até 2030. O programa MPOWER, elaborado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde em 2008, consiste num conjunto de políticas práticas, rentáveis e completas de controlo do tabagismo. As políticas estabelecidas, abrangem a monitorização do consumo de tabaco e das politicas preventivas; a proteção da exposição ao fumo do tabaco; a oferta de ajuda na cessação tabágica; a informação sobre os riscos associados ao tabagismo; a proibição total da publicidade, promoção e patrocínios dos produtos de tabaco e o aumento dos impostos sobre os produtos de tabaco. No âmbito de informar sobre os riscos associados ao tabagismo, o programa MPOWER recomenda a utilização de campanhas mass media na promoção da consciencialização dos efeitos nocivos do tabaco e dos perigos da exposição passiva; no incentivo à cessação tabágica; no apoio da implementação de ambientes 100% livres de tabaco e na prevenção da iniciação do tabagismo. As campanhas anti-tabagismo têm a capacidade de influenciar diretamente as intenções, decisões e atitudes do fumador relativamente à cessação tabágica e indiretamente através do aumento das discussões interpessoais e da influência nas normas sociais. Consequentemente, o aumento de comportamentos associados à cessação tabágica tem o potencial impacto de diminuir a prevalência de fumadores, bem como o número de cigarros consumidos. Contudo, vários estudos evidenciam que a eficácia destas campanhas está dependente de quatro fatores: duração e intensidade da campanha; canais mass media onde é comunicada; tipos de comunicação utilizados e o público-alvo a que se destina. Atualmente, a má gestão destes fatores e os métodos utilizados para a avaliação da eficácia das campanhas fazem com que apenas uma pequena parte dos investimentos realizados pelos governos tenham o retorno esperado. Os métodos tradicionais que avaliam a eficácia das campanhas baseiam-se em questionários que reportam de forma subjetiva as perceções conscientes do público-alvo, dependendo da vontade e capacidade de expressão do mesmo. Posto isto, torna-se necessária a adoção de uma nova metodologia de estudo que avalie objetivamente o sucesso de uma campanha anti-tabagismo antes que esta seja divulgada e os investimentos tenham sido feitos. O neuromarketing é um ramo da neurociência que se foca na aplicação de métodos neurológicos e biológicos para avaliar os processos cognitivos, comportamentais e neurológicos resultantes de estímulos de marketing. Uma das técnicas neurométricas mais utilizadas é o eletroencefalograma (EEG) que efetua medições das variações da atividade elétrica do cérebro através das diferentes ondas cerebrais. Esta metodologia tem como vantagem refletir, simultaneamente ao estímulo, os processos cognitivos e emocionais do público-alvo, fornecendo informações do consciente e inconsciente que contribuem para o sucesso da campanha. O objetivo deste projeto é validar o eletroencefalograma (EEG) como uma metodologia neurofisiológica objetiva capaz de avaliar a eficácia de campanhas anti-tabagismo através de variações da atividade cerebral. Este estudo também pretende contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos diferentes tipos de comunicação utilizados. Como tal, o presente estudo utiliza dois índices que refletem as variações da atividade cerebral, a aproximação-rejeição e o esforço mental. Ambos foram aplicados numa amostra populacional de fumadores e não fumadores para a avaliação da eficácia de três categorias de campanhas de serviço público: eficazes, ineficazes e premiadas. Os resultados comprovam relativamente ao índice aproximação-rejeição, que as campanhas consideradas interessantes (eficazes e premiadas) ativaram o lóbulo frontal esquerdo como consequência de uma diminuição da atividade alpha. Em contrapartida, as campanhas consideradas desinteressantes (ineficazes) ativaram o lóbulo frontal direito comparativamente ao esquerdo. Os diferentes resultados neste índice podem ser justificados considerando os tipos de comunicação utilizados. Tendem a ser consideradas mais interessantes pela amostra populacional em estudo as campanhas que estimulam sentimentos negativos no público-alvo, que utilizam temas de mensagem relacionados com a exposição passiva e os riscos associados ao tabagismo e que no seu estilo de produção revelam a presença de crianças ou uma forte componente visual. Contudo, os tipos de comunicação pelo enorme impacto no sucesso da campanha devem ser considerados um foco de futuras investigações. O índice que reflete o esforço mental confirmou que um aumento da atividade tetha no lóbulo frontal ocorre quando o participante, aquando da visualização de campanhas de difícil perceção (ineficazes), diminui progressivamente a sua atenção devido à fadiga mental induzida. Seria interessante, no futuro, realizar o estudo com mais estímulos de marketing, com diversas técnicas de neuromarketing e com uma amostra populacional maior, que refletisse as diferentes condições socioeconómicas e o género dos participantes. O presente trabalho dá suporte à validação dos índices de neuromarketing para avaliar com objetividade e economicamente a eficácia de campanhas anti-tabagismo, prevendo uma melhor aplicação dos fundos estatais nas campanhas mass media anti-tabagismo.
Global tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. Tobacco use kills more than 7 million people a year and this number is projected to increase by 2030. Remarkable progress has been made in global tobacco control since MPOWER was implemented by World Health Organization. In this practical, cost-effective and comprehensive set of tobacco control policies, countries are commanded to use mass media campaigns to promote public awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use and second-hand exposure; influence the smoker’s intentions about quitting; promote free-tobacco policies and prevent smoking initiation. However, high costs are being invested by the governments in anti-tobacco campaigns which only a small part is successfully employed. In addition, the current methods to evaluate the effectiveness of a campaign are based on the will and consciousness of the target to report. Facing this, a new methodology is necessary to ensure the success of an anti-tobacco campaign. This work intends to validate an objective neurophysiological tool, the electroencephalographic, capable of assessing the effectiveness of anti-tobacco campaigns through brain activity variations. This method reflects the cognitive and emotional processes of the target predicting its effectiveness. Additionally, this project intends to contribute for a better comprehension of the different types of communication used in anti-tobacco campaigns. The study was performed using two electroencephalographic indexes, approach-withdrawal and mental effort, for the evaluation of the efficacy of three categories of public service announcements (effective, awarded, and ineffective) in an adult sample of heavy-smokers and non-smokers. Concerning the results exposed for approach-withdrawal index, public service announcements considered interesting by the participants activated the left frontal lobe showing a desynchronization of the alpha activity. The mental effort index confirmed that an increase of theta activity in the frontal lobe occurs when the participant has a progressive withdrawal of attention induced by mental fatigue during the observation of public service announcements considered ineffective. The types of communication used for anti-tobacco mass media campaigns have a huge impact in its effectiveness and are work material for future research.

This chapter details events following ABC's announcement in December 1963 that it would be taking boxing off the air. What would fill the TV boxing void? In February 1964, an obvious choice got official recognition. Football would be taking boxing's place. According to an ABC spokesman, starting September 25, just after boxing left, the network would begin playing a series of five NFL games on Friday nights. Gaspar Ortega would spend 1964 carrying out an epic campaign to become the busiest boxer in history. The motto, “anywhere, anyplace,” became his creed. He mainly fought along the border in Mexico, but he also trotted the globe. He fought Stan Harrington twice more in Honolulu. He battled Willie Ross at the Castaways Hotel in Vegas. He took on undefeated welter contender François Pavilla in Paris and lost, but he made it to the base of the Eiffel Tower, a wide-eyed tourist amidst the visiting throngs. On September 11, 1964, ABC aired the last Friday Night Fight.

AbstractHealth Communication refers to “any type of human communication whose content is concerned with health” while strategic communication can be defined as “the purposeful, normative use of communication functions and discourse processes by organizations to accomplish their missions, visions, and core values”. The main characteristic of strategic communication is the communicator: an organization (in the broadest understanding) operating in the fields of management, marketing, public relations, technical communication, political communication, and information/social marketing campaigns. Strategic health communication can entail for example health campaigns and public service announcements (PSAs), public relations by health organizations and pharmaceutical companies, health policies and lobbying for health issues as well as advertisements of prescription and non-prescription drugs.

Who are binge-viewers? Research on contemporary television audiences has revealed complex, nuanced, and at times contradictory depictions of these illusive yet ubiquitous consumers of contemporary media. At times gluttons at times epicures, binge-viewers consume more voraciously and specifically than any audience in television history. And yet no research to date has examined how media companies attempted to construct and normalize binge-viewers through their advertised depictions when the new media practice began mainstreaming. This chapter offers a first of its kind typology of binge-viewer tropes as they appeared in the commercial rhetoric of streaming services at that time. The subsequent analysis reveals a mnemonically perverse campaign exploiting 20th century fears of television and hyperbolic depictions of couch potatoes in mock public service announcements to sell an evolutionary narrative of binge-viewers as savvy, agentic, and self-aware.

As a world-famous luxury brand, Versace has always been the most favored brand by high-net-worth people in China. In 2019, the text on a T-shirt designed by Versace was questioned by a netizen about “listing Hong Kong and Macao with other countries.” For most Chinese netizens, this incident was interpreted as a campaign promoting Hong Kong and Macao independence. In addition, Chinese influential KOLs and ambassadors of Versace subsequently stopped their cooperation with the brand. After that, Versace apologized in China and put its announcement on its official Weibo account. However, Chinese netizens found that Versace didn't go far enough and did not apologize on foreign mainstream media either. Chinese consumers started boycott campaigns to incite other consumers not to buy it. Under this pressure, Versace issued a new apology in both Chinese and English on foreign social media and other official platforms, accompanied by an apology letter from the brand creative director, claiming that the T-shirt had been removed from the shelves and destroyed in the official sales channel.

Chapter Four begins with Nelson Rockefeller’s March 1968 announcement that he would not run for president. The ultra-rich, larger-than-life governor of New York had supported George Romney as the representative of the moderate Republicans, but the Michigan governor issued a disastrous remark that he had been “brainwashed” about the Vietnam War. In April, Rockefeller injected himself back into the fold. This chapter paints the progressive Republican’s energetic and popular campaign, even as most rank-and-file Republicans sought more conservative alternatives.

This chapter recounts how drug use became commonplace among the American middle-class once again over the course of the second half of the twentieth century. It discusses the federal crackdown in the Progressive era and Harry Anslinger's ensuing anti-drug crusade that made it easy to forget that Americans had ever before flirted with mind-altering substances. It also cites President Richard Nixon's announcement of his national attack on narcotics abuse on July 14, 1969 as a campaign promise he had to uphold after speaking in southern California's conservative Orange County in September 1968. The chapter elaborates how Nixon's announcement decried the explosion in drug use as a growing menace to the welfare of the United States, causing the surge juvenile arrests for drug possession between 1960 and 1967. It talks about how Nixon was convinced that illegal drug abuse in America had reached epidemic levels and blamed the surge on several sources, such as the sympathetic media coverage.

This chapter tells the story of the Towarzystwo Rozwoju Handlu, Przemysłu i Rzemiosł (the Society for the Advancement of Trade, Industry, and Crafts; Rozwój or Advancement for short). Its establishment was the high point of the campaign to put in place a framework for the economic boycott. No advance information about the founding of the organization was published. In mid-June 1913 an announcement was published stating that the governor’s commission on unions and associations had confirmed the society’s statute. The announcement emphasized the significance of the founding of such an organization. A few days later the statute was published. The society’s purpose, as formulated in the statute, was in accordance with its name: ‘The Society has as its aim the cooperative advancement of industry, crafts, and trade among Christian people, mutual aid in this direction for members of the Society, and the support of the industrial, craft, and trading activities of the Society’.

Chapter Nine chronicles the final stages of the general election. It features the October comeback of Hubert Humphrey, who finally cast off Johnson’s shadow and articulated his own policy on Vietnam. His exuberant spirit now seemed appealing next to Nixon’s calculated style. Johnson’s last-minute announcement of a bombing halt in Vietnam further stoked liberals’ hopes of a Humphrey victory. But Nixon won for a variety of reasons: a shrewd positioning to exploit resentments against the liberal state, a groundbreaking use of television, and a win-at-all-costs mentality. The chapter ends with the “Chennault Affair,” the Nixon campaign’s diplomatic intrigue that derailed the peace negotiations for Vietnam.

This chapter examines how Women of the Storm responded to the BP oil spill in 2010. No longer an emergent group, Women of the Storm’s structure was in place and thus it demonstrated organizational adaptation, shifting its goals more so than its organizational structure. The chapter discusses the group’s Be the One campaign, a public service announcement video and accompanying petition seeking increased funding for coastal restoration. The chapter continues by discussing controversy that arose when critics suggested that the group had ties to the oil and gas industry, and it relates the fallout as well as the group’s rebuttal. The chapter ends by considering the group’s third trip to Washington to show support of post-BP legislation known as the RESPOND Act, which would speed up the oil and gas revenue sharing measures that were achieved, in part, as a result of the group’s previous trips to Washington.

NASA’s Flight Opportunities Program has two primary goals — provide flight opportunities to be used to mature new technologies and foster the new commercial space industry. Since 2010 the Program has contracted with seven commercial flight providers and has flown over 18 campaigns that carried over 45 technology payloads. The flight opportunities are awarded through an open competitive solicitation called the Announcement of Flight Opportunities (AFO) or through other NASA solicitations for new technology development. To date over 100 technologies have been selected for flight testing. This paper profiles four examples of the technologies that have been tested or demonstrated on suborbital flights: 3-D Printing in Space developed by Made In Space Inc., Fine Water Mist Portable Fire Extinguisher developed by ADA Technologies and NASA/Glenn Research Center, Precision Landing Exploration Technology developed by Draper Labs, and On-orbit Propellant Storage Stability developed by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

A large literature documents the electoral benefits of clientelistic and programmatic policies in low-income states. We extend this literature by showing the cyclical electoral responses to a large programmatic intervention to expand access to secondary education in Tanzania over multiple electoral periods. Using a difference-indifference approach, we find that the incumbent party's vote share increased by 2 percentage points in the election following the policy's announcement as a campaign promise (2005), but decreased by -1.4 percentage points in the election following implementation (2010). We find no discernible electoral impact of the policy in 2015, two electoral cycles later. We attribute the electoral penalty in 2010 to how the secondary school expansion policy was implemented. Our findings shed light on the temporally-contingent electoral impacts of programmatic policies, and highlight the need for more research on how policy implementation structures public opinion and vote choice in low-income states.