Journal articles on the topic 'CALS-concept'

CALS concept became a base for development of the system for production of tetrachloromethane of various qualifications. The paper shows the structure of the database and interconnection of its components in addition to the chosen subject area - “High purity substances”. The authors considered development of the process regulation for tetrachloromethane by the means of CALS-system.

Abstract Essentially social learning is a system where the learning occurs with and from others. Internet-based technologies have provided environments within which social learning can take place among very large groups covering various topics, ranging from academic to leisure. In general MOOCs are academic-related courses offered by educational institutions, following a model of formal education, however they also take advantage of the concept of social learning, encouraging participants to learn together and from each other. Crochet Alongs (CALs) are non-formal courses offered outside educational institutions. CALs give crocheters the opportunity to learn more about their craft within an Internet-based social learning system, while working independently on their own instantiation of a pattern released at intervals. Participants offer support to each other via social media, sometimes seeking help in overcoming problems and other times just to share success. There is a considerable body of research into the MOOC phenomena, there is no such body of research into CALs, or other Internet-based craft courses. There are a number of similarities between MOOCs and CALs with some CALs attracting thousands of participants to freely available online courses. Contrasting MOOCs and CALs offers educationalists to explore alternatives approaches to social learning.

A standard information CALS-system module of marketing research of a phosphoric acid waste utilization of large-capacity productions has been developed. The marketing research has been structured in the following categories: analysis of the raw material and processing market; analysis of waste processing technologies; analysis of the waste utilization products markets.

The computer quality management system for the chemical anti-icing materials (AIM) was developed based on the CALS concept. There were carried out researches for the most perspective AIM for the most important quality indicators. Also there was made the estimation of aggression of influence for AIM on constructional materials (steel and concrete).

Based on the CALS concept the authors developed a computer system for quality management of road impregnation, the architecture of the composition and method of preparation impregnation with appropriate indicators of quality. The systematization of quality indicators is held on the basis of proposed informational clusters. The most advanced methods of analysis and analytical equipment were introduced into the system architecture by each indicator.

The ways of implementing the basic principles of «lean production» at certain stages of shipbuilding production and throughout the entire life cycle of shipbuilding products are considered. The article describes the main losses that occur at the production stage, as well as ways to improve shipbuilding production and directions for solving some problems of minimizing losses in relation to enterprises in the shipbuilding industry. The authors present an example of using CALS technologies in the process of production management, designing marine engineering facilities, communication between individual design organizations and the shipbuilding enterprise when creating complex projects; as well as ways to implement this task as the most promising in the world practice. The main purpose of using CALS in shipbuilding at all stages of the life cycle of a shipbuilding product is to create a unified information model, standardize the main methods for obtaining, storing and interpreting information, protect, certify and license the information used at all stages of the life cycle of shipbuilding products using computer-aided design systems. The article describes the main goals and directions of implementing CALS technologies as one of the stages of improving processes within the framework of the lean production concept. The ways of minimizing production losses in the development of planning and technological documentation and design and technological production preparation, production of working design documentation are considered. The purpose of creating a 3D ship model using volumetric scanning technology as a means of supporting the life cycle of marine equipment products at the stages of maintenance, repair and modernization is shown. The authors list the main ways to implement the assigned tasks at the shipbuilding enterprise, considering them from the point of view of implementing «lean production»; and the essential condition for its effective functioning is the joint use of CALS technologies at the enterprises of the shipbuilding industry, contractors and design organizations. The task of training and retraining specialists for the shipbuilding industry with appropriate professional competencies is outlined.

One of the current problems in the industrial complex is the issue of resource saving and energy efficiency, which is confirmed by the relevant government programs, strategies, regulatory documents. The solution of the problem of increasing the efficiency of the organization of production systems requires the definition and development of the necessary mechanisms, in particular, by automating production processes. The article analyses the key trends in the development of the concept of “industry 4.0” in the petrochemical industry. The factors influencing efficiency of the organization of production systems are revealed. The main directions promoting development and improvement of the organization of production are defined. It considers the basic tools of process improvements, process automation, petrochemical plants: work on the system of just-in-time, 5S system of rationalization of the workplace, different information systems, particularly ERP systems, CALS-technologies. Advantages of automation of production processes at the enterprises of petrochemical complex are defined.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) predisposes to juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) via loss of function of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene and consecutive deregulation of Ras signal transduction. Affected individuals usually carry one defective NF1 allele in the germline; somatic inactivation of the second NF1 allele in hematopoietic cells is associated with transformation to leukemia. We previously demonstrated that a major mechanism for biallelic loss of NF1 function in patients with JMML/NF-1 is mitotic recombination leading to uniparental disomy (UPD) of the 17q chromosome arm (Flotho, 2007; Steinemann, 2010). Using contemporary resequencing and microarray technology, we have now revisited the genetics of NF1 inactivation in JMML. Specifically, we addressed two questions: 1) Are genetic findings in leukemic cells of JMML/NF-1 patients consistent with the clinical diagnosis and the two-hit concept? 2) Does the quintuple-negative (QN) group of JMML (patients without clinical evidence of NF-1 and negative for mutations in PTPN11, KRAS, NRAS, or CBL) contain unrecognized cases likely driven by NF1? We investigated 156 children with JMML registered in studies EWOG-MDS 98 or 2006 and tested for mutations in PTPN11, KRAS, NRAS, and CBL. Twenty-five children (16%) were clinically diagnosed as NF-1 based on >=6 café-au-lait spots (CALS) or family history plus CALS. Family history was positive in 9 JMML/NF-1 patients; >=6, 4, and 1 CALS were described in 23, 1, and 1 patients, respectively. The median age at diagnosis of JMML in the NF-1 group was 35.9 months (range, 4.2 to 71.4). Sixteen children (10%) were grouped as JMML-QN. Granulocyte DNA from bone marrow or peripheral blood collected at time of diagnosis was used for next-generation sequencing of the entire NF1 coding sequence (custom Ampliseq enrichment and Miseq, Illumina). Pathogenicity of NF1 variants was assessed according to ACMG criteria. Affymetrix Cytoscan HD array analysis was applied to detect segmental deletions or copy number-neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Among 25 JMML/NF-1 cases, 8 exhibited an NF1 loss-of-function mutation at near-100% variant allelic frequency (VAF) in combination with UPD involving almost the entire 17q arm, suggesting single mitotic recombination as the leukemic driver. One case had an NF1 mutation at near-100% VAF and segmental 17q UPD, suggesting the unusual occurrence of double mitotic recombination. Nine cases carried two independent pathogenic NF1 mutations at near-50% VAF each; here, germline and somatic events could not be distinguished due to unavailability of non-hematopoietic or parental DNA. Four cases exhibited an NF1 microdeletion in combination with a pathogenic NF1 mutation at near-100% VAF; non-hematopoietic tissue available in 2 of these 4 cases failed to display the mutation, indicating the microdeletion as the constitutional event. A deleterious mutation at 71% VAF but no LOH was revealed in one sample. Only monoallelic evidence of NF1 deficiency was found in 2 cases. In the JMML-QN group, 9/16 cases had previously unrecognized NF1 alterations. Compound-heterozygous pathogenic NF1 mutations were found in 2 and homozygous pathogenic NF1 mutations combined with focal LOH in 3 patients, strongly suggesting NF1 as the JMML driver. In the absence of clinical NF-1 features, the findings in these 5 children may be explained by postzygotic NF1 mosaicism, onset of JMML before clinical manifestation of NF-1, or double somatic NF1 hits in the hematopoietic lineage. Four cases carried monoallelic pathogenic or likely pathogenic NF1 mutations with VAF at ~50% or less, providing inconclusive evidence of driver function as it is also possible that these are secondary hits in a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) driven by an unidentified event. There was no genetic evidence of NF1 involvement in the remaining 7 JMML-QN cases. Several important conclusions can be drawn from our study: The clinical diagnosis is reliable in children with JMML/NF-1; we propose that it can be made on the basis of CALS and JMML alone as the patients are generally too young to display the conventional spectrum of NF-1 features. Children without features of NF-1 should only be assigned to JMML-QN after genetic work-up of NF1 because this will unmask involvement of NF1 in a significant number of cases. In suspected JMML-QN without identifiable NF1 lesion, other forms of MPN should be considered. Disclosures Locatelli: Jazz Pharmaceeutical: Speakers Bureau; Medac: Speakers Bureau; Miltenyi: Speakers Bureau; Bellicum Pharmaceutical: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Niemeyer:Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy.

Libraries contain many collections but professional practice has long recognised the concept of “special collections”. The Centre for African Literary Studies (CALS) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), South Africa, was established to house the private collection of Bernth Lindfors, a retired professor of English and African literature from the University of Texas, Austin. This article draws on Polak’s study which sought to determine whether universities need designated centres for African studies. She explored the role of CALS as a special collection and in what way the Centre was able to fulfil its role in facilitating and enabling African Studies at UKZN and in the broader community. This article focuses on the challenges of managing CALS as a valuable special collection. Data sources included a literature and document analysis, as well as a survey using questionnaires and personal interviews. The most significant finding was that the original noble vision of the founders to create a centre that boosted the humanities and African literature at UKZN and especially on the Pietermaritzburg campus had been restricted. The establishment of CALS as an externally funded centre had had a negative impact on the endeavours of CALS’s directors who, despite great efforts, had been handicapped in their management of CALS by lack of institutional support, funding and staff tenure. Recommendations for the UKZN which also have relevance for other special collections are made.

The concept of digital literacy has been introduced as a new cultural technique, which is regarded as essential for successful participation in a (future) digitized world. Regarding the increasing importance of AI, literacy concepts need to be extended to account for AI-related specifics. The easy handling of the systems results in increased usage, contrasting limited conceptualizations (e.g., imagination of future importance) and competencies (e.g., knowledge about functional principles). In reference to voice-based conversational agents as a concrete application of AI, the present paper aims for the development of a measurement to assess the conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents. In a first step, a theoretical framework of “AI literacy” is transferred to the context of conversational agent literacy. Second, the “conversational agent literacy scale” (short CALS) is developed, constituting the first attempt to measure interindividual differences in the “(il) literate” usage of conversational agents. 29 items were derived, of which 170 participants answered. An explanatory factor analysis identified five factors leading to five subscales to assess CAL: storage and transfer of the smart speaker’s data input; smart speaker’s functional principles; smart speaker’s intelligent functions, learning abilities; smart speaker’s reach and potential; smart speaker’s technological (surrounding) infrastructure. Preliminary insights into construct validity and reliability of CALS showed satisfying results. Third, using the newly developed instrument, a student sample’s CAL was assessed, revealing intermediated values. Remarkably, owning a smart speaker did not lead to higher CAL scores, confirming our basic assumption that usage of systems does not guarantee enlightened conceptualizations and competencies. In sum, the paper contributes to the first insights into the operationalization and understanding of CAL as a specific subdomain of AI-related competencies.

Les premiers botanistes anatomistes n'avaient pu décrire de glandes endocrines à l'image de celles observées et fonctionnelles dans des organismes animaux, disposant d'un système sanguin irriguant tous leurs organes. Le concept d'hormone végétale n'émergea qu'avec les recherches sur les tropismes et la perceptibilité particulière des apex (aussi bien caulinaires que racinaires), aussi avec la découverte de la distribution polarisée, et des croissances sous-jacentes engendrées, d'où le terme premier d'hormone (sinon de substance) de croissance. L'agriculture se mit à rechercher des composés synthétiques en quête d'activités contrôlées... et plus efficaces, et en trouva. L'application externe des unes et des autres sur différents organes sous diverses conditions expérimentales aboutit progressivement à plusieurs découvertes et conclusions importantes pour la suite des recherches. Une même substance peut avoir des effets positifs et négatifs sur la croissance différant en importance selon la supposée "sensibilité" des organes traités, mais surtout selon les concentrations utilisées. Dans la partie "inhibition" des courbes dose-réponse caractéristiques, on parla de concentrations "sus-optimales" atteintes de l'hormone en question, mais rares furent ceux qui vérifièrent que la dite hormone appliquée pénétrait bien comme telle sans être modifiée, pour venir grossir le pool endogène; on se rendit notamment compte plus tard que la plante réagit à des applications qualifiées de sus-optimales d'agents extérieurs par une adaptation de ses systèmes cataboliques (les auxine-oxydases sont les premières en cause), sans se poser la question du devenir et des effets des produits générés; d'où l'ingénierie chimique synthétisant des homologues moins "attaquables" par les systèmes naturels de régulation (nos dérivés séléniés entre autres vraisemblablement). Les effets "rhizogènes" d'une auxine naturelle ou synthétique furent rapidement mis en évidence. Mais une hormone de croissance pouvait-elle seule provoquer un type de développement spécifique? D'où le concept de l'hormone de développement (en l'occurrence la rhizocaline) sous forme d'un complexe auxine + un sucre, des phénols, une oxydase, ...). Il en fut de même plus tard avec le "florigène" à plusieurs composants dont la gibbérelline, une autre hormone de croissance découverte entretemps. L'évidence des cytokinines (importantes celles-là pour la division cellulaire, plutôt que pour l'élongation favorisée par les auxines) mais surtout le rôle joué par la "balance" entre ces deux dernières conduisit à des avancées nouvelles et modifia aussi le concept d'hormone végétale de croissance: chaque type d'hormone pouvait être synthétisé dans tout type de cellule vivante; des gradients des différentes hormones, instaurés sous l'effet des conditions environnementales tout le long de la plante, sont vraisemblablement plus déterminants dans le comportement de la plante qu'une seule hormone dans l'orientation de leur croissance et de leur développement. C'est que, même les botanistes avaient un peu oublié que croissance et développement, dans une embryogénèse sans fin chez les végétaux, étaient intimement liés. Les hormones de développement se firent oublier pour laisser place au terme de PHYTOHORMONES. Ce qui posa immédiatement problème dans la question des phases de développement (induction, initiation ou évocation, expression) spatio-temporelles. Où le terme de dédifférenciation vint sur le tapis "objectivement". A notre connaissance, cette dédifférenciation ne fut réellement observée que dans des processus tératologiques (hyperhydricité dans des cals ou des pousses feuillées), qui par ailleurs mirent en évidence la complexité du vrai rôle des hormones (les couples auxines-cytokinines et polyamines-éthylène) reliées et conditionnées par les métabolismes primaires et secondaires et par les stress. Nous ne sommes pas certains que les biologistes moléculaires actuels tiennent compte de l'état physiologique général (déterminant dans un processus organogénétique) sous l'effet d'une hormone qu'ils croient spécifique, ni que les séquences de gènes allumés ou éteints soient les mêmes spatio-temporellement. L'ingénierie génétique en a déjà fait les frais (par exemple les tomates au mûrissement retardé mais sans saveur!), mais elle devra ramener des physiologistes-hormonologistes à d'autres réalités que les premiers concepts pourtant difficultueusement émergés.