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1
Schobesberger, Sophie. "Changes in cardiomyocyte structure and cAMP/cGMP signalling during heart failure." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/34341.
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The contractile function of the heart depends on efficient β adrenergic receptor (βAR) signalling which involves cycling nucleotides as second messengers. Correct secondary messenger signalling is only possible in healthy, well structured cardiac myocytes. Of the three βAR subtypes present in human cardiomyocytes β1AR and β2AR classically signal via 3'-5' cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to regulate contraction after catecholamine administration, whereby the second isoform may also be cardioprotective. The far less characterised β3AR has been controversially associated to both increasing contraction through cAMP and protecting the heart through 3'-5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling. During the progression of heart failure following myocardial infarction (MI) both the normal cell structure and the regulation of cAMP and cGMP signalling are changed. This happens in part due to changes in catecholaminergic stimulation of the βARs and in mechanical load, as well as due to a progressive development of hypertrophy. Some of the alterations initially appear to be of a compensatory nature but escalate into HF by worsening cardiomyocyte function and cell survival. The work presented here (1) investigates the structural integrity of healthy, isolated, single cardiomyocytes by looking at the surface topography via Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) imaging and by examining the internal Transverse Axial Tubule (TAT) network via confocal imaging; (2) elucidates the cyclic nucleotide response to catecholamine stimulation following either global (in the solution) or local (in the SICM pipette) stimulation of either β2ARs or β3ARs and measuring either cAMP or cGMP levels via Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) sensors in a combined FRET/SICM imaging setup; (3) determines how both the structure and β2AR and β3AR dependent second messenger signalling change in a progressive rat model of HF 4, 8 and 16 weeks after the induction of chronic MI. The major findings of the presented work are as follows: In control cardiomyocytes the structure is highly intricate with regular Z-grooves and crest areas. In MI cells the normal suface topography progressively deteriorates, with the eventual disappearance of Z-grooves by week 16, which correlates with the disorganisation of the cardiomyocyte's internal transverse axial tubule (TAT) network of T-tubules emanating from the cell surface and traversing into the cell centre. This is accompanied by the gradual redistribution of β2ARs from their normal position inside the T-tubules to the unstructured areas on the cardiomyocyte membrane. The regularity and density of the TAT network is already severely compromised at 4 weeks post MI; at the same time a significant drop in the expression of the structural protein Junctophilin 2 (JPH2) occurs. At 4 and 8 weeks post MI a potentially compensatory increase in the number of longitudinal elements takes place which was no longer detectable at 16 weeks. The production of cAMP following local stimulation of β2ARs in the T-tubule openings was already suppressed at 4 weeks post MI and a β2AR response becomes detectable after local stimulation at the cell crests (areas between Z-grooves) at 8 weeks post MI. At 16 weeks post MI the β2AR-dependent cAMP level following both global and local stimulations was reduced due to an overall decrease in the adenylate cyclase (AC) activity. The production of the second cyclic nucleotide, cGMP, following β3AR stimulation is evident in control cells and to a significantly lesser extent in myocytes isolated from hearts at the end stage of HF. These β3AR-cGMP levels were degraded mainly by phosphodiesterases (PDE) 2 and 5. Local stimulation through the SICM pipette reveals that functional β3ARs are primarily localized inside T-tubules in control cells but redistribute equally in between T-tubules and crests in cells isolated from failing hearts. To improve the accuracy and reliability of local application of agonists via the SICM nanopipette voltage was applied to the pipette, as opposed to previously employed displacement of the liquid in the pipette via air pressure. Mathematical modelling served to determine the correct settings for this voltage driven application. It shows that the SICM nanopipette can reliably and precisely unload the βAR agonist ISO onto the nanoscale structure of cardiomyocytes via voltage.
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Assender, Jean W. "Control of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by cyclic nucleotides." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389966.
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Janßen, Julia Annika. "In vivo FLIM-FRET as a novel technique to assess cAMP and cGMP in the intact zebrafish heart." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232452.
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Introduction: 23 million patients worldwide suffer from heart failure. These patients depend on cardiac research, because cardiac research enables the development of new therapeutic strategies and –targets. In cardiomyocytes, the compartmentalization of cAMP and cGMP depends on many factors. T-tubuli and PDEs are responsible for the division of cells in microdomains in which localized and specific cAMP and cGMP-signaling occurs. The aim of this thesis was to develop a method to answer the open questions that remain about the physiological and pathophysiological significance of cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization. Methods: I used the zebrafish as a model, because the transparency of zebrafish larvae enabled non-invasive fluorescent imaging in cardiomyocytes in the living animal. I cloned the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) sensors EPAC1-camps for cAMP and cGi500 for cGMP and injected them into zebrafish fertilized embryos. Then I used the F0 generation for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) -FRET-measurements of cAMP and cGMP. Ca2+ is an important downstream mediator of cAMP and cGMP, because Ca2+ regulates cardiac contraction. Therefore, I also cloned the Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6 and used the dye Fluo-4 AM to include intracellular Ca2+ in the imaging. Results: The cloned sensors for cAMP, cGMP and Ca2+ were successfully injected into the zebrafish and showed expression in individual cardiomyocytes. I developed a protocol to mount the living zebrafish embryos and to measure intracellular cAMP and cGMP with FLIM-FRET in vivo with high spatial resolution. I characterized the sensors in their functionality by showing that the sensors react to changes in intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP. The results of this study include evidence that zebrafish have mechanisms that lead to cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization in the absence of T-tubuli, and these mechanisms keep compartmentalization constant even under extreme cAMP or cGMP increasing drug treatment. Furthermore, I imaged intracellular Ca2+ by confocal microscopy and developed a protocol to use Fluo-4 AM for Ca2+ imaging. Conclusion: The method used in this thesis should allow the investigation of subcellular cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization and Ca2+ and to subsequently answer open questions in the field, for example whether a change of cAMP compartmentalization leads to the pathological phenotypes of cardiac disease or if a changed compartmentalization of cAMP in cardiac disease influences Ca2+ concentrations and therefore contraction. Additionally, this method can be used to learn more about cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ during regeneration in the heart, because the zebrafish cardiomyocytes can regenerate<br>Einleitung: Weltweit sind mehr als 23 Millionen unter Herzinsuffizienz leidende Patienten auf die kardiologische Grundlagenforschung angewiesen, da diese die Voraussetzung für eine bessere Versorgung durch adaptierte und neue Behandlungswege schafft. In Kardiomyozyten hängt die Kompartimentierung von cAMP und cGMP von vielen Faktoren ab. T-Tubuli und PDEs werden unter anderem für die Aufteilung der Zellen in Mikrodomänen, in denen lokalisierte und spezifische cAMP- und cGMP-Signalgebung stattfinden kann, verantwortlich gemacht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung einer Methode, mithilfe derer offene Fragen bezüglich der physiologischen und insbesondere der pathophysiologischen Relevanz der cAMP- und cGMP Kompartimentierung beantwortet werden können. Methode: Als Modell diente der Zebrafisch, da die Transparenz von Zebrafisch Embryonen eine nicht-invasive Bildgebung von Fluoreszenz in Kardiomyozyten im lebenden Tier ermöglicht. Dafür klonierte ich die Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) -Sensoren EPAC1-camps als cAMP-Sensor und cGi500 als cGMP-Sensor und injizierte diese in befruchtete Zebrafisch Embryonen. Anschließend benutzte ich die F0-Generation für Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) -FRET-Messungen von cAMP und cGMP. Da Ca2+ als wichtiger downstream Mediator von cAMP und cGMP die kardiale Kontraktion reguliert, klonierte ich außerdem den Ca2+-Sensor GCaMP6 und benutzte den Farbstoff Fluo-4 AM, um intrazelluläres Ca2+ darzustellen. Ergebnisse: Die klonierten Sensoren für cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ konnten erfolgreich in den Zebrafisch injiziert werden und zeigten alle Expression in einzelnen Kardiomyozyten. Ich entwickelte ein Protokoll, dass die Fixierung von lebenden Zebrafisch Embryonen und nachfolgender Bildgebung von cAMP und cGMP mit hoher zellulärer Auflösung mit FLIM-FRET in vivo erlaubte. Ich konnte eine funktionelle Charakterisierung der Sensoren durchführen, indem ich zeigte, dass sie auf Konzentrationsänderungen von intrazellulärem cAMP und cGMP reagieren sowie zeigen, dass Zebrafische trotz fehlender T-Tubuli eine signifikante cAMP- und cGMP Kompartimentierung aufweisen, auch unter extremen Bedingungen nach Gabe von cAMP/cGMP stimulierenden Substanzen in hoher Dosierung. Ich konnte zudem subzelluläres Ca2+ durch konfokale Mikroskopie bildgebend darstellen und entwickelte ein Protokoll, um mit Fluo-4 AM eine schnelle Möglichkeit zu haben, Ca2+ mit in die Messungen einzubeziehen. Ausblick: Die in dieser Arbeit benutzte Methode bietet eine gute Möglichkeit, subzelluläre cAMP- und cGMP-Kompartimentierung und Ca2+ zu untersuchen und damit zum Beispiel die Fragen zu beantworten, ob eine veränderte cAMP/cGMP Kompartimentierung zu Herzkrankheiten wie Hypertrophie führt oder ob eine veränderte cAMP Kompartimentierung den zellulären Ca2+ Haushalt und damit die kardiale Kontraktion beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus kann das von mir etablierte Protokoll dazu genutzt werden, mehr über cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ während der Regeneration im Herzen zu lernen, da der Zebrafisch über ausgeprägte Regenerationsfähigkeiten verfügt
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Kühn, Rainer. "Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der cAMP- und cGMP- abhängigen Signaltransduktion in der Kontrolle der glatten Muskulatur des humanen Ureters." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-84072.
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Karlisch, Kaja [Verfasser], and Andreas [Gutachter] Friebe. "Die Rolle der PDE3 im cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk in NO-GC-defizienten Mäusen / Kaja Karlisch. Gutachter: Andreas Friebe." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1102826138/34.
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Kühn, Rainer. "Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der cAMP- und cGMP- abhängigen Signaltransduktion in der Kontrolle der glatten Muskulatur des humanen Ureters : Eine funktionelle Studie." kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8407/.
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Dünnes, Sarah [Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] Friebe, and Erhard [Gutachter] Wischmeyer. "Einfluss der NO-sensitiven Guanylyl-Cyclase auf den cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk und die Steifigkeit der murinen Aorta / Sarah Dünnes ; Gutachter: Andreas Friebe, Erhard Wischmeyer." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121508316/34.
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Marais, Erna. "Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in preconditioning of the ischaemic myocardium." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53039.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ischaemic preconditioning (PC) is the phenomenon whereby a short episode of
coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion protects the myocardium against a
subsequent period of prolonged (also called index or sustained) ischaemia. Even
though the exact mechanism of PC remains to be established, it implies that the heart
has an endogenous protective mechanism against ischaemia which, if identified, may
have important clinical implications. The importance of establishing the mechanism of
PC lies in the potential to convert this biological phenomenon into a therapeutic modality
to be used clinically. If mediated by certain components of a signal transduction
pathway, such a goal will be achievable.
Several triggers and signal transduction pathways have been implicated in the mechanism
of protection induced by PC: for example, receptor-dependent endogenous triggers (such
as adenosine and opioids) and receptor-independent endogenous triggers (such as free
radicals and calcium). However, the involvement of both the ~-adrenergic signalling
pathway as well as nitric oxide (NO) in PC has not been defined.
It has been suggested that all triggers are linked to a common final pathway, for
example, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and/or the mitogen-activated kinases
(MAPKs), in particular p38 MAPK. However, the role of the latter is still controversial.
The aim of this study was to:
(A) characterize changes in the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, and p38 MAPK
occurring during the entire experimental procedure in an attempt to gain insights into
the possible mechanisms involved in ischaemie PC (Chapter 3);
(8) establish the significance of the changes observed in cAMP and cGMP by
pharmacological manipulation of their respective pathways (Chapters 4 and 5);
(C) establish the role of p38 MAPK in ischaemie PC: trigger or mediator involvement
(Chapter 6).
Isolated perfused working rat hearts were preconditioned by 3 x 5 min global ischaemia,
interspersed by 5 min reperfusion, followed by 25 min global ischaemia and 30 min
reperfusion. Functional recovery during reperfusion was used as end-point. Hearts
were freeze-clamped at different times during the PC protocol, sustained ischaemia, as well as during reperfusion. Tissue cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), cyclic
nucleotide phosphodiesterase (cAMP- and cGMP-PDE) activities, adenylyl cyclase and
protein kinase A activities and p-adrenergic receptor characteristics were determined.
p38 MAPK activation was also assessed by Western blotting, using dual phospho-p38
MAPK (Thr180ITyr182) antibody as well as activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)
activation. In addition, to evaluate the role of p38 MAPK in PC protection, the effect of
inhibition of p38 MAPK activation, by 8B203580, was determined in adult isolated rat
cardiomyocytes as well as in isolated perfused rat hearts.
Based on the results obtained, it is proposed that during a multi-cycle ischaemie PC
protocol triggers (presumably endogenous catecholamines and NO) are released which
induce cyclic changes in cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP. Both these cyclic
nucleotides transiently activate the downstream stress kinase, p38 MAPK, which may
trigger further downstream adaptive processes.
Furthermore, the sustained ischaemic period of PC hearts was characterized by
attenuated cAMP and elevated cGMP levels, as well as attenuated activation of p38
MAPK, which was associated with cardioprotection. In addition, pharmacological
attenuation of p38 MAPK activation during sustained ischaemia led to functional recovery.
It is concluded that the cardioprotection of PC is due to attenuation of ischaemia-induced
p38 MAPK activation. Pharmacological manipulation of this kinase should be considered
as a therapeutic modality in the future.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Isgemiese prekondisionering (PK) verwys na die verskynsel waardeur 'n kort,
verbygaande episode van isgemie gevolg deur herperfusie, die miokardium teen 'n
daaropvolgende langdurige periode van isgemie beskerm. Die presiese meganisme
van beskerming van PK moet nog opgeklaar word, maar dit impliseer dat die hart oor 'n
endogene beskermingsmeganisme beskik wat, indien geïdentifiseer, belangrike kliniese
implikasies mag hê. Die belang van opklaring van die meganisme van PK lê daarin dat
'n biologiese verskynsel in 'n terapeutiese modaliteit vir kliniese gebruik, omgeskakel
kan word. Sou dit deur bepaalde komponente van 'n seintransduksiepad gemedieër
word, is so 'n doel bereikbaar.
Verskeie stimuli en seintransduksiepaaie is in PK betrokke: byvoorbeeld, reseptorafhanklike
endogene stimuli (soos adenosien en opioïde), asook reseptor-onafhanklike
endogene stimuli (soos vrye radikale en kalsium). Die betrokkenheid van die padrenerge
seintransduksiepad asook stikstofoksied (NO) in PK egter nog nie behoorlik
evalueer nie.
Dit is voorgestel dat alle stimuli op 'n finale algemene pad uitloop, soos byvoorbeeld die
aktivering van protein kinase C (PKC) en/of die mitogeen-geaktiveerde kinases
(MAPKs), spesifiek die p38 MAPKs. Laasgenoemde se rol in PK is steeds
kontroversieël.
Die doel van die studie was dus:
(A) karakterisering van die veranderinge in die sikliese nukleotiede, cAMP en cGMP,
en p38 MAPK wat tydens die hele eksperimentele prosedure plaasvind, in 'n
poging om meer insig te verkry aangaande moontlike meganismes betrokke in
isgemiese PK (Hoofstuk 3);
(8) bepaling van die belang van die waargenome veranderinge in cAMP en cGMP
deur hulonderskeie paaie farmakologies te manipuleer (Hoofstukke 4 en 5);
(C) bepaling van die rol van p38 MAPK in PK: betrokkenheid as stimulus of mediator
(Hoofstuk 6).
Geïsoleerde, geperfuseerde werkende rotharte is geprekondisioneer deur blootstelling
aan 3 x 5 min globale isgemie, afgewissel met 5 min herperfusie, gevolg deur 25 min globale isgemie en 30 min herperfusie. Funksionele herstel tydens herperfusie is as
eindpunt gebruik. Harte is op verskillende tye tydens die PK protokol, volgehoue
isgemie, asook herperfusie gevriesklamp. Weefsel sikliese nukleotiede (cAMP en
cGMP), die aktiwiteit van sikliese nukleotied fosfodiesterases (cAMP- en cGMP-PDE),
adeniel siklase en protein kinase A (PKA) asook die eienskappe van die p-adrenerge
reseptor is gemeet. p38 MAPK aktivering is met Westerse oordragtegnieke bepaal,
deur van dubbel gefosforileerde p38 MAPK (Thr180fTyr182) antiliggame asook
geaktiveerde transkripsie faktor 2 (ATF2) gebruik te maak. Die rol van p38 MAPK in PK
beskerming is evalueer deur die effek van inhibisie van p38 MAPK aktivering met SB
203580, in volwasse geïsoleerde rot kardiomiosiete asook in geïsoleerde geperfuseerde
rotharte, te bepaal.
Na aanleiding van die resultate, is voorgestel dat, tydens 'n multi-siklus isgemie PK
protokol, stimuli (moontlik endogene katekolamiene en NO) vrygestel word wat die
sikliese veranderinge in sikliese nukleotiede, cAMP en cGMP, veroorsaak. Beide
hierdie sikliese nukleotiede aktiveer die distale stres kinase, p38 MAPK, op 'n
betekenisvolle, maar verbygaande manier. Hierdie kinase mag verdere distale
aanpassingsprosesse stimuleer.
Die volgehoue isgemiese periode van PK harte is gekenmerk deur verminderde cAMP
en verhoogde cGMP vlakke, asook verminderde aktivering van p38 MAPK. Hierdie
veranderinge is met beskerming van die hart teen isgemie geassosieer.
Daarbenewens, farmakologiese vermindering van p38 MAPK aktivering tydens
volgehoue isgemie het tot verbeterde funksionele herstel gelei. Die gevolgtrekking is
gemaak dat die beskermende effek van PK die gevolg is van verminderde aktivering
van isgemies-geïnduseerde p38 MAPK. Farmakologiese manipulasie van hierdie
kinase moet in die toekoms as terapeutiese modaliteit oorweeg word.
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Dünnes, Sarah Verfasser], Andreas [Gutachter] [Friebe, and Erhard [Gutachter] Wischmeyer. "Einfluss der NO-sensitiven Guanylyl-Cyclase auf den cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk und die Steifigkeit der murinen Aorta / Sarah Dünnes ; Gutachter: Andreas Friebe, Erhard Wischmeyer." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121508316/34.
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MARTINS, Daniella Ramos. "Avaliação do relaxamento vascular induzido por um novo derivado pirazólico protótipo a fármaco (LQFM 021), possível inibidor de fosfodiesterase." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2110.
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Previous issue date: 2012-02-28<br>The inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) increases intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides 3 ': 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3 ': 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which has many physiological and biochemical effects, especially in cardiovascular system. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacological effects of a new compound derived from pyrazole, LQFM 021, which was indicated by molecular modeling studies as a possible inhibitor of PDE-3. For this purpose, aortas were isolated of rats and mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording of the relaxing effect of LQFM 021, in preparations pre-contracted with phenylephrine. We analyzed the involvement of the vascular endothelium, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and adenylate cyclase (AC), the role of K+ channels and Ca2+, besides the contribution of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As a result, was demonstrated that the LQFM 021 induces vascular relaxation (Emax: 54.9 ± 6.0%), being this relaxation potentiated by endothelium (Emax: 88.1 ± 2.1%). The inhibition of AC with MDL-12.330A (10 μM) or of the sGC with ODQ (1 μM) reduced the relaxation of 88.1 ± 2.1%, to 48.35 ± 3.01% and 19.95 ± 2.32%, respectively. The pre-contraction with KCl 45 mM or treatment of preparations with TEA (5 mM), reduced almost completely the relaxing effect of the compound. Inhibition of Ca2+ / ATPase reticular with CPA (10 mM) reduced the relaxation stimulated by 021 LQFM approximately 66.5%. Concentration-response curve contractile induced by phenylephrine (0.1 nM to 1 μM) or by CaCl2 (0-3 mM, zero-calcium + phenylephrine) were reduced by pretreatment of preparations with LQFM 021 (EC50). In conclusion, this study showed that the new synthetic derivative of pyrazole LQFM 021 is a potential inhibitor of PDE-3 and has vasorelaxant activity. The endothelium potentiates the relaxation stimulated by the compound. The route of sGC and AC are involved in the mechanism of action of LQFM 021. Was also evidenced by participation from sarcoplasmatic reticulum, well as the flow of K+ and Ca2+ through the cell membrane.<br>A inibição das fosfodiesterases (PDEs) aumenta os níveis intracelulares de nucleotídeos cíclicos 3' : 5'-monofosfato cíclico de adenosina (AMPc) e 3' : 5'-monofosfato cíclico de guanosina (GMPc), os quais tem muitos efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos, sobretudo no sistema cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos farmacológicos de um novo composto derivado do pirazol, LQFM 021, o qual foi apontado por estudos de modelagem molecular como possível inibidor de PDE-3. Para tanto, artérias aortas de ratos foram isoladas e montadas em banhos de órgão para registro da tensão isométrica do efeito relaxante do LQFM 021, em preparações pré-contraídas com fenilefrina. Foi analisada a participação do endotélio vascular, da guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) e da adenilato ciclase (AC), o papel dos canais de K+ e de Ca2+, além da contribuição da captação de Ca2+ pelo retículo sarcoplasmático. Como resultado, foi demonstrado que o LQFM 021 induz relaxamento vascular (Emax: 54.9 ± 6.0%), sendo este relaxamento potencializado pelo endotélio (Emax:88.1 ± 2.1%). A inibição da AC com MDL-12.330A (10 μM) ou da GCs com ODQ (1 μM), reduziram o relaxamento de 88,1 ± 2,1%, para 48,35 ± 3,01% e 19,95 ± 2,32%, respectivamente. A pré-contração com KCl 45 mM ou o tratamento das preparações com TEA (5 mM), reduziram quase que por completo o efeito relaxante do composto. A inibição da Ca2+/ATPase reticular com CPA (10 μM), reduziu o relaxamento estimulado pelo LQFM 021 em aproximadamente 66,5%. Curva concentração-resposta contrátil induzida pela fenilefrina (0,1 nM a 1 μM) ou pelo CaCl2 (0 a 3 mM, em meio zero-cálcio + fenilefrina) foram reduzidas pelo pré-tratamento das preparações com LQFM 021 (EC50). Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que o novo derivado sintético de pirazol LQFM 021 é um possível inibidor de PDE-3 e possui atividade vasorelaxante. O endotélio participa e potencializa o relaxamento estimulado pelo composto. A via da GCs e AC estão envolvidas no mecanismo de ação do LQFM 021. Também foi evidenciada a participação do retículo sarcoplasmático, bem como o fluxo de K+ e de Ca2+ através da membrana celular.
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Zaffalon, Fabiane Gilli. "Influência de diferentes isoformas de fosfodiesterases no controle da maturação de oócitos bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-29012015-091454/.
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A maturação in vitro do oócito é um dos fatores limitantes na produção in vitro de embriões. In vivo, esta maturação é um processo altamente orquestrado no qual a meiose é retomada pela onda de gonadotrofina que antecede a ovulação e que induz à queda dos níveis de AMPc no oócito. No entanto, os oócitos aspirados ao serem retirados dos folículos ovarianos retomam espontaneamente a maturação comprometendo a competência de seu desenvolvimento. O AMPc é sintetizado pela adenilato ciclase (AC) e degradado pelas fosfodiesterases (PDE), existindo algumas relacionadas à degradação do AMPc e outras do GMPc. Sendo assim, a proposição deste trabalho foi averiguar a contribuição de diferentes isoformas de fosfodiesterases na retomada da meiose e nos níveis de GMPc, AMPc e ainda, determinar quando há manutenção de AMPc em níveis elevados observando sua influência na competência oocitária e ativação da MAPK. Para isso, os complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) foram maturados in vitro na ausência, presença ou associação de inibidores de PDEs-AMPc e GMPc específicas e FSHr. As amostras foram avaliadas em relação a: 1) taxa de maturação; 2) níveis intracelulares de AMPc e GMPc nos CCOs; 3) taxa de desenvolvimento de blastocistos ; 4) ativação da MAPK em oócitos e células do cumulus. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento indiaram que o inibidor da PDE3 foi o mais eficaz (p<0,05) em atrasar a retomada da meiose, às nove horas de maturação, porém, isolado ou em associação com o inibidor da PDE8, não foi capaz de alterar (p>0,05) os níveis de AMPc. No experimento dois, o inibidor da PDE5 isolado não influenciou a retomada da meiose (p>0,05), porém, quando associado aos inibidores da PDE3 e 8 houve atraso na retomada (p<0,05) e ainda alteraram os níveis de GMPc e AMPc (p<0,05) nas primeiras horas de maturação. O experimento três mostrou a influencia do FSHr durante a MIV, o qual estimulou a retomada da meiose, mas em associação com inibidores da PDE5 e 8 atrasa a retomada (p<0,05). Além disso, o FSHr provoca aumento do nível de AMPc e sua associação com inibidores de PDE5 e PDE8 ocasionou elevação adicional (p<0,05). As condições de cultivo estudadas no experimento quatro mostraram que a maturação induzida (pré-MIV de duas horas com agentes para elevar AMPc seguindo de 22 horas de MIV com FSH associado a inibidores de PDEs) atrasaram a retomada da meiose às nove horas de maturação, mas não afetaram progressão da meiose às 24, 28 e 30 horas. Os tratamentos, porém, não melhoraram a competência oocitária após a fertilização in vitro e ocasionaram pequenas variações na ativação da MAPK em oócitos e células do cumulus.<br>In vitro maturation of oocytes is a limiting factor in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. In vivo, this maturation is a highly orchestrated process in which meiosis resumption by the gonadotropin surge that precedes ovulation induces the decrease in cAMP levels in the oocyte. However, when oocytes are removed from follicles, they spontaneously resume maturation compromising the competence for its development. cAMP is synthesized by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDE), and there are some PDEs related to degradation of cAMP and/or cGMP. Thus, the purpose of this work was to investigate the contribution of different isoforms of phosphodiesterases in the resumption of meiosis and levels of cAMP and, also, to determine differences in signaling pathways when maintaining high levels of cAMP and its influence on oocyte competence. For this purpose, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were matured in vitro in the presence, absence or combination of inhibitors of cAMP- and cGMP-specific PDEs and FSH. Samples be were evaluated in relation to: 1) maturation rate, 2) intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP in COCs, 3) rate of blastocyst development and 4) activation of MAPK in oocytes and cumulus cells. The results of the first experiment showed that the PDE3 inhibitor is more effective (p <0.05) in delaying meiosis resumption, at nine hours of maturation, but was not capable of altering cAMP levels (p> 0.05) either alone or in combination with the PDE8 inhibitor. In experiment two, the PDE5 inhibitor alone did not affect the meiosis resumption (p> 0.05), however, when associated with PDE3 and PDE8 inhibitors it delayed their resumption (p <0.05) and also altered cGMP and cAMP levels of (p <0.05) in the early hours of maturation. The third experiments showed the influence of FSHr during IVM, which stimulated the resumption of meiosis, but in combination with PDE5 and PDE8 inhibitors meiosis was delayed (p <0.05). Furthermore, FSHr causes increased levels of cAMP and its association with PDE5 and PDE8 inhibitors caused an additional increase (p <0.05). Culture conditions studied in experiment four showed that induced maturation (pre-IVM for two hours with agents to elevate cAMP followed by 22 hours IVM with FSH associated with PDE inhibitors) delayed the resumption of meiotic maturation at nine hours, but has no effect on meiosis progression at 24, 28 and 30 hours. The treatments, however, did not improve oocyte competence after in vitro fertilization and caused minor variations in the activation of MAPK in oocytes and cumulus cells.
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Lindner, Marta. "L'activation de la phosphodiestérase de type 2 pour traiter l'insuffisance cardiaque." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS336/document.
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L’AMP cyclique (AMPc) et le GMP cyclique (GMPc) sont des seconds messagers essentiels pour la régulation de la fonction cardiaque. La concentration de l’AMPc intracellulaire est régulée par les activités d'au moins deux familles d'enzymes: les cyclases et guanylyl cyclases, responsable de la synthèse de l'AMPc et du GMPc, et les phosphodiestérases (PDE) qui interviennent dans l’hydrolyse de l'AMPc et du GMPc.Parmi la superfamille des PDEs, la PDE2 est une enzyme à double substrat qui hydrolyse à la fois l'AMPc et le GMPc et a la propriété unique d'être stimulée par le GMPc. Il a été récemment montré que la PDE2 du myocarde est augmentée dans l'insuffisance cardiaque humaine et expérimentale (IC), tandis que d'autres (par exemple PDE3 et PDE4) sont réduites. Cependant, les conséquences physiopathologiques de l'activité PDE2 renforcée dans le cœur sont inconnues.Dans ce contexte, nous avons généré des souris transgénique (TG) avec une surexpression spécifique cardiaque de l’isoforme PDE2A3 (souris PDE2 TG).Grace à l’utilisation de Western blot et de dosage radioenzymatique nous avons montré que l'AMPc cardiaque et l'activité PDE cGMP et l'activité spécifique de PDE2 sont fortement augmentées dans les PDE2 TG par rapport à des souris de type sauvage (WT).Le raccourcissement cellulaire, les transitoires calciques et le courant calcique de type L (ICa, L) ont été enregistrés dans les myocytes ventriculaires adultes de souris WT et PDE2 TG et l'isoprénaline (ISO) a été utilisée pour examiner et comparer la réponse β-adrénergique (β-AR) de ces paramètres. Nous avons montré que lors de la stimulation β-AR, la contractilité cellulaire, la transitoire Ca2+ et l’amplitude du courant ICa,L sont fortement diminués. En conséquence, la surexpression de la PDE2 dans les cardiomyocytes a réduit les taux d'AMPc et abolit l'effet inotrope après une stimulation β-AR aiguë. L'ECG mesuré par télémétrie chez la souris PDE2 TG a montré une réduction marquée de la fréquence cardiaque au repos ainsi que de la fréquence cardiaque maximale, tandis que le débit cardiaque a est entièrement préservé en raison d'une contractilité plus forte. Fait important, les souris TG PDE2 sont résistantes à des arythmies ventriculaires déclenchées et à des arythmies induites par isoprénaline.En conclusion, ce travail montre que PDE2 joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du couplage excitation-contraction cardiaque. La surexpression de PDE2 semble protéger les cardiomyocytes contre une stimulation excessive β-AR et réduit le risque d'arythmie lors de l'activation sympathique.L’activation de la PDE2 peut donc représenter une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique anti-adrénergique et anti-arythmique subcellulaire dans l’insuffisance cardiaque<br>Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) are critical second messengers for the regulation of cardiac function. Intracellular cAMP concentration is regulated by the activities of at least two families of enzymes: adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases, responsible for cAMP and cGMP synthesis and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that mediate cAMP and cGMP hydrolysis.Among the PDE superfamily, PDE2 is a dual substrate enzyme that hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP and has the unique property to be stimulated by cGMP. It was recently showed that myocardial PDE2 is increased in human and experimental heart failure (HF), while other PDEs (e.g. PDE3 and PDE4) are reduced. However, the pathophysiological consequences of enhanced PDE2 activity in the heart are unknown.In this context, we generated a transgenic (TG) mouse with a heart specific overexpression of the PDE2A3 isoform (PDE2 TG mouse). Using immunoblotting and radioenzymatic assay we showed that total cardiac cAMP and cGMP PDE activity and specific PDE2 activity was strongly increased in PDE2 TG compared to wild type (WT) mice. Sarcomere shortening, Ca2+ transients and the whole L-type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) were recorded in adult ventricular myocytes from WT and PDE2 TG mice and isoprenaline (ISO) was used to examine and compare the β-adrenergic (β-AR) response of these parameters. We showed that upon β-AR stimulation, cell contractility, Ca2+ transient and ICa,L were severely blunted. Accordingly, PDE2 overexpression in cardiomyocytes reduced the cAMP levels and abolished the inotropic effect following acute β-AR stimulation. ECG telemetry in PDE2 TG mice showed a marked reduction in resting as well as in maximal heart rate, while cardiac output was completely preserved due to greater contractility. Importantly, PDE2 TG mice were resistant to triggered ventricular arrhythmias and to isoprenaline-induced arrhythmias.In conclusion, this work demonstrates that PDE2 plays a critical role in the regulation of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. PDE2 overexpression appears to protect the cardiomyocytes against excessive β-AR drive and reduces the risk of arrhythmias during sympathetic activation. PDE2 activation may thus represent a new subcellular anti-adrenergic and anti-arrhythmic therapeutic strategy in HF
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Götz, Konrad [Verfasser], Viacheslav [Akademischer Betreuer] Nikolaev, Michael P. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schön, and Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Rehling. "Real time visualization of cGMP and cAMP dynamics in intact adult cardiomyocytes using new transgenic mice / Konrad Götz. Gutachter: Michael P. Schön ; Peter Rehling. Betreuer: Viacheslav Nikolaev." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065882440/34.
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Mehel, Hind. "Rôle et régulation de la phosphodiestérase de type 2 dans l’insuffisance cardiaque." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA114831/document.
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L'AMP cyclique (AMPc) et le GMP cyclique (GMPc) sont des seconds messagers essentiels pour la régulation de la fonction cardiaque. Leurs niveaux sont régulés par l’adénylate cyclase et la guanylate cyclase, respectivement, et par les phosphodiestérases (PDEs). Cependant, une telle régulation est altérée dans l'insuffisance cardiaque (IC). En effet, la diminution de la signalisation de l’AMPc et l’augmentation de celle du GMPc est caractéristique des cœurs défaillants.Parmi la superfamille des PDEs, la PDE2 a la particularité d'être stimulée par le GMPc, conduisant ainsi à une augmentation remarquable de l'hydrolyse de l'AMPc. Ceci semble induire une interaction entre les voies de signalisation de l’AMPc et du GMPc. Cependant, le rôle de la PDE2 dans le cœur défaillant est très peu connu.Dans ce contexte, nous avons examiné si la PDE2 cardiaque est modifiée dans l’IC chez l’Homme et chez les modèles animaux d’IC, et déterminé le rôle de la PDE2 dans la signalisation β-adrénergique dans les cardiomyocytes. Grâce à l’utilisation de Western blot, de technique radioenzymatique, d’imagerie basée sur le FRET, de la planimétrie, de la microscopie à épifluorescence et des mesures du courant calcique de type L, réalisés sur les tissus myocardiques humains et/ou dans des cardiomyocytes isolés de cœurs des modèles animaux d’IC, respectivement, nous avons montré que l’expression et l’activité de la PDE2 sont augmentées dans les cœurs défaillants. Cette augmentation réduit l’effet d’une stimulation β-adrénergique aiguë, contribuant à la désensibilisation β-adrénergique observée dans l’IC. En accord avec ces résultats, la surexpression de la PDE2 dans des cardiomyocytes sains, réduit l’augmentation des taux d'AMPc et l’amplitude du courant ICa,L et abolit l'effet inotrope positif suite à une stimulation β-adrénergique aiguë, sans affecter la contractilité basale. Plus important, les cardiomyocytes surexprimant la PDE2, montrent une protection contre les réponses hypertrophiques induites par la noradrénaline et contre les arythmies induites par l'isoprotérénol.En conclusion, ce travail met en évidence l'altération de la PDE2 dans l’IC et nous laisse suggérer que l’augmentation de la PDE2 dans l’IC peut constituer un mécanisme de défense important dans des conditions de stress cardiaque, notamment en antagonisant la suractivation de la voie β-adrénergique. Ainsi, l'activation de PDE2 myocardique peut représenter une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique anti-adrénergique intracellulaire dans l’IC<br>Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) are critical second messengers for the regulation of cardiac function. Their levels are regulated by adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases, respectively, and by cyclic nucleotides phosphodiesterases (PDEs). However, such regulation is altered in heart failure (HF). Indeed diminished cAMP- and augmented cGMP-signaling is characteristic of failing hearts.Among the PDE superfamily, PDE2 has the unique property to be stimulated by cGMP, thus leading to a remarkable increase in cAMP hydrolysis. This appears to mediate a negative cross-talk between cAMP- and cGMP signaling pathways. However, the role of PDE2 in the failing heart is only poorly understood.In this context, we investigated whether myocardial PDE2 is altered in human and experimental HF and determined PDE2 mediated effects on β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) signaling in cardiomyocytes. Using immunoblotting, radioenzymatic- and FRET-based assays, video-edge-detection, epifluorescent microscopy and L-type Ca2+ current measurements, performed in myocardial tissues and/or isolated cardiomyocytes from human and/or experimental HF, respectively, we showed that PDE2 is markedly upregulated in failing hearts. This reduces the effect of an acute β-adrenergic stimulation, and contributes to the β-adrenergic desensitization which is a characteristic feature in HF. Accordingly, PDE2 overexpression in healthy cardiomyocytes reduced the rise in cAMP levels and ICa,L amplitude and abolished the inotropic effect following acute β-AR stimulation, without affecting basal contractility. Importantly, PDE2-overexpressing cardiomyocytes showed marked protection from norepinephrine-induced hypertrophic responses and from isoproterenol-induced arrhythmias.In conclusion, this work highlights the alteration of PDE2 in HF and lets us assume that PDE2 upregulation in HF may constitute an important defence mechanism during cardiac stress, e.g. by antagonizing excessive β-AR drive. Thus, activating myocardial PDE2 may represent a novel intracellular anti-adrenergic therapeutic strategy in HF
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Öckl, Patrick [Verfasser]. "Establishment of mass spectrometric determination of the biomarkers cAMP and cGMP and investigation of potential pathogenic processes (GPR6, telomerase, microglial activation) in animal models of Parkinson´s disease / Patrick Öckl." Ulm : Universität Ulm. Medizinische Fakultät, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1038734835/34.
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Zhang, Liang. "Évaluation du rôle de nouvelles isoformes de PDE dans la compartimentation des nucléotides cycliques dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires et les cardiomyocytes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS290.
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Les deux nucléotides cycliques, AMPc et GMPc, sont des seconds messagers importants qui régulent une grande variété de fonctions cellulaires, en particulier la fonction contractile cardiovasculaire, la croissance des cardiomyocytaires et la prolifération des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires. Les phosphodiestérases (PDE) dégradent les nucléotides cycliques et exercent un contrôle local de leur concentration intracellulaire. Une altération de la voie de signalisation des nucléotides cycliques est impliquée dans plusieurs situations pathologiques telles que l’hypertension artérielle systémique ou pulmonaire, l’athérosclérose et l'hypertrophie cardiaque. Ainsi, les PDE constituent de puissantes cibles thérapeutiques pour restaurer un contrôle correct des nucléotides cycliques. Onze familles de PDEs sont actuellement décrites, les PDE1-6 étant les plus étudiées et les PDE 7-11 représentant de nouvelles familles.L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier le rôle respectif de 4 familles de PDEs, la PDE1, famille stimulée par le complexe Ca2+/calmoduline, les PDE5 et PDE9 spécifiques du GMPc, et la PDE8 spécifique de l'AMPc, dans le contrôle des concentrations intracellulaires d'AMPc ([AMPc]i) et de GMPc ([GMPc]i) dans les cellules musculaires lisses aortiques de rat (CMLARs) et les myocytes cardiaques de rat en utilisant une approche pharmacologique facilitée par le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs sélectifs de PDEs. Les activités d'hydrolyse d’AMPc et de GMPc ont été mesurées par dosage enzymatique, tandis que les [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i ont été suivies sur cellules isolées, in situ, en temps réel, grâce à l'utilisation de l'imagerie FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer). Dans les CMLARs en culture, une activité d'hydrolyse des nucléotides cycliques via les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 a été observée. Nous avons montré un rôle fonctionnel de la PDE1 non stimulée dans le contrôle de l’augmentation de la [GMPc]i induite par le peptide natriurétique de type C (CNP). Il est intéressant de noter que, lors de l’élévation de la concentration intracellulaire en Ca2+, la PDE1 exerce également un contrôle de la réponse GMPci induite par le monoxyde d’azote (NO) et de la réponse AMPc médiée par la stimulation des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-AR). La PDE5 exerce un rôle majeur dans la réponse GMPc provoquée par l'activation de la guanylyl cyclase (GC) soluble par le NO ou des GC membranaires par les peptides natriurétiques, CNP et ANP. En revanche, la PDE9 ne régule que la réponse GMPc induite par le NO dans les RASMC cultivées. Aucune activité ou fonction hydrolytique de l'AMPc n'a été révélée avec l'inhibiteur de la PDE8 dans les CMLARs ou les cardiomyocytes de rat. Dans ces cellules cardiaques, l'activité d'hydrolyse médiée par la PDE1 n'a été détectée que sur la réponse GMPc et uniquement en présence de Ca2 +/Calmoduline. L'inhibiteur de la PDE1 n'a que légèrement affecté la réponse AMPc médiée par les récepteurs β-AR, par augmentation du pic du signal FRET.En conclusion, notre travail démontre que dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires, les PDE1, PDE5 et PDE9 exercent une régulation spécifique et locale des [AMPc]i et [GMPc]i, renforçant le rôle clé des PDEs dans la compartimentation subcellulaire de la signalisation des nucléotides cycliques<br>The two cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are important second messengers that regulate a large variety of cellular functions, in particular cardiovascular contractile function, cardiomyocyte cell growth and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) degrade cyclic nucleotides, and exert a fine local control of their intracellular concentration. Alteration of cyclic nucleotides signaling pathway is involved in several pathological situations such as systemic and pulmonary arterial hypertensions, atherosclerotic lesions and cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, PDEs constitute potent therapeutic targets to restore a right cyclic nucleotide function. Eleven families of PDEs are now described, PDE1-6 being the most studied and PDE 7-11 representing the new families.The aim of the present thesis was to investigate the respective role of 4 PDE families, the Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated PDE1, the cGMP-specific PDE5 and PDE9, and the cAMP-specific PDE8, in controlling intracellular cAMP ([cAMP]i) and intracellular cGMP ([cGMP]i) concentrations in both rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) and cardiac myocytes by using a pharmacological approach taken advantage of the development of new selective PDE inhibitors. Cyclic AMP- and cGMP-hydrolyzing activities were measured by enzymatic assay on cell lysate, whereas real-time [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i were followed in situ in isolated cells using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) imaging. In cultured RASMCs, PDE1, PDE5 and PDE9 hydrolyzing activities were observed. We showed a functional role of basal PDE1 in controlling [cGMP]i increased by the C-type Natriuretic Peptide (CNP). Interestingly, upon high intracellular Ca2+ concentration, PDE1 also regulated the Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated [cGMP]i response and the β-adrenoceptor (β-AR)-mediated [cAMP]i response. PDE5 exerted a major role in degrading [cGMP]i produced by the activation of either the soluble guanylyl cyclase (GC) elicited by NO or the particulate GCs by the natriuretic peptides, CNP and ANP. By contrast, PDE9 only regulated NO-induced [cGMP]i increase in cultured RASMCs. No cAMP-hydrolyzing activity or function was revealed with the PDE8 inhibitor in RASMCs or cardiac myocytes. In rat cardiomyocytes, PDE1-mediated hydrolyzing activity was only detected on cGMP in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin. Unexpectedly, PDE1 inhibition slightly affected the β-AR-mediated [cAMP]i response by increasing the peak of FRET signal.In conclusion, our work underscores the distinct role of PDE1, PDE5, and PDE9 in locally regulating the [cAMP]i and [cGMP]i, in vascular smooth muscle cells, strengthening the concept of PDEs as key actors of cyclic nucleotide subcellular compartmentation
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Janßen, Julia Annika [Verfasser], Ali [Akademischer Betreuer] El-Armouche, Christopher [Akademischer Betreuer] Antos, Henning [Gutachter] Morawietz, and Ali [Gutachter] El-Armouche. "In vivo FLIM-FRET as a novel technique to assess cAMP and cGMP in the intact zebrafish heart / Julia Annika Janßen ; Gutachter: Henning Morawietz, Ali El-Armouche ; Ali El-Armouche, Christopher Antos." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1151816477/34.
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Pires, Pedro Ratto Lisboa. "Influência do hormônio folículo estimulante na via da óxido nítrico sintase em complexos cumulus-oócitos bovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-21022011-112344/.
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O óxido nítrico (NO) é um mensageiro químico gerado pela atividade da enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) a qual foi detectada em vários órgãos incluídos os do sistema reprodutor e parece estar envolvido na maturação oocitária. No entanto, há poucos estudos sobre o papel desse sistema em oócitos da espécie bovina. Sabe-se que o NO atua pela via da guanilato ciclase (GC) estimulando a produção do nucleotídeo GMPc, que por sua vez é capaz de influenciar nos níveis de outro nucleotídeo (AMPc) via fosfodiesterases (PDE). O AMPc é um importante elemento da via de sinalização do FSH nos complexos cumulus-oócitos e no controle da maturação oocitária. O objetivo do presente projeto foi investigar a influência do FSH na via do NOS/NO e seus componentes em oócitos bovinos maturados in vitro e o envolvimento das células do cumulus (CC) na via de sinalização. Para tanto, complexos cumulus-oócito (CCO) e oócitos desnudos (OD - maturados sem células do cumulus) foram maturados in vitro por 24h na presença ou ausência de FSH. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto a: 1) taxa da maturação nuclear; 2) níveis de produção de NO; 3) níveis de AMPc e GMPc; 4) abundância relativa de RNAm de NOS2, PDE5A, PDE6C, PKG1, PKG2, ADCY6, ADCY9, PDE3A e PKA1. O FSH, na concentração de 0,05UI/mL, estimulou positivamente a maturação nuclear em CCO e OD, com 80,6 e 89% de oócitos maturados, respectivamente. Quando comparados diretamente os grupos CCO e OD, o FSH não influenciou as taxas de maturação (71 e 71,3%, p>0,05), nem os níveis de produção de NO (12,8 e 7,4 µM/mL, p>0,05). Os níveis de GMPc em CCO aumentaram após 1 e 3 h de MIV na presença de FSH (266,3 e 187,2 pmol/pool com FSH e 240,5 e 168,5 pmol/pool sem FSH, respectivamente, p<0,05). Após 6 h os níveis de GMPc declinaram de forma mais acentuada no grupo sem FSH (46,3 e 106,9 pmol/pool, com e sem FSH, respectivamente, p<0,05). Os níveis de AMPc em CCO também foram mais elevados na presença de FSH à 1 e 3 h de MIV (7,60 e 7,81 pmol/pool, respectivamente) em comparação com CCO maturados sem FSH (0.30 e 0,76 pmol/pool, respectivamente, p<0,05). Após 6h, os níveis declinaram e foram similares para ambos os grupos (0,43 pmol/pool, p>0,05). Em relação à expressão dos genes selecionados, todos foram detectados nos oócitos (CCO e OD), porém, em células do cumulus, foram detectados apenas PDE5A, ADCY6, ADCY9 e PKA1. Quando observados os resultados do grupo CCO, apenas os genes PKG1, ADCY6 e PDE3A sofreram influência do FSH (p<0,05), apresentando um aumento destes transcritos. No grupo OD, apenas o gene PKG1 sofreu influência do FSH, também apresentando um aumento destes transcritos (p<0,05). Em células do cumulus, os genes ADCY6 e ADCY9 sofreram influência do FSH, sendo que para a ADCY6 provocou um aumentos destes transcritos, e para a ADCY9 provocou uma queda dos mesmos (p<0,05). Em conclusão, o FSH pode exercer influência positiva na maturação nuclear de oócitos bovinos, agindo sobre os níveis de GMPc e AMPc, mas não sobre o NO. O FSH pode influenciar a expressão gênica em oócitos e em células do cumulus de bovinos.<br>Nitric oxide (NO) is a chemical messenger generated by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme, which was detected in several organs including the reproductive system and appears too involved in oocyte maturation. However, there are few studies on the role of this system in bovine oocytes. NO is known to act via guanylate cyclase (GC) stimulating the production of the nucleotide cGMP, which in turn is capable of influencing the levels of another nucleotide, cAMP via phosphodiesterases (PDE). cAMP is an important factor in FSH signaling in cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) for the control of maturation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of FSH on the NOS/NO pathway and its components in bovine oocytes matured in vitro and the involvement of cumulus cells (CC) in the signaling pathway. COC and denuded oocytes (DO - matured without cumulus cells) were matured in vitro for 24 h with or without FSH. Samples were assessed for: 1) maturation rate; 2) levels of NO production; 3) levels of cGMP and cAMP; 4) relative abundance for mRNA of NOS2, PDE5A, PDE6C, PKG1, PKG2, ADCY6, ADCY9, PDE3A and PKA1. FSH positively stimulated oocyte maturation at 0.05UI/mL concentration for both COC and OD (80.6 and 89% maturation rates, respectively). When COC and OD were compared directly, FSH did not affect maturation rates (71 and 71.3%, p>0.05) nor NO production levels (12,8 and 7,4 µM/mL), p>0.05). cGMP levels increased after 1 and 3 h in vitro maturation (IVM) with FSH (266.3 and 187.2 pmol/pool with FSH and 240.5 and 168.5 pmol/pool without FSH, respectively, p<0.05). After 6 h IVM, cGMP levels in COC declined more in the group cultured with FSH (46.3 and 106.9 pmol/pool, with and without FSH, respectively, p<0.05). cAMP levels in COC were also increased in the presence of FSH at 1 and 3 h IVM (7.60 and 7.81 pmol/pool, respectively) in comparison to COC cultured without the hormone (0.30 and 0.76 pmol/pool, respectively, p<0.05). After 6 h, the levels declined and were similar for both groups (0.43 and 0.02 pmol/pool, p>0.05). Regarding mRNA expression for the selected genes, all of them were detected in oocytes, but only four of them were detected in cumulus cells: PDE5A, ADCY6, ADCY9 and PKA1. For COC only PKG1, ADCY6 and PDE3A were influenced by FSH (p<0.05), with an increase in transcript relative abundance, For DO, only PKG1 was influenced by FSH and also showed an increase in these transcripts (p<0.05). In cumulus cells, ADCY6 and ADCY9 were affected by FSH, with an increase for ADCY6 and a decrease in ADCY9 transcripts (p<0.05). In conclusion, FSH may positively influence nuclear maturation, acting on cGMP and cAMP levels, but not on NO. FSH may also influence gene expression in bovine oocytes and cumulus cells.
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Gasser, Carlos Fernando. "Konstruktion und Charakterisierung einer lichtaktivierten Phosphodiesterase." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17374.
Full textAbstract:
Genetisch kodierte Photorezeptoren in Modellorganismen begründen die Optogenetik. Sie ermöglicht die nicht-invasive, reversible und räumlich-zeitlich präzise Perturbation von zellulären und physiologischen Signalprozessen durch Licht. Natürliche photoaktivierte Adenylylzyklasen (PACs) steigern die intrazelluläre Konzentration des Botenstoffs zyklischen Adenosinmonophosphats (cAMP) durch Blaulicht. Damit erlauben sie die optogenetische Analyse von cAMP-abhängigen Signalwegen. Diese Arbeit komplementiert PACs durch die synthetische rotlichtaktivierte Phosphodiesterase LAPD zur Degradation von cAMP und zyklischem Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP). LAPD ist eine Chimäre aus dem photosensorischen Modul von Deinococcus radiodurans Bakteriophytochrom (DrBPhy) und der Effektordomäne der cAMP/cGMP-spezifischen H. sapiens Phosphodiesterase 2A (HsPDE2A). Die Fusionsstelle wurde von den helikalen Linkern zwischen Sensor- und Effektormodulen durch strukturelle Überlagerung abgeleitet. LAPD inkorporierte den Chromophor Biliverdin (BV) nach Expression in E. coli und Reinigung vollständig und entsprach spektral und photochemisch dem Wildtyp-DrBPhy. Durch Bestrahlung mit Rot- und Fernrotlicht (R bzw. FR) wurde LAPD in die metastabilen photochemischen Zustände Pfr (fernrot) bzw. Pr (rot) umgewandelt. Vollständig aktivierte LAPD katalysierte die Hydrolyse von cGMP und cAMP in derselben Größenordnung wie Wildtyp-HsPDE2A. LAPD degradierte cGMP und cAMP bei 6- bzw. 4-facher Steigerung von vmax unter R im Vergleich zu dunkeladaptiertem Enzym. Die Aktivität von R-adaptierter LAPD wurde durch FR reduziert. Die enzymatische Aktivität und Lichtregulation von LAPD-Linkervarianten waren abhängig von der Linkerlänge. LAPD degradierte lichtabhängig cGMP in einer PDE-Reporterzelle. Dabei genügte die endogene BV-Konzentration der Säugerzelle zur Sättigung des Lichteffekts.<br>Genetically encoded photoreceptors in model organisms establish optogenetics. It enables non-invasive, reversible, and spatio-temporally precise perturbation of cellular and physiological signalling by light. Natural photoactivated adenylate cyclases (PACs) increase the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) under blue light. Hence, PACs allow the optogenetic analysis of cAMP-dependent signalling. This work complements PACs with the synthetic red-light-activated phosphodiesterase LAPD for degradation of cAMP and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). LAPD is a chimera made up of the photosensory module of Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome (DrBPhy) and the effector domain of cAMP/cGMP-specific H. sapiens Phosphodiesterase 2A (HsPDE2A). The fusion site was derived from the helical linkers between sensor and effector modules via structural superposition. LAPD incorporated the chromophor biliverdin (BV) after expression in E. coli and purification quantitatively, and spectrally and photochemically resembled the wildtype DrBPhy. Upon irradiation with red and far-red light (R and FR, resp.), LAPD was converted to the metastable photochemical states Pfr (far-red) and Pr (red), respectively. Fully activated LAPD catalized the hydrolysis of cGMP and cAMP with rates similar to wildtype HsPDE2A. LAPD degraded cGMP and cAMP with 6- and 4-fold increase of vmax under R, respectively, as compared to the dark state. The activity of R-adapted LAPD was reduced upon irradiation with FR. Enzymatic activity and light regulation of LAPD linker variants depended on the linker length. LAPD light-dependently degraded cGMP in a PDE reporter cell line. Endogenous BV concentrations were sufficient to saturate the light effect in the mammalian cell, which enables a true optogenetic approach.
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Nikolaev, Viacheslav. "Development and application of fluorescent cAMP und cGMP biosensors." Doctoral thesis, 2005. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-15673.
Full textAbstract:
The cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are two ubiquitous important second messengers, which regulate diverse physiological responses from vision and memory to blood pressure and thrombus formation. They act in cells via cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA and GK), cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and Epac. Although the concept of cyclic nucleotide signalling is well developed based on classical biochemical studies, these techniques have not allowed to analyze cAMP and cGMP in live cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. In the present study fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to develop a technique for visualization of cAMP and cGMP in live cells and in vitro by means of fluorescent biosensors. Ligand-induced conformational change in a single nucleotide-binding domain flanked with green fluorescent protein mutants was used for dynamic, highly sensitive measurements of cAMP and cGMP. Such biosensors retained binding properties and chemical specificity of unmodified domains, allowing to image cyclic nucleotides in a physiologically relevant range of concentrations. To develop cAMP-sensors, binding domains of PKA, Epac and cAMP-gated HCN-channel were used. cGMP-sensors were based on single domains of GK and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Sensors based on Epac were used to analyze spatio-temporal dynamics of cAMP in neurons and macrophages, demonstrating that cAMP-gradients travel with a high speed (~ 40 μm/s) throughout the entire cytosol. To understand the mechanisms of cAMP-compartmentation, kinetics properties of phosphodi-esterase (PDE2) were, next, analyzed in aldosterone producing cells. PDE2 is able to rapidly hydrolyze extensive amounts of cAMP, so that the speed of cAMP-hydrolysis is much faster than that of its synthesis, which might serve as a basis of compartmentation. cAMP-sensors were also used to develop a clinically relevant diagnostic method for reliable detection of β1-adrenergic receptor autoantibodies in cardiac myopathy patients, which has allowed to significantly increase the sensitivity of previously developed diagnostic approaches. Conformational change in a single binding domain of GK and PDE was, next, used to create novel fluorescent biosensors for cGMP. These sensors demonstrated high spatio-temporal resolution and were applied to analyze rapid dynamics of cGMP production by soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclases as well as to image cGMP in mesangial cells. In summary, highly sensitive biosensors for cAMP and cGMP based on single cyclic nucleotide-binding domains have been developed and used in various biological and clinically relevant applications<br>Die zyklischen Nukleotide cAMP and cGMP sind zwei ubiquitäre Botenstoffe, die verschiedene physiologische Prozesse regulieren, vom Sehen und Gedächtnis bis zu Blutdruck und Thrombusbildung. Sie wirken über cAMP- und cGMP-abhängige Kinasen (PKA und GK), Kanäle und Epac. Obgleich die Funktionen von zyklischen Nukleotiden in klassischen biochemischen Studien gut untersucht sind, ermöglichen diese Methoden nicht, cAMP und cGMP in lebenden Zellen mit hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung zu analysieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde Fluoreszenzresonanzenergietransfer benutzt, um eine Technik für die Visualisierung von cAMP and cGMP in lebenden Zellen und in vitro zu entwickeln. Ligand-induzierte Konformationsänderung in einer einzelnen, mit Grünfluoreszenzproteinmutanten fusionierten Bindungsdomäne diente als Grundlage für Biosensoren, die dynamische, hochsensitive Messungen von cAMP und cGMP ermöglichen. Bei solchen Sensoren wurden die chemischen und Bindungseigenschaften von unmodifizierten Domänen aufrechterhalten, was die cAMP- und cGMP-Messungen im physiologischen Konzentrationsbereich in lebenden Zellen ermöglicht. Für die Entwicklung der cAMP-Sensoren wurden die Domänen von PKA, Epac und von einem cAMP- gesteuerten HCN-Kanal benutzt. cGMP-Sensoren beruhen sich auf den Bindungsdomänen von GK und Phosphodiesterasen (PDEs). Mit Hilfe der auf Epac-basierten Sensoren wurde die cAMP-Dynamik in Neuronen und Makrophagen zeitlich und räumlich aufgelöst. In diesen Zellen diffundiert cAMP mit hoher Geschwindigkeit (~ 40 μm/s) frei durch das ganze Zytosol. Um die Mechanismen der cAMP-Kompartimentierung besser zu verstehen, wurden die kinetischen Eigenschaften der PDE2 in aldosteronproduzierenden Zellen analysiert. PDE2 ist imstande, große Mengen von cAMP äußerst schnell zu hydrolisieren, so dass die Geschwindigkeit der cAMP-Hydrolyse viel höher ist als von cAMP-Synthese, was eine Grundlage der cAMP-Kompartimentierung sein könnte. cAMP-Sensoren wurden auch benutzt, um eine klinisch relevante diagnostische Methode zu entwickeln, die Autoantikörper gegen β1-adrenergen Rezeptoren bei Herzinsuffizienzpatienten zuverlässig nachweist. Diese Methode hat ermöglicht, die Sensitivität der früher entwickelten Techniken zu verbessern. Konformationsänderung in einzelnen Bindungsdomänen von GK und PDE wurde als nächstes benutzt, um ein Reihe neuer fluoreszierender Biosensoren für cGMP zu entwickeln. Diese Sensoren zeigten hohe räumliche und zeitliche Auslösung und wurden zur Analyse schneller Dynamik von cGMP-Synthese und für cGMP-Imaging in Mesangialzellen angewandt. Zusammenfassend wurden hochsensitive Biosensoren für cAMP und cGMP auf Grund einzelner, mit Grünfluoreszenzproteinmutanten fusionierter Bindungs-domäne entwickelt und in verschiedenen biologischen und klinisch relevanten Applikationen eingesetzt
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Nikolaev, Viacheslav [Verfasser]. "Entwicklung und Anwendung fluoreszierender Biosensoren für cAMP und cGMP / vorgelegt von Viacheslav Nikolaev." 2006. http://d-nb.info/981594832/34.
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Karlisch, Kaja. "Die Rolle der PDE3 im cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk in NO-GC-defizienten Mäusen." Doctoral thesis, 2013. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-98857.
Full textAbstract:
Die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC) ist der wichtigste Rezeptor für das freigesetzte Signalmolekül NO und katalysiert die Bildung des second Messenger cGMP. Die NO/cGMP Signalkaskade ist im kardiovaskulären System essentiell für die Hemmung der Thrombozytenaggregation und des Tonus der glatten Gefäßmuskulatur und trägt damit zur Regulation des Blutdrucks bei. In der Arbeitsgruppe wurden Mauslinien generiert, bei denen die NO-GC ubiquitär (GCKO) oder spezifisch in glatten Muskelzellen (SM-GCKO) ausgeschaltet ist. Beide Mausstämme zeigen eine arterielle Hypertonie mit einem Anstieg des systolischen Blutdrucks um 30 mmHg im Vergleich zu den jeweiligen Kontrolltieren. Neben cGMP ist auch cAMP als weiterer second messenger in einer Reihe von Regulationsprozessen im kardiovaskulären System involviert. Die Intensität und Dauer eines cAMP-Signals wird zum einen durch seine Synthese durch die Adenylyl-Cyclasen, zum anderen durch seine Hydrolyse durch die Phosphodiesterasen (PDE) bestimmt. Dabei spielt die PDE3 als cGMP-inhibierte, cAMP-abbauende PDE eine wichtige Rolle im sogenannten cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk. Ein wichtiges Instrument zur Untersuchung PDE3-abhängiger Prozesse ist der spezifische Hemmstoff Milrinon. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die PDE3-Expression abhängig ist von der Expression des cGMP-produzierenden Enzyms NO-GC: So zeigte sich in Thrombozyten wie auch in glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen nach Deletion der NO-GC im Vergleich zu den Kontrolltieren eine Reduktion der PDE3 um die Hälfte. Diese Reduktion der PDE3-Expression war sowohl in den glatten Muskelzellen von GCKO wie auch von SM-GCKO-Mäusen zu finden. Weiterhin konnte dargestellt werden, dass die Down-Regulation der PDE3 in glatter Gefäßmuskulatur in SM-GCKO-Mäusen parallel zur Reduktion der NO-GC und nicht parallel zum daraus resultierenden Anstieg des Blutdrucks verläuft. Die Reduktion der PDE3-Expression ging mit einer Verminderung der Aktivität in den Thrombozyten und glatten Muskelzellen des GCKOs einher. In Herzmuskelgewebe dagegen änderten sich Expression und Aktivität der PDE3 nicht. Der spezifische PDE3-Hemmstoff Milrinon führte zu einem weiteren Anstieg des systolischen Blutdrucks in den KO-Linien, nicht aber in Kontrolltieren. Zusammenfassend spielt die PDE3 eine wichtige Rolle im cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk sowohl in Thrombozyten als auch in glatten Gefäßmuskelzellen von Mäusen<br>Role of PDE3 on cGMP/cAMP crosstalk in mice deficient in NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase
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WILSON, LINDSAY SHEA. "INTEGRATING PHOSPHOLIPID AND CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE SIGNALING: ROLES OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES AS ENZYMES AND TETHERS." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6581.
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Cells of the cardiovascular system translate incoming extracellular signals from hormones and drugs through binding of cell surface receptors, and activation of intracellular signaling cascades allowing modulation of specific cellular function. cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers that activate specific signaling machinery used to promote or inhibit cellular functions such as cell migration, cell adhesion and proliferation. Increases in intracellular cAMP or cGMP levels occurs through activation of adenylyl cyclase (cAMP) or guanylyl cyclase (cGMP) or by inhibition of the cAMP and cGMP hydrolyzing enzymes, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Cyclic nucleotides achieve signaling specificity through compartmentation, a mechanism allowing effective regulation of cAMP or cGMP signaling in discrete parts of the cell in a spatial and temporal manner. Cells of the cardiovascular system such as platelets, vascular endothelial cells (VECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) maintain cyclic nucleotide compartmentation through coordinating signaling complexes containing a cAMP or cGMP effector protein and PDEs. Studies reported in this thesis demonstrate that human platelets, VECs and VSMCs each contain distinct cyclic nucleotide signaling complexes, and that based on their composition and selective subcellular localization, regulate specific cellular functions. In platelets, subcellular localization of PDE5 results in differential regulation of PDE5 and selective regulation of Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum stores, an initial step in platelet aggregation and provides a potential therapeutic target in preventing thrombosis. VECs utilize multiple signaling systems to regulate cellular function including cAMP signaling pathways and modification of phosphatidylinositols. These studies demonstrate that a PDE3B-based signaling complex allows integration of both cAMP and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) signals resulting in increased cell adhesion and cell spreading. Finally, studies in VSMCs demonstrate that PDE5 localization in cells allows cAMP/cGMP cross talk through PDE5 and PDE3A. These results are discussed in the context of further understanding the role of PDEs in mediating cAMP and cGMP signaling and modulation of cell function in cells of the cardiovascular system.<br>Thesis (Ph.D, Pathology & Molecular Medicine) -- Queen's University, 2011-06-28 13:31:51.428
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Götz, Konrad. "Real time visualization of cGMP and cAMP dynamics in intact adult cardiomyocytes using new transgenic mice." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5D96-7.
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Herrera, Natalia M. "Physiological and Molecular Effects of the Cyclic Nucleotides cAMP and cGMP on Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/255082.
Full textAbstract:
The cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (CNs), cAMP and cGMP, are second messengers that participate in the regulation of development, metabolism and adaptive responses. In plants, CNs are associated with the control of pathogen responses, pollen tube orientation, abiotic stress response, membrane transport regulation, stomatal movement and light perception. In this study, we hypothesize that cAMP and cGMP promote changes in the transcription level of genes related to photosynthesis, high light and membrane transport in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and, that these changes at the molecular level can have functional biological consequences. For this reason we tested if CNs modulate the photosynthetic rate, responses to high light and root ion transport. Real time quantitative PCR was used to assess transcription levels of selected genes and infrared gas analyzers coupled to fluorescence sensors were used to measure the photosynthetic parameters. We present evidence that both cAMP and cGMP modulate foliar mRNA levels early after stimulation. The two CNs trigger different responses indicating that the signals have specificity. A comparison of proteomic and transcriptional changes suggest that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms are modulated by CNs. cGMP up-regulates the mRNA levels of components of the photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. However, neither cAMP nor cGMP trigger differences in the rate of carbon assimilation, maximum efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII), or PSII operating efficiency. It was also demonstrated that CN regulate the expression of its own targets, the cyclic nucleotide gated channels - CNGC. Further studies are needed to identify the components of the signaling transduction pathway that mediate cellular changes and their respective regulatory and/or signaling roles.
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Fischer, Anna. "Die Regulation aktivierender und hemmender Signalwege in humanen neutrophilen Granulozyten durch cAMP- und cGMP-erhöhende Vasodilatatoren." Doctoral thesis, 2004. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-13331.
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Neutrophile Granulozyten sind wichtige Effektorzellen des menschlichen Immunsystems. Eine Suppression der Neutrophilen kann zur Immundeffizienz mit Gefahr für bakterielle Erkrankungen und maligne Tumoren führen, eine Überstimulation dieser Zellen ist jedoch an der Entstehung der Autoimmunerkrankungen beteiligt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden aktivierende und hemmende Wege untersucht, die für zukünftige Strategien in Prävention und Therapie dieser Erkrankungen eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Neutrophile Granulozyten enthalten VASP in hoher Konzentration. VASP ist ein bereits gut charakterisiertes Substrat der cAMP-PK und der cGMP-PK. Phosphorylierungsversuche mit cAMP-erhöhenden Substanzen ergaben eine rasche, reversible Phosphorylierung dieses Proteins an Ser-157 und Ser-239 in intakten humanen Neutrophilen Granulozyten. Versuche mit cGMP-erhöhenden Substanzen zeigten jedenfalls eine Phosphorylierung am Ser-157, jedoch keine Phosphorylierung am Ser-239. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen deutlich das Vorhandensein und die physiologische Funktion der cAMP-PK bezüglich der Phosphorylierung von VASP, stellen jedoch die Funktion der cGMP-PK in humanen Neutrophilen Granulozyten in Frage. Basierend auf der Methode der Immunfluoreszenz wurde gezeigt, dass VASP bei der Adhärenz der Neutrophilen eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. So ist mit Hilfe der spezifischen monoklonalen Antikörper eine Phosphorylierung am Ser-157 und am Ser-239 nach der Adhäsion der Neutrophilen an die Objektträger nachgewiesen worden. Nach zusätzlicher Stimulation mit PG-E1 zeigte sich kein wesentlicher Phosphorylierungsanstieg in adhärierten Neutrophilen. Zahlreiche chemotaktische Faktoren wie fMLP führen zur Phosphorylierung der p42/p44-, p38-MAPK sowie auch der PKB. Diese intrazellulären Signalmoleküle spielen eine zentrale Rolle bei der Neutrophilenaktivierung. Da es bereits von hemmenden Einflussen der Vasodilatatoren auf die Aktivierung der Neutrophilen Granulozyten berichtet worden ist, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einfluss von cAMP- und cGMP-erhöhenden Substanzen auf die fMLP-induzierte Phosphorylierung der p42/p44-, p38-MAPK sowie der PKB untersucht. Flolan, ein cAMP-erhöhender Vasodilatator führte zur signifikanten Hemmung der fMLP-induzierten p42/p44-, p38- sowie PKB-Phosphorylierung. cGMP-erhöhender Vasodilatator SNP zeigte jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die fMLP-induzierte Aktivierung dieser Signalmoleküle. Physiologisch vorkommende cAMP-erhöhende Substanzen besitzen im menschlichen Körper eine wichtige regulatorische Funktion, die Neutrophile Granulozyten vor der „Überstimulation“ bewahrt<br>Neutrophil granulocytes are critical effector cells in human humoral and innate immunity and play a vital role in phagozytosis and bacterial killing. Patients with deficient function of neutrophils commonly suffer from repeated bacterial infections. Moreover, neutrophils are active in immunosurveillance against tumours. However, the capacity for bacterial killing carries with it an implicit capacity for host tissue destruction, as observed in autoimmune disease. This study is focussed on the characterization of activatory and inhibitory signalling pathways in neutrophils which will allow new approaches in the therapy of cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Neutrophils contain high concentrations of VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein). VASP is an established substrate of both cAMP- and cGMP- dependent protein kinases. This study demonstrates that cAMP-elevating drugs cause reversible VASP phosphorylation at serine 157 and at serine 239 in intact human neutrophils, whereas cGMP-elevating drugs cause VASP phosphorylation only at serine 157 but not at serine 239. This indicates that cAMP-dependent protein kinases play a functional role in neutrophils, the physiologic role of cGMP-dependent protein kinases in these cells still remains unresolved. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated VASP phosphorylation at serine 157 and serine 239 during neutrophil adhesion. After stimulation of adherent neutrophils with PG-E1 no increase in VASP phosphorylation could be observed compared to unstimulated adherent cells. Multiple chemotactic factors including fMLP cause phosphorylation and activation of p42/p44-MAPK, p38-MAPK and protein kinase B (Akt-kinase, PKB). These are intracellular signalling molecules which play an important role in neutrophil activation. This study investigates the effects of cAMP- and cGMP-elevating drugs on the fMLP-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44-MAPK, p38-MAPK and PKB. The cAMP-elevating prostacyclin I2 (Flolan™) shows inhibition of fMLP-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44-MAPK, p38-MAPK and PKB. The cGMP-elevating drug sodium nitroprusside did not influence fMLP-induced phosphorylation of these signalling molecules. Therefore, physiological cAMP-elevating substances seem to play a regulatory role and prevent neutrophil granulocytes from “overstimulation”
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陳奕中. "Pharmacological study of theophylline-based berivatives:involvement K+ channels and cAMP/cGMP enhancing activities in smooth muscle." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14053100672862101734.
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Lämmle, Simon. "Die Rolle der Phosphodiesterase 2 im Herzen." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-994E-0.
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Herzinsuffizienz ist ein weltweites Gesundheitsproblem mit hoher Morbidität und Mortalität und immer
noch schlechter Prognose. Ein charakteristisches Merkmal der molekularen und damit verbundenen
strukturellen Veränderungen, die der terminalen Insuffizienz vorangehen ist die durch Desensitivierungsmechanismen
vermittelte Abnahme des beta-adrenergen (β-AR) Signalmoleküls zyklisches Adenosinmonophosphat
(cAMP) auf der einen Seite und der gleichzeitigen Zunahme des von natriuretischen Peptiden
(NP) und Stickstoffmonoxid (NO) generierten zyklischen Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP) auf der
anderen Seite. Während hohe cAMP-Spiegel im Herzen als schädlich gelten, werden cGMP-abhängige
Signalkaskaden vorwiegend als protektiv verstanden. Amplitude, Lokalisation und Halbwertszeit beider
Signalmoleküle werden durch spezifische Enzyme, den Phosphodiesterasen (PDE) reguliert. Unter der
PDE-Superfamilie wird die Isoform PDE2 als einzige von cGMP aktiviert, um dann verstärkt cAMP abzubauen
und steht damit im Zentrum eines negativen Crosstalks dieser beiden Signalwege. PDE2 ist sowohl
in der humanen als auch der experimentellen Herzinsuffizienz hochreguliert und scheint dort am β-AR
Desensitivierungsprozess beteiligt zu sein. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde die pathophysiologische Rolle
der PDE2 im Herzen näher charakterisiert.
Es wird gezeigt, dass die PDE2 nicht nur in Kardiomyozyten, sondern auch in kardialen Fibroblasten
exprimiert wird. In Fibroblasten inhibieren cAMP/cGMP-Signalwege die Transformation von kardialen
Fibroblasten (CF) zu Myofibroblasten (MyoCF), einem zellulären Phänotyp, der unter anderem mit der
persistenten Fibrotisierung des erkrankten Herzgewebes in Verbindung gebracht wird. In CF führte eine
Überexpression von PDE2 zu eine starken Abnahme der basalen und β2-AR-vermittelten cAMP-Synthese
und war ausreichend, um in Abwesenheit exogener, pro-fibrotischer Stimuli die Transformation zum
MyoCF zu induzieren. In Übereinstimmung zeigten funktionale Analysen mit künstlich hergestelltem
Bindegewebe aus PDE2-überexprimierenden CF eine deutliche Zunahme der Gewebssteifigkeit. PDE2
übte keinen Einfluss auf basale oder durch das atriale NP generiertes cGMP aus und reduzierte nur partiell
die NO-induzierte cGMP-Akkumulation. Interessanterweise waren beide Stimuli in der Lage, trotz niedriger
cAMP-Spiegel die PDE2-induzierte CF-Transformation zum MyoCF zu verhindern und lassen daher
eine Redundanz dieser beiden sonst so gegensätzlichen Signalwege vermuten.
Zur Untersuchung von PDE2 in Kardiomyozyten wurde ein transgenes (TG) Mausmodell mit spezifischer
kardialer Überexpression herangezogen. Die Basalcharakterisierung zeigte eine erniedrigte Herzfrequenz
(HR) mit kompensatorisch erhöhter, basaler Kontraktionskraft, sowie eine verminderte Maximalantwort
bezüglich der HR nach akuter β-AR Stimulation. Auf molekularer Ebene war dieser Phänotyp mit einer
verminderten Phosphorylierung verschiedener β-AR Zielstrukturen wie Troponin I, Phospholamban und
Ryanodinrezeptor-2 assoziiert. Langzeitstudien belegten, dass eine Überexpression von PDE2 keine pathologischen
Konsequenzen hat, sondern im Gegenteil die durchschnittliche Lebensspanne der Tiere eher
verlängerte. Erste Studien im Herzinsuffizienzmodel der transversalen Aortenkonstriktion (TAC) zeigten
bisher eine beständig erniedrigte HR und verminderte Wanddicken bei allerdings vergleichbarer Abnahme
der kardialen Kontraktionskraft.
Trotz der klaren Befunde und neuen Erkenntnisse über die vielfältige Rolle der PDE2 im Herzen lässt sich
bisher noch nicht klar belegen, ob eine zusätzliche Aktivierung von myokardialen PDE2 tatsächlich im
Sinne einer intrazellulären β-AR-Blockade die Progression zur Herzinsuffizienz verlangsamen oder verhindern
könnte. Weitere darauf aufbauende Untersuchungen, wie z.B. eine akut induzierbare Aktivierung
bzw. Deaktivierung in experimentellen Herzinsuffizienzmodellen könnten den Weg für die Entwicklung
klinisch anwendbarer Ansätze zur therapeutischen Modulation dieser viel versprechenden Zielstruktur
ebnen.
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Bruder, Sandra [Verfasser]. "cAMP- und cGMP-bindende Tandem-GAF-Domänen : biochemische Untersuchungen mit einer cyanobakteriellen Adenylatcyclase / vorgelegt von Sandra Bruder." 2006. http://d-nb.info/978483103/34.
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Dünnes, Sarah. "Einfluss der NO-sensitiven Guanylyl-Cyclase auf den cGMP/cAMP-Crosstalk und die Steifigkeit der murinen Aorta." Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-141479.
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Die NO/cGMP-vermittelte Signalkaskade ist im vaskulären System entscheidend an der Regulation des Blutdrucks beteiligt. Innerhalb der Kaskade nimmt die NO-sensitive Guanylyl-Cyclase (NO-GC) eine Schlüsselfunktion als wichtigster Rezeptor für das Signalmolekül Stickstoffmonoxids (NO) ein. NO wird endogen von verschiedenen Isoformen der NO Synthase produziert. Die Bindung von NO an die NO GC führt zur Produktion des sekundären Botenstoffs cyclisches Guanosinmonophosphat (cGMP). Dieser Botenstoff aktiviert verschiedene Effektor-Moleküle und bewirkt letztlich eine Relaxation der glatten Muskulatur. Ein weiterer sekundärer Botenstoff, das Signalmolekül cyclisches Adenosinmonophosphat (cAMP), ist ebenfalls an der Regulation des Tonus der glatten Muskulatur und dadurch an der Blutdruckregulation beteiligt. Unterschiedliche Phosphodiesterasen (PDE) bauen die sekundären Botenstoffe ab und beenden dadurch die Signalkaskaden. Die PDE3 spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle, da sie eine gemischte Substratspezifität besitzt. Um den Einfluss der NO-GC auf das kardiovaskuläre System zu untersuchen, wurden NO-GC Knockout(KO)-Mäuse mit globaler (GCKO) oder Glattmuskel-spezifischer (SMC-GCKO) Deletion der NO-GC generiert. Um das Zusammenspiel von cAMP und cGMP näher zu beleuchten, wurde im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit die PDE3 genauer untersucht. Im Gefäßsystem wird lediglich die PDE3A und nicht die PDE3B exprimiert. Die Aorten von GCKO- und SMC-GCKO-Tieren reagieren sensitiver auf PDE3A-Blockade als die Kontroll-Tiere. Auch die akute Blockade der NO-GC führt zu diesem Sensitivitätseffekt. Die PDE3A ist in Folge der NO-GC-Deletion sowohl in ihrer Expression, als auch ihrer Aktivität um die Hälfte reduziert. Dies dient vermutlich kompensatorisch dazu, das cAMP-Signal weitgehend zu erhalten und so eine cAMP-induzierte Relaxation der Gefäße zu gewährleisten. Ohne Rückkopplung zwischen den beiden Signalwegen käme es vermutlich zu weiteren negativen Konsequenzen für das Herz-Kreislaufsystem. Diese Daten weisen auf eine direkte Regulation der PDE3 in glatten Muskelzellen durch die NO/cGMP-Signalkaskade und einen PDE3-vermittelten cAMP/cGMP-Crosstalk hin. Der genaue Mechanismus dieser Expressionsregulation ist noch unklar. Denkbar wäre eine cGMP-vermittelte Transkriptionsregulation oder eine Modulation der Translation der PDE3A. Der Verlust der NO-GC führt in GCKO- und SMC-GCKO-Mäusen zu einem erhöhten systolischen Blutdruck von ~30 mmHg. Bei der Entwicklung der arteriellen Hypertonie könnte eine erhöhte Aortensteifigkeit beteiligt sein, die im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit näher untersucht wurde. In GCKO-Mäusen ist die aortale Steifigkeit und daraus resultierend die Pulswellengeschwindigkeit (PWV) deutlich erhöht. Die Steigerung der PWV wird in den GCKO-Tieren zusätzlich durch den verminderten Aorten-Durchmesser bedingt. Außerdem weisen die Aorten dieser Tiere eine veränderte Wandstruktur auf, die zu einer Verminderung der aortalen Windkesselfunktion führt. Diese Veränderungen könnten die Blutdruckerhöhung in GCKO-Mäusen erklären. In SMC-GCKO-Tieren tritt keine dieser Gefäß-Modifikationen auf. Eine Aortensteifigkeit als mögliche Ursache für den erhöhten systolischen Blutdruck in den SMC-GCKO-Tieren kann somit ausgeschlossen werden. Zur Aufklärung müssen weitere Versuche zum Aufbau der Gefäßwände und zur Bestimmung des peripheren Widerstands gemacht werden. Auch der Einfluss anderer Zelltypen, wie z.B. Perizyten oder Fibroblasten, auf die Blutdruckregulation sollte untersucht werden<br>The NO/cGMP-mediated signaling cascade is crucially involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Within the cascade, NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) plays a key role as the most important receptor for the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). NO is endogenously produced by three different isoforms of NO synthase. Binding of NO to NO-GC stimulates the production of the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP, in turn, activates various effector molecules, finally leading to smooth muscle relaxation. Another second messenger, the signalling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), also participates in the regulation of smooth muscle tone and is thus also involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Phosphodiesterases (PDE) degrade cyclic nucleotides thereby ending their signalling. In order to investigate the effect of NO-GC on the cardiovascular system, mice with global (GCKO) or smooth muscle-specific (SMC-GCKO) deletion of NO-GC have been generated. To shed light into the interplay of cAMP and cGMP, PDE3 was studied in the first part of this thesis. PDE3 plays a special role in cGMP/cAMP crosstalk based on its mixed substrate specificity. From the two PDE3 isoenzymes (PDE3A and PDE3B), only PDE3A is expressed in the aorta. The aortas of GCKO- and SMC-GCKO animals are more sensitive to PDE3A inhibition than those from control animals. The acute blockade of NO-GC using ODQ also leads to this sensitivity effect. As a result of NO-GC deletion, PDE3A expression and activity are reduced by approx. 50%. This is probably a compensatory response in order to maintain functional cAMP signalling and to guarantee cAMP-induced relaxation of blood vessels. These results indicate a direct regulation of PDE3A in smooth muscle cells by the NO/cGMP-signalling cascade and a PDE3-mediated cAMP/cGMP crosstalk. The exact mechanism how NO-GC/cGMP regulates PDE3A expression remains unclear; conceivable options are a cGMP-mediated regulation of transcription or a modulation of PDE3A translation. Loss of NO-GC in GCKO and SMC-GCKO mice leads to an elevated systolic blood pressure by around 30 mmHg. In the second part of this thesis, stiffness of aortae from these KO animals was examined. In GCKO mice, the pulse wave velocity (PWV) was significantly faster than in control animals indicating an increased aortic stiffness. The increase in PWV in GCKO animals is likely to be explained by a reduced aortic diameter. Even though elastin and collagen content were unchanged, the aortas of these animals have an altered wall structure. SMC-GCKO animals show neither an increase in PWV nor morphological changes of the aorta. Thus, an increased aortic stiffness can be excluded as cause for the elevated systolic blood pressure in GCKO animals
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Janßen, Julia Annika. "In vivo FLIM-FRET as a novel technique to assess cAMP and cGMP in the intact zebrafish heart." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30747.
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Introduction: 23 million patients worldwide suffer from heart failure. These patients depend on cardiac research, because cardiac research enables the development of new therapeutic strategies and –targets. In cardiomyocytes, the compartmentalization of cAMP and cGMP depends on many factors. T-tubuli and PDEs are responsible for the division of cells in microdomains in which localized and specific cAMP and cGMP-signaling occurs. The aim of this thesis was to develop a method to answer the open questions that remain about the physiological and pathophysiological significance of cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization.
Methods: I used the zebrafish as a model, because the transparency of zebrafish larvae enabled non-invasive fluorescent imaging in cardiomyocytes in the living animal. I cloned the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) sensors EPAC1-camps for cAMP and cGi500 for cGMP and injected them into zebrafish fertilized embryos. Then I used the F0 generation for Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) -FRET-measurements of cAMP and cGMP. Ca2+ is an important downstream mediator of cAMP and cGMP, because Ca2+ regulates cardiac contraction. Therefore, I also cloned the Ca2+ sensor GCaMP6 and used the dye Fluo-4 AM to include intracellular Ca2+ in the imaging.
Results: The cloned sensors for cAMP, cGMP and Ca2+ were successfully injected into the zebrafish and showed expression in individual cardiomyocytes. I developed a protocol to mount the living zebrafish embryos and to measure intracellular cAMP and cGMP with FLIM-FRET in vivo with high spatial resolution. I characterized the sensors in their functionality by showing that the sensors react to changes in intracellular concentrations of cAMP and cGMP. The results of this study include evidence that zebrafish have mechanisms that lead to cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization in the absence of T-tubuli, and these mechanisms keep compartmentalization constant even under extreme cAMP or cGMP increasing drug treatment. Furthermore, I imaged intracellular Ca2+ by confocal microscopy and developed a protocol to use Fluo-4 AM for Ca2+ imaging.
Conclusion: The method used in this thesis should allow the investigation of subcellular cAMP/cGMP compartmentalization and Ca2+ and to subsequently answer open questions in the field, for example whether a change of cAMP compartmentalization leads to the pathological phenotypes of cardiac disease or if a changed compartmentalization of cAMP in cardiac disease influences Ca2+ concentrations and therefore contraction. Additionally, this method can be used to learn more about cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ during regeneration in the heart, because the zebrafish cardiomyocytes can regenerate.<br>Einleitung: Weltweit sind mehr als 23 Millionen unter Herzinsuffizienz leidende Patienten auf die kardiologische Grundlagenforschung angewiesen, da diese die Voraussetzung für eine bessere Versorgung durch adaptierte und neue Behandlungswege schafft. In Kardiomyozyten hängt die Kompartimentierung von cAMP und cGMP von vielen Faktoren ab. T-Tubuli und PDEs werden unter anderem für die Aufteilung der Zellen in Mikrodomänen, in denen lokalisierte und spezifische cAMP- und cGMP-Signalgebung stattfinden kann, verantwortlich gemacht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Etablierung einer Methode, mithilfe derer offene Fragen bezüglich der physiologischen und insbesondere der pathophysiologischen Relevanz der cAMP- und cGMP Kompartimentierung beantwortet werden können.
Methode: Als Modell diente der Zebrafisch, da die Transparenz von Zebrafisch Embryonen eine nicht-invasive Bildgebung von Fluoreszenz in Kardiomyozyten im lebenden Tier ermöglicht. Dafür klonierte ich die Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) -Sensoren EPAC1-camps als cAMP-Sensor und cGi500 als cGMP-Sensor und injizierte diese in befruchtete Zebrafisch Embryonen. Anschließend benutzte ich die F0-Generation für Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) -FRET-Messungen von cAMP und cGMP. Da Ca2+ als wichtiger downstream Mediator von cAMP und cGMP die kardiale Kontraktion reguliert, klonierte ich außerdem den Ca2+-Sensor GCaMP6 und benutzte den Farbstoff Fluo-4 AM, um intrazelluläres Ca2+ darzustellen.
Ergebnisse: Die klonierten Sensoren für cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ konnten erfolgreich in den Zebrafisch injiziert werden und zeigten alle Expression in einzelnen Kardiomyozyten. Ich entwickelte ein Protokoll, dass die Fixierung von lebenden Zebrafisch Embryonen und nachfolgender Bildgebung von cAMP und cGMP mit hoher zellulärer Auflösung mit FLIM-FRET in vivo erlaubte. Ich konnte eine funktionelle Charakterisierung der Sensoren durchführen, indem ich zeigte, dass sie auf Konzentrationsänderungen von intrazellulärem cAMP und cGMP reagieren sowie zeigen, dass Zebrafische trotz fehlender T-Tubuli eine signifikante cAMP- und cGMP Kompartimentierung aufweisen, auch unter extremen Bedingungen nach Gabe von cAMP/cGMP stimulierenden Substanzen in hoher Dosierung. Ich konnte zudem subzelluläres Ca2+ durch konfokale Mikroskopie bildgebend darstellen und entwickelte ein Protokoll, um mit Fluo-4 AM eine schnelle Möglichkeit zu haben, Ca2+ mit in die Messungen einzubeziehen.
Ausblick: Die in dieser Arbeit benutzte Methode bietet eine gute Möglichkeit, subzelluläre cAMP- und cGMP-Kompartimentierung und Ca2+ zu untersuchen und damit zum Beispiel die Fragen zu beantworten, ob eine veränderte cAMP/cGMP Kompartimentierung zu Herzkrankheiten wie Hypertrophie führt oder ob eine veränderte cAMP Kompartimentierung den zellulären Ca2+ Haushalt und damit die kardiale Kontraktion beeinflusst. Darüber hinaus kann das von mir etablierte Protokoll dazu genutzt werden, mehr über cAMP, cGMP und Ca2+ während der Regeneration im Herzen zu lernen, da der Zebrafisch über ausgeprägte Regenerationsfähigkeiten verfügt.
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Wilczek, Manuela [Verfasser]. "Paramecium biaurelia im niederfrequenten Magnetfeld : Auswirkungen auf das Schwimmverhalten, die cAMP-, cGMP- und 5-̀Methoxytryptamin-Konzentrationen / vorgelegt von Manuela Wilczek." 2001. http://d-nb.info/967655323/34.
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Fischer, Anna [Verfasser]. "Die Regulation aktivierender und hemmender Signalwege in humanen neutrophilen Granulozyten durch cAMP- und cGMP-erhöhende Vasodilatatoren / vorgelegt von Anna Fischer." 2005. http://d-nb.info/97518556X/34.
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Kühn, Rainer [Verfasser]. "Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der cAMP- und cGMP-abhängigen Signaltransduktion in der Kontrolle der glatten Muskulatur des humanen Ureters : eine funktionelle Studie / vorgelegt von Rainer Kühn." 2008. http://d-nb.info/988921553/34.
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Wong, Aloysius Tze. "Nitric Oxide Binds to and Modulates the Activity of a Pollen Specific Arabidopsis Diacylglycerol Kinase." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/320295.
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Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in plants. In the pollen of Arabidopsis thaliana, NO causes re-orientation of the growing tube and this response is mediated by 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). However, in plants, NO-sensors have remained somewhat elusive. Here, the findings of an NO-binding candidate, Arabidopsis thaliana DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 4 (ATDGK4; AT5G57690) is presented. In addition to the annotated diacylglycerol kinase domain, this molecule also harbors a predicted heme-NO/oxygen (H-NOX) binding site and a guanylyl cyclase (GC) catalytic domain which have been identified based on the alignment of functionally conserved amino acid residues across species. A 3D model of the molecule was constructed, and from which the locations of the kinase catalytic center, the ATP-binding site, the GC and H-NOX domains were estimated. Docking of ATP to the kinase catalytic center was also modeled. The recombinant ATDGK4 demonstrated kinase activity in vitro, catalyzing the ATP-dependent conversion of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). This activity was inhibited by the mammalian DAG kinase inhibitor R59949 and importantly also by the NO donors diethylamine NONOate (DEA NONOate) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Recombinant ATDGK4 also has GC activity in vitro, catalyzing the conversion of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP) to cGMP. The catalytic domains of ATDGK4 kinase and GC may be independently regulated since the kinase but not the GC, was inhibited by NO while Ca2+ only stimulates the GC. It is likely that the DAG kinase product, PA, causes the release of Ca2+ from the intracellular stores and Ca2+ in turn activates the GC domain of ATDGK4 through a feedback mechanism. Analysis of publicly available microarray data has revealed that ATDGK4 is highly expressed in the pollen. Here, the pollen tubes of mis-expressing atdgk4 recorded slower growth rates than the wild-type (Col-0) and importantly, they showed altered NO responses. Specifically, the mis-expressing atdgk4 pollen tubes have growth rates that were less affected by NO and showed reduced bending angles when challenged by an NO source. Further works on atdgk4 knockout/knockdown mutants will reveal the biological functions of ATDGK4 in NO and/or cGMP signaling in the pollen, and in the broader fertilization process.
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"Hyperglycemic impairment of CGRP-induced cAMP responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and the role of cGMP/protein kinase G pathway in regulating apoptosis and proliferation of VSMCs and bone marrow stromal stem cells." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5893055.
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Wong Cheuk Ying.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-124).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>摘要 --- p.iv<br>Acknowledgement --- p.vi<br>List of Abbreviations --- p.vii<br>Chapter Chapter 1. --- General Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter Chapter 2. --- Methods --- p.4<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Measurement of cAMP and cGMP in VSMCs --- p.4<br>Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cell culture --- p.4<br>Chapter 2.1.2 --- Enzyme-immunoassay colorimetric measurement for cAMP and cGMP --- p.5<br>Chapter 2.1.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.6<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Measurement of apoptosis in VSMCs and bone marrow-derived stem cells --- p.6<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cell culture --- p.6<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Hoechst33258 --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Cell Death ELISA plus --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Protein extraction and Western blot analysis of PKG expression --- p.8<br>Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Measurement of cell proliferation in VSMCs and bone marrow-derived stem cells --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Cell culture --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Cell count --- p.10<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- MTT assay --- p.11<br>Chapter 2.3.4 --- BrdU-(5`Bromo-2-deoxyuridine) ELISA colorimetric assay --- p.11<br>Chapter 2.3.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.12<br>Chapter Chapter 3. --- Effects of hyperglycemia on CGRP-induced cAMP response in VSMCs<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.13<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Results --- p.18<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.22<br>Chapter Chapter 4. --- Role of cGMP and protein kinase G in regulation of apoptosis in VSMCs<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.26<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.30<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.44<br>Chapter Chapter 5. --- Role of protein kinase G in regulation of proliferation in VSMCs<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.55<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.58<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.67<br>Chapter Chapter 6. --- Effects of aging and eNOS- and iNOS-gene deletion (using eNOS- and iNOS-knockout mice) on apoptosis of VSMCs<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.73<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Results --- p.76<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion --- p.79<br>Chapter Chapter 7. --- Role of protein kinase G in regulation of apoptosis and proliferation of bone marrow stromal stem cells<br>Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.81<br>Chapter 7.2 --- Results --- p.84<br>Chapter 7.3 --- Discussion --- p.92<br>Chapter Chapter 8. --- Overall discussion --- p.95<br>Chapter Chapter 9. --- References --- p.101