Academic literature on the topic 'CAM Use and Vaccination'
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Journal articles on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Deml, Michael J., Léna G. Dietrich, Bernhard Wingeier, Gisela Etter, Caesar Gallmann, Christoph Berger, L. Suzanne Suggs, Benedikt M. Huber, and Philip E. Tarr. "Collaborating with Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Providers When Writing HPV Vaccine Review Articles." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020592.
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Novel strategies are needed to address vaccine hesitancy (VH), which correlates with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). In Switzerland, CAM providers play important roles in vaccine counseling of vaccine hesitant (VH) parents, and traditional vaccination messaging tends to overlook CAM provider perspectives. In the setting of a Swiss national research program on VH, our key strategy has been to work together closely with CAM providers. To assess the feasibility of generating educational human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine materials that would interest VH healthcare providers (HCPs), we invited four CAM providers to co-author two HPV vaccine review articles for general practitioners. We conducted thematic analysis of CAM provider comments to identify patterns that could complement and improve vaccination messaging from CAM perspectives. We identified several themes and generated an inventory of CAM provider messaging recommendations related to language use, presentation of background information, nuanced statements regarding HPV vaccine efficacy and safety, and communication tools that would be important to VH HCPs. Contrary to our initial expectations, and in an inclusive, respectful atmosphere of open dialogue, we were able to productively finalize our manuscripts. In the opinion of the CAM co-authors, the manuscripts effectively considered the communication needs and perspectives of VH HCPs. Engaging with CAM providers appears to be a feasible and innovative avenue for providing vaccine information and designing communication tools aimed at VH healthcare providers.
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Mini, G. K., Chitra A. Grace, and Lordson Jinbert. "Complementary and alternative medicine use in the prevention of COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey in Kerala, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214267.
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Background: Globally, there is evidence of increased Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use during epidemics, and pandemics. Recent studies have shown that there is an increased use of CAM during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of the study was to investigate the pattern of CAM practice in the prevention of COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Kerala state, India.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in the first week of June 2021 among adults residing in Kerala state. The study used a pre-tested google form to collect the data. A total of 548 individuals aged 18-84 years answered an online questionnaire for the present study.Results: A higher proportion (52.4%) of participants were aged <30 years, 30.8% were males, 55.3% rural residents, 26.6% health care professionals, and 51.1% had a regular income. CAM use prevalence was 59.3% (95% CI: 55.1 to 63.3). Social media (46.9%) was the most frequently reported source of CAM. The age-adjusted analysis results showed that CAM use was higher among health professionals (OR: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.41-3.27), those who did not believe that vaccine could prevent coronavirus (OR: 1.91 CI: 1.08-3.39), and those who were having no regular income (OR: 1.56, CI: 1.04-2.34), compared to their counterparts.Conclusions: Close to 60% of CAM use in this population is a public health concern since the efficacy of CAM use for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known. The CAM users will be under a sense of false protection, which is likely to negate vaccination and seeking proper treatment for COVID -19 in Kerala.
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Bendezu-Quispe, Guido, Jerry K. Benites-Meza, Diego Urrunaga-Pastor, Percy Herrera-Añazco, Angela Uyen-Cateriano, Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Carlos J. Toro-Huamanchumo, Adrian V. Hernandez, and Vicente A. Benites-Zapata. "Consumption of Herbal Supplements or Homeopathic Remedies to Prevent COVID-19 and Intention of Vaccination for COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 6 (June 8, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7060095.
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Users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) have a lower intention to receive vaccines. Furthermore, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region are among the most affected areas by the COVID-19 pandemics and present a high proportion of CAM users. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between the consumption of herbal supplements or homeopathic remedies to prevent COVID-19 and the intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in the LAC region. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) survey with Facebook to assess COVID-19 beliefs, behaviours, and norms. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using generalized linear models of the Poisson family with the log link function. The prevalence of the use of products to prevent COVID-19 was the following: consumption of herbal supplements (7.2%), use of homeopathic remedies (4.8%), and consumption of garlic, ginger, and lemon (11.8%). An association was found between using herbal supplements (19.0% vs. 12.8%; aPR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.30–1.58), the use of homeopathic remedies (20.3% vs. 12.3%; aPR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.25–1.98), and the consumption of garlic, ginger, and lemon (18.9% vs. 11.9%; aPR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.50–1.61) and non-intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. In the LAC population, there is an association between using herbal supplements, using homeopathic remedies and consuming garlic, ginger, and lemon to prevent infection by COVID-19 and non-intention to vaccinate against this disease. Therefore, it is necessary to design targeted strategies for groups that consume these products as preventive measures against COVID-19 to increase vaccination coverage and expand the information regarding transmission and prevention strategies for SARS-CoV-2.
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Barenghi, Livia, Alberto Barenghi, Umberto Garagiola, Alberto Di Blasio, Aldo Bruno Giannì, and Francesco Spadari. "Pros and Cons of CAD/CAM Technology for Infection Prevention in Dental Settings during COVID-19 Outbreak." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010049.
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The purpose of this commentary is to update the evidence reported in our previous review on the advantages and limitations of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology in the promotion of dental business, as well as to guarantee patient and occupational safety. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented focus on infection prevention; however, waves of COVID-19 follow one another, asymptomatic cases are nearly impossible to identify by triage in a dental setting, and the effectiveness of long-lasting immune protection through vaccination remains largely unknown. Different national laws and international guidelines (mainly USA-CDC, ECDC) have often brought about dissimilar awareness and operational choices, and in general, there has been very limited attention to this technology. Here, we discuss its advantages and limitations in light of: (a) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity, saliva, and dental biofilm and activation of dormant microbial infections; (b) the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosol and fomite contamination; (c) the detection of various oral manifestations of COVID-19; (d) specific information for the reprocessing of the scanner tip and the ward from the manufacturers.
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Graham, Donna M., Wanrudee Isaranuwatchai, Steven Habbous, Claire de Oliveira, Geoffrey Liu, Lillian L. Siu, and Jeffrey S. Hoch. "A preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination in males for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6033.
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6033 Background: Many western countries have established female human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes for prevention of cervix cancer. Efficacy against additional HPV-related disease is proven in both sexes, but cost-effectiveness of male vaccination remains controversial. Projected figures suggest incidence and prevalence of oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in North America will exceed that of cervix cancer by 2020 due to HPV-related cases. Two cost-effectiveness analyses evaluating male HPV vaccination have included OPC, with contrasting results. The Canadian government recommends, but does not fund, male vaccination. In order to assess the value for money of male HPV vaccination in Canada with respect to OPC, we performed a preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis. Methods: Following extensive literature review regarding HPV-related OPC in Canadian males, healthcare cost and clinical effectiveness estimates were obtained from published studies. A Markov model was used to compare potential costs and effectiveness of HPV vaccination against no vaccination among males aged 12 years old. A 3-month cycle length was used with a ‘lifetime’ time horizon. The outcome of the analysis was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Sensitivity analyses were conducted on variables such as vaccine uptake rate and efficacy. Results: Assuming 99% vaccine efficacy and 70% uptake, the use of HPV vaccine produced 0.05 more QALYs and saved $204 Canadian dollars (CAD) per person compared with no vaccine (QALYs and costs discounted at 5% per year). Assuming 50% vaccine efficacy and 50% uptake, use of HPV vaccine produced 0.01 more QALYs and saved $43 CAD. Based on a population of 12 year old males of 192,940 in 2012, male HPV vaccination may potentially save $8.3-39.4 million CAD for this cohort over its lifetime. Conclusions: Knowledge gaps exist regarding male HPV vaccination for OPC prevention. Due to practical limitations, including lack of identifiable precursor lesions in OPC, clinical trials to evaluate this issue may not be feasible. Without considering the effects of herd immunity, this preliminary analysis highlights potential savings from male vaccination.
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Nizam, Jinsa, B. G. Parasuramalu, and Shashikala Manjunatha. "Assessment of adherence to COVID appropriate behavior among post-vaccinated individuals in rural practice area of Raja Rajeswari medical college and hospital, Bengaluru." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220716.
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Background: As per observations related to the highly mutant corona virus, being vaccinated does not mean that people can avoid COVID preventive rules and guidance and put themselves and others at risk. The study aimed to assess adherence to COVID appropriate behaviour (CAB) among COVID vaccinated individuals in the rural field practice area of Raja Rajeswari medical college and hospital, Bengaluru.Methods: Community-based, cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from 1 September to 31 November. A semi-structured, pre-tested, interviewer administered tool was used.Results: Out of 2285 study participants, the mean age of participants was 42±16 years. About 56% of participants were female and majority belonged to middle class. The most common measure adhered by the study participants was proper use of mask 94% and 70% before and after COVID vaccination respectively.Conclusions: Of 17 CAB practices, the adherence found to be reduced after vaccination among study participants.
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Lee, Su-Bin, Ji-Yeon Kim, Kyusik Kim, Kyoung-Jin Ahn, Tae-il Kim, and Jae-Min Oh. "Encapsulation and Release Control of Fish Pathogen Utilizing Cross-Linked Alginate Networks and Clay Nanoparticles for Use with a Potential Oral Vaccination." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082679.
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Streptococcus parauberis is utilized as an oral vaccine by first inactivating the cells with formalin to produce formalin- killed cells (FKC) and then encapsulating them with polymer beads consisting of a cross-linked alginate-Ca2+ network. The encapsulation efficiency and media-dependent release are controlled by pre-treating the FKC with two types of clay nanoparticles: kaolinite (KA) and layered double hydroxide (LDH). The addition of LDH induced large agglomerates of FKC, and the KA enhanced the dispersion of FKC. The differences in the dispersibility of the FKC upon the use of clay nanoparticles was determined to strongly affect the encapsulation efficiency and release properties. The FKC + LDH mixture exhibited a slightly reduced encapsulation efficiency compared to the FKC alone. However, FKC + KA exhibited a dramatically improved encapsulation efficiency. In terms of the media-dependent release, the alginate beads were found to be fairly stable under gastric conditions and in deionized water with or without clay nanoparticles, preserving most of the encapsulated FKC. The intestine was the final target organ for FKC vaccination, and release at the site varied according to the use of clay nanoparticles. Both clays seemed to enhance the release of FKC, the cumulative amount being 3.6 times and 1.3 times larger for LDH and KA, respectively, than was shown with only FKC encapsulated beads.
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Islam, Sk Injamamul, Sarower Mahfuj, Md Jakiul Islam, Moslema Jahan Mou, and Saloa Sanjida. "Use of Integrated Core Proteomics, Immuno-Informatics, and In Silico Approaches to Design a Multiepitope Vaccine against Zoonotic Pathogen Edwardsiella tarda." Applied Microbiology 2, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 414–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020031.
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Multidrug-resistant Edwardsiella tarda has been reported as the main causative agent for massive fish mortality. The pathogen is well-known for causing hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and has been linked to gastrointestinal infections in humans. Formalin-inactivated Edwardsiella vaccination has previously been found to be ineffective in aquaculture species. Therefore, based on E. tarda’s integrated core complete sequenced genomes, the study aimed to design a subunit vaccine based on T and B cell epitopes employing immunoinformatics approach. Initially, the top immunodominant and antigenic epitopes were predicted from the core complete sequenced genomes of the E. tarda genome and designed the vaccine by using linkers and adjuvant. In addition, vaccine 3D structure was predicted followed by refinement, and molecular docking was performed for the analysis of interacting residues between vaccines with TLR5, MHC-I, and MHC-II, respectively. The final vaccine constructs demonstrated strong hydrogen bond interactions. Molecular dynamic simulation of vaccine-TLR5 receptor complex showed a stable structural binding and compactness. Furthermore, E. coli used as a model organism for codon optimization proved optimal GC content and CAI value, which were subsequently cloned in vector pET2+ (a). Overall, the findings of the study imply that the designed epitope vaccine might be a good option for prophylaxis for E. tarda.
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Deml, Michael J., Kristen Jafflin, Sonja Merten, Benedikt Huber, Andrea Buhl, Eleonora Frau, Valérie Mettraux, et al. "Determinants of vaccine hesitancy in Switzerland: study protocol of a mixed-methods national research programme." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032218.
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IntroductionVaccine hesitancy is a complex public health issue referring to concerns about the safety, efficacy or need for vaccination. Relatively little is known about vaccine hesitancy in Switzerland. This ongoing study (2017–2021) focuses on biomedical and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) providers and their patients since healthcare professionals play important roles in vaccination decision-making. This national research programme seeks to assess the sociocultural determinants of vaccine hesitancy regarding childhood and human papillomavirus vaccines in Switzerland. We aim to provide a detailed characterisation of vaccine hesitancy, including CAM and biomedical perspectives, patient–provider interactions, and sociocultural factors, to establish the mediating effects of vaccine hesitancy on underimmunisation, and to design an intervention to improve vaccination communication and counselling among physicians, parents and adolescents.Methods and analysisOur transdisciplinary team employs a sequential exploratory mixed-methods study design. We have established a network of more than 150 medical providers across Switzerland, including more than 40 CAM practitioners. For the qualitative component, we conduct interviews with parents, youth, and biomedical and CAM providers and observations of vaccination consultations and school vaccination information sessions. For the quantitative component, a sample of 1350 parents of young children and 722 young adults (15–26 years) and their medical providers respond to questionnaires. We measure vaccine hesitancy with the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines 15-item survey and review vaccination certificates to assess vaccination status. We administer additional questions based on findings from qualitative research, addressing communication with medical providers, vaccine information sources and perceptions of risk control vis-à-vis vaccine-preventable diseases. The questionnaires capture sociodemographics, political views, religion and spirituality, and moral foundations.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the local ethics committee. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated to healthcare professionals, researchers and the public via conferences and public presentations.
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Li, Feng X., Marja J. Verhoef, Allan Best, Anthony Otley, and Robert J. Hilsden. "Why patients with inflammatory bowel disease use or do not use complementary and alternative medicine: A Canadian national survey." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 19, no. 9 (2005): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/943547.
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BACKGROUND: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is common in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).OBJECTIVES: To determine the factors associated with use of CAM, the reasons commonly cited for use or nonuse of CAM, and the correlations between the factors associated with use of CAM and reasons for CAM use.SUBJECTS: The study included 2828 members of the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada.OBJECTIVE: Subjects were mailed a questionnaire that included items on demographic characteristics, disease and treatment history, health attitudes and behaviours, and reasons for use or nonuse of CAM. Logistical regression was used to determine significant associations with current CAM use.RESULTS: In patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, CAM use was associated with more severe disease activity, use of CAM for other purposes, use of exercise and prayer for IBD, and a desire for an active role in treatment decisions. CAM use was also associated with younger age in those with Crohn's disease, and less confidence in their IBD physician in those with ulcerative colitis. The most common reasons for CAM use were a desire for greater control, having heard or read that CAM might help, and the emphasis CAM places on treating the whole person. The most common reasons for not using CAM were that conventional treatments were successful, that not enough was known about CAM and a belief that CAM would not help.CONCLUSION: Disease activity and health attitudes and behaviours, but not demographic characteristics, are associated with CAM use by those with IBD.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Scheppler, Lorenz. "The use of lactic acid bacteria for vaccination /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.zb.unibe.ch/download/eldiss/04scheppler_l.pdf.
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Almustafa, Nawaf Mohammed. "The use of CAD CAM for fixed partial prostheses." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/7185f4c0-4f47-4072-8b0a-7ae09c1e8c01.
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Due to the increasing demand from patients and dentists for highly aesthetic and strong, metal-free restorations there has been a rapid increase in research into dental CAD CAM technique and zirconia based restorations over the last decade. Such new technology has the potential to take the place of conventional techniques and materials for fabricating indirect dental restorations in the future. In this PhD thesis, five laboratory studies were designed to investigate zirconia bridges constructed using dental CAD CAM. The studies concentrated on: 1. Ideal force applied by dentists for cementing zirconia bridges and the impact on seating. 2. The effect of firing cycles and zirconia thickness on the fit of zirconia bridges. 3. The effect of span length on the fit of three and four unit all zirconia bridges. 4. The effect of veneering on the strength of three unit zirconia bridges. 5. The fit of three unit all zirconia bridges produced by digital and conventional techniques. For these laboratory studies an ideal three unit (and four unit for study 3) fixed-fixed all ceramic bridge preparation was carried out on two plastic teeth and all SLA models and zirconia based bridges were made using the Lava COS and Lava™ CAD CAM system (3M, ESPE). In addition to the laboratory studies, a clinical audit was carried out to assess satisfaction (dentist, dental technician and patient) with zirconia based restorations (through a xvi series of questionnaires) made and fitted at Dundee Dental Hospital and School. In addition, as part of this audit a simple cost analysis was carried out to explore the differences in cost between zirconia based restorations and high fusing gold alloy based metal ceramic restorations. Four of the studies (studies 1, 2, 3 and 5) investigated the internal and marginal fit of the zirconia based restorations under differing laboratory and clinical procedures and conditions. It was found that the seating force used to cement a zirconia based bridge had no impact upon fit (Study 1). Whilst the thickness of zirconia (all-zirconia bridge and un-veneered zirconia framework) did not affect the fit of the restoration, veneering the framework did lead to a statistically significant deterioration in fit (Study 2). Although leading to a poorer fit veneering did have a positive effect in strengthening the zirconia framework, but neither un-veneered nor veneered frameworks were as strong as monolithic/all zirconia bridges (Study 4). Despite the high shrinkage during post milling sintering and the potential for greater distortion on longer span bridges, the longer span bridges investigated in Study 3 did not impact upon fit. In study 1, 2, 3 and 4 the Lava COS intra-oral scanner was used to create a digital impression of the tooth preparations and study 5 confirmed that the fit of bridges made from these impressions were better than those made using conventional addition cured silicone putty and wash impressions (Study 5). The results of the questionnaires used in the audit revealed high satisfaction rates with all stake holders and the cost analysis showed that producing zirconia based restorations can be five to six times cheaper than conventional gold based restorations. Despite the variations in fit which were found in Studies 2 and 5, all bridges produced were within what would be regarded as clinically acceptable and comparable to those produced with more traditional techniques.
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Lehane, K. J. "Computer aids for variant design." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292453.
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Cosma, Antonio. "Use of the regulatory protein Nef for vaccination against HIV-1." Diss., kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8329/.
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Shrestha, Priyanka. "Predicting Quantity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1500381639467327.
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Power, Carl A. "Immunology of BCG vaccination in mice, implications for tuberculosis vaccination and for the use of BCG as a recombinant vaccine vector." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0031/NQ63963.pdf.
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Winch, Graham. "The implementation of CAD/CAM systems in the metalworking industries." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1992. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3718/.
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This thesis reports on a case survey of 15 UK metalworking companies and their experience of implementing an integrating technology - CAD/CAM. The thesis places this process of implementation in the organisational context of these companies by examining the ways in which the engineering/manufacturing interface is coordinated. This interface is important, because it is also critical to the effective implementation of such techniques as total quality management and simultaneous engineering. In order to develop an incisive analysis of these companies, a contingency approach to organisational analysis is developed around the idea of flows of information and materials and their interaction with the structure of the organisation in a process of structuration. This analysis is placed in the strategic context of the organisations' relationships to their environment through the notion of a production strategy. Models of the process of implementation are then reviewed, and a recursive model of implementation as organisational changing is developed which emphasises the processes of organisational learning. The management of the engineering design process has been little examined, in comparison to the management of manufacturing, and research and development. This thesis develops an analysis of the management of the entire production process from the conception of the product right through to its delivery to the customer in these 15 firms. It then goes on to examine the recent organisational changes in the engineering and manufacturing functions before examining the implementation process in detail. Finally, the basis of organisational integration from both a technological and organisational perspective is analysed, which provides the basis for some more general propositions on the development of production management over the next decade.
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Hanson, Diamond Diane. "Use of HPV Vaccination for Cervical Cancer Prevention in African American Women." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5344.
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Despite the availability of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, African American women are still at risk for contracting HPV. This is significant because HPV is one of the main risk factors for cervical cancer. The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the relationship between the use of HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention and personal history of HPV, reduced access to healthcare, and risky sexual behaviors in African American women. The theoretical framework used for this study was the health belief model (HBM). Two hundred twenty-nine (n=229) African American women living in the United States, ages 18-49, who participated in the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were the sample under study. A univariate analysis was performed to describe the population and obtain frequencies and percentages for all covariates. A bivariate analysis was conducted to determine whether there was an association between any of the independent variables and the dependent variable. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to build a predictor model for use of HPV vaccination. Women between the ages of 18 and 34 were 7.22 times as likely to receive the HPV vaccine as women aged 35-49 years, and this was statistically significant (OR: 7.22; 95% CI: 2.36 - 22.13). This study can contribute to positive social change within the community and public health profession through an increased awareness and knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer, especially for African American women.
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Bell, Stephen Graham. "The use of active site mutants of cytochrome P450(cam) in chemical synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7f48cf79-37b0-45cd-a40e-e971af466cff.
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This thesis describes a study of the substrate selectivity of active site mutants of the monooxygenase cytochrome P450cam. A range of mutants was constructed which replaced the phenolic side-chain at the Tyr-96 position by various hydrophobic amino acid residues. These 'hydrophobic mutants' were then combined with other mutations around the active site (Val-247, Phe-87, Ile-395 and Phe-193) which altered the space available at different positions in the active site. These mutants were then tested with an in vitro reconstituted P450cam system with a range of substrates related to diphenylmethane and phenylcylcohexane. All of these large compounds were poor substrates for the wild-type enzyme. It was found that it was necessary to increase both the space available in the active site and the active site hydrophobicity to achieve substrate turnover. The substrates were oxidised preferentially on the aliphatic cyclohexyl ring over the more constrained phenyl ring suggesting that the active site is predisposed to binding the cyclohexyl ring close to the haem. Hydroxylation using the in vitro reconstituted P450cam system is limited by catalyst lifetime and the need for the expensive cofactor NADH. For P450cam hydroxylation to become a viable synthetic method it is necessary to find ways to bypass the use of NADH. For this reason various self-sufficient P450cam system were constructed and expressed in E. coli. The best of these, despite limited protein expression, was found to turnover camphor with the wild-type P450cam enzyme and other substrates with the Y96A mutant. The in vivo catalytic system was then used to screen many P450cam mutants for the oxidation of natural products, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes (e.g. limonene, pinene and valencene). Most of the target substrates are not oxidised by the wild-type enzyme but all are hydroxylated by some if not all of the P450cam mutants with different degrees of selectivity. Some of the products identified so far are important compounds in the field of flavour and fragrance chemistry (e.g. verbenol and nookatone).
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Galbraith, N. "Cognition associated with use of, and belief in, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2018. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/32371/.
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The use of and belief in the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is associated with two cognitive biases: over-reliance on intuitive thinking and ontological mistakes. This thesis reports seven studies which explore the nature of these biases. Aims. The aim of study 1 was to develop and test a valid and reliable measure of belief in the effectiveness of CAM and use of CAM (the Attitudes to Complementary and Alternative Medicine scale; ACAM). Studies 2-3 explored whether the previously reported relationship between CAM beliefs and intuitive thinking could be found when using performance measures (rather than just self-report measures) of thinking. Studies 4-7 tested the proposal that being able to spot ontological mistakes is a system 2, analytical process and that overlooking ontological mistakes is more likely when one relies on intuitive, automatic processing. Methods. Studies 1-3 employed a mixture of self-report questionnaires and performance measures of thinking (the cognitive reflection test and base rate problems) in a survey methodology. Studies 4-7 employed experimental methods, and specifically a variation of the syllogistic belief bias paradigm. Results. In study 1, a principal components analysis yielded four factors for the ACAM, each reflecting beliefs in the effectiveness of different categories of CAM (alternative whole medical systems, energy medicines, herbalism and natural products, mind and body approaches). The ACAM had good internal consistency and convergent validity. In study 2, psychology students’ self-reported analytical thinking was negatively related to belief in CAM effectiveness. In study 3, self-reported intuitive thinking was positively related to CAM beliefs in a mixed sample of students and the general population. Performance measures of thinking style largely did not relate with CAM beliefs. In studies 4-7, it was found that ontological correctness biased responding when simultaneous processing demands were low, but when ontological statements were embedded in difficult reasoning problems, particularly those in which belief and logic conflicted, ontological correctness was less likely to bias responding. Conclusions. These findings suggest that faith in CAM effectiveness depends not so much on the people’s actual thinking style but rather on people’s perception of their own thinking style. Furthermore, noticing ontological mistakes appears to be a system 2, analytical process which is more difficult to carry out when simultaneous reasoning competes for processing capacity. However, the ability to spot ontological mistakes is made easier following simple psychoeducational instructions. These findings improve our understanding of the cognitive factors which might underpin beliefs in the effectiveness of CAM and have implications for the design of health psychology interventions to improve people’s health decision-making.
Books on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Medland, A. J. CADCAM in practice: System evaluation and use. New York: Wiley, 1986.
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Vaccination against smallpox. Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus Books, 1996.
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Philip, Payne. Library use by students on the part-time CAM course. [London: City of London Polytechnic, 1987.
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United States. Department of Defense. Vaccine use during the Gulf War: Information paper. [Washington, D.C.]: Dept. of Defense, 2000.
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Association, American Diabetes, ed. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplement use in people with diabetes. Alexandria: American Diabetes Association, 2007.
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National Animal Health Monitoring System (U.S.). Use of clostridial vaccines by feedlots. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 1994.
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Lekkerkerker, Annemarie Nicolette. Human antibodies to dendritic cells: Generation, analysis and use in vaccination. [S.l: s.n.], 2002.
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Smith, Peter John. An effective use of 3-D CAD/CAM within an overall C.I.M. framework. Birmingham: Aston University. Departmentof Mechanical and Production Engineering, 1990.
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Mai, Thanh Truyret. Câu chuyuen Da cam/Dioxin Viuet Nam. West Covina, CA: Huoi khoa học & kỹ thuuat Viuet Nam (VAST), 2008.
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19th IABS Congress on Use and Standardization of Combined Vaccines: Proceedings of a symposium. Basel: S. Karger, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Huang, Pei-Hua. "Uncertainty, Vaccination, and the Duties of Liberal States." In Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, 97–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_5.
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AbstractIt is widely accepted that a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people from undue health risks. However, the unprecedented emergent measures against the COVID-19 pandemic taken by governments worldwide give rise to questions regarding the extent to which this duty may be used to justify suspending a vaccine rollout on marginal safety grounds. In this chapter, I use the case of vaccination to argue that while a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people’s health, there is a limit to the measures this duty can be used to justify. First, I argue that since every available option involves different risks and benefits, the incommensurability of the involved risks and benefits forbids the prioritisation of a particular vaccine. Second, I argue that given epistemic limitations and uncertainty, policies that favour certain vaccines are not only epistemically ill-founded but also morally unacceptable. I conclude that in a highly uncertain situation such as the unfolding pandemic, the duty a liberal state ought to uphold is to properly communicate the knowns and unknowns to the general public and help people decide which option to choose for themselves. I call this duty the duty to facilitate risk-taking.
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Pathak, Drishya, and A. Philo Magdalene. "COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Administration in India." In Health Dimensions of COVID-19 in India and Beyond, 129–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7385-6_7.
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AbstractThe authors examine, in great detail, issues related to vaccine development, production, and distribution in India. They discuss the problems related to logistics for reaching vaccines to India’s large population. The role of international organizations engaged in vaccine development, procurement, and distribution is discussed.The development of vaccines for COVID-19 within a ten-month period has been an extraordinary achievement given that in the past it has taken 10–15 years to develop a vaccine. Of the seventy vaccine candidates currently in the pipeline globally, four are available for use. Currently, five vaccine candidates are in different stages of development in India.India is acknowledged globally to have a robust capacity for developing vaccines. India has also had a long history in organizing and implementing immunization programs for pregnant women and children. However, organizing a national vaccination program for COVID-19 is challenging because of India’s large population and fragile health infrastructure.India rolled-out the COVID-19 vaccination program in January 2021. The state governments have developed plans for the storage and distribution of the vaccine and for the implementation of the vaccination program. Important elements within the program are communications and advocacy that aim to inform the people about the vaccine and its benefits and to encourage them to get vaccinated so that the problem of vaccine hesitancy, a major deterrent, can be prevented.India and the world are at a critical juncture in the history of the pandemic where the availability of the vaccine shows a glimmer of hope—a light at the end of a dark tunnel.
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Chen, Xinyuan, Ji Wang, Jeffrey H. Wu, and Mei X. Wu. "Skin Vaccination Against Nicotine Addiction." In Biologics to Treat Substance Use Disorders, 309–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23150-1_17.
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Wolf, Ursula, Martin Wolf, and Klaus von Ammon. "CAM Conditions and Use in Switzerland." In Homeopathy in Healthcare – Effectiveness, Appropriateness, Safety, Costs, 91–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20638-2_8.
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Jamrozik, Euzebiusz, and Michael J. Selgelid. "Drug-Resistant Infection: Causes, Consequences, and Responses." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 3–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_1.
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Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the causes and consequences of, and possible policy responses to, the problem of drug resistance. Throughout, we highlight the ways that ethical and conceptual analyses can help to clarify relevant issues and improve policy, especially in public health, broadly conceived. Drug resistant pathogens arise, persist, spread, and produce harm due to a complex set of causes: biological processes (e.g., related to microbial evolution, the transmission of genetic determinants of resistance between microbes, and human host immunity) as well as human behaviors (e.g., antimicrobial use and hygiene practices) and other social factors (e.g., access to clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and antimicrobials). Furthermore, the ethically salient consequences of drug resistance include not only morbidity and mortality from untreatable infections (that are often inequitably distributed), but also broader effects on human freedom, privacy, and well-being. Public health ethicists are ideally placed to identify and weigh the values that might be promoted or compromised by potential policies and/or interventions that aim to address the problem of drug resistance. This chapter concludes by discussing potential policy responses, including those related to surveillance, research, animal and human antimicrobial use, the broader social determinants of health, infection control practices, and vaccination.
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Sanders, Norman. "A Possible First Use of CAM/CAD." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 43–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33899-1_3.
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Pandey, P. C., N. K. Mehta, and Aatul Wadegaonkar. "CAD/CAM of Cams for Use in Automatic Lathes." In CAD/CAM Robotics and Factories of the Future ’90, 323–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58214-1_48.
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Pandey, P. C., N. K. Mehta, and Aatul Wadegaonkar. "CAD/CAM of Cams for Use in Automatic Lathes." In CAD/CAM Robotics and Factories of the Future ’90, 907–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85838-3_116.
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Astin, J. A. "Patterns and Predictors of CAM Use Among Older Adults." In Alternative Medicine for the Elderly, 3–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05185-6_1.
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Komesaroff, P. "Ethical Issues Associated with CAM Use Among the Elderly." In Alternative Medicine for the Elderly, 63–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05185-6_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Bushueva, T. V., N. A. Roslay, and A. K. Labzova. "THE USE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INDICATORS IN ORDER TO FORM AN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED GROUP FOR VACCINATION AGAINST PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-97-101.
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Abstract: Pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae) are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among people over 60 years of age and workers in some professional groups. According to the medical literature, the frequency of invasive forms of pneumococcal infection among people of working age is 3.8 per 100,000 population. Increased susceptibility to colonization of the respiratory tract and subsequent morbidity may be due to concomitant pathology, exposure to immunocompromising, including harmful production factors. It should be noted that the source of the pathogen is not only sick people, but also healthy carriers. The level of asymptomatic colonization in the adult population is 5-7%, and in families with children increases to 30%. Vaccination is a way to effectively prevent respiratory diseases caused by this infection. The purpose of our study is to substantiate immunological indications for the formation of immunocompromised groups among workers exposed to the aerogenic factor at work for subsequent vaccination against pneumococcal infection. Results: It has been shown that low bactericidal activity of neutrophils (NBT-test) and a high level of secretory immunoglobulin can be used as a marker of immunodeficiency in workers of a ferrous metallurgy enterprise. When a doctor assesses the immune status of workers, he needs to take into account the presence of diseases that are part of the groups of immunological syndrome complexes (infectious-inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic, immunoproliferative) and the composition of industrial aerosols
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Xiao, Yichen, Han-Ching Ou, Haipeng Chen, Van Thieu Nguyen, and Long Tran-Thanh. "Sequential Vaccine Allocation with Delayed Feedback." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/722.
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In this work we consider the problem of how to best allocate a limited supply of vaccines in the aftermath of an infectious disease outbreak by viewing the problem as a sequential game between a learner and an environment (specifically, a bandit problem). The difficulty of this problem lies in the fact that the payoff of vaccination cannot be directly observed, making it difficult to compare the relative effectiveness of vaccination on different population groups. Currently used vaccination policies make recommendations based on mathematical modelling and ethical considerations. These policies are static, and do not adapt as conditions change. Our aim is to design and evaluate an algorithm which can make use of routine surveillance data to dynamically adjust its recommendation. We evaluate the performance of our approach by applying it to a simulated epidemic of a disease based on real-world COVID-19 data, and show that our vaccination policy was able to perform better than existing vaccine allocation policies. In particular, we show that with our allocation method, we can reduce the number of required vaccination by at least 50% in order to keep the peak number of hospitalised patients below a certain threshold. Also, when the same batch sizes are used, our method can reduce the peak number of hospitalisation by up to 20%. We also demonstrate that our vaccine allocation does not vary the number of batches per group much, making it socially more acceptable (as it reduces uncertainty, hence results in better and more interpretable communication).
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Uz Zaman, Farhan, Tanvinur Rahman Siam, and Zulker Nayen. "Prediction of Vaccination Side-Effects using Deep Learning." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111424.
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Deep learning has been very successful in the field of research which includes predictions. In this paper, one such prediction is discussed which can help to implement safe vaccination. Vaccination is very important in order to fight viral diseases such as covid-19. However, people at times have to go through unwanted side effects of the vaccinations which might often cause serious illness. Therefore, modern techniques are to be utilised for safe implementations of vaccines. In this research, Gated Recurrent Unit, GRU, which is a form of Recurrent Neural Network is used to predict whether a particular vaccine will have any side effect on a particular patient. The extracted predictions might be used before deciding whether a vaccine should be injected to a particular person or not.
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Ďatko, Ondrej, and Branislav Kandera. "Possibilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles in forestry and agriculture." In Práce a štúdie. University of Zilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.2.07.
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This work analyzes the penetration of the aviation, forestry and agriculture sector and aims to present forestry and agricultural activities where there is the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles. In the first chapter, the work deals with the characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles, remote sensing, forestry and agriculture. The second chapter deals with a particular analyzes of scientific papers, articles and internet research, and on the basis of these analyzes presents examples of activities in which unmanned aerial vehicles can be used. The third chapter provides an overview of technological and software equipment needed to perform such activities or aerial work. In the fourth chapter, through the practical part, work focuses on examining the use of the mid-class unmanned aerial vehicle model for the plant health analysis, while providing justifications and findings from the results. As part of the practical part, it also provides practical information for the individual steps during the planning and operation of flight. In the fifth chapter, the work briefly summarizes the information and results collected, from which it suggests some possibilities for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, such as their use in the vaccination of foxes, and the recommended procedures for operating flights or aerial work.
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Serša, Gregor. "CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMOTHERAPY." In Symposium with International Participation HEART AND … Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2019.181.01.
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Electroporation has several biomedical and industrial applications. The biomedical applications are in the field of drug or gene delivery. Electrochemotherapy utilizes electroporation for the increased delivery of cytotoxic drugs like bleomycin or cisplatin into tumors. The use of electrochemotherapy has spread throughout Europe for the treatment of cutaneous tumors or metastases. It is in the NICE guidelines and is becoming standard ablative technique in treatment of cancer. The technological advancements have also enabled the use of electrochemotherapy for the treatment of deep seated tumors, such as soft tissue or liver tumors. Clinical studies demonstrate good effectiveness on fibrosarcomas, colorectal liver metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, electrochemotherapy is a local treatment that also induces moderate local immune response. This so called “in situ vaccination” induced by electrochemotherapy can be exploited in combined treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors or electrogene therapy with immunostimulating effect. Therefore, gene electrotransfer of plasmid coding for interleukin 12 (IL-12), in combination with electrochemotherapy could result in transformation of electrochemotherapy from local into systemic treatment. This is also of our current interest, and we are undertaking steps to bring this idea from preclinical into clinical testing.
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Saint-Martin, Humberto. "The use of refined potentials in numerical simulations of biological solutes." In CAM-94 Physics meeting. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.48829.
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Pittel, S., J. M. Arias, J. Dukelsky, and A. Frank. "On the use of baryon mappings to derive nuclei from quarks." In CAM-94 Physics meeting. AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.48798.
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Voets, H. "Reduction of antimicrobials by use of vaccination - the ileitis experience." In First International Symposium on the Ecology of Salmonella in Pork Production. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-82.
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Pavio, Anthony M. "Deliver 100,000 Modules a Month? of Course, We use Cam!" In 18th European Microwave Conference, 1988. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.1988.333795.
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Kerr, C. J. "Use of CAD/CAM in Propulsor Design/Production at David Taylor." In SNAME Propellers '88 Symposium. SNAME, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-1988-18.
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In the Interest of enhancing the quality and efficiency of propeller design and production, a CAD/CAM systems being implemented. Some immediate goals are minimize loss of integrity from concept design to final surface finish: fill in gaps between designer defined data and machinable surface through use of a sophisticated CAD/CAM surfacing routine; restructure design/production process to best utilize newly available resources. Mechanical dynamic models may be computer generated in conjunction with finite element flow models. Also, the NC milling process - which consist of tool path generation, post-processing and machining will directly use a CAD generated surface to machine the propellers.
Reports on the topic "CAM Use and Vaccination"
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Kotler, Moshe, Larry Hanson, and Shane Burgess. Replication Defective Cyprinid Herpes Virus-3 (CyHV-3) as a Combined Prophylactic Vaccine in Carps. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7697104.bard.
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Aquacultured koi and common carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred as ornamental and food fish in many countries worldwide. Hatcheries of carp and koi have recently suffered massive financial damages due to two viral diseases caused by the Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3), previously designated as Carp Interstitial Nephritis and Gill Necrosis Virus (CNGV) and Koi herpesvirus (KHV), and by the Spring Viremia of Carp Virus (SVCV). CyHV-3 is a large dsDNA virus, which is infectious mostly to koi and common carp, while SVCV is a rhabdovirus with a relatively broad host range. Both viruses induce contagious disease with mortality rate up to 90%. Strategies for the control of viral infection in fish are of limited use. While efforts to prevent introduction of infectious agents into culture facilities are desirable, such exclusion strategies are far from fail-safe. Extensive vaccination methods that are useful for use in aquaculture facilities produce weak immunity, when used with proteins or inactivated viruses. Methods to overcome this obstacle are to vaccinate the fish with large amounts of antigen and/or use adjuvant and immune modulators over a long period. These techniques usually require individual handling of the fish. On the other hand, live attenuated virus is efficient and economical when used as an immersionvaccine. However, this technique poses certain environmental risks and thus may be difficult to license and scale up. Another option is a vaccine based on the replication defective virus (RDV) (pseudovirus), which can infect cells, but is unable to produce infectious particles. This vaccine may circumvent many of the problems related to attenuated-live vaccine (e.g., inadvertent infection and reversion to the virulent strain).
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Gelb, Jr., Jack, Yoram Weisman, Brian Ladman, and Rosie Meir. Identification of Avian Infectious Brochitis Virus Variant Serotypes and Subtypes by PCR Product Cycle Sequencing for the Rational Selection of Effective Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586470.bard.
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Objectives 1. Determine the serotypic identities of 40 recent IBV isolates from commercial chickens raised in the USA and Israel. 2. Sequence all IBV field isolates using PCR product cycle sequencing and analyze their S 1 sequence to detennine their homology to other strains in the Genbank and EMBL databases. 3. Select vaccinal strains with the highest S 1 sequence homology to the field isolates and perform challenge of immunity studies in chickens in laboratory trials to detennine level of protection afforded by the vaccines. Background Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a common, economically important disease of the chicken. IB occurs as a respiratory form, associated with airsacculitis, condemnation, and mortality of meat-type broilers, a reproductive form responsible for egg production losses in layers and breeders, and a renal form causing high mortality in broilers and pullets. The causative agent is avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Replication of the virus' RNA genome is error-prone and mutations commonly result. A major target for mutation is the gene encoding the spike (S) envelope protein used by the virus to attach and infect the host cell. Mutations in the S gene result in antigenic changes that can lead to the emergence of variant serotypes. The S gene is able to tolerate numerous mutations without compromising the virus' ability to replicate and cause disease. An end result of the virus' "flexibility" is that many strains of IBV are capable of existing in nature. Once formed, new mutant strains, often referred to as variants, are soon subjected to immunological selection so that only the most antigenically novel variants survive in poultry populations. Many novel antigenic variant serotypes and genotypes have been isolated from commercial poultry flocks. Identification of the field isolates of IBV responsible for outbreaks is critical for selecting the appropriate strain(s) for vaccination. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the Sl subunit of the envelope spike glycoprotein gene has been a common method used to identify field strains, replacing other time-consuming or less precise tests. Two PCR approaches have been used for identification, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct automated cycle sequence analysis of a diagnostically relevant hypervariab1e region were compared in our BARD research. Vaccination for IB, although practiced routinely in commercial flocks, is often not protective. Field isolates responsible for outbreaks may be unrelated to the strain(s) used in the vaccination program. However, vaccines may provide varying degrees of cross- protection vs. unrelated field strains so vaccination studies should be performed. Conclusions RFLP and S1 sequence analysis methods were successfully performed using the field isolates from the USA and Israel. Importantly, the S1 sequence analysis method enabled a direct comparison of the genotypes of the field strains by aligning them to sequences in public databases e.g. GenBank. Novel S1 gene sequences were identified in both USA and Israel IBVs but greater diversity was observed in the field isolates from the USA. One novel genotype, characterized in this project, Israel/720/99, is currently being considered for development as an inactivated vaccine. Vaccination with IBV strains in the US (Massachusetts, Arkansas, Delaware 072) or in Israel (Massachusetts, Holland strain) provided higher degrees of cross-protection vs. homologous than heterologous strain challenge. In many cases however, vaccination with two strains (only studies with US strains) produced reasonable cross-protection against heterologous field isolate challenge. Implications S1 sequence analysis provides numerical similarity values and phylogenetic information that can be useful, although by no means conclusive, in developing vaccine control strategies. Identification of many novel S1 genotypes of IBV in the USA is evidence that commercial flocks will be challenged today and in the future with strains unrelated to vaccines. In Israel, monitoring flocks for novel IBV field isolates should continue given the identification of Israel/720/99, and perhaps others in the future. Strains selected for vaccination of commercial flocks should induce cross- protection against unrelated genotypes. Using diverse genotypes for vaccination may result in immunity against unrelated field strains.
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Ripoll, Santiago, Tabitha Hrynick, Ashley Ouvrier, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Federico Marco Federici, and Elizabeth Storer. 10 façons dont les gouvernements locaux en milieu urbain multiculturel peuvent appuyer l’égalité vaccinale en cas de pandémie. SSHAP, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2023.001.
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Si l’on s’en tient aux chiffres de la vaccination contre la COVID-19 dans les pays du G7, la campagne apparaît comme un véritable succès tant au niveau global qu’au niveau national. En effet, à ce jour, 79,4 % de la population totale des pays du G7 a reçu une première dose, 72,9 % une seconde, et 45,4 % une dose de rappel (données du 28 avril 2022) 1 En France, c’est 80,6 % de la population totale qui a reçu une première dose, 78,2 % qui a reçu deux doses, et 55,4 % qui a reçu un rappel (données du 28 avril 2022).2 Au Royaume-Uni, 79,3 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 74,1 % une seconde, et 58,5 % un rappel.1 Enfin, en Italie, 85,2 % de la population totale a reçu une première dose, 80,4 % a reçu deux doses et 66,5 % a reçu leurs rappels (données du 28 avril 2022). Ces taux de vaccination élevés masquent pourtant des disparités importantes à l’intérieur de chaque pays. Ainsi, à Marseille, deuxième ville de France, moins de 50 % des habitants des quartiers nord de la ville étaient vaccinés à la fin de l’année 2021, alors que plus de 70 % des habitants des quartiers sud l’étaient au même moment.3 Dans le quartier populaire de Ealing, situé au nord-ouest de Londres, 70 % de la population admissible avait reçu une première dose, soit près de 10 % de moins que la moyenne nationale. 4 (Données du 4 avril 2022). Des disparités similaires ont été observées dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7. Ce document examine ces disparités au prisme de la notion d’« (in)égalité vaccinale ». En s’appuyant sur des recherches qualitatives menées pendant la campagne de vaccination de la COVID-19 dans les quartiers nord de Marseille, le quartier de Ealing à Londres (Nord-ouest) et dans la région de l'Émilie-Romagne et à Rome, en Italie, il montre comment les autorités locales peuvent agir pour atténuer ces inégalités. Mieux comprendre les inégalités en matière de vaccins fut primordial lors de la pandémie de la COVID-19 en ce sens que les populations sous-vaccinées étaient la plupart du temps des minorités ethniques ou culturelles, vivant dans des zones défavorisées, ou sans-papiers, donc plus susceptibles de contracter la COVID-19, et d’en subir les conséquences les plus dramatiques. 5 6 7 8 Ainsi, à Ealing, quatre mois après la campagne de vaccination, seulement 57,6% des personnes dans le décile de pauvreté le plus bas avaient reçu une dose, contre 81% des personnes dans le décile le plus aisé. 9 En outre, 89,2 % des résidents britanniques blancs de Ealing étaient vaccinés, contre 64 % des Pakistanais et 49,3 % des habitants issus des Caraïbes.9 À Rome, comme c’est le cas dans d’autres métropoles urbaines des pays du G7, nos données révèlent des disparités particulières importantes entre le recours aux vaccins des populations sans papiers et celui des citoyens établis. Les facteurs d’inégalité vaccinale dans ces environnements urbains sont complexes et liés à l’interaction de nombreux phénomènes tels que les inégalités économiques, le racisme structurel, l'inégalité d'accès aux soins de santé, la méfiance envers les professionnels de santé, les représentants de l'État, et plus encore. Les collectivités locales tout comme les professionnels de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la manière dont s’exprime l’(in)égalité vaccinale. Pour autant, peu de leçons ont été systématiquement tirées des efforts menés en matière d’ «engagement vaccinal » au niveau local. Dans ce document, nous proposons d’expliquer comment l’expérience des inégalités structurelles se recoupe avec celle des habitants, et comment ces expériences ont été prises en compte ou au contraire ignorées dans la promotion et l’administration des vaccins contre la COVID-19 par les collectivités locales. Nous adressons également un ensemble de recommandations qui s’appliquent aux programmes de « vaccination de rattrapage » contre la COVID-19 (visant à atteindre les personnes qui n’ont pas encore reçu leur schéma vaccinal complet), mais elles concernent également les programmes de vaccination d'urgence à venir. Ce document repose sur des recherches menées entre octobre et décembre 2021 à Marseille et sur des échanges réguliers avec les autorités du Borough de Ealing initiés dès mai 2021. Il identifie comment les gouvernements locaux, les acteurs de la santé, les groupes communautaires et les résidents jouent un rôle clé dans la production d’(in)égalités vaccinales. Ce document a été élaboré pour la SSHAP par Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Tavitha Hrynick (IDS), Ashley Ouvrier (LaSSA), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Federico Federici (UCL) et Elizabeth Storer (LSE). Il a été revu par Eloisa Franchi (Université de Pavie) et Ellen Schwartz (Conseil de santé publique de Hackney). La recherche a été financée par la British Academy COVID-19 Recovery : Fonds G7 (COVG7210038). Les recherches ont été menées à l’Institut d’études du développement (IDS), à l’Université de Sussex et au Laboratoire des sciences sociales appliquées (LaSSA). La SSHAP en assume la responsabilité.
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Vasanth K, Pooja, and Dwaipayan Banerjee. Operations SOP: How to Organise COVID Vaccination for 200-Person Educational Institutions / Small Organisations. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/opssop.072021.
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This document details the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) which can be followed by any small organisations/educational institutions/ apartment complexes (approximately up to 200 individuals) for organising an on-site COVID-19 vaccination drive for their staff, students, residents and family. The sections detail the basic design and process workflow that can be planned within the premises to ensure elimination of unproductive waiting time on one hand and also provide maximum safety for all beneficiaries from chances of cross transmission of COVID-19 infection. The document captures details about the manpower planning, zone demarcations and roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, which can be used as a guideline for setting up similar initiatives. The COVID-19 safety protocols have also been covered to ensure adherence of processes as a safeguard against infections. A section has been added at the end on lessons learnt, which provides an insight on how to further improve the existing process and account for additional aspects which need to be considered for an improved experience and enhanced safety.
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Zhou, Nan, Chris Marnay, Ryan Firestone, Weijun Gao, and Masaru Nishida. The potential for distributed generation in Japanese prototype buildings: A DER-CAM analysis of policy, tariff design, building energy use, and technology development (Japanese translation). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836809.
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Zhou, Nan, Chris Marnay, Ryan Firestone, Weijun Gao, and Masaru Nishida. The potential for distributed generation in Japanese prototype buildings: A DER-CAM analysis of policy, tariff design, building energy use, and technology development (English Version). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/837812.
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.
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Schulte, Jillian, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Elizabeth Benninger, Tabitha Hrynick, and Santiago Ripoll. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Minoritised Youth in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.009.
Full textAbstract:
Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in Cleveland, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. Despite being over-represented in COVID-19 case counts and fatalities, Black residents were under-represented in COVID-19 vaccination during the first year and half of the pandemic. In Ohio, while roughly 60% of Cuyahoga County residents are fully vaccinated, just 45% of Cleveland residents are fully vaccinated. Lower-income, majority Black, east side neighbourhoods have markedly lower vaccination rates compared to higher-income, mostly white neighbourhoods. Young people ages 16-40 became eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine on March 29th, 2021, and individuals aged 12 and above were able to get vaccinated from May 2021 onward. However, large disparities exist based age, race, and zip code. This brief illustrates underlying reasons shaping COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among minority (especially Black and Latinx) youth (ages 12-18) and offers key considerations for how young people can be better engaged within Cleveland, Ohio. This brief is based on research, including in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with 61 young people across 16 neighbourhoods through a Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) approach in Cleveland to contextualise youth perspectives of COVID-19 vaccination and highlight areas of hesitancy and confidence. In this brief, we share findings from the study and key considerations for addressing youth ‘vaccine hesitancy’ around the COVID-19 vaccine are presented. This brief was authored by Jillian Schulte (Case Western Reserve University), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Elizabeth Benninger (Cleveland State University), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), and Santiago Ripoll (IDS), and includes contributions from Elizabeth Davies (Cleveland State University), Diane Mastnardo, Brenda Pryor (MyCom), Brinda Athreya (Case Western Reserve University), Ivis Maldonado (MyCom) and reviews from Elizabeth Storer (LSE) and Annie Wilkinson (IDS). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: USA and UK fund (CRUSA210022). Research was based at the Institute of Development Studies. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Bernales, Rona P., and Ilene S. Basitan. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Dog Owners Regarding Rabies and Dog Bites in Bicol Region. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/standz.2790.
Full textAbstract:
This study was conducted in selected provinces of Bicol Region from April 2015 to May 2015 to describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of dog owners regarding rabies and dog bites. A purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents of the study. Frequencies were tabulated for all variables. Of the 1,200 respondents, 2,193 dogs were recorded making a 2:1 ratio of dogs to householders in this particular study. Among these dogs 58% were vaccinated against rabies. The majority of the ones taking care of the dogs were female (57.3%) but the primary owner (62.9%) was the head of the family. Only 34.7% of the respondents knew that it is their duty to get their pets vaccinated against rabies. Around one-fourth (20.7%) admitted that someone in their household had been bitten by a dog but most respondents (62.5%) did nothing to the dog. The majority (57.7%) of the bite victims were youths (1-14 years old) and almost all (82.7%) of the wound bites were washed with soap and water. Television (44.9%) was the primary source of knowledge about rabies. The majority of participants (67.3%) said that humans are the main end-hosts that can be infected with rabies. Salivation or drooling (42.7%) and craziness (34.2%) were the main signs cited as behaviour of rabid dogs while craziness (40.2%) and hydrophobia or fear of water (25.4%) were cited for rabid humans. Most (33.9%) do not know the source of rabies but the majority (61.8%) believe that vaccination is the main preventive measure against rabies. The majority of participants (63%) reported that the local ordinances regarding rabies in their locality is about the Local Anti-Rabies Act and almost all (93.2%) admitted that vaccination is the most common anti-rabies program of the government.
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Perk, Simon, Egbert Mundt, Alexander Panshin, Irit Davidson, Irina Shkoda, Ameera AlTori, and Maricarmen Garcia. Characterization and Control Strategies of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9N2. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697117.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2 subtype, defined as having a low pathogenicity, causes extensive economical losses in commercial flocks, probably due to management and synergism with other pathogens. AIV H9N2 was first identified in Israel in the year 2000, and since then it became endemic and widespread in Israel. Control by vaccination of commercial flocks with an inactivated vaccine has been introduced since 2007. In face of the continuous H9N2 outbreaks, and the application of the vaccination policy, we aimed in the present study to provide a method of differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The aim of the assay would be detect only antibodies created by a de-novo infection, since the inactivated vaccine virus is not reproducing, and might provide a simple tool for mass detection of novel infections of commercial flocks. To fulfill the overall aim, the project was designed to include four operational objectives: 1. Evaluation of the genetic evolution of AIV in Israel; 2. Assessment of the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA; 3. NS1 ELISA as evaluation criteria for measuring the efficacy of vaccination against H9N2 AIV; 4. Development of an AIV H9 subtype specific ELISA systems. Major conclusion and implications drawn from the project were: 1. A continuous genetic change occurred in the collection of H9N2 isolates, and new introductions were identified. It was shown thatthe differences between the HA proteins of viruses used for vaccine productionand local fieldisolatesincreasedin parallelwith the durationand intensity ofvaccine use, therefore, developing a differential assay for the vaccine and the wild type viruses was the project main aim. 2. To assess the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA we first performed experimental infection trials using representative viruses of all introductions, and used the sera and recombinant NS1 antigens of the same viruses in homologous and heterologous NS1 ELISA combination. The NS1 ELISA was evidently reactive in all combinations, and did not discriminate significantly between different groups. 3. However, several major drawbacks of the NS1 ELISA were recognized: a) The evaluation of the vaccination effect in challenged birds, showed that the level of the NS1 antibodies dropped due to the vaccination-dependent virus level drop; b) the applicability of the NS1-ELISA was verified on sera of commercial flocks and found to be unusable due to physico-chemical composition of the sera and the recombinant antigen, c) commercial sera showed non-reactivity that might be caused by many factors, including vaccination, uncertainty regarding the infection time, and possibly low antigen avidity, d) NS1 elevated antibody levels for less than 2 months in SPF chicks. Due to the above mentioned reasons we do not recommend the application of the DIVA NS1 ELISA assay for monitoring and differentiation AIV H9N2 naturally-infected from vaccinated commercial birds.