Journal articles on the topic 'Camel breeding'
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G, Dovchindorj, Taogetao Baoyin, Hugjiltu Minggagud, Ariunjargal G, and Munkhtsog B. "Reproductivity of captive wild bactrian camels (camelus, przewalskii, 1878)." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22, no. 03 (May 9, 2018): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v22i03.940.
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Wild camel is the endangered native species of Central Asia that are found only in the western north of China, and Trans Altai Gobi of Mongolia. In this article was written that the reproductivity of captive wild bactrian camels based on the result and analysis developed at the research center for “Captive Wild camel breeding center”located near administration of Great Gobi Strictly Protected Area “A” part, between 1992 -2015. A gestation age, birth repetition and birth time of female captive wild camels at the breeding center under semi-captive condition have been observed and analysed. According to the research, captive wild camel birth time is started from the last 10 days of March and it finished at the last 10 days of May. Most extensive birth time is April. Captive male wild camel at the breeding center starting to mate at the beginning of January, and finished at the end of February. Therefore, an average gestation period of captive female camels is 400-440 days. However, sometimes, it can fluctuated due to age, fattening, and climate condition. But also birth date of female camels may different because of sex of calf.
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Djalal Ardjoun Khalil, Mahamat Ibrahim Souleymane, Chaib Imran Ahmat, Madjina Tellah, Issa Youssouf, and Hamidou Boly. "Evaluation of the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena (Tchad)." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 1 (October 30, 2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.9.1.0249.
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Camel drivers living in the peri-urban area of Sahelian cities carry out several economic activities. These activities can have an impact on techno-economic practice of livestock. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2018 to assess the practice and contribution of sheep breeding and camel milk to the income of camel drivers in the peri-urban area of N'Djamena. It affected 42 sedentary camel drivers (27.6%). Young camel drivers (31.52 ± 9.3 years old) raise a mixed herd. Arab sheep is exploited for the subsistence. Its productivity is improved by monitoring reproduction, breeding selection (format) and supplementation. A family workforce and salaried shepherds ensure manage and sell. Camels walk during the day under the control of a young camel driver. Camel is milked manually by a woman and/or a man. The demand for sheep on the market is higher than that of goats and camels. The contribution rate of the average annual income of sheep sold (ScoreAISSm) is 51.2 ± 23.6% of the total average annual income from breeding (ScoreTAIBm) (1960187 ± 1028966 CFA francs). This rate is high in Group A households not selling camel milk compared to Group 2 (p<0.01). Average annual income from the sale of camel milk (ScoreCMm) provides the daily expenses of the household in Group B. The correlations between the number of women–ScoreTAIB and the number of women–ScoreCMm are positive (p<0.01). Depending on opportunities offered by the place of sedentarisation, camel drivers develop strategies to better meet the urban market demand while maintaining a pastoral way of life.
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Khaskheli, Asad Ali. "A review on several important aspects of the camels." Aceh Journal of Animal Science 5, no. 2 (September 21, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/ajas.5.2.17580.
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The present study was conducted to gather the information regarding habitat, population, management, production and economic analysis of the camels worldwide. The main findings of review showed camel population around 25.89 million worldwide in almost 47 countries. Majority of camel herders were reported un-educated. Researchers further indicated that camels generally are reared under sedentary (50%), transhumant (25%), nomadic (15%) and household (10%) management systems. Age of camel famers ranges from 25 to 50 years. The female ratio markedly remains higher than males and young ones because the females are generally used for milk production. However the males are mostly used to carry the luggage, carrying load pulling cart etc. It was also stated by scientists that camels are mostly allowed for open grazing of natural vagetations. Breeding is practiced by natural method and the camel spend 20 to 30 minutes for matting. The female camels reach at the puberty age in 3-5 years, while male at 3.5 to 5.5 years. The duration of estrus cycle in camels vary from 16 to 22 days. Breeding period of camels remain between November and March. The average hair production of camels is 1.63 kg, average daily milk production 6.40 liter. Male have carrying capacity of 553 kg. In conclusion the husbandry practices of camel farming worldwide are based on old traditional methods, however the scientific farming rarely exits. There is no extension services available for the herders to motivate, educate and aware them modern management practices. Market infrastructure, as per study review, is not well established. Mostly the camel herder sale out their animals to middlemen due to long market distances.
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Mehta, S. C., B. Bhardwaj, and M. S. Sahani. "Status and conservation of Mewari and Jaisalmeri camels in India." Animal Genetic Resources Information 40 (April 2007): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900002236.
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SummaryThe Mewari and Jaisalmeri breeds of camel are among the four major breeds of Indian camel. The Mewari breed is known for the production of milk and its adaptability to the hilly terrain of the Aravali hills in south Rajasthan whereas the Jaisalmeri breed is known for its riding and race potential. A total of 320 camels from 16 herds in eight villages belonging to three districts of the major breeding tract of the Mewari camel were covered. The population of the Mewari camel was estimated to be 16 221 heads with a 28% decline in the last five years. The extent of cross breeding was estimated to be 36%. The average adult Mewari camel had a 193 cm height at wither, 194 cm heart girth and 158 cm body length. Adult Mewari camels produce about 700 grams of hair per annum and the females produce 5–7 litres of milk per day. An integrated rotational grazing pasture development programme could be of great use in maintaining the Mewari camels with diverse livestock species under optimum production.To define the status of the Jaisalmeri camel, an investigation encompassing 1 760 camel breeders belonging to the 181 villages distributed over the entire strata of the tract was carried out. The population of the Jaisalmeri camel was estimated to be 118 083 heads with a 31% decline in the last five years. An adult Jaisalmeri camel had a 199 cm height at wither, 211 cm heart girth and 156 cm body length. Adult males and females weighed 593 and 519 kg, respectively. Emphasis should be placed on making the breedable males of the breed available throughout the strata and on improving the utility of the breed for in-situ maintenance of genetic diversity in the breed.
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Diab, Mohamed Said, Reda Tarabees, Yasser F. Elnaker, Ghada A. Hadad, Marwa A. Saad, Salah A. Galbat, Sarah Albogami, Aziza M. Hassan, Mahmoud A. O. Dawood, and Sabah Ibrahim Shaaban. "Molecular Detection, Serotyping, and Antibiotic Resistance of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Isolated from She-Camels and In-Contact Humans in Egypt." Antibiotics 10, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10081021.
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This study aims to determine the prevalence of STEC in she-camels suffering from mastitis in semi-arid regions by using traditional culture methods and then confirming it with Serological and molecular techniques in milk samples, camel feces, as well as human stool samples for human contacts. In addition, an antibiotic susceptibility profile for these isolates was investigation. Mastitic milk samples were taken after California Mastitis Test (CMT) procedure, and fecal samples were taken from she-camels and human stool samples, then cultured using traditional methods to isolate Escherichiacoli. These isolates were initially classified serologically, then an mPCR (Multiplex PCR) was used to determine virulence genes. Finally, both camel and human isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility. Out of a total of 180 she-camels, 34 (18.9%) were mastitic (8.3% clinical and 10.6% sub-clinical mastitis), where it was higher in camels bred with other animals. The total presence of E. coli was 21.9, 13.9, and 33.7% in milk, camel feces, and human stool, respectively, whereas the occurrence of STEC from the total E. coli isolates were 36, 16, and 31.4% for milk, camel feces, and stool, respectively. Among the camel isolates, stx1 was the most frequently detected virulence gene, while hlyA was not detected. The most detected virulence gene in human isolates was stx2 (45.5%), followed by stx1. Camel STEC showed resistance to Oxytetracycline only, while human STEC showed multiple drug resistance to Amoxicillin, Gentamycin, and Clindamycin with 81.8, 72.7, and 63.6%, respectively. Breeding camels in semi-arid areas separately from other animals may reduce the risk of infection with some bacteria, including E. coli; in contrast, mixed breeding with other animals contributes a significant risk factor for STEC emergence in camels.
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Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos, Francisco Javier Navas González, Elena Ciani, Cecilio José Barba Capote, and Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo. "Effect of Research Impact on Emerging Camel Husbandry, Welfare and Social-Related Awareness." Animals 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050780.
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The lack of applied scientific research on camels, despite them being recognized as production animals, compels the reorganization of emerging camel breeding systems with the aim of achieving successful camel welfare management strategies all over the world. Relevant and properly-framed research widely impacts dissemination of scientific contents and drives public willingness to enhance ethically acceptable conditions for domestic animals. Consumer perception of this livestock industry will improve and high-quality products will be obtained. This paper draws on bibliometric indicators as promoting factors for camel-related research advances, tracing historical scientific publications indexed in ScienceDirect directory from 1880–2019. Camel as a species did not affect Journal Citation Reports (JCR) impact (p > 0.05) despite the journal, author number, corresponding author origin, discipline and publication year affecting it (p < 0.001). Countries with traditionally well-established camel farming are also responsible for the papers with the highest academic impact. However, camel research advances may have only locally and partially influenced welfare related laws, so intentional harming acts and basic needs neglect may persist in these species. A sustainable camel industry requires those involved in camel research to influence business stakeholders and animal welfare advocacies by highlighting the benefits of camel wellbeing promotion, co-innovation partnership establishment and urgent enhancement of policy reform.
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Abdel-Maksoud, Fatma M., Manal T. Hussein, and Abdelraheim Attaai. "Seasonal Variation of the Intraepithelial Gland in Camel Epididymis with Special Reference to Autophagosome." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 1052–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619014557.
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AbstractThe key role of the epididymis is contributing to sperm storage, maturation, and survival. The epididymis of camel has a unique structure called the intraepithelial gland. The present work aimed to investigate the structure of the epididymal intraepithelial gland with special references to the seasonal variation. The samples were collected from the distal part of the corpus epididymes of completely healthy mature camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Tomato lectin-positive material had been demonstrated within the epididymal spermatozoa. Here, we provide the first transmission electron microscopic study for the intraepithelial gland of camel epididymis detecting the autophagy during the nonbreeding season. The autophagosomes originated from the endoplasmic reticulum, surrounding mitochondria, and located mainly next to the basement membrane. This location is probably valuable for subsequent passing of their contents into the interstitium for possible recycling. The histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of the gland in the breeding season indicated a hyperactive secretory microenvironment enriched with the glycoprotein-producing machinery, which could be controlled by androgens. The present data suggest that the camel intraepithelial gland has a significant impact on the reproductive activity through their secretory microenvironment during the breeding season. Moreover, it recycles the unused organelles or proteins for reuse or to supply energy under stress conditions in the nonbreeding season.
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Swelum, A., I. Saadeldin, H. Ba-Awadh, and A. Alowaimer. "110 EFFECT OF MELATONIN TREATMENT ON LIBIDO AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF DROMEDARY CAMEL BULLS OUT OF THE BREEDING SEASON." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 1 (2017): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv29n1ab110.
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The reproductive performance of camels is poor and has remained a major obstacle to the growth of dromedary populations. The limited breeding season is one of the most important causes of the poor reproductive performance. In seasonal animals, melatonin is the chemical messenger that allows the perception of daylight length changes. Commercial melatonin products have been developed for the manipulation of seasonal breeding in animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of melatonin implantation on libido, serum melatonin, and testosterone concentrations in dromedary camels during the non-breeding season (June and July). Ten camel bulls were used in the 35-day-long trial; 5 of them were implanted with 30 Melovine® implant (Ceva, Libourne, France) subcutaneously on Day 0, whereas the other 5 camel bulls remained untreated as a control. Libido was evaluated weekly in response to oestrous-induced female camels treated with oestrogen (1 mL Oestrocon; oestradiol benzoate 5 mg mL−1) 2 days before assessment of libido. Libido was scored as follows: 0 = not interested: the male did not show any libido; 1 = low interested: the male went near the female and showed low frequency of sniffing and flehmen; 2 = interested: the male went near the female, it showed sniffing, flehmen, grinding of teeth/whistling, yawning; 3 = high interested: the male went near the female and was very agitated, it showed sniffing, flehmen, grinding of teeth/whistling, yawning, urination, and tail raising. It stood with open legs, and poll gland secretion and neck rubbing were observed; 4 = excited, like 3, but the male showed blatering and dulaa extrusion, was very excited, stood with open legs, high poll gland secretion and neck rubbing were observed. Blood samples were collected weekly. Serum melatonin and testosterone concentrations were evaluated using commercial ELISA kits. Comparisons among groups were evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA, using SAS software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). A difference was considered significant at the P < 0.05 level. The results revealed that at Day 0, all camel bulls in 2 groups had no libido and there was no significant difference in the melatonin or testosterone levels in the 2 groups. The libido increased gradually in the melatonin group and reached the maximum (3–5) at week 4 and week 5. The control group had low libido (0–1) along the trial. Statistically, the libido was significantly higher in the melatonin group than control group. Additionally, testosterone levels were significantly higher in melatonin group than control group, especially in the fourth week of the present trial (565.07 ± 33.04 pg mL−1 and 458.49 ± 25.36 pg mL−1, respectively). In conclusion, melatonin implantation in the non-breeding season significantly improved the libido and the reproductive performance of dromedary camel bulls. Therefore, it may be possible to improve the reproductive efficiency of camels by extending the breeding season through treatment with melatonin during the non-breeding season.
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Zema, Elena, Salvatore Monti, Vito Biondi, Asim Faraz, Michela Pugliese, Gabriele Marino, and Annamaria Passantino. "European Regulations on Camel Germplasm Movement within the European Union: A Current Framework Based on Safety." Animals 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 2255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12172255.
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With the aim of developing livestock breeding, the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2020/686 (hereafter referred to as Reg. 686) has taken steps to define traceability and animal health for the movement of germ material within the European Union (EU), including that of camelid species. Despite the economic importance of the camel market and the efforts of the EU to regulate their movements, there are considerable difficulties in the collection of semen and its freezing, limiting the use of artificial insemination in this species. If, on the one hand, there is little diffusion of the camel breeding and, consequently, limited diffusion of animals and germplasm, there will probably be a significant increase over the years. To avoid the spread of emerging diseases—or even those no longer present in Europe—the entry of genetic material from non-EU countries must be strictly monitored. Camels are rarely clinically compliant, but can transfer even fatal diseases to domestic ungulate farms in the EU. Based on these considerations, we conducted a narrative review of the European regulations on this issue, focusing on aspects related to their application in camels.
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Koç and P. Ayvazoðlu Demir. "Socio-economic dimensions of camel breeding and camel wrestling in Turkey." Journal of Camel Practice and Research 27, no. 3 (2020): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2020.00039.9.
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Alibayev, N. N., V. G. Semenov, A. B. Baimukanov, S. D. Mongush, M. N. Ermakhanov, and G. S. Abuov. "INCREASE OF CAMEL MILK PRODUCTIVITY BIOPOTENTIAL." Scientific Notes Kazan Bauman State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 247, no. 3 (September 5, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31588/2413-4201-1883-247-3-11-15.
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The milk productivity of arvan camels in Syzdykbekov A and the Kazakh baktrian in Baghdat for 10 months of lactation against the background of the use of the probiotic Vet 3 was studied and its effective dose was established – 40 mg per 1 kg of live mass. Against the background of using said probiotic, an increase in milk productivity for 10 months of lactation was established in dishes of arvan breeds and Kazakh bactrian by 7.1 and 7.6 %, respectively, compared to the control group of camels where the probiotic was not used. Studies indicate that probiotic use has a certain impact on dairy productivity in all camel breeding zones in the basic dairy production areas. At the same time, in experimental groups, the weight for 3 months of lactation increased in the arvan breed from 36 to 54 kg, in the Kazakh bactrian breed – from 27 to 36 kg, in the Mongolian bactrian breed – from 36 to 45 kg compared to control groups, which is an additional reserve for camel milk production.
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Farag, Elmoubasher, Reina Sikkema, Tinka Vinks, Md Islam, Mohamed Nour, Hamad Al-Romaihi, Mohammed Al Thani, et al. "Drivers of MERS-CoV Emergence in Qatar." Viruses 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11010022.
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MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus) antibodies were detected in camels since 1983, but the first human case was only detected in 2012. This study sought to identify and quantify possible drivers for the MERS-CoV emergence and spillover to humans. A list of potential human, animal and environmental drivers for disease emergence were identified from literature. Trends in possible drivers were analyzed from national and international databases, and through structured interviews with experts in Qatar. The discovery and exploitation of oil and gas led to a 5-fold increase in Qatar GDP coupled with a 7-fold population growth in the past 30 years. The lifestyle gradually transformed from Bedouin life to urban sedentary life, along with a sharp increase in obesity and other comorbidities. Owing to substantial governmental support, camel husbandry and competitions flourished, exacerbating the already rapidly occurring desertification that forced banning of free grazing in 2005. Consequently, camels were housed in compact barns alongside their workers. The transition in husbandry leading to high density camel farming along with increased exposure to humans, combined with the increase of camel movement for the racing and breeding industry, have led to a convergence of factors driving spillover of MERS-CoV from camels to humans.
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Belina, Dinaol, Amare Eshetu, Sisay Alemu, Bekyad Shasho, Tajudin Mohammed, Ahmedin Mohammed, Bahar Mummed, and Dereje Regassa. "Reproductive Diseases and Disorders of Female Camels: An Assessment and Pathological and Bacteriological Study in Eastern Ethiopia." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (February 13, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6641361.
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Camels are the most efficient domesticated animals in arid and semiarid areas of the world. In Ethiopia, they are the main livestock kept to sustain the livelihoods of pastoralists, as camels are used for milk and meat production and also for transportation. However, she-camel reproductive diseases are one of the major constraints for camel-producing communities. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 to identify and characterize pathological lesions and isolate possible bacteria associated with reproductive diseases and disorders in she-camels slaughtered at Dire Dawa and Babille municipal abattoirs. A total of 155 study animals were examined by recruiting all she-camels slaughtered during every abattoir visit. Overall, 562 reproductive organs, the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, and cervix, were examined through observation, palpation, and incision, and the animal- and organ-level pathological lesion prevalence were found to be 29% and 64.6%, respectively. Degenerative changes, inflammatory lesions (endometritis and salpingitis), growth disturbances (e.g., ovarian hypoplasia), and noninflammatory lesions (e.g., noninflammatory edema) were the identified pathological lesions. Occurrences of pathological changes among reproductive organs had differences where significantly the highest proportion ( p = 0.00) was observed in the uteri. Of the 119 microbiological samples processed, 77.3% were positive for single or mixed bacterial genera, from which 7 different bacterial isolates and 14 other unidentified Gram-negative bacteria were detected. E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus spp. were the most frequently isolated organisms with 28.2%, 26.9%, and 12.8% frequencies, respectively. The result of the questionnaire survey showed 74% of the respondents had culled the she-camel at productive age because of poor reproductive performance associated with refused mating, abortion, and repeat breeding (poor conception). On the other hand, a majority of camel herders had poor to no information and access to modern veterinary services; nevertheless, they had good indigenous knowledge on how to manage reproductive abnormalities. Considering the importance of camels in our study area, further research on camel reproductive diseases and abnormalities with wider sample and epidemiology need to be conducted using molecular and hormonal assay techniques.
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Padalino, Barbara, Davide Monaco, and Giovanni Lacalandra. "Male camel behavior and breeding management strategies: how to handle a camel bull during the breeding season?" Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 27, no. 4 (2015): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v27i4.19909.
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Tanimoun, Harouna Mahamadou, Andrée Prisca Ndjoug Ndour, Haladou Gagara, Ayayi Justin Akakpo, and Rianatou Bada-Alambedji. "Prevalence and risk behaviours of camel brucellosis transmission in the peri-urban dairy basin of Niamey, Niger." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 21, 2021): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.1.
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Considered as one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world and dangerous for human and animal health, brucellosis has been studied mainly in cattle and small ruminants but rarely in camels. The lack of data in Niger on this pathology in camels has aroused particular interest given the breeding method and the dietary habits of urban and peri-urban consumers. It is in this context that we conducted the first cross-sectional study on camel brucellosis in Niger, in the peri-urban dairy basin of Niamey. The general objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of camel brucellosis and the risk behaviours for its transmission at the animal-human interface. Thus, 275 serum samples and 75 camel milk samples were collected from 20 farms in 11 peri-urban localities of Niamey. The serum samples were analysed by 2 methods, namely the Rose Bengal test and indirect ELISA. The overall seroprevalence obtained with the serum samples was 4%. All 75 milk samples tested by indirect ELISA were negative. In addition, 30 camel farmers were surveyed to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding brucellosis. The survey revealed that 96.7% of the farmers were not aware of brucellosis, the species affected and the modes of transmission. Most of participants stated that camels were in frequent contact with sheep, goats, cattle, and other species. In case of abortion, the placenta and runt are handled with bare hands and sometimes buried or thrown away. All respondents consumed raw camel milk and stated that the milk sold is not pasteurised. These elements constitute risk behaviours for the transmission of this zoonosis and urgent measures should be taken. However, epidemiological investigations must be carried out continuously in order to monitor the evolution of this major zoonosis and to establish an adapted prophylaxis that takes into account this species, in order to protect the herd but also public health.
Keywords: Camel brucellosis, seroprevalence, lacto-prevalence, KAP study, Niamey-Niger.
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Kohler-Rollefson, Ilse. "THE CAMEL BREEDS OF INDIA IN SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Animal Genetic Resources Information 10 (April 1992): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s101423390000328x.
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SUMMARYThis artiele traces the evolution of one-humped camel {C. dromedarius) breeds in India and describes the social and historical factors that contributed to their formation. In India a number of distinct breeds developed from the breeding herds maintained by the Maharajahs of Rajputana for supplying camels for desert warfare. After a summary of the literature, details are provided on the characteristics and historical background of the individual breeds or types. The threats to the continued existence of these breeds and their genetic diversity are also evaluated.
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Elwishy, A. B., and I. M. Ghoneim. "Breeding activity of the camel (Camelus Dromedarius)." Animal Reproduction Science 11 (January 1986): 75–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(86)90105-3.
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Akhmetsadykova, Shynar H., Gaukhar Konuspayeva, and Nurlan Akhmetsadykov. "Camel breeding in Kazakhstan and future perspectives." Animal Frontiers 12, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac048.
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Bitaraf Sani, Morteza, Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Nader Asadzadeh, Navid Ghavipanje, Mojtaba Afshin, Mehdi Jasouri, Mohammad Hossein Banabazi, et al. "A New Approach in the Evaluation of Dairy Camels: Using Test Day Milk and Morphometric Records." Dairy 3, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dairy3010006.
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In the case of camels, there is little data in the literature on the relationship between body building features and the evaluation of milk yield. In the last decade, a rising interest in camel milk has been observed due to its nutritional and health-promoting properties, resulting in a growing market demand. Despite the remarkable importance of camels, very little improvement in camel breeding and selection for dairy purposes has been achieved. The current study aimed to provide a practical approach to the evaluation of dairy dromedaries based on test day milk and morphometric records. A total of 62 Sindi dairy camels were evaluated and 4176 daily milk records were registered in February, March, April, and May 2021. She-camels were milked twice per day (at morning and evening) by hand before calf sucking. The farming system was intensive with two times feeding. Three measurements had the highest scores in assessing: udder, teats distance and placement, and teats size, which included 45 out of 100 scores. Test day milk records were analysed using a simple repeatability model with two random effects. The range of daily milk yields was estimated between 0.1 to 8.70 kg. The mean of body scores was 77.19 (CI = 74.19–80.19). Daily milk yields moderately correlated with body score (r = +0.27). Additionally, udder circumference and abdomen girth were correlated to milk production. Using test day milk records in breeding programs can be appropriate for the selection and replacement of she-camels, but due to difficulties in accessing these data, using morphometric data is a good criterion for the evaluation of dromedaries in extensive systems.
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Elsharnoby, H., O. M. Kandil, and H. A. Abu-Elnaga. "Dromedary camel epididymal sperm characteristics at breeding and non-breeding seasons." Al-Azhar Bulletin of Science 32, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/absb.2021.67232.1104.
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Kaskous, S. "Physiology of lactation and machine milking in dromedary she-camel." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30, no. 4 (May 15, 2018): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i4.1665.
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Dromedary camels have the capability and the genetic potential to achieve high levels of milk production. However, systematic breeding programs to increase milk production are not common in this species. Dromedary camels are not well adapted to machine milking. Milk removal obviously requires in most farms a pre-stimulation through calf suckling before the milking machine can completely harvest the stored milk. In camels, most of the milk is stored in the alveolar compartment (>90-95%) of the udder. Therefore, almost no milk can be obtained in the absence of milk ejection. In addition, the morphological, anatomical and physiological properties of the camel udder are complex and not fully understood. Because of all biological and economical limitations related to machine milking dromedary camels are mostly hand-milked. The introduction of machine milking makes only slow progress and is limited to intensive dairy camel farms in a few countries. Machine milking of dromedary camels showed so far acceptable results. However, some studies clearly showed that udder emptying by machine milking with the available equipment is not satisfactory. The amount of residual milk after machine milking is high and was up to 30 % or even more of the stored milk in some studies. This means that the used machine needs to be improved to fit the camel's udder. Nevertheless, some studies clearly showed that a major proportion of dromedary camels have a suitable machine milking ability.
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Sataev, R. M., N. A. Dubova, and L. V. Sataeva. "Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) in Gonur-Depe and the issues of the species distribution in the Ancient East." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 1(56) (March 21, 2022): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-56-1-4.
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Animal husbandry, along with agriculture, was the main branch of the producing economy of the ancient population in Southern Turkmenistan. To date, sufficient data have been gathered to consider the exterior of large and small cattle, the time of their appearance in the region, and the nature of their exploitation. Still, very little information is available on a number of species, including Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus). This is due to the fact that camel bones are extremely rare in complexes which are older than the Late Bronze Age. However, the remains of this species are widely represented in the Bronze Age site of Gonur-depe. Gonur-Depe is a supposed administrative and cult center of Ancient Margiana, located in the South-Eastern Karakum Desert 85 km north from the city of Bayramali (Mary wilayah of Turkmenistan), which functioned during 2500–1500 BC. The site in-cludes two main objects: the North Gonur — administrative and religious center, and the South Gonur (“Temenos” — a small temple complex). The zooarchaeological material discussed in the article has been derived from the ar-chaeological excavations of the North Gonur. Animal remains split into two large groups by their localization: bones from waste deposits, and those associated with local objects (buildings, burials, altars, etc.). Isolated camel bones or their fragments are found in all excavation areas of the North Gonur. Only 67 camel bones were ex-tracted from the waste deposits, which constitutes just over 3 % of all domestic faunal remains found in the site. In addition, 18 isolated camel bones were unearthed from the filling of the grave pits. Given the small number of camel remains in household waste, we can suggest that, apparently, camels were rarely slaughtered for meat. Yet, a total of 16 camel skeletons of different preservation and completeness were recovered from nine burial structures. In burials 3200, 3225, 3240, 3900, and 3915, remains of carts with wooden wheels with bronze rims — tires — were found along with the camel skeletons. Despite the relatively large number of camel skeletons, it was possible to obtain only few measurements due to the poor preservation of the bones. Measurements of two skele-tons from burial 3900 suggest that stature of the animals at withers was at least 165 cm. Apart from skeletal re-mains at Gonur-Depe, numerous images of double-humped camels are known, accomplished in different shapes and from various materials, which also help to elaborate the appearance of the animals. Camels, kept by the an-cient population of Gonur, have passed a long way of breeding, and at present there are no data indicating the autochthonous domestication of this species. In general, zooarchaeological and archaeological materials demon-strate that camel played an important role in life of the ancient population of Gonur-Depe, which stretched beyond its simple utilitarian use.
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Fathi, Abdul. "Mitochondrial Phylogeny and Population Structure of Pakistani Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius)." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 05 (May 1, 2021): 981–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1754.
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Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are one of the most important livestock species mainly used for milk and meat production in semi-arid and hot-desert expanses of the Arabian-Peninsula, Africa, and Southwest Asia. This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure within and between eight dromedary camel breeds (n = 210) inhabiting Balochistan province, Pakistan, by mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b). Sequences (1140 bp) analysis showed a total of 18 variable sites resulting in 16 haplotypes. The average haplotype and nucleotide diversities were Hd = 0.484 ± 0.051 and π = 0.00272 respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed different clusters for camelids. The neutrality tests did not support the population demographic expansion for these camel breeds. Based on these results, we suggest that an imperative genetic management and breeding strategies are required for the effective conservation of this species. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Dauda, Y. "Estrous Cycle of Induced Ovulators: Lesson From The Camel — A Review." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/8102.10.0221.
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Camel, rabbit, cat, ferrets, minks, koala and meadow moles are induced ovulators requiring copulation to trigger the ovulatory process and the estrous cycle differs from that of other domestic animals. The estrous cycle in these animals composed of follicular recruitment, follicular growth, follicular maturity and follicular regression phase. These animals are variously reared as companion, fur-bearing and meat animals. Among these, the camel is the most valuable and classical induced ovulator which is rear not only for milk and meat, but as work animal and contributes effectively to the welfare of people in harsh and difficult environments. As a classical induced ovulatory, camelid has cycling receptivity with distinctive estrus but requires mating in order to ovulate. The other classes of induced ovulators like cats and ferrets require both the presence of male to achieve behavioral estrus and actual copulation to ovulate. The camel has good prospects of survival as a suitable livestock for projects of sustainable agriculture and animal production under harsh desert or arid conditions. However the reproductive nature of camels presents a huge challenge to camel husbandry. The natural constraints include the long period of attaining puberty, limited breeding season, difficulties in induced ovulation, long gestation period and inter-calving intervals. Efforts to improve the reproductive efficiency of the female camel are closely related to a better understanding of the folliculogenesis or follicular wave pattern. Many investigators might not be aware of the peculiar reproductive information available about this animal species. A working knowledge of ovarian function or estrous cycle will be of immense importance to the application of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and enhancements of reproduction in camelids. This work presents the overview of estrous cycle in camel as a classical example of induced ovulators with the aim of providing current knowledge to the reader and to stimulate wider research interest in camel research and reproduction.
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Saidi, Radhwane, Mohamed Hocine Benaissa, Rachid Kaidi, Djamel Khelef, Messaouda Behalil, Fatma Zohra Aissaoui, Ratiba Baazizi, and Nora Mimoune. "Mastitis u deva u južnom Alžiru." Veterinarska stanica 52, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46419/vs.52.3.9.
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In Algeria, camel breeding participates in the national milk production. However, this breeding faces significant health problems, including mammary pathologies. This disease is a major public health threat, due to the existence of human pathogens in milk. Several species are associated with this mastitis. Unlike cow’s milk, goat and camel milk are most often consumed in the fresh raw state, thus escaping any official control. The present study aimed to determine the nature and frequency of mastitis, and the nature and frequency of the responsible bacteria in each type of mastitis in southern Algeria. A total of 62 camels were subjected to clinical examination and screening for subclinical mastitis and the presence of Brucella using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and ring test, respectively. CMT positive samples were then further subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were present with frequencies of 4.44% and 95.55%, respectively. Bacteriological analysis isolated a total of 73 samples of 45 seeds. Staphylococci were most commonly isolated, with a frequency of 63.01%. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus were at the top of the list, with 35.61%, while Staphylococcus SCN (coagulase negative staphylococci) represented only 27.39%. Streptococci were the second most isolated group, with 28.77%. Gram-positive bacilli were in third place, accounting for 6.85% of all isolates. Gram- negative bacilli (enterobacteria) were isolated with a frequency of 1.36%. Brucella was present with a frequency of 4.44%. Finally, an extended study on a larger sample of camels is required in the future.
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Manee, Manee M., Abdulmalek T. Algarni, Sultan N. Alharbi, Badr M. Al-Shomrani, Mohanad A. Ibrahim, Sarah A. Binghadir, and Mohamed B. Al-Fageeh. "Genome-wide characterization and analysis of microsatellite sequences in camelid species." Mammal Research 65, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-019-00458-x.
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AbstractMicrosatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are among the genetic markers most widely utilized in research. This includes applications in numerous fields such as genetic conservation, paternity testing, and molecular breeding. Though ordered draft genome assemblies of camels have been announced, including for the Arabian camel, systemic analysis of camel SSRs is still limited. The identification and development of informative and robust molecular SSR markers are essential for marker assisted breeding programs and paternity testing. Here we searched and compared perfect SSRs with 1–6 bp nucleotide motifs to characterize microsatellites for draft genome sequences of the Camelidae. We analyzed and compared the occurrence, relative abundance, relative density, and guanine-cytosine (GC) content in four taxonomically different camelid species: Camelus dromedarius, C. bactrianus, C. ferus, and Vicugna pacos. A total of 546762, 544494, 547974, and 437815 SSRs were mined, respectively. Mononucleotide SSRs were the most frequent in the four genomes, followed in descending order by di-, tetra-, tri-, penta-, and hexanucleotide SSRs. GC content was highest in dinucleotide SSRs and lowest in mononucleotide SSRs. Our results provide further evidence that SSRs are more abundant in noncoding regions than in coding regions. Similar distributions of microsatellites were found in all four species, which indicates that the pattern of microsatellites is conserved in family Camelidae.
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Marshall, Karen, Nadhem Mtimet, Francis Wanyoike, Nicholas Ndiwa, Haileselassie Ghebremariam, Lawrence Mugunieri, and Riccardo Costagli. "The traditional livestock breeding practices of women and men Somali pastoralists: breeding management and beliefs on breeding issues." Animal Production Science 59, no. 8 (2019): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17481.
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In Somalia, located in the horn of Africa and one of the world’s poorest countries, livestock are the mainstay of the economy. While strengthening the livestock sector is considered key to reduced poverty and increased food security, few studies have reported the livestock management practices of Somali pastoralists, including on breeding issues. Here, we present the final of a series of papers documenting the breeding practices of women and men Somali pastoralists for goat, sheep, camel and cattle. Data for the study were obtained by surveying 200 livestock-keeping households located within the Tog-Dheer region of Somaliland. The most important livestock species kept, in terms of contribution to household livelihood, were goats and sheep, followed by camel, then cattle. Migration with livestock was practiced by two-thirds of the households for some or all of the year, whereas other households were settled with their livestock. On breeding practices, the main means of acquiring breeding animals was by the animal being born into the herd, and varied means were used to control mating, including castration, culling, separation of male and female animals, purposeful mating of best males to best females, and controlling the size of mating groups. On beliefs on breeding issues, the pastoralists had a varied understanding of whether specific livestock traits were influenced by genetics, environment, or a combination of both, and most could not articulate the basis of inheritance. Knowledge of inbreeding was poor, with almost all respondents indicating they did not consider the mating of related animals to be problematic. Additionally, some pastoralists tried to influence the sex of the livestock progeny born through various practices. Overall, the finding presented here and in the companion studies (Marshall et al. 2014, 2016) indicated that the women and men Somali pastoralists generally employ sound breeding practices, although there is room for capacity building such as on inbreeding.
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Mahmoud, Ahmed Hossam, Mohammad Abul Farah, Ahmed Rady, Khalid Mashai Alanazi, Osama Mohammed, Nabil Amor, Mohammed Alshaikh, Riyadh Aljumaah, Mahmoud Salah, and Amgad Saleh. "Utilization of microsatellite markers in genotyping of Saudi Arabian camels for productivity and conservation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 100, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0170.
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Camels are considered as integral and notable components of the heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Genetic variabilities within and among four camel populations in Saudi Arabia were evaluated using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of 122 unrelated individuals, including three indigenous breeds [Humur (HA), Zurg (ZR), Shuguh (SG)] and one exotic breed [Sudanese (SN)]. Nineteen SSR markers generated multilocus fingerprints with a total of 225 alleles, a range of 4–23 alleles per locus, and an average of 9, 7, 7, and 6 alleles per locus in HA, ZR, SG, and SN populations, respectively. The mean multilocus FST value (0.034 ± 0.005) showed non-significant population differentiation. Mean observed heterozygosity values were 0.908 for HA, 0.860 for ZR, 0.919 for SG, and 0.887 for SN, which were higher than the expected heterozygosity. An excess of heterozygotes was observed, suggesting the presence of overdominant selection or the occurrence of outbreeding. Pairwise genetic distances indicated that the three indigenous camel breeds were genetically close to each other and genetically distant to the SN population. This genetic variability assessment by microsatellite analysis is important and useful for the conservation of local camel genetic resources as well as the future development of breeding programs.
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Abdoon, A. S., O. M. Kandil, H. Kleim, D. Schams, B. Berisha, and C. M. Zeng. "110 EXPRESSION AND CLONING OF OESTRADIOL RECEPTOR α AND PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS AND INTERFERONE STIMULATED GENE 15 IN ENDOMETRIUM AND CORPUS LUTEUM OF PREGNANT CAMEL." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab110.
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Despite their economic and cultural importance, dromedary camel is considered as a slow breeding animal, because of the higher incidence of early embryonic death. The present study was designed to investigate: 1) Expression and cloning of progesterone receptors (PR) and oestradiol receptor α (ERα) in CL and endometrium of pregnant camel; 2) Detection of interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in corpus luteum (CL) and endometrium of pregnant dromedary camels. For PR and ERα, RNA was extracted from CL and endometrium of dromedary camels during early (1 to 3 months), mid (4 to 9 months), and late stage (10 to 13 months) of pregnancy. Messenger RNA expression of PR and ERα was performed using RT-qPCR. Detection of ISG15 was performed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In CL, both PR and ERα ± showed the same pattern with significantly high (P < 0.01) expression during early stage compared to mid or late stages of pregnancy. The lowest (P < 0.01) expression was detected during the late stage of pregnancy compared with the mid stage. There was no difference in mRNA expression for PR and ERα in endometrium of during the different stages of pregnancy in dromedary camels. ISG15 conjugated protein showed no expression in CL or endometrium of pregnant dromedary camels either by immunohistochemistry or Western blot. In conclusion, PR and ERα potentially play a role in regulating luteal function in CL during pregnancy in dromedary camels, further work is necessary to study the mechanism of pregnancy recognition in dromedary camels.
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Chand, Khem, B. L. Jangid, Subhash Kachhawaha, and M. M. Roy. "Economic viability of camel breeding enterprise in southern Rajasthan." Journal of Camel Practice and Research 21, no. 2 (2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2014.00030.7.
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Robins, Joseph G. "Breeding and Genetics of Forages for Semi-Arid and Arid Rangelands." Agronomy 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040718.
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Rangelands are the Earth’s largest land type and provide the feed source for the extensive grazing of beef and dairy cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goat (Capra aegagrus hircus), horse (Equus ferus caballus), camel (Camelus spp [...]
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El-Maaty, Amal M. Abo, Ragab H. Mohamed, Heba F. Hozyen, Adel M. El-Kattan, Mona A. Mahmoud, and Amal H. Ali. "Effect of exogenous progesterone treatment on ovarian steroid hormones and oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers during peak and low breeding seasons in dromedary she-camel." Veterinary World 12, no. 4 (April 2019): 542–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.542-550.
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Background: Research about the effects of progesterone (P4) and the relationship of P4 to oxidative stress has been achieved in ruminants but not enough in camels Aim: This study evaluated the effect of exogenous P4 hormone using CIDR for 7 days on blood concentrations of steroid hormones and oxidative status of dromedary she-camels during peak and low breeding seasons. Materials and Methods: The present work was conducted on ten dark dromedary she-camels which were synchronized using a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) for 7 days as a reproductive management tool during peak breeding (November-April) and low breeding season (May-October). The blood samples were collected each other day from CIDR insertion until the end of experiment 5 days after the removal of CIDR. Camels were examined for P4, estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) as indicator of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase as antioxidant markers. Results: Results revealed that P4 was higher during peak breeding season than low breeding season. While the levels of P4 increased during CIDR insertion and declined at CIDR removal and thereafter during breeding season, its concentrations declined after CIDR application during the non-breeding season. On the other hand, blood E2 and testosterone levels decreased after CIDR insertion in both high and low breeding seasons with higher serum E2 concentrations during the peak than the low breeding season. MDA concentrations and SOD activities were significantly (p<0.05) high on day 3 after CIDR insertion during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. During both the seasons, GSH levels decreased after CIDR removal in camels. However, MDA was lower during non-breeding season than high breeding season with no seasonal effect on SOD activity. Conclusion: Exogenous P4 treatment through CIDR in dromedary camels could be more efficient during breeding season than non-breeding season, and effects on circulating oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers and their return to normal levels might refer to the adaptation of camels to CIDR by modulating their oxidant and antioxidant levels.
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Traoré, Bakary, Nassim Moula, Abdoulaye Toure, Bara Ouologuem, Pascal Leroy, and Nicolas Antoine-Moussiaux. "Characterisation of camel breeding practices in the Ansongo Region, Mali." Tropical Animal Health and Production 46, no. 7 (July 26, 2014): 1303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0644-z.
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Perveen, Nighat, Sabir Bin Muzaffar, and Mohammad Ali Al-Deeb. "Population Dynamics of Hyalomma dromedarii on Camels in the United Arab Emirates." Insects 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050320.
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Hyalomma dromedarii is the most important tick species infesting camels in the Middle East. So far, there are no studies on the population dynamics of H. dromedarii ticks on camels in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Thus, the current study was performed: (1) to assess H. dromedarii population dynamics under common camel breeding and management practices in the study area, (2) to evaluate H. dromedarii life stage changes and sex ratio over time, and (3) to measure parasitological indicators of H. dromedarii infestation. We conducted monthly on-site tick visual counts and collection from camels in Al Ain, UAE, over 12 months. Our results show that the infestation prevalence was very high during the whole study period, with a mean of 94.33%. The maximum infestation intensity occurred in June, while the minimum occurred in January. Overall, H. dromedarii ticks were found on camels during the entire year in spite of monthly applications of an acaricide. This study reveals that H. dromedarii has a very high prevalence and continuous presence on camels in the UAE regardless of the weather fluctuations and acaricide applications and showed the need for an effective control strategy.
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Orazov, Ayan, Liudmila Nadtochii, Kazybay Bozymov, Mariam Muradova, and Araigul Zhumayeva. "Role of Camel Husbandry in Food Security of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Agriculture 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070614.
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This paper examines the problem of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past 10 years. Based on statistical data, an assessment was made of the prevalence of malnutrition among the population of the country, including children under 5 years of age. There has been a trend towards for an improvement in the nutrition of the population for a few indicators; however, further optimization of food security indicators is required to achieve the goals of sustainable development (SDGs) of the FAO WHO Agenda for the period up to 2050 in Kazakhstan and in its individual regions. The paper reflects data on demographic changes over the past 10 years and its self-sufficiency in basic foods for 2019. A high degree of self-sufficiency in meat products (117.6%) is revealed in the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan. However, self-sufficiency in dairy products is at an extremely low level (0.1%). Camel breeding has been successfully developing in the country over the past 10 years. However, the number of camels in the country is still at a low level. Camel milk can be considered as a great source of macronutrients, its daily consumption partially facilitates the problem of Food Security in Kazakhstan.
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Salem, M., W. El-Deeb, K. Abdel-Moein, A. El-Sayed, A. Fayed, F. Housawi, A. Al-Naeem, and M. Zschöck. "Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in an Egyptian mixed breeding farm and comparative molecular characterisation of isolates from cattle, camels and cats – a case report." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 22, no. 1 (2019): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2033.
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The present study records and investigates an outbreak of Johne’s Disease in a mixed breeding camel – cattle farm and the possible role of non-domestic non-ruminants animals in the epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Egypt. For this reason, faecal samples were collected from 24 dairy cattle and from 15 one humped Arabian camels suffering from diarrhoea. Moreover, intestinal tissue samples were provided from 7 cats and 2 rats that were caught from the same farm and were euthanized before necropsy. Samples were examined using traditional culture and IS900 PCR techniques together with the application of BstEII-IS900 RFLP for typing of obtained isolates. Interestingly, MAP was recovered from cattle (n=8) and from camels (n=3) and non-domestic cats (n=3) reared under local conditions in this farm in Egypt. The obtained results highlight the potential role of cats in the epidemiology of MAP, a subject which needs further investigation and might have a public health importance, catsbeing common members of many families.
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Wright, Tim. "Breeding the racing camel - or handy hints on knowledge management projects." Business Information Review 17, no. 2 (June 2000): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266382004237575.
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Iglesias Pastrana, Carlos, Francisco Javier Navas González, Elena Ciani, Ander Arando Arbulu, and Juan Vicente Delgado Bermejo. "The Youngest, the Heaviest and/or the Darkest? Selection Potentialities and Determinants of Leadership in Canarian Dromedary Camels." Animals 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2021): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11102886.
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Several idiosyncratic and genetically correlated traits are known to extensively influence leadership in both domestic and wild species. For minor livestock such as camels, however, this type of behavior remains loosely defined and approached only for sex-mixed herds. The interest in knowing those animal-dependent variables that make an individual more likely to emerge as a leader in a single-sex camel herd has its basis in the sex-separated breeding of Canarian dromedary camels for utilitarian purposes. By means of an ordinal logistic regression, it was found that younger, gelded animals may perform better when eliciting the joining of mates, assuming that they were castrated just before reaching sexual maturity and once they were initiated in the pertinent domestication protocol for their lifetime functionality. The higher the body weight, the significantly (p < 0.05) higher the score in the hierarchical rank when leading group movements, although this relationship appeared to be inverse for the other considered zoometric indexes. Camels with darker and substantially depigmented coats were also significantly (p < 0.05) found to be the main initiators. Routine intraherd management and leisure tourism will be thus improved in efficiency and security through the identification and selection of the best leader camels.
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Nagy, Péter, Sonia Thomas, Orsolya Markó, and Jutka Juhász. "Milk production, raw milk quality and fertility of dromedary camels (Camelus Dromedarius) under intensive management." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 61, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2012.051.
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In many arid countries, dromedaries play an important role as a milk source in rural areas. However, the milk and meat production potential of this species is not well understood and documented. A large-scale camel dairy farm was established in 2006 in the United Arab Emirates. This study summarises the most important data on milk production, raw milk quality and reproductive efficiency collected on this farm during the first three years of operation. The average daily milk production, the mean length of lactation and the mean total milk production per lactation of 174 dromedaries were 6.0 ± 0.12 kg (± SEM), 586 ± 11.0 days (± SEM) and 3314 ± 98.5 kg (± SEM), respectively. The lactation curve reached its peak during the 4th month after parturition (mean ± SEM, 8.9 ± 0.04 kg), then it declined gradually, falling to 50% of the maximum by the 16th month postpartum (mean ± SEM, 4.3 ± 0.06 kg). Milking three times a day did not increase daily milk production compared to two times milking. Mean total viable bacterial count (TVC) and mean somatic cell count (SCC, ± SEM) of bulk raw camel milk were 4,403 ± 94 CFU/cm3 and 392,602 ± 5,999 cells/cm3 for a one-year period, respectively. There was a significant difference among months (P < 0.001). Coliform count was < 10 CFU/cm3 in most cases (96.5%). The average (± SEM) fat, protein, lactose, total solids (TS) and solid-non-fat (SNF) concentrations of individual milk samples were 2.51 ± 0.03%, 2.60 ± 0.01%, 4.03 ± 0.03%, 9.98 ± 0.03% and 7.56 ± 0.03%, respectively. Lactation period, average daily milk production and morning vs. evening milking significantly influenced milk chemical composition. For the 470 camels in the breeding programme, end-of-season pregnancy rate and birth rate were 87.0% and 82.6%, respectively, after natural mating. We have demonstrated that sustainable milk production is possible from a traditional species, the dromedary camel, under an intensive management system.
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Zeitoun, Moustafa M., Derar R. Derar, Ahmed Ali, and Yousef M. Alharbi. "Expression of Hormones, Cytokines, and Antioxidants in Heat-Stressed Subfertile Female Dromedaries." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162125.
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The prevailing hot climate imposes heavy burdens on the productivity of the camel, goat, and sheep herds raised in the Gulf desert. Due to the lack of a reliable indicator for the various subfertility statuses in camel females, this study aimed to investigate the expression of inhibin, TGFά, ILß, FSH, sex and metabolic hormones, and antioxidants for the fertility status in camel females. Eighty-two subfertile and five fertile females were admitted to the university clinic with the complaint of repeat breeding with failed conception. The animal’s genital tracts were examined for reproductive soundness. Blood samples were withdrawn for hormonal, cytokines, and antioxidants determinations. Subfertile females were categorized into six groups; endometritis (EN, 28), inactive ovaries (IO, 20), ovarian hydrobursitis (BU, 19), vaginal adhesions (VA, 7), salpingitis (SA, 4), and cervicitis (CE, 4). Results revealed a significant increase in inhibin in all groups compared to control (68.2, 66.4, 61.8. 58.8, 58.3, 55.8, and 36 pg/mL, in CE, VA, IO, BU, EN, SA, and CON, respectively). TGFά, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and progesterone were not different among groups, whereas IL-ß differed among groups. FSH, estradiol, nitrous oxide, and glutathione were higher in CON compared with other groups. In conclusion, reproductive failures in camel females are reflected in the imbalances of endocrine, cytokines, and antioxidants bio-indicators.
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Faye, Bernard. "Role, distribution and perspective of camel breeding in the third millennium economies." Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 27, no. 4 (2015): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v27i4.19906.
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Abouhefnawy, H. A., and N. A. Wani. "76 Effect of season on the superstimulation response, embryo quality, and pregnancy establishment in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab76.
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The present study was conducted to study the effect of season on the superstimulation response, embryo quality and pregnancy establishment in the dromedary camels. Two donors each were superstimulated in the month of June 2019 (non-breeding season) and January 2019 (breeding season) by a combination of 2500IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG, Folligon; Intervet), given as a single intramuscular injection on Day 1 of the treatment protocol, and 400mg of pFSH (Folltropin; Bioniche) injected twice daily in declining doses of 2×80mg, 2×60mg, 2×40mg, and 2×20mg over 4 days, also beginning on Day 1. They were scanned by rectal ultrasonography and follicles counted before mating with a fertile bull on Day 11 after the start of treatment. An injection of 20µg of gonadotrophhin-releasing hormone (Receptal, Intervet) was given immediately after mating to induce ovulation. The number of corpora lutea (CL) were counted, and the embryos collected by the non-surgical method on Day 7 after ovulation. All embryos were washed and graded before they were transferred individually into the left uterine horn of recipient animals, synchronized to be on Day 6 after ovulation. All recipients were screened by ultrasonography on Day 22, Day 60, and Day 90 for pregnancies. The data were analysed using a two-sample t-test (Minitab statistical software, Minitab Ltd.). No difference was observed in the mean number of follicles developed (20.5 vs. 18.5) between the donors in breeding and non-breeding season, respectively. The percent mean±s.e.m. of ovulations as observed by counting the CL in nonbreeding season (80.7±3.4) were not different from those in breeding season (85.4±3.7). A total number of 16 embryos collected during non-breeding season and 20 embryos in breeding season were transferred to recipients. The percent mean±s.e.m. of pregnancies established on Day 22 (56.6±3.4 vs. 67.5±7.5) and on Day 90 (47.2±2.8 vs. 60±0.0) were similar in both groups. These observations indicate that embryo transfer technology can be applied to camels during the summer months, which is considered the non-breeding season, and pregnancies can be established at par with breeding season. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in camels wherein we have demonstrated that donor camels can be superstimulated, embryos can be collected, recipient animals can be synchronized, and pregnancies can be established in the summer (non-breeding) months. The embryos collected from elite donors can be transferred to synchronized recipients to establish pregnancies or preserved for future use. Some owners do not want calves to be born in summer months, so protocols need to be established for storing these embryos for a few months before their transfer to recipients, to have the calves delivered in the desired winter months.
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Abouhefnawy, H. A., and N. A. Wani. "76 Effect of season on the superstimulation response, embryo quality, and pregnancy establishment in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab76.
Full textAbstract:
The present study was conducted to study the effect of season on the superstimulation response, embryo quality and pregnancy establishment in the dromedary camels. Two donors each were superstimulated in the month of June 2019 (non-breeding season) and January 2019 (breeding season) by a combination of 2500IU of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG, Folligon; Intervet), given as a single intramuscular injection on Day 1 of the treatment protocol, and 400mg of pFSH (Folltropin; Bioniche) injected twice daily in declining doses of 2×80mg, 2×60mg, 2×40mg, and 2×20mg over 4 days, also beginning on Day 1. They were scanned by rectal ultrasonography and follicles counted before mating with a fertile bull on Day 11 after the start of treatment. An injection of 20µg of gonadotrophhin-releasing hormone (Receptal, Intervet) was given immediately after mating to induce ovulation. The number of corpora lutea (CL) were counted, and the embryos collected by the non-surgical method on Day 7 after ovulation. All embryos were washed and graded before they were transferred individually into the left uterine horn of recipient animals, synchronized to be on Day 6 after ovulation. All recipients were screened by ultrasonography on Day 22, Day 60, and Day 90 for pregnancies. The data were analysed using a two-sample t-test (Minitab statistical software, Minitab Ltd.). No difference was observed in the mean number of follicles developed (20.5 vs. 18.5) between the donors in breeding and non-breeding season, respectively. The percent mean±s.e.m. of ovulations as observed by counting the CL in nonbreeding season (80.7±3.4) were not different from those in breeding season (85.4±3.7). A total number of 16 embryos collected during non-breeding season and 20 embryos in breeding season were transferred to recipients. The percent mean±s.e.m. of pregnancies established on Day 22 (56.6±3.4 vs. 67.5±7.5) and on Day 90 (47.2±2.8 vs. 60±0.0) were similar in both groups. These observations indicate that embryo transfer technology can be applied to camels during the summer months, which is considered the non-breeding season, and pregnancies can be established at par with breeding season. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in camels wherein we have demonstrated that donor camels can be superstimulated, embryos can be collected, recipient animals can be synchronized, and pregnancies can be established in the summer (non-breeding) months. The embryos collected from elite donors can be transferred to synchronized recipients to establish pregnancies or preserved for future use. Some owners do not want calves to be born in summer months, so protocols need to be established for storing these embryos for a few months before their transfer to recipients, to have the calves delivered in the desired winter months.
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Alkafafy, Mohamed Elsayed, Samy Mahmoud Sayed, Samir Ahmed El-Shazly, Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed, Khaled Mohamed Shoghy, and Reda Farag Rashed. "S100 Expression in the epididymis of dromedary camel during breeding and Non-Breeding seasons: immunohistochemical and molecular studies." Journal of Camel Practice and Research 25, no. 1 (2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2018.00005.x.
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El-Mahdy, Anwar, A. El-Darawany, A. Zeidan, and S. Peris. "TESTICULAR CHANGES AND SPERM CHARACTERISTICS IN THE DIFFERENT DROMEDARY CAMEL BREEDS DURING THE BREEDING AND NON-BREEDING SEASONS." Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 2359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/zjar.2019.65100.
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DARLING, N. D., D. E. POSS, M. P. SCHOELEN, M. METCALF-KELLY, S. E. HILL, and S. HARRIS. "Retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) epidemic using open source data." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 15 (October 24, 2017): 3106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817002345.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYThe Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is caused by a novel coronavirus discovered in 2012. Since then, 1806 cases, including 564 deaths, have been reported by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and affected countries as of 1 June 2016. Previous literature attributed increases in MERS-CoV transmission to camel breeding season as camels are likely the reservoir for the virus. However, this literature review and subsequent analysis indicate a lack of seasonality. A retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis was conducted to investigate increases in MERS-CoV transmission and reports of household and nosocomial clusters. Cases were verified and associations between cases were substantiated through an extensive literature review and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch's Tiered Source Classification System. A total of 51 clusters were identified, primarily nosocomial (80·4%) and most occurred in KSA (45·1%). Clusters corresponded temporally with the majority of periods of greatest incidence, suggesting a strong correlation between nosocomial transmission and notable increases in cases.
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Alibayev, N. N., A. Baimukanov, Zh Tuleubayev, Z. T. Yesembekova, G. Ziyaeva, G. S. Abuov, and A. N. Yessimbekova. "RATIONAL WAY OF NATURAL PASTURE UTILIZATION IN CAMEL HUSBANDRY." REPORTS 335, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.5.
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The aim of the research is to develop a rational way of using natural pasture areas in productive camel breeding. The conducted studies showed that when grazing Arvana camels on each experimental field of pastures for one day (group I), the grazing capacity of these types of pastures was high and amounted to an average of 4.75 and 4.95 c/ha dry fodder mass during the spring-summer grazing season with the output of the eaten fodder reserve of 2.07 c/ha and 2.52 c/ha respectively. Similar indicators of grazing capacity of pastures when using each field of pastures in a row for 3 days (group II) and traditional grazing without dividing the territory into conditional experimental fields (control group) were significantly low and amounted to 3.80 (1.70) c/ha and 3.90 (2.05) c/ha; 2.60 (1.15) c/ha and 2.85 (1.54) c/ha of dry fodder mass according to the types of pastures respectively. The mode of pasture utilization with different loads had a noticeable impact on the feeding value of the grass stand of the main types of desert pastures. So, compared with the feeding value of pasture herbs, when using one day of each conventional pen (0.67 and 0.77 fodder units, 68.9 and 75.0 g of digestible protein) female camels for three days in a row on each experimental field (0.38 and 0.43 fodder units, 59.1 and 66.6 g of digestible protein) and traditional unsystematic utilization (0.31 and 0.35 fodder units, 48 and 53 g of digestible protein) significantly low, which ultimately affected the total grazing capacity and, consequently, the forage capacity of the main types of desert pastures. Generally, with a rational mode of use (with a conventional pen grazing method), the grazing capacity of shrubby-ephemeral sandy and half-shrubby-ephemeral pastures on loamy sierozem soils is 1.90 and 2.90 centners respectively of conventional fodder protein units per hectare, which is significantly higher compared to the control control (81.58% and 80.35%) and the II experimental group (60.0% and 59.65%). Milking camels of all experimental groups on seasonal saltwort pastures eat almost the same amount of pasture forage (22.80-23.95). In autumn (September-October), the average daily milk yield of female camels of the I, II and III experimental groups averaged 9.32 kg, 10.0 kg and 11.50 kg, respectively, this indicates a non-positive effect of normalized feeding of milking camels on their milking capacity in conditions of grazing maintenance.
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Schulte, Norbert, and Hans Klingel. "Herd Structure, Leadership, Dominance and Site Attachment of the Camel, Camelus Dromedarius." Behaviour 118, no. 1-2 (1991): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853991x00229.
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AbstractSocial structure and relationships in a herd of captive camels were studied in Kenya. During day and night the herd split up irrespective of kinship. Partner preferences existed only in those camels who had previously been kept in a small group separated from the herd. Dominance relationships are anonymous with four levels: a) dominant breeding bulls, b) females and bachelors, c) subadults, and d) calves. No stable leadership was observed, but individual preferences in the walking order existed when the camels left and entered the enclosure. During the night most camels showed an amazing attachment to a particular resting site; in a new boma they used corresponding sites. During moon nights activity was greatly increased.
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Faraz, Asim. "Growth Assessment in Camel (Camelus dromedarius): A Meta-Analysis Study." Journal of Zoological Research 4, no. 1 (January 22, 2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i1.2273.
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In domestic animals, the body weight is the ultimate result of growth which forms the basis of meat production. Sex, nutrition, breed and health are the main factors which influence the growth rate in animals. Heredity which is the major factor affecting the prenatal growth either directly through the genotype of the fetus or indirectly through the genotype of the dam. The prenatal growth patterns and development of the camel fetus is just like the fetus of cattle, however, the meat output from the breeding shecamels is limited often due to longer gestation periods, longer milk feeding periods, lower calving rates under traditional management system. A lot of variation regarding camelid daily growth rate exists that varies widely between breeds, within breeds and regions. There is a significant effect of pre-weaning and post-weaning growth rates on the final body weights in camelids. Management system, the available milk quantity, husbandry practices and vegetative conditions are the main factors that affect the pre and post weaning growth rates of camel calves. However, it is partially dependent on the availability of browsing species throughout the whole year. In this specific study, an effort has been drawn to look into the literature data for camel growth assessment.
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Alkafafy, Mohamed Elsayed, Samir Ahmed El-Shazly, Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed, Khaled Mohamad Shoghy, and Reda Farag Rashed. "S-100 proteins expression in the testis of dromedary camel during breeding and non-breeding seasons: molecular and immunohistochemical studies." Journal of Camel Practice and Research 23, no. 2 (2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2277-8934.2016.00043.6.
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