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van Heerden, Alastair, Doug Wassenaar, Zaynab Essack, Khanya Vilakazi, and Brandon A. Kohrt. "In-Home Passive Sensor Data Collection and Its Implications for Social Media Research: Perspectives of Community Women in Rural South Africa." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 15, no. 1-2 (October 21, 2019): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264619881334.
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There has been a recent increase in debates on the ethics of social media research, passive sensor data collection, and big data analytics. However, little evidence exists to describe how people experience and understand these applications of technology. This study aimed to passively collect data from mobile phone sensors, lapel cameras, and Bluetooth beacons to assess people’s understanding and acceptance of these technologies. Seven households were purposefully sampled and data collected for 10 days. The study generated 48 hr of audio data and 30,000 images. After participant review, the data were destroyed and in-depth interviews conducted. Participants found the data collected acceptable and reported willingness to participate in similar studies. Key risks included that the camera could capture nudity and sex acts, but family review of footage before sharing helped reduce concerns. The Emanuel et al. ethics framework was found to accommodate the concerns and perspectives of study participants.
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Rahim, Nurul Hidayah, and Shigang Li. "Estimate Gaze Point of Table-Meeting Participants by Spherical Camera." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 143, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss.143.569.
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Winter, Theres, and Emmanuel Akwasi Adu-Ampong. "Residents with camera: Exploring tourism impacts through participant-generated images." Annals of Tourism Research 87 (March 2021): 103112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103112.
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Ferryanto, F., Andi Isra Mahyuddin, and Motomu Nakashima. "DEVELOPMENT OF A MARKERLESS OPTICAL MOTION CAPTURE SYSTEM BY AN ACTION SPORTS CAMERA FOR RUNNING MOTION." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.16760.
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A marker-based optical motion capture system is often used to obtain the kinematics parameters of a running analysis. However, the attached marker could affect the participant's movement, and the system is costly because of the exclusive cameras. Due to its drawbacks, the present research aimed to develop an affordable markerless optical motion capture system for running motion. The proposed system used an action sports camera to acquire the running images of the participant. The images were segmented to get the silhouette of the participant. Then, a human body model was generated to provide a priori information to track participants' segment position. The subsequent procedure was image registration to estimate the pose of the participant's silhouette. The transformation parameters were estimated by particle swarm optimization. The optimization output in the form of the rotation angle of the body segment was then employed to identify right or left lower limbs. To validate the results of the optimization, a manual matching was conducted to obtain the actual rotation angle for all body segments. The correlation coefficient between the rotation angle from image registration and the actual rotation angle was then evaluated. It was found that the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.977 for the left foot. It implies that the accuracy of the developed system in the present work is acceptable. Furthermore, the results of the kinematics analysis have good agreement with the literature. Therefore, the developed system, not only yields acceptable running parameters, but also affordable since it uses an action sports camera and easy to use.
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Jones, W. Paul, Pamela A. Staples, J. Kelly Coker, and Robert L. Harbach. "Impact of Visual Cues in Computer-Mediated Vocational Test Interpretation." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 35, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.35.1.16.
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Online delivery of rehabilitation counseling can make services more widely available, but more information is needed about specific features before it can be considered a viable approach. Video conferencing with broadcast of counselor and client image is one recommended tool with some evidence that client rating of session depth may be equivalent to face-to-face sessions but at a cost of increased client discomfort. In this study, the counselor's image was broadcast to 24 participants in online test interpretation sessions Broadcast of participant image to the counselor was contingent on random assignment. The Session Evaluation Questionnaire completed by participants at the end of the session showed no significant impact on ratings of session of depth between camera-on and camera-off conditions. Session smoothness/comfort ratings, however, were significantly higher when the participant image was not broadcast to the counselor. Implications for rehabilitation counseling are discussed.
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Zhang, Yu, and Haiqing Liu. "Traffic Participant Classification Method Based on Decision Tree for Point Cloud Data Detected by Event Camera." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2491, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2491/1/012002.
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Abstract Event camera has the advantage of accurately identifying moving targets while being insensitive to stationary targets, which makes up for the lack of traditional video streaming camera and has a wide range of applications in the field of traffic flow detection. In this paper, a traffic participant classification method based on a decision tree for point cloud data acquired by an event camera in a roadside installation scenario is proposed. For traffic identification, 5 basic features to describe the geometrical and quantitative characteristics, and 8 Gaussian projection features to describe the point distribution characteristics are extracted and analyzed. Furthermore, the CART decision tree is used to identify four kinds of traffic participants, including the large vehicle, the compact vehicle, the non-motor vehicle, and the pedestrian. By modulating parameters of the maximum layer and feature weighting values, the proposed method can reach equilibrium in generalization ability and accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed method demonstrates high accuracy of 97.49% in target participant classification.
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Papatheodorou, Theodoros, and Jessica Wolpert. "Lights! Dance! Freeze!" Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques 6, no. 2 (August 12, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3597620.
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Conventionally, spectators enjoy films passively. This paper describes an interactive film installation that invites participants to use their entire body as a query to search and explore a large corpus of musical films in a novel way. Using an RGB camera, ML-based skeleton tracking technology and a unique pose and film indexing system, this installation tracks a participant's movements and mirrors them in real-time by finding matching poses among hundreds of thousands from well-known musicals. When the participant freezes in a pose, the installation instantly plays back the short film clip that begins with that pose, immersing them in the music and dance from musicals of different eras. This approach explores themes of tangible interfaces and the new possibilities that emerge from employing embodied interaction to traverse the dance pose space, which is traditionally difficult to index and interact with in real time. The pose indexing system and whole-body interaction we propose in this paper open new pathways for cultural participation, as they lend themselves to different datasets and require no technical skills from participants.
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Decorte, Robbe, Jelle De Bock, Joachim Taelman, Maarten Slembrouck, and Steven Verstockt. "Fully Automatic Camera for Personalized Highlight Generation in Sporting Events." Sensors 24, no. 3 (January 23, 2024): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24030736.
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Personally curated content in short-form video formats provides added value for participants and spectators but is often disregarded in lower-level events because it is too labor-intensive to create or is not recorded at all. Our smart sensor-driven tripod focuses on supplying a unified sensor and video solution to capture personalized highlights for participants in various sporting events with low computational and hardware costs. The relevant parts of the video for each participant are automatically determined by using the timestamps of his/her received sensor data. This is achieved through a customizable clipping mechanism that processes and optimizes both video and sensor data. The clipping mechanism is driven by sensing nearby signals of Adaptive Network Topology (ANT+) capable devices worn by the athletes that provide both locality information and identification. The device was deployed and tested in an amateur-level cycling race in which it provided clips with a detection rate of 92.9%. The associated sensor data were used to automatically extract peloton passages and report riders’ positions on the course, as well as which participants were grouped together. Insights derived from sensor signals can be processed and published in real time, and an upload optimization scheme is proposed that can provide video clips for each rider a maximum of 5 min after the passage if video upload is enabled.
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Wen, Pingping, Ahmad Zamzuri Mohamad Ali, and Fei Lu. "Examining the User Experience of a Digital Camera Virtual Reality Lab with Attention Guidance." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 12, no. 8 (2022): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2022.12.8.1673.
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In recent years, virtual reality labs have been widely used in teaching. Virtual reality labs built by virtual reality technology have been applied in different disciplines. Many studies have also shown that virtual reality experiments can replace real experiments, and some even have better learning effects than real experiments. For current digital camera experiment courses in China, it is necessary to use virtual reality labs. Attention guidance is added to the design of experimental courses. However, questions arise about learners’ acceptance and experience of digital camera virtual reality labs. Another potential problem is learners’ acceptance and experience of labs after attentional guidance is added. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design and develop a digital camera virtual reality lab and study various aspects of the user experience (UX). The User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) was used to obtain students' responses after completing digital camera virtual reality experimental courses. The subjects were 30 college students (N = 30). Participants were divided into two groups. In the first group, 15 students participate in the test of the virtual reality lab with attention guidance, and in the other group, 15 students participate in the test of the virtual reality lab without attention guidance. From the results, it is concluded that the UX level of the digital camera virtual reality lab is promising and positive. The subjects were satisfied with the virtual reality lab with attention guidance and without attention guidance, though the subjects with attention guidance were more satisfied.
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Watanabe, Ko, Yusuke Soneda, Yuki Matsuda, Yugo Nakamura, Yutaka Arakawa, Andreas Dengel, and Shoya Ishimaru. "DisCaaS: Micro Behavior Analysis on Discussion by Camera as a Sensor." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 5719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175719.
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The emergence of various types of commercial cameras (compact, high resolution, high angle of view, high speed, and high dynamic range, etc.) has contributed significantly to the understanding of human activities. By taking advantage of the characteristic of a high angle of view, this paper demonstrates a system that recognizes micro-behaviors and a small group discussion with a single 360 degree camera towards quantified meeting analysis. We propose a method that recognizes speaking and nodding, which have often been overlooked in existing research, from a video stream of face images and a random forest classifier. The proposed approach was evaluated on our three datasets. In order to create the first and the second datasets, we asked participants to meet physically: 16 sets of five minutes data from 21 unique participants and seven sets of 10 min meeting data from 12 unique participants. The experimental results showed that our approach could detect speaking and nodding with a macro average f1-score of 67.9% in a 10-fold random split cross-validation and a macro average f1-score of 62.5% in a leave-one-participant-out cross-validation. By considering the increased demand for an online meeting due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we also record faces on a screen that are captured by web cameras as the third dataset and discussed the potential and challenges of applying our ideas to virtual video conferences.
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Padala, Kalpana P., Kerrie B. Wilson, C. Heath Gauss, Jessica D. Stovall, and Prasad R. Padala. "VA Video Connect for Clinical Care in Older Adults in a Rural State During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): e21561. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/21561.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need for telehealth at home. Although the Department of Veterans Affairs is a leading provider of telehealth, disparities may exist in reaching older veterans living in rural areas. VA Video Connect (VVC) is a video conferencing app that enables veterans to connect with their health care provider via a secure and private session. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the capability and willingness of older veterans to participate in a VVC visit during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on older veterans (N=118) at the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System. Participants were interviewed over the phone and responses to the following items were recorded: availability of internet, email, and an electronic device with a camera; veterans’ willingness to complete an appointment via a VVC visit; and availability of assistance from a caregiver for those who were unable to participate in a VVC visit alone. Results Participants’ mean age was 72.6 (SD 8.3) years, 92% (n=108) were male, 69% (n=81) were Caucasian, 30% (n=35) were African Americans, and 36% (n=42) lived in a rural location. The majority reported having access to the internet (n=93, 77%) and email service (n=83, 70%), but only 56% (n=67) had a camera-equipped device. Overall, 53% (n=63) were willing and capable of participating in a VVC visit. The availability of internet access was significantly lower in rural compared to nonrural participants (P=.045) and in those with or less than a high school education compared to those who pursued higher education (P=.02). Willingness to participate in the VVC visit was significantly lower in rural compared to nonrural participants (P=.03). Of the participants who reported they were able and willing to partake in a VVC visit (n=54), 65% (n=35) opted for VVC and 35% (n=19) preferred a phone visit. In total, 77% (n=27) of the scheduled VVC visits were successful. Conclusions Despite advances in technology, and willingness on the part of health care systems, there are some lingering issues with capability and willingness to participate in video telehealth visits, particularly among older adults residing in rural areas.
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Muir, Stewart, and Jennifer Mason. "Capturing Christmas: The Sensory Potential of Data from Participant Produced Video." Sociological Research Online 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2012): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2580.
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In this paper, we discuss our use of participant-produced digital footage of family Christmases, collected as part of a larger project exploring family backgrounds and family traditions. The audio-visual recording (and subsequent dissemination) of these otherwise difficult-to-access domestic celebrations provides important insights into the multi-dimensional, multisensory, physical and situational nature of such family traditions. With their blend of genre styles - from narrated documentary to home-movie style wobbly camera work - the ‘Christmas videos’ show both conscious ‘displays’ of family life and practice (performed for the camera, for the participants and for posterity) and largely unscripted, and sometimes noisily chaotic, interactions. Although videos cannot provide unmediated access into what such traditions are ‘really like’, in combination with our other data sources the footage has helped to push our thinking about family traditions as being at once intellectualised productions and a series of bodily engagements with a host of practices, understandings, knowledges, family histories, things and people. This form of ‘backstage’ analytical usage of the video data has been very productive for us. However, we argue that there are ethical issues in publicly presenting such data alongside other forms of data, eg interview data, in a deep sociological analysis of people's personal lives. There is the potential not only for the production of incisive knowledge and insight, but also for a prying and distinctively sociological intrusiveness, and sociologists need to think carefully about how to proceed.
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Lim, Hyunchul, Yaxuan Li, Matthew Dressa, Fang Hu, Jae Hoon Kim, Ruidong Zhang, and Cheng Zhang. "BodyTrak." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 6, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3552312.
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In this paper, we present BodyTrak, an intelligent sensing technology that can estimate full body poses on a wristband. It only requires one miniature RGB camera to capture the body silhouettes, which are learned by a customized deep learning model to estimate the 3D positions of 14 joints on arms, legs, torso, and head. We conducted a user study with 9 participants in which each participant performed 12 daily activities such as walking, sitting, or exercising, in varying scenarios (wearing different clothes, outdoors/indoors) with a different number of camera settings on the wrist. The results show that our system can infer the full body pose (3D positions of 14 joints) with an average error of 6.9 cm using only one miniature RGB camera (11.5mm x 9.5mm) on the wrist pointing towards the body. Based on the results, we disscuss the possible application, challenges, and limitations to deploy our system in real-world scenarios.
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Appert-Rolland, Cecile, and Sami Habet. "Are Depth Field Cameras Preserving Anonymity?" Collective Dynamics 9 (June 14, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17815/cd.2024.176.
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This paper presents a preliminary study to assess the degree of anonymization provided by the use of depth field camera, for various degrees of pixelization. First the passage of 24 participants under a depth field camera was recorded. Each of the corresponding video was degraded with various levels of pixelization. Then the videos were shown to a subset of 6 participants, using a dedicated software which presents the videos in random order, starting with the lowest resolution. Each participant had to recognize themself, and in order to achieve this goal, could progressively improve the resolution. Our results question the fact that pixelization is the proper way to improve anonymity. Actually recognition seems to a large extend to be based on dynamic features rather than on the resolution of the picture. Besides we identify mostly 2 groups of responses: either the person can identify him/herself whatever the pixelization, or the recognition task is out of reach. Thus, the ability to use dynamic features could be person dependent. Further exploration would be useful to confirm this observation.
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Zul, Muhammad Ihsan, Dzaky Kurniawan, and Rahmat Suhatman. "Deteksi Aktivitas Mencurigakan Peserta Computer Based Test Menggunakan IP Camera." JTIM : Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Multimedia 1, no. 3 (November 7, 2019): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35746/jtim.v1i3.52.
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Common surveillance device that used to monitor an area is known as CCTV. The CCTV will provide results in the form of video recordings, which can then be accessed by wireless communication. In its use, CCTV needs humans to monitor the real condition of the area/place. Then the use of CCTV becomes less efficient when used to oversee a place where the room rarely has movement. Because CCTV cannot detect or identify suspicious actions automatically. This research aim to develop a method that can be used to identify the activity (irregular movements) automatically. In this case, the change to be determined was the activities towards the Politeknik Caltex Riau Computer Based Test (CBT) participants. The CBT room has been employed by the IP Camera to identify participant activities. The IP camera captures the image and the image is then processed by the feature extraction method. Proposed feature exctraction method are background subtraction and pixel mapping. Pixel mapping is a method that maps objects based on specified ratio data. There are 18 ratio data generated by this feature extraction process. The determination of the illegal activities done by using the k-Nearest Neighbor. The Algorithm detects the illegal movement by using 502 datasets, and the accuracy obtained was between 98% - 98.4% with an average accuracy of 98.2% for the value of neighborliness = 3. The result can conclude that the method can identify the illegal activities of a CBT participant in the CBT room
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Hudson, Melissa E., Karen S. Voytecki, Tosha L. Owens, and Guili Zhang. "Preservice Teacher Experiences Implementing Classroom Management Practices Through Mixed-Reality Simulations." Rural Special Education Quarterly 38, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870519841421.
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The effects of mixed-reality teaching experiences on participants’ perceptions of their classroom management ability are evaluated using a mixed-methods design. Mursion, a technology that enables virtual simulations, is used. Participants include 29 undergraduates pursuing a degree in special education for learners with mild or moderate/severe disabilities enrolled in a university-level course focused on developing skills in managing the learning environment. Participants teach three different scenarios in the Mursion lab over the semester and complete a 21-statement survey using a 5-point Likert-type scale (i.e., strongly agree–strongly disagree) and reflect about their experience into a video camera. Results indicate that some participant perceptions changed over time because of the Mursion experiences and that the academic program being pursued made no difference in the participants’ Mursion experience. Implications for practice with a focus on rural education and limitations of the study are also discussed.
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Levine, Joshua. "Experimental Visual Experience Devices." Leonardo 33, no. 1 (February 2000): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409400552207.
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This article introduces the concept of Experimental Visual Experience Devices (EVEDs), which the author defines as artistic inventions that alter the participant's visual perceptions of the external real world. The aim of EVEDs is to place the participant in a slightly altered visual reality in order to cause him or her to see real things anew. The article describes several works of participation art that can be seen as historical precedents to EVEDs. The author discusses two EVEDs that he invented: Whirld is a cylindrical room mounted on an axle that functions as a spinning camera obscura; Portable Whirld is a hood that functions as a portable camera obscura. The author describes how the two sculptures reshape the spectator's visual perceptions, and suggests some forms that future EVEDs might take.
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Hollis, James, and James Oliver. "The Development of Virtual Reality as a Tool to Investigate Eating Behavior." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa059_025.
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Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to a) determine the feasibility of eating in virtual reality (VR) environment while wearing a head mounted display (HMD) and b) determine the effect of eating in a virtual restaurant on food intake, sensory evaluation of the test food and masticatory parameters. Methods Fifteen adults were asked to report to the laboratory on two occasions, separated by at least one week, at their usual lunchtime. On reporting to the laboratory, surface electrodes were attached to the left and right masseter muscles to measure masticatory activity and a wristband placed on the non-dominant wrist to collect physiological data. The participant sat quietly for 5 minutes before a VR (HMD) was placed on their head. The HMD displayed either a virtual restaurant (pizzeria) or a blank scene (consisting of a white background and a table). The participant's hand movements were captured using an infrared camera mounted on the HMD so when the participant moved their hands this was represented by computer generated model hands in the VR scene. The test foods (pizza bites) were represented in VR using a 3D model of pizza bites. The test foods were arranged so that when the participant touched the test food model in the VR scene they touched the test food in real life allowing them to locate and pick up the test food. The participant was instructed to eat the test food until they felt comfortably full. When the participant finished eating the equipment was removed and they completed questionnaires regarding their feelings of presence and experiences in the VR environment and their ratings of the test food attributes. Results Participants were able to successfully locate and eat the pizza rolls while in the VR environment. The participants feeling of presence was higher in the restaurant scene compared to the blank scene (P < 0.05). Heart rate and skin temperature were higher in the restaurant scene (P < 0.05). Differences in masticatory parameters were found with participants using fewer masticatory cycles before swallowing in the restaurant scene (P < 0.05). There were no differences between scenes regarding the sensory evaluation of the test foods. There was no difference in food intake between the treatments. Conclusions Eating in VR is feasible and may provide a new method to understand eating behavior in different contexts. Funding Sources None.
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Ratna Nurdiana, Sutarum, and Hadi Suryanto. "Dissemination of technology Training for teachers of SMAN Kembangbahu in managing synchronous online learning." Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Indonesia 1, no. 8 (November 15, 2021): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.59247/jppmi.v1i8.39.
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The purpose of the synchronous online learning management training is to improve the skills of teachers in implementing face-to-face online learning. The training method uses the in-out method. This means that it is done face-to-face and online so that training participants experience online learning directly guided by a mentor. Participants are teachers at SMAN Kembangbahu as many as 42 people. During the training, many participants were initially still not used to using online learning procedures to the fullest, such as the procedure for being present 10 minutes before online learning, turning on the participant's camera, asking for readiness, asking questions and interacting. After participating in the training, participants realized that implementing a good procedure actually made it easier for teachers to carry out learning. The importance of managing synchronous online learning made the participants very enthusiastic during the training.
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Sandhu, Ajay, and Kevin D. Haggerty. "Policing on camera." Theoretical Criminology 21, no. 1 (August 1, 2016): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615622531.
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On any shift a police officer might be filmed by some combination of public or private surveillance cameras, including the cameras of individual citizens, activists, journalists, businesses, and a range of police-controlled cameras. This loosely coordinated camera infrastructure is part of the broader transformation of policing from a historically “low visibility” to an increasingly ‘high visibility’ occupation. This article reports on the findings of a participant-observation study of how police officers understand and respond to this transformation. We identify three distinct orientations, and highlight the multifaceted and contradictory relationship between police officers and cameras. The study raises questions about the extent to which camera technologies represent a straightforward way to “police the police”.
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Gregorc, Jera, and Alenka Humar. "Analysis of the Effectiveness of Different Types of Distance Learning." European Journal of Educational Research 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.1.273.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">The purpose of this paper is to determine the relevance of turning the camera on or off during distance learning as an argument for active or passive student participation. Seventy-five (75) students participated in the study and were divided into five groups (1-5) according to teaching method (i.e., synchronous instruction online with camera (1) and without camera (2), synchronous transmission of the recording online with camera (3) and without camera (4) and received the online instruction (5)) only. In the beginning and at the end, all students were tested with the same adapted test to determine general physical and motor status. All groups had the same training program twice a week for 45 minutes for 7 weeks. The first training of the week was dedicated to strength development, the second to endurance. In the end, all participants completed a questionnaire to determine their additional physical activity and how they felt about using a camera. The camera being turned on was identified as a factor that made participants uncomfortable but contributed significantly to the effectiveness of the course. However, 94.6 % of all participants cited non-camera methods as their favourite.</p>
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Matsuyama, S., K. Ishii, H. Yamazaki, S. Iwasaki, Y. Tokai, A. Sugimoto, H. Endo, T. Ozawa, and H. Orihara. "AN OPEN EXPERIMENT OF A SUBMILLI-PIXE CAMERA." International Journal of PIXE 09, no. 01n02 (January 1999): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083599000073.
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We have annually held an open experiment of PIXE analysis since 1996 to get people's understanding on nuclear technology and radiation science. Up to the present, more than 270 participants joined and enjoyed the open experiments. This year, we demonstrated performance of a submilli-PIXE camera and had sixty-nine participants in the open experiment of PIXE. Elemental spatial distribution images gave deep impression to the participants. Half of the participants were high school students since the open experiment of PIXE was held during the period of open campus of Tohoku University. About ten percents of the participants were junior high school students. Our open experiment of PIXE was very effective to arouse public interest in radiation science and nuclear technology.
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Mukherjee, Shomita, R. Nandini, P.V. Karunakaran, and Nayan Khanolkar. "Scientific contributions and learning experiences of citizen volunteers with a small cat project in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 13 (November 26, 2021): 19930–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7595.13.13.19930-19936.
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We conducted a project on small wild cats in Sanjay Gandhi National Park near Mumbai during 2017–2019 with the participation of 35 citizen volunteers. Volunteers underwent a training period after which they collected scat samples, placed camera traps and participated in data analysis. Volunteers answered a questionnaire to gauge the impact the program had in furthering their interests and knowledge. Nineteen participants responded to the feedback survey. Most indicated an increase in their knowledge of wildlife research, conservation issues and small wild cats. We discuss the value of research projects where citizens can actively participate and learn semi-technical skills.
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Poirier, Brigitte, Justine Collin-Santerre, and Rémi Boivin. "Body-Worn Camera Footage in the News: An Experimental Study of the Impact of Perspective and Framing on Viewer Perception." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0023.
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The use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by police organizations has increased rapidly in recent years. As a result, the use of BWC footage by mass media has also increased. While such video images can help viewers better understand complex police interventions, there are few studies of the extent to which BWC footage influences audience opinions and interpretations of police work. This article investigates the degree to which news reports of a police use-of-force event are influenced by two potential sources of cognitive bias: camera perspective and the way information about the event is framed. In a study using a three (cellphone, closed-circuit camera, and BWC perspective) by two (neutral and negative frame) experimental design, a total of 634 participants viewed and evaluated a news report of a police use-of-force event. Participant perceptions showed the influence of a BWC perspective bias, but no framing effect was found. Participants who watched the BWC footage were more likely to see the intervention as questionable or blameworthy and to believe that officers had no reasonable grounds for intervening. Results also suggest that the BWC perspective bias can be exacerbated or mitigated by the way information is presented in a news report.
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Podolsky, Dale J., David M. Fisher, Karen W. Wong Riff, Ronald M. Zuker, James M. Drake, and Christopher R. Forrest. "Assessing Performance in Simulated Cleft Palate Repair Using a Novel Video Recording Setup." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 6 (May 12, 2020): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665620913178.
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Objective: To test the feasibility of implementing a high-fidelity cleft palate simulator during a workshop in Santiago, Chile, using a novel video endoscope to assess technical performance. Design: Sixteen cleft surgeons from South America participated in a 2-day cleft training workshop. All 16 participants performed a simulated repair, and 13 of them performed a second simulated repair. The repairs were recorded using a low-cost video camera and a newly designed camera mouth retractor attachment. Twenty-nine videos were assessed by 3 cleft surgeons using a previously developed cleft palate objective structured assessment of technical skill (CLOSATS with embedded overall score assessment) and global rating scale. The reliability of the ratings and technical performance in relation to minimum acceptable scores and previous experience was assessed. Results: The video setup provided acceptable recording quality for the purpose of assessment. Average intraclass correlation coefficient for the CLOSATS, global, and overall performance score was 0.69, 0.75, and 0.82, respectively. None of the novice surgeons passed the CLOSATS and global score for both sessions. One participant in the intermediate group, and 2 participants in the advanced group passed the CLOSATS and global score for both sessions. There were highly experienced participants who failed to pass the CLOSATS and global score for both sessions. Conclusions: The cleft palate simulator can be practically implemented with video-recording capability to assess performance in cleft palate repair. This technology may be of assistance in assessing surgical competence in cleft palate repair.
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Lindsay, Sally. "A Comparative Analysis of Data Quality in Online Zoom Versus Phone Interviews: An Example of Youth With and Without Disabilities." SAGE Open 12, no. 4 (October 2022): 215824402211400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221140098.
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Qualitative researchers are increasingly using online data collection methods, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. I compared the data quality (i.e., interview duration, average number of themes and sub-themes, and inaudible words) of 34 interviews (29 conducted by Zoom (16 with camera on, 13 camera off) and 5 conducted by phone) drawn from a study focusing on youth’s coping experiences during the pandemic. Findings showed that phone interviews had a longer duration compared to Zoom. However, phone interviews had a similar average word count to Zoom interviews (with the camera on). Zoom interviews conducted with the camera off were shorter in duration than interviews with the camera on. The number of themes was similar across the different interview formats but there were fewer sub-themes for Zoom interviews with the camera off. The findings suggest that Zoom interviews conducted with the camera off could affect the data quality. This research also emphasizes the importance of giving participants choice in the format of their interview to allow for optimal sharing of experiences while enhancing the equity, diversity and inclusion of the participants.
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Jones, Trevor, Rasa Baceviciene, Tyler Vukmer, Chante Karimkhani, Lindsay Boyers, Robert Dellavalle, and Ryan Gamble. "Impact of Ultraviolet Photography on Sun Safety Practices of Snow Sport Industry Conference Attendees." Open Dermatology Journal 8, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874372201408010008.
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Studies have established ultraviolet (UV) exposure with increased melanoma skin cancer risk. The combination of UV exposure, high altitude, and reflection of UV rays on the snow may create a particularly relevant and high-risk population amongst those who participate in snow sports. The current study aims to determine the effectiveness of a UV-photography and personalized counseling-based intervention to improve sun protection awareness on the snow sport enthusiast population. Participants were recruited at the 2013 SnowSports Industries American (SIA) Snow Show in Denver to complete a 14 question pre-survey assessing sun-safety awareness followed by a Faraghan Medical Elise Digital UV Camera photograph of their face and counseling regarding individual results. Participants were contacted one to two months later by telephone to complete a ten question post-survey. Forty-one percent of participants (46/112) completed both pre- and post-surveys. The UV photography based intervention influenced the opinions and behaviors of sun protection in 78% of male and 62% of female participants with sunscreen use identified as the most frequently modified behavior (53%). While valid barriers to UV photography use include a current lack of reimbursement and lack of public knowledge of its utility, our study indicates the potential impact of UV photography-based interventions among high-risk populations who avidly participate in snow sports.
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Englander, Zoë A., Hattie C. Cutcliffe, Gangadhar M. Utturkar, William E. Garrett, Charles E. Spritzer, and Louis E. DeFrate. "A Comparison of Knee Abduction Angles Measured by a 3D Anatomic Coordinate System Versus Videographic Analysis: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 232596711881983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118819831.
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Background: Knee positions involved in noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been studied via analysis of injury videos. Positions of high ACL strain have been identified in vivo. These methods have supported different hypotheses regarding the role of knee abduction in ACL injury. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare knee abduction angles measured by 2 methods: using a 3-dimensional (3D) coordinate system based on anatomic features of the bones versus simulated 2-dimensional (2D) videographic analysis. We hypothesized that knee abduction angles measured in a 2D videographic analysis would differ from those measured from 3D bone anatomic features and that videographic knee abduction angles would depend on flexion angle and on the position of the camera relative to the patient. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Models of the femur and tibia were created from magnetic resonance images of 8 healthy male participants. The models were positioned to match biplanar fluoroscopic images obtained as participants posed in lunges of varying flexion angles (FLAs). Knee abduction angle was calculated from the positioned models in 2 ways: (1) varus-valgus angle (VVA), defined as the angle between the long axis of the tibia and the femoral transepicondylar axis by use of a 3D anatomic coordinate system; and (2) coronal plane angle (CPA), defined as the angle between the long axis of the tibia and the long axis of the femur projected onto the tibial coronal plane to simulate a 2D videographic analysis. We then simulated how changing the position of the camera relative to the participant would affect knee abduction angles. Results: During flexion, when CPA was calculated from a purely anterior or posterior view of the joint—an ideal scenario for measuring knee abduction from 2D videographic analysis—CPA was significantly different from VVA ( P < .0001). CPA also varied substantially with the position of the camera relative to the participant. Conclusion: How closely CPA (derived from 2D videographic analysis) relates to VVA (derived from a 3D anatomic coordinate system) depends on FLA and camera orientation. Clinical Relevance: This study provides a novel comparison of knee abduction angles measured from 2D videographic analysis and those measured within a 3D anatomic coordinate system. Consideration of these findings is important when interpreting 2D videographic data regarding knee abduction angle in ACL injury.
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Chandrasagran, Raymen Arviin, Lim Yee Siew, Muhammad Zulkarnain Abd Rahim, Lim Woei Xian, Abiramy Rajendra, Wen Han Chooi, Goh June Lyn, and Yuki Julius Ng. "Peer-assisted Virtual Learning in Basic Surgical Skills for Medical Students in Malaysia during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Journal of Surgical Specialties and Rural Practice 5, no. 1 (January 2024): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jssrp.jssrp_44_23.
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Abstract Introduction: During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, all in-person teachings were suspended. This includes opportunities to learn surgical skills among undergraduate medical students in Malaysia. Virtual learning became the prime modality of medical education for all Malaysian universities. InciSioN Malaysia designed and conducted an online suturing workshop to increase medical students’ exposure to surgical skills. This workshop aimed to evaluate the feasibility and the reception of such workshops for undergraduate medical students in Malaysia. Methods: All participants received a preworkshop handbook covering the basic techniques of knotting and suturing. The online workshop was 2 h and peer-led. We conducted the suturing workshop through Zoom and using a unique set-up to provide real-time skills sharing with immediate feedback. This involved connecting on Zoom with two devices from both the tutor and the participant. A smartphone to show the suturing and knotting skills and a laptop to provide tutor-to-participant feedback. Participants were divided into small peer-to-peer (PTP) teaching groups where tutors demonstrated the basic surgical skills according to the handbook. Results: All tutors’ reported challenges in orientating their equipment set-up to ensuring that their technique was visible to the participants. Few participants faced difficulties understanding the tutor’s instruction on the knotting technique. Variations in the participants’ and tutors’ camera angles and Internet connectivity issues hindered effective real-time feedback. All participants were satisfied with the knotting and suturing skills session and 80% of participants rated a score of higher than 4/5 on the overall workshop and the quality of the lecture. In the perspective of long-term outcome, participants were motivated to practice more on the knotting and suturing technique which was taught on the event day. Discussion: Online PTP surgical skills workshops can reduce the time, travel, and costs to deliver and receive surgical skills teachings. This increases the learning opportunities for medical students, especially within social distancing limitations. This can provide workshops to upskill health-care providers in remote areas. However, Internet connectivity, technical issues with meeting platforms, and camera angles limited the effectiveness of online suturing workshops. These issues can be tackled by prior testing of the orientation of the phone and checking for the speed of Internet connectivity. Participants enjoyed the small group PTP teaching as it provided a comfortable environment for immediate questions and feedback. Conclusion: Virtual skills workshop has the potential to continue surgical education and can develop an interest in surgery. More importantly, this model has the potential to reach remote areas where workshops like this are usually conducted in the cities.
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Wiesław Jaszczur and Zofia Marciniak. "Student Scientific Club in Research for Road Safety." SAFETY & FIRE TECHNOLOGY 62, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12845/sft.62.2.2023.8.
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Aim: Presentation of the potential of the student scientific club for road safety in Poland. Discuss the extent to which the student scientific club in its research activities supports and implements the concepts of identifying road safety risks and submits proposals for improving its condition and related processes. Project and methods: In the research on the visibility of vulnerable traffic participants, a theoretical method – NUR threat analysis – was used to define the research problem.A research problem was formulated in the form of a question: to what extent and under what conditions does NUR visibility affect their safety? Visibility tests were conducted in real conditions after dusk. The following recording devices were used to study the movement parameters of modern means of transportation (bicycles and electric scooters): a Gopro camera, a Sony IV RX10 camera (which realizes 4D recording), a drone with a vision camera, and a Brake Tester retarder. Results: The study of the visibility of vulnerable traffic participants from the perspective of the driver presents parameters for the visibility of pedestrians and cyclists in conditions after dusk. Participants (students) in the visibility study were made aware of the issue of visibility, and therefore the safety of the traffic participant in the situation of illuminated vehicle (bicycle) and without lighting, as well as a pedestrian on the road without a reflective element. They formulated the conclusion that seeing does not mean being seen.The result of the single-track motion tests was that the Brake Tester Model LWS -2/MC retarder, after the performance test, does not provide a measurement of the single-track motion parameters. This is an important practical finding from the research, as vehicle inspection stations are equipped with this device. The acceleration and deceleration values of the bicycle and electric scooter were determined Conclusions: The research activities of the students of the scientific club in question not only make them aware of the risk factors of becoming a victim of an accident as a vulnerable traffic participant, but also allow them to deepen their knowledge, broaden their cognitive perspectives and supplement their skills through practical activities, for example, in the area of NUR visibility determinants or the characteristics of powered vehicles. The transfer of the results of the conducted research is carried out through the participation of students in seminars and scientific conferences, as well as in journalistic activities. Keywords: scientific club, vulnerable road user, education
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Bracha, Michal Pal. "Communication in the Age of Black Screens “...Whoever Looks at Me in Black Does Not Know Who I Am…”." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Ephemerides 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeph.2021.1.04.
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"Why do we have the black screens (closed cameras) when we are at the zoom? This is the Millennium 'Dollar' Question. From my doctoral research: Communication in the age of black screen, I research the phenomenon of black screens when using zoom. I wish I could write one main reason responsible for closing the cameras and the appearance of the black screens phenomenon, because if there was one, then there would also be one solution and our (teachers) lives would be much easier. The reasons for closing the cameras are many and varied, including: socioeconomic, social, digital, psychoanalytic, multitasking and sometimes even boredom and lack of interest. The latter is also found in school but zoom has a seemingly democratic ‘delegitimization’ of choosing whether to be or not to be. Or in other words - whether to open the camera or not. (Although not always at camera closure the participant disappears). I will not expand in this article the discussion of the pros and cons of opening the camera when using zoom, although these are derived from the text, but will seek to reveal the mental mechanisms that work on zoom participants and how these mechanisms affect zoom communication and user experience. This article is about Zoom's Self-Representation. Keywords: self-representation, image, Zoom "
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Sridhar, Anuraag, and Arcot Sowmya. "Distributed, multi-sensor tracking of multiple participants within immersive environments using a 2-cohort camera setup." Machine Vision and Applications 22, no. 6 (October 10, 2010): 1009–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00138-010-0301-0.
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Festa, Monica. "Beyond Face Value: Harnessing the Intellect by Looking Past Appearances and Offering Students Multiple Modalities to Participate in Online Discussions." Journal of e-learning Research 3, no. 1 (October 2, 2024): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/jelr.v3i1.683.
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Covid 19 mandatory online teaching brought about insights and paradigm shifts experienced on a global level by educators and learners alike. One example of such a paradigm shift was explored at Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco, in the English composition course. It was hypothesized that lower-level English composition freshman students may have had more cognition and confidence in whole-class discussions when offered multiple ways to participate because appearances on camera seemed to impede participation rates, performance and ideation, particularly with female students in the Muslim-majority nation. Subsequent in-class experiments examined the differences between participation rates and performances of students in whole-class discussions whilst online during Covid 19 in three response modes: audio, text and camera, and a follow-up survey collected opinions on using those modes. Findings substantiate the hypothesis that learners experience fewer inhibitions and more accurate English when responding through text compared with audio and camera, especially amongst female participants. Attitudes towards cameras also reveal inhibitions mostly stemming from concerns over appearances. Findings support Krashen’s theory on the affective filter as well as Plato’s theories on the physical senses as an impediment to the acquisition of knowledge. Specific cultural and religious beliefs, namely belief in the evil eye and guarding one’s gaze, may also have played a part in explaining students’ apprehension for using cameras. Recommendations for applications include allowing students multiple modes of participation in a blended learning approach, collecting data using automatic transcription through teleconferencing platforms such as MS Teams for language output analysis, and for educators to use this data to investigate their own implicit biases which may impede instructor performance.
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Miyazaki, Yusuke, Kohei Shoda, Koji Kitamura, and Yoshifumi Nishida. "Assessing Handrail-Use Behavior during Stair Ascent or Descent Using Ambient Sensing Technology." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042236.
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The increasing geriatric population across the world has necessitated the early detection of frailty through the analysis of daily-life behavioral patterns. This paper presents a system for ambient, automatic, and the continuous measurement and analysis of ascent and descent motions and long-term handrail-use behaviors of participants in their homes using an RGB-D camera. The system automatically stores information regarding the environment and three-dimensional skeletal coordinates of the participant only when they appear within the camera’s angle of view. Daily stair ascent and descent motions were measured in two houses: one house with two participants in their 20s and two in their 50s, and another with two participants in their 70s. The recorded behaviors were analyzed in terms of the stair ascent/descent speed, handrail grasping points, and frequency determined using the decision tree algorithm. The participants in their 70s exhibited a decreased stair ascent/descent speed compared to other participants; those in their 50s and 70s exhibited increased handrail usage area and frequency. The outcomes of the study indicate the system’s ability to accurately detect a decline in physical function through the continuous measurement of daily stair ascent and descent motions.
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Semeniuk, Yulia Y., and Susan K. Riesch. "Analysis of Participant Reactivity in Dyads Performing a Videotaped Conflict-Management Task." ISRN Nursing 2011 (June 1, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/596820.
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Videotaping is used frequently in nursing research. A threat to the validity of videotaping is participant reactivity, that is, being recorded by a camera may influence the behavior of interest. This paper's purpose is to report how youth ages 10 to 14 years old and their parent viewed participation in a videotaped conflict-management task. Five dyads, who were part of a randomized clinical trial testing an intervention to promote parent-child communication, participated in a structured interview. All parents were mothers. Youth were eighth graders. Three were boys and two were girls. Findings indicated that (a) dyads felt that the videotaped interaction had a progression of feeling unnatural in the beginning to feeling natural toward the end, (b) dyads found it relatively easy to choose a topic of discussion, and (c) dyads felt that the discussions were meaningful. Based on these data, recommendations for researchers to reduce participant reactivity are provided.
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Lee, Hyun-Kyung, Min Kyong Kim, and Minji Lee. "EXPLORING THE CREATIVE POSSIBILITY OF A HYBRID DESIGN THINKING WORKSHOP THROUGH FINDING SOLUTIONS FOR CHILDREN’S SAFETY IN THE CHILDCARE ENVIRONMENT." Creativity Studies 16, no. 2 (November 28, 2023): 740–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.17030.
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Design thinking process has two ways of on and off-line. In the online method, it facilitates communication more freely through the setting of anonymity, while the offline method allows participants to understand the comprehensive context of the workshop. This study investigates the creative possibility of a hybrid design thinking process through a workshop using “camera-off ”: anonymous setting, “camera-on”: open setting, and instant visualization to find solutions for children’s safety in the childcare environment. In the methodology, a qualitative method of three-dimensional interviews and observations were used to collect the active participants’ opinions, and then the content analysis and the descriptive analysis were conducted. Three major childcare-related problems were noted during the workshop observations: 1) safety issues from children’s physical activities; 2) teachers’ excessive stress in childcare facilities, and 3) communication problems between parents and teachers. It was suggested that creative smart devices and artificial intelligence technologies could be helpful to relieve these problems. In insights of the hybrid design thinking workshop, the following points were noted: 1) active participants could freely share ideas in anonymous setting with “camera-off”; 2) active participants could understand various desires of diverse fields with “camera-on”, and 3) active participants could understand find core problems and solutions through instant visualization. Hybrid design thinking is an creative method for understanding problems and finding solutions.
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Gomer, Joshua A., Coleman H. Dash, Kristin S. Moore, and Christopher C. Pagano. "Using Radial Outflow to Provide Depth Information During Teleoperation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/pres.18.4.304.
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Practical experience has shown that teleoperators have difficulty perceiving aspects of remotely operated robots and their environments (e.g., Casper & Murphy, 2003; Smets, 1995; Tittle, Roesler, & Woods, 2002). Previous research has shown that head motions can provide effective information about depth (Bingham, & Pagano, 1998; Pagano & Bingham, 1998). In three experiments, a method for improving depth perception was investigated, where participants viewed remote targets with a moving camera. The camera was mounted on a teleoperated robotic arm that oscillated toward and away from white squares against black space, producing expansion and contraction of targets on a video monitor. Participants viewed this expansion and contraction and then reported the distance between the remote camera and the targets. Under different experimental conditions, motions of the remote camera arm were coupled with the participants' head movements, were controlled by a joystick, or followed a set of preprogrammed oscillatory motions. Under each of these conditions, participants' distance judgments varied semantically with actual target distances. In addition, the third experiment demonstrated that using familiar objects and providing feedback could be a successful method of training. This was also the case when applied to a condition where distance feedback was not provided and unfamiliar targets were used. The results indicate that the use of radial outflow produced by active or passive front-to-back camera motions and training with familiar objects may be effective strategies for improving depth perception in teleoperation.
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Hessels, Roy S., Jeroen S. Benjamins, Andrea J. van Doorn, Jan J. Koenderink, and Ignace T. C. Hooge. "Perception of the Potential for Interaction in Social Scenes." i-Perception 12, no. 5 (September 2021): 204166952110402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211040237.
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In urban environments, humans often encounter other people that may engage one in interaction. How do humans perceive such invitations to interact at a glance? We briefly presented participants with pictures of actors carrying out one of 11 behaviors (e.g., waving or looking at a phone) at four camera-actor distances. Participants were asked to describe what they might do in such a situation, how they decided, and what stood out most in the photograph. In addition, participants rated how likely they deemed interaction to take place. Participants formulated clear responses about how they might act. We show convincingly that what participants would do depended on the depicted behavior, but not the camera-actor distance. The likeliness to interact ratings depended both on the depicted behavior and the camera-actor distance. We conclude that humans perceive the “gist” of photographs and that various aspects of the actor, action, and context depicted in photographs are subjectively available at a glance. Our conclusions are discussed in the context of scene perception, social robotics, and intercultural differences.
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Barasch, Alixandra, Kristin Diehl, Jackie Silverman, and Gal Zauberman. "Photographic Memory: The Effects of Volitional Photo Taking on Memory for Visual and Auditory Aspects of an Experience." Psychological Science 28, no. 8 (June 26, 2017): 1056–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617694868.
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How does volitional photo taking affect unaided memory for visual and auditory aspects of experiences? Across one field and three lab studies, we found that, even without revisiting any photos, participants who could freely take photographs during an experience recognized more of what they saw and less of what they heard, compared with those who could not take any photographs. Further, merely taking mental photos had similar effects on memory. These results provide support for the idea that photo taking induces a shift in attention toward visual aspects and away from auditory aspects of an experience. Additional findings were in line with this mechanism: Participants with a camera had better recognition of aspects of the scene that they photographed than of aspects they did not photograph. Furthermore, participants who used a camera during their experience recognized even nonphotographed aspects better than participants without a camera did. Meta-analyses including all reported studies support these findings.
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Li, Wanping, Jiajie Wu, Kuiying Yin, Guang Jiang, Chao Yu, and Lanyu Li. "A Method of Attention Analysis on Video." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2253, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2253/1/012032.
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Abstract Attention monitoring system is important for various tasks such as driving by alarming the person when he or she is not attending to the task at hand. Past research has not explored a usable attention monitoring system. In the current study, we used eye trackers, depth camera, and infrared cameras to assess the attention of the participants as they read texts. We extracted features from eye tracking and camera data, and then used convolutional neural network to predict the attention state of the participants. We found the eye tracker data yielded a 90% accuracy in predicting attentional state of the subjects. The camera data yielded over 70% accuracy in prediction.
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Nicholas, Molly Jane, Brian A. Smith, and Rajan Vaish. "Friendscope: Exploring In-the-Moment Experience Sharing on Camera Glasses via a Shared Camera." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW1 (March 30, 2022): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512903.
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We introduce Friendscope, an instant, in-the-moment experience sharing system for lightweight commercial camera glasses. Friendscope explores a new concept called a shared camera. This concept allows a wearer to share control of their camera with a remote friend, making it possible for both people to capture photos/videos from the camera in the moment. Through a user study with 48 participants, we found that users felt connected to each other, describing the shared camera as a more intimate form of livestreaming. Moreover, even privacy-sensitive users were able to retain their sense of privacy and control with the shared camera. Friendscope's different shared camera configurations give wearers ultimate control over who they share the camera with and what photos/videos they share. We conclude with design implications for future experience sharing systems.
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Sauerland, Melanie, Alana C. Krix, Katerina Georgiadou, Joke Humblet, Nick J. Broers, and Anna Sagana. "Camera footage and identification testimony undermine the availability of exculpatory alibi evidence." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 26, 2023): e0289376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289376.
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The present field experiment investigated how alibi witnesses react when confronted with camera footage or identification testimony that incriminates an innocent suspect. Under the pretext of a problem-solving study, pairs of participants (N = 109) and confederates worked on an individual task with a dividing wall obstructing their view of each other. When the mobile phone of the experimenter was missing from an adjacent room at the end of the session, all participants confirmed that the confederate had not left the room. After several days, participants returned to the lab for a second session. They were asked to confirm their corroboration, orally and in writing, after learning that the confederate either had been identified from a photograph or was present on camera footage. A control group received no evidence. In this second session, written (but not oral) alibi corroboration was weaker in the incriminating evidence conditions (47%) than the no-evidence condition (81%), as hypothesized. Unexpectedly, corroboration was equally strong in the camera and identification evidence conditions. As expected, alibi corroboration was stronger in session 1 than in session 2 for both camera (89% and 31–46%) and identification evidence conditions (86% and 31–49%). The current findings provide first evidence that camera footage and eyewitness identification testimony can bear on the availability of exculpatory alibi evidence in court and emphasize the need to document incidents of evidence contamination.
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Watanabe, Taiki, Md Maniruzzaman, Md Al Mehedi Hasan, Hyoun-Sup Lee, Si-Woong Jang, and Jungpil Shin. "2D Camera-Based Air-Writing Recognition Using Hand Pose Estimation and Hybrid Deep Learning Model." Electronics 12, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12040995.
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Air-writing is a modern human–computer interaction technology that allows participants to write words or letters with finger or hand movements in free space in a simple and intuitive manner. Air-writing recognition is a particular case of gesture recognition in which gestures can be matched to write characters and digits in the air. Air-written characters show extensive variations depending on the various writing styles of participants and their speed of articulation, which presents quite a difficult task for effective character recognition. In order to solve these difficulties, this current work proposes an air-writing system using a web camera. The proposed system consists of two parts: alphabetic recognition and digit recognition. In order to assess our proposed system, two character datasets were used: an alphabetic dataset and a numeric dataset. We collected samples from 17 participants and asked each participant to write alphabetic characters (A to Z) and numeric digits (0 to 9) about 5–10 times. At the same time, we recorded the position of the fingertips using MediaPipe. As a result, we collected 3166 samples for the alphabetic dataset and 1212 samples for the digit dataset. First, we preprocessed the dataset and then created two datasets: image data and padding sequential data. The image data were fed into the convolution neural networks (CNN) model, whereas the sequential data were fed into bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). After that, we combined these two models and trained again with 5-fold cross-validation in order to increase the character recognition accuracy. In this work, this combined model is referred to as a hybrid deep learning model. Finally, the experimental results showed that our proposed system achieved an alphabet recognition accuracy of 99.3% and a digit recognition accuracy of 99.5%. We also validated our proposed system using another publicly available 6DMG dataset. Our proposed system provided better recognition accuracy compared to the existing system.
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Mendez, Anubis, and Ricardo Lopez-Leon. "Creativity and cyanotype: Exploring camera-less photography as an alternative for art education." Arts & Communication 1, no. 2 (November 7, 2023): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ac.1453.
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This article presents the results of several workshops developed as a Master of Arts dissertation project from the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes in Mexico. The project explored cyanotype, a different photographic printing technique that diverges from chemical photography, and the possibilities of incorporating it in art education programs. The workshops aimed to introduce emerging artists to cyanotype – a camera-less photography technique and a low-cost creative process to explore visual expression. The emerging artists were exposed to the concept of cyanotype in a series of 9-h workshops, in which they learned the theoretical and technical fundamentals and some of the artworks of the leading artists who work with this technique. The workshops also showcased cyanotype prints on traditional and non-traditional surfaces. We also gathered, from a qualitative perspective, the experiences of the participant artists, their impressions, and feedback. At the end of the paper, we discuss the visual language of cyanotype and its process characteristics that make this technique an excellent alternative for art education since it provides creative engagement to the participants and requires little investment from the facilitators.
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Turton, Ailie J., Jayne Angilley, Verity Longley, Philip Clatworthy, and Iain D. Gilchrist. "Search training for people with visual field loss after stroke: A cohort study." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 81, no. 5 (December 19, 2017): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308022617743481.
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Introduction People with visual field loss after stroke often experience difficulties in everyday activities. The purpose of this study was to assess the acceptability of search training as used within occupational therapy and the feasibility of possible measures for use in a future trial. Method Nine participants took part in a goal oriented intervention that was delivered three times a week for 3 weeks. Patient reports of acceptability and outcomes using the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 were collected. Participants’ room-search behaviour before and after the intervention was recorded using a head-worn camera. Results Eight participants completed nine treatment visits. All participants reported improved awareness and attention to the blind side during activities following the intervention. Seven participants’ change scores on the Visual Function Questionnaire-25 exceeded six points. Patterns of head-direction behaviour and overall room-search times were variable across patients; markedly, improved performance was only evident in the most severely affected participant. Conclusion The intervention was acceptable. The Visual Function Questionnaire-25 is a feasible measure for assessing patient-reported outcomes. While the room search was informative about individuals’ behaviour, more sophisticated methods of gaze tracking would allow search processes to be determined in real-world activities that are relevant to patients’ goals.
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Bus, Adriana G., and Rosalie Anstadt. "Toward Digital Picture Books for a New Generation of Emergent Readers." AERA Open 7 (January 2021): 233285842110638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584211063874.
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The study tests the efficacy of a new sort of digital picture book. It includes camera movements to guide children’s visual attention through the pictures and the possibility to control page-turning and the pace at which the camera moves through pictures. There were 56 participants (Mage = 60.34 months, SD = 6.24) randomly assigned to three conditions: still images, camera movements (no control over pace), and camera movements (control over pace). For the 50% of children least proficient in language skills, sparingly adding well-chosen camera movements to the illustrations helps children understand the story. In addition, the camera movements’ effect can be enhanced by enabling control over the pace at which new information appears. Particularly the 50% low-language proficiency children benefited from camera movements and spending more time processing information.
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Thiessen, Amber, David Beukelman, Karen Hux, and Maria Longenecker. "A Comparison of the Visual Attention Patterns of People With Aphasia and Adults Without Neurological Conditions for Camera-Engaged and Task-Engaged Visual Scenes." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 59, no. 2 (April 2016): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-14-0115.
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Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare the visual attention patterns of adults with aphasia and adults without neurological conditions when viewing visual scenes with 2 types of engagement. Method Eye-tracking technology was used to measure the visual attention patterns of 10 adults with aphasia and 10 adults without neurological conditions. Participants viewed camera-engaged (i.e., human figure facing camera) and task-engaged (i.e., human figure looking at and touching an object) visual scenes. Results Participants with aphasia responded to engagement cues by focusing on objects of interest more for task-engaged scenes than camera-engaged scenes; however, the difference in their responses to these scenes were not as pronounced as those observed in adults without neurological conditions. In addition, people with aphasia spent more time looking at background areas of interest and less time looking at person areas of interest for camera-engaged scenes than did control participants. Conclusions Results indicate people with aphasia visually attend to scenes differently than adults without neurological conditions. As a consequence, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) facilitators may have different visual attention behaviors than the people with aphasia for whom they are constructing or selecting visual scenes. Further examination of the visual attention of people with aphasia may help optimize visual scene selection.
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Connally, Cynthia E., and Thomas S. Tullis. "Evaluating the user Interface: Videotaping without a Camera." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 10 (September 1986): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603001020.
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A user interface evaluation technique has been developed that: a) accurately documents user inputs and system responses; b) follows the logic behind user actions; c) obtains behavior that is not biased by the evaluation technique; d) does not cause the participants to feel uncomfortable; and, e) easily illustrates user interface problems to others. The basic technique involves participants working in pairs, direct video recording of screen images without a camera, and audio recording on the same videotape of the users' verbal interactions. The result is a real-time record of the interactions, which, when replayed on a monitor and speaker, provides a very faithful reconstruction of what happened during the evaluation. The main advantages of this approach over other data collection techniques, such as computerized recording of data and video recording with a camera, are that it is easier and less expensive to implement, and it is unobtrusive.
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Conroy, B., N. Murphy, C. Cunningham, and F. Horgan. "184 ‘THROUGH THE LENS OF A CAMERA’—USING PHOTOVOICE TO EXPLORE OLDER ADULTS PERCEPTIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF COMMUNITY AMBULATION." Age and Ageing 50, Supplement_3 (November 2021): ii9—ii41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab219.184.
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Abstract Background The ability of an older adult to walk independently outdoors in their community assists with maintaining independence, a healthy lifestyle and a good quality of life. The study qualitatively explored older persons’ perceptions and experiences of the variables associated with their ability to walk outdoors in their community, through the use of photographs and discussion. Methods This qualitative study employed Photovoice Methodology (Wang and Burris, 1997). Inclusion criteria were community dwelling older adults over 65 years old, attending a day hospital, able to ambulate at least 10 metres with/without an assistive device and no visual or fine motor limitations that would preclude using a camera. Participants attended an information session and received and practiced with a single use camera. Over one week they took photographs of perceived barriers or facilitators to community ambulation. The developed photographs formed the basis for focus group discussions. Focus groups were recorded; transcribed and thematic analysis was used to identify key themes. Results Eight participants, mean age of 78.8 years completed the Photovoice substudy. Five of the participants were female and six lived alone. One participant had experienced a fall in the past six months. Three key themes were identified; personal, environmental and strategic factors, all associated with an older adults’ ability to ambulate in the community. Each of these themes had a number of subthemes highlighting barriers and facilitators to community ambulation in this population. Conclusion This novel study design was well received. It provided real life experiences, insights and rich valuable data that may not be captured by other means. The findings demonstrate the multifactorial nature of independent community ambulation, both the personal and environmental factors associated with independent community ambulation in older adults. Physiotherapists should adopt a broader, holistic approach to the assessment and treatment of older adults, to promote the achievement of independent community ambulation.
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Musicant, Oren, Assaf Botzer, and Bar Richmond-Hacham. "Safety, Efficiency, and Mental Workload in Simulated Teledriving of a Vehicle as Functions of Camera Viewpoint." Sensors 24, no. 18 (September 23, 2024): 6134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24186134.
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Teleoperation services are expected to operate on-road and often in urban areas. In current teleoperation applications, teleoperators gain a higher viewpoint of the environment from a camera on the vehicle’s roof. However, it is unclear how this viewpoint compares to a conventional viewpoint in terms of safety, efficiency, and mental workload. In the current study, teleoperators (n = 148) performed driving tasks in a simulated urban environment with a conventional viewpoint (i.e., the simulated camera was positioned inside the vehicle at the height of a driver’s eyes) and a higher viewpoint (the simulated camera was positioned on the vehicle roof). The tasks required negotiating road geometry and other road users. At the end of the session, participants completed the NASA-TLX questionnaire. Results showed that participants completed most tasks faster with the higher viewpoint and reported lower frustration and mental demand. The camera position did not affect collision rates nor the probability of hard braking and steering events. We conclude that a viewpoint from the vehicle roof may improve teleoperation efficiency without compromising driving safety, while also lowering the teleoperators’ mental workload.