Journal articles: 'Callous-unemotional traits'

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Leno, Virginia Carter, Tony Charman, Andrew Pickles, Catherine R. G. Jones, Gillian Baird, Francesca Happé, and Emily Simonoff. "Callous–unemotional traits in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 5 (November 2015): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159863.

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BackgroundPeople with callous–unemotional traits and also those with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display sociocognitive difficulties. However, the frequency and neurocognitive correlates of callous–unemotional traits within individuals with ASD are unknown.AimsTo determine the prevalence of callous–unemotional traits in individuals with ASD and test their association with behavioural and cognitive measures.MethodParents of 92 adolescents with ASD completed the Antisocial Processes Screening Device (APSD) for callous–unemotional traits. Adolescents participated in tasks of emotion recognition, theory of mind and cognitive flexibility.ResultsIn total 51% (n = 47) scored above a cut-off expected to identify the top 6% on the APSD. Of these 17% (n = 8) had concurrent conduct problems. Regression analyses found callous–unemotional traits were associated with specific impairment in fear recognition but not with theory of mind or cognitive flexibility.ConclusionsAdolescents with ASD show high rates of callous–unemotional traits but, unlike in the general population, these are not strongly associated with conduct problems. The relationship of callous–unemotional traits to impairments in fear recognition suggests similar affective difficulties as in individuals with callous–unemotional traits without ASD.

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Moran, Paul, Tamsin Ford, Georgia Butler, and Robert Goodman. "Callous and unemotional traits in children and adolescents living in Great Britain." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 1 (January 2008): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034876.

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SummaryFew studies have assessed psychopathic traits in community samples of young people. We investigated the predictive utility of callous and unemotional traits in a representative sample of 5770 young people from Great Britain. Teachers provided information on the presence of callous and unemotional traits and parents completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire to determine the level and impact of psychiatric problems at baseline, 12 and 24 months later. Baseline callous and unemotional trait scores independently predicted the number and intensity of conduct, emotional and hyperactivity symptoms at follow-up. Callous and unemotional traits are longitudinally associated with the level and impact of childhood psychiatric problems.

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Hwang, Suhlim, Rebecca Waller, David J. Hawes, and Jennifer L. Allen. "The Influence of Antisocial Behavior and Callous-Unemotional Traits on Trajectories of School Engagement and Achievement in South-Korean Children." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 788–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01414-2.

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AbstractPoor educational outcomes are common among children with antisocial behavior problems, including among a subgroup of antisocial children with callous-unemotional traits, who show deficits in empathy, guilt, and prosociality. However, few studies have explored the unique contributions of antisocial behavior and callous-unemotional traits to school outcomes and most prior studies have been conducted in Western countries. The current study thus tested associations between callous-unemotional traits, antisocial behavior, and trajectories of school outcomes among South Korean children. Participants aged 10-12 years (N = 218; 52% boys) completed questionnaires assessing antisocial behavior, callous-unemotional traits, verbal ability, and school engagement, and teachers provided children’s Math and Korean grades at three time points during a single academic year. Prospective associations were explored in conditional latent growth curve models. Both antisocial behavior and callous-unemotional traits were related to lower school engagement at the start of the academic year, but the magnitude of the associations was greater for callous-unemotional traits, suggesting a greater adverse effect of callous-unemotional traits on engagement than antisocial behavior. Moreover, children with high levels of callous-unemotional traits showed stable and low levels of school engagement. There were no significant predictive associations between antisocial behavior or callous-unemotional traits and trajectories of academic grades. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at improving educational outcomes among antisocial children should be tailored according to the presence of callous-unemotional traits to target the specific needs of individual students, particularly at the start of the school year.

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Sarifa, Aprilia Wira, and Fatma Kusuma Mahanani. "Callous Unemotional Traits dan Perundungan Maya pada Remaja (Callous Unemotional Traits and Cyberbullying In Adolescents)." Intuisi : Jurnal Psikologi Ilmiah 12, no. 1 (May 10, 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/intuisi.v12i1.20458.

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Perundungan maya menjadi masalah global yang terjadi salah satunya pada remaja. Faktor kepribadian menjadi salah satu penentu terjadinya hal tersebut, termasuk callous unemotional traits. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara callous unemotional traits dan cyberbullying pada remaja di SMA Negeri Kota Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian korelasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di 6 SMA Negeri Kota Semarang yang terpilih sebagai sampel. Responden berjumlah 188 remaja (usia 15-18 tahun). Penelitian ini menggunakan cluster random sampling. Skala cyberbullying terdiri dari 38 item dengan koefisien reliabilits 0,883. Skala callous unemotional traits terdiri dari 28 item dengan koefisien reliabilitas 0,894. Uji hipotesis menggunakan teknik rank Spearman. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa cyberbullying pada 188 remaja di SMA Negeri Kota Semarang tergolong sangat rendah (89,4%). Pada callou unemotional traits, callousness tergolong sangat rendah (53,2%), uncaring tergolong sangat rendah (65,4%) dan unemotional tergolong sedang (52,1%). Berdasarkan hasil analisis inferensial diketahui bahwa callous unemotional traits dan cyberbullying memiliki hubungan yang signifikan sebesar 0,000 (p<0,05) dengan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,469. Hal tersebut berarti bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat callous unemotional traits maka semakin tinggi pula tingkat cyberbullying pada remaja dan sebaliknya, semakin rendah callous unemotional traits maka akan rendah pula cyberbullying pada remaja. Cyberbullying is a global problem that occurs among adolescents. Personality factors become one of the determinants of this, including callous unemotional traits. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between callous unemotional traits and cyberbullying in adolescents in State Senior High School of Semarang City. The research methods used are correlational research. The present study held in six State Senior High School of Semarang City that chosen as the sample. Participants included 188 adolescents (aged 15-18). It used cluster random sampling. The cyberbullying scale included 38 items with coefficient reliability 0,883. Callous unemotional traits scale included 28 items with coefficient reliability 0,894. Hypothesis test in the present study used rank spearman. The descriptive analyses result showed cyberbullying in 188 adolescents at state senior high school of Semarang city was very low (89,4%). On callous unemotional traits, callousness was very low (53,2%), uncaring was very low (65,4%) and unemotional was moderate (52,1%). Based on inferential analyses result, callous unemotional traits and cyberbullying had significance of 0,000 (p<0,05) with coefficient correlation of 0,469. This means that the higher levels of callous unemotional traits, the higher levels of cyberbullying in adolescents and the lower levels of the callous unemotional traits, the lower levels of the cyberbullying in adolescents.

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Thomson, Nicholas D., Steven M. Gillespie, and Luna C. M. Centifanti. "Callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness: A cardiovascular psychophysiological perspective in two adolescent samples using virtual reality." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 803–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001196.

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AbstractThere has been a longstanding debate about the link between callous-unemotional traits and fearlessness. However, biological evidence for a relationship in adolescents is lacking. Using two adolescent samples, we measured emotional reactivity and cardiac measures of sympathetic (pre-ejection period) and parasympathetic (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) reactivity during 3D TV and virtual reality fear induction. Study 1 included 62 community adolescents from a stratified sample. Study 2 included 60 adolescents from Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties schools. Results were consistent across both studies. Adolescents with high callous-unemotional traits showed coactivation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Consistent with these results, youths with callous-unemotional traits self-reported that they felt more in control after the fear induction. Thus, in both samples, youth with callous-unemotional traits displayed a physiological and emotional profile suggesting they maintained control during fear induction. Therefore, it is proposed here that a shift in thinking of youth with callous-unemotional traits as fearless to youth with callous-unemotional traits are better able to manage fearful situations, may be more appropriate.

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Costea, C. "The moderating effect of irrationality on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in teenagers." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1234.

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The main objective of this study was the investigation of the moderation effect of irrationality on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in youths, this last association having been demonstrated before in scientific research. The data was collected from 40 patients of a pediatric psychiatry clinic, during the last 18 months.We used the following instruments for measuring the main variables of the study: The Youth Self-Report (YSR, Achenbach, 1991) for the conduct problems, The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU, Frick, 2004) and The Child and Adolescent Scale of Irrationality (CASI, Bernard and Cronan, 1999).The acquired data was analyzed with the SPSS 20 statistical software. First, we performed the descriptive statistics and then we conducted the hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The research design is predictive, moderation type.The results showed a significant positive association between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems, a significant positive association between irrationality and conduct problems, no significant statistical association between callous-unemotional traits and irrational beliefs and no significant moderating effect of irrational cognitions on the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems. Nonetheless, callous-unemotional traits and irrationality explain 49.5% of the variance of behavior problems.The results confirm the need of adapted individualized therapeutic strategies for children and adolescents with conduct problems, to address both their callous-unemotional traits and their irrational beliefs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Nwafor, Chidozie Edwin, Peace N. Ibeagha, Charles Okechukwu Anazonwu, and Harry Obi-Nwosu. "Do callous-unemotional traits mediate the effect of family competence on bullying?" South African Journal of Psychology 50, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246319870414.

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One of the assumptions of the triadic reciprocal model is that the dynamic relationships between internal factors and environmental contexts may have a reciprocal influence on behaviour. Based on this assumption, this study examined whether callous-unemotional traits mediate the relationship between family competence and bullying among 256 selected senior secondary pupils (age = 14–16; M = 15.5, SD = 5.4; boys = 131 and girls = 125). Three self-report scales were used to collect data for bullying, family competence, and callous-unemotional traits. Mediated multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses. The result showed that callous-unemotional traits and family competence have a positive and negative linear relationship with bullying, respectively, B = 0.13 and −0.20, p < .01. Similarly, the indirect effect of family competence on bullying through callous-unemotional traits was significant, B = 0.04, p < .05. This indicated that callous-unemotional traits could regulate the effect of family competence on bullying. The results may have implications for understanding, planning, and designing programmes for preventing and intervention of school bullying.

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Waller, Rebecca, Christopher J. Trentacosta, Daniel S. Shaw, Jenae M. Neiderhiser, Jody M. Ganiban, David Reiss, Leslie D. Leve, and Luke W. Hyde. "Heritable temperament pathways to early callous–unemotional behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 6 (December 2016): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.181503.

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BackgroundEarly callous–unemotional behaviours identify children at risk for antisocial behaviour. Recent work suggests that the high heritability of callous–unemotional behaviours is qualified by interactions with positive parenting.AimsTo examine whether heritable temperament dimensions of fearlessness and low affiliative behaviour are associated with early callous–unemotional behaviours and whether parenting moderates these associations.MethodUsing an adoption sample (n=561), we examined pathways from biological mother self-reported fearlessness and affiliative behaviour to child callous–unemotional behaviours via observed child fearlessness and affiliative behaviour, and whether adoptive parent observed positive parenting moderated pathways.ResultsBiological mother fearlessness predicted child callous–unemotional behaviours via earlier child fearlessness. Biological mother low affiliative behaviour predicted child callous–unemotional behaviours, although not via child affiliative behaviours. Adoptive mother positive parenting moderated the fearlessness to callous–unemotional behaviour pathway.ConclusionsHeritable fearlessness and low interpersonal affiliation traits contribute to the development of callous–unemotional behaviours. Positive parenting can buffer these risky pathways.

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Viding, Essi, Paul J. Frick, and Robert Plomin. "Aetiology of the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in childhood." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, S49 (May 2007): s33—s38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.190.5.s33.

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BackgroundA callous and unemotional disposition is an indicator of early-onset antisocial behaviour.AimsTo investigate the extent to which genetic influences contribute to the overlap between callous–unemotional traits and conduct problems in a large population sample of 7-year-old twins.MethodTeachers provided ratings of callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems for 3434 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study. Model-fitting analyses were performed across the continuum of scores and at the extremes.ResultsThe phenotypic relationship was primarily genetically mediated, both across the continuum and at the extremes and was substantial.ConclusionsAt 7 years of age, genetic influences on callous–unemotional traits overlap substantially with genetic influences on conduct problems. This combination should guide selection criteria in future molecular genetic studies.

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Cardinale, Elise M., and Abigail A. Marsh. "The Reliability and Validity of the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits: A Meta-Analytic Review." Assessment 27, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191117747392.

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In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier was added to the conduct disorder diagnostic criteria to designate a subgroup of children who exhibit callous unemotional (CU) traits. The Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) is the only dedicated measure of CU traits and was influential in the development of the Limited Prosocial Emotions specifier. Despite its role in the research and diagnosis of CU traits, some questions have persisted regarding the internal consistency and validity of the ICU and its three subscales: callous, uncaring, and unemotional. Results of a meta-analysis revealed acceptable internal consistency and external validity for total ICU, callous, and uncaring scores, but not unemotional scores. These results support the utility of the total ICU, callous, and uncaring scales, but indicate weaknesses in the scale or construct of unemotionality as it relates to interpersonal callousness, uncaring, and antisociality.

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Cardinale, Elise M., Katherine O'Connell, Emily L. Robertson, Lydia B. Meena, Andrew L. Breeden, Leah M. Lozier, John W. VanMeter, and Abigail A. Marsh. "Callous and uncaring traits are associated with reductions in amygdala volume among youths with varying levels of conduct problems." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 09 (August 24, 2018): 1449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001927.

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AbstractBackgroundThe emergence of callous unemotional (CU) traits, and associated externalizing behaviors, is believed to reflect underlying dysfunction in the amygdala. Studies of adults with CU traits or psychopathy have linked characteristic patterns of amygdala dysfunction to reduced amygdala volume, but studies in youths have not thus far found evidence of similar amygdala volume reductions. The current study examined the association between CU traits and amygdala volume by modeling CU traits and externalizing behavior as independent continuous variables, and explored the relative contributions of callous, uncaring, and unemotional traits.MethodsCU traits and externalizing behavior problems were assessed in 148 youths using the Inventory of Callous Unemotional Traits (ICU) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). For a subset of participants (n= 93), high-resolution T1-weighted images were collected and volume estimates for the amygdala were extracted.ResultsAnalyses revealed that CU traits were associated with increased externalizing behaviors and decreased bilateral amygdala volume. These results were driven by the callous and uncaring sub-factors of CU traits, with unemotional traits unrelated to either externalizing behaviors or amygdala volume. Results persisted after accounting for covariation between CU traits and externalizing behaviors. Bootstrap mediation analyses indicated that CU traits mediated the relationship between reduced amygdala volume and externalizing severity.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence that callous-uncaring traits account for reduced amygdala volume among youths with conduct problems. These findings provide a framework for further investigation of abnormal amygdala development as a key causal pathway for the development of callous-uncaring traits and conduct problems.

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Viding, Essi, Nathalie M. G. Fontaine, Bonamy R. Oliver, and Robert Plomin. "Negative parental discipline, conduct problems and callous–unemotional traits: monozygotic twin differences study." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 5 (November 2009): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061192.

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BackgroundNegative parenting practices may be an environmental risk factor for subsequent conduct problems. Research on the association between parenting practices and callous–unemotional traits, a risk factor for conduct problems, has produced mixed findings.AimsTo investigate whether negative parental discipline is a non-shared environmental risk factor for the development of conduct problems and callous–unemotional traits.MethodLongitudinal, multi-informant data from a community sample of twins were analysed using the monozygotic (MZ) twin differences design for 4508 twins (2254 twin pairs).ResultsWithin MZ twin pairs, the twin receiving more negative parental discipline at 7 years had more conduct problems (but not more callous–unemotional traits) at 12 years.ConclusionsDuring the transition to early adolescence, negative parental discipline operates as a non-shared environmental risk factor for development of conduct problems, but not for the development of callous–unemotional traits.

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Henry, J., J. B. Pingault, M. Boivin, F. Rijsdijk, and E. Viding. "Genetic and environmental aetiology of the dimensions of Callous-Unemotional traits." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 2 (October 12, 2015): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001919.

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BackgroundA Callous-Unemotional trait specifier (termed ‘Limited Prosocial Emotions’) was added to the diagnosis of conduct disorder in DSM-5. The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) is a comprehensive measure of these traits assessing three distinct, yet correlated dimensions – Callousness, Uncaring, and Unemotional – all thought to reflect the general Callous-Unemotional construct. The present study was the first to examine the degree to which the aetiology of these dimensions is shared v. independent.MethodParent-reported ICU data from 5092 16-year-old twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate genetic modelling was applied to the best-fitting structure.ResultsA general-specific structure, retaining a general factor and two uncorrelated specific factors (Callousness-Uncaring, Unemotional), provided the best fit to the data. The general factor was substantially heritable (h2 = 0.58, 95% CI 0.51–0.65). Unusually, shared environmental influences were also important in accounting for this general factor (c2 = 0.26, 95% CI 0.22–0.31), in addition to non-shared environmental influences. The Unemotional dimension appeared phenotypically and genetically distinct as shown by the substantial loadings of unemotional items on a separate dimension and a low genetic correlation between Unemotional and Callousness-Uncaring.ConclusionsA general factor, indicative of a shared phenotypic structure across the dimensions of the ICU was under substantial common genetic and more modest shared environment influences. Our findings also suggest that the relevance of the Unemotional dimension as part of a comprehensive assessment of CU traits should be investigated further.

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Orue, Izaskun, and Esther Calvete. "Psychopathic Traits and Moral Disengagement Interact to Predict Bullying and Cyberbullying Among Adolescents." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 11 (July 19, 2016): 2313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660302.

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The aim of this study was to test a model in which psychopathic traits (callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible) and moral disengagement individually and interactively predict two types of bullying (traditional and cyberbullying) in a community sample of adolescents. A total of 765 adolescents (464 girls and 301 boys) completed measures of moral disengagement and psychopathic traits at Time 1, and measures of bullying and cyberbullying at Time 1 and 1 year later, at Time 2. The results showed that callous-unemotional traits predicted both traditional bullying and cyberbullying, grandiose-manipulative and impulsive-irresponsible traits only predicted traditional bullying, and moral disengagement only predicted cyberbullying. Callous-Unemotional Traits × Moral Disengagement and Grandiose-Manipulative × Moral Disengagement were significantly correlated with the residual change in cyberbullying. Callous-unemotional traits were positively related to cyberbullying at high levels of moral disengagement but not when moral disengagement was low. In contrast, grandiose-manipulative traits were positively related to cyberbullying at low levels of moral disengagement but not when moral disengagement was high. These findings have implications for both prevention and intervention. Integrative approaches that promote moral growth are needed, including a deeper understanding of why bullying is morally wrong and ways to stimulate personality traits that counteract psychopathic traits.

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Zych, Izabela, Maria M. Ttofi, and David P. Farrington. "Empathy and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Different Bullying Roles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 20, no. 1 (December 27, 2016): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838016683456.

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Bullying is an extremely damaging type of violence that is present in schools all over the world, but there are still many gaps in knowledge regarding different variables that might influence the phenomenon. Two promising research lines focus on empathy and callous–unemotional traits but findings from individual studies seem to be contradictory. This article reports the results of a systematic review and a meta-analysis on empathy and callous–unemotional traits in relation to school bullying based on 53 empirical reports that met the inclusion criteria. Bullying perpetration is negatively associated with cognitive (odds ratio [ OR] = 0.60) and affective ( OR = 0.51) empathy. Perpetration is also positively associated with callous–unemotional traits ( OR = 2.55). Bully-victims scored low in empathy ( OR = 0.57). There is a nonsignificant association between victimization and empathy ( OR = 0.96), while the relationship between callous–unemotional traits and victimization is significant but small ( OR = 1.66). Defenders scored high on cognitive ( OR = 2.09) and affective ( OR = 2.62) empathy. These findings should be taken into account in explaining and preventing bullying.

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Kimonis, Eva R., Paul J. Frick, Jennifer L. Skeem, Monica A. Marsee, Keith Cruise, Luna C. Munoz, Katherine J. Aucoin, and Amanda S. Morris. "Assessing callous–unemotional traits in adolescent offenders: Validation of the Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 31, no. 3 (June 2008): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.04.002.

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Kumsta, Robert, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, and Michael Rutter. "Adolescent callous–unemotional traits and conduct disorder in adoptees exposed to severe early deprivation." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 3 (March 2012): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.089441.

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BackgroundThere is a debate over whether disruptive behaviour should be regarded as a central component of, or rather as an epiphenomenon with little diagnostic value for, psychopathy.AimsTo test whether callous–unemotional traits and conduct disorder can be dissociated in the English and Romanian Adoptee Study, a prospective longitudinal study of adopted individuals with a history of severe early institutional deprivation.MethodThe Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment was used to establish DSM-IV diagnoses for conduct disorder (and also oppositional defiant disorder) at the 15-year follow-up stage. The Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits questionnaire was administered to assess psychopathy traits.ResultsThere was no significant association between callous–unemotional traits and conduct disorder, both according to parent and youth self-report assessed categorically and dimensionally after controlling for confounds.ConclusionsThe majority of individuals with high callous–unemotional traits did not show conduct disorder in this special sample of children. This supports the view that, while common, an overlap between these aspects of psychopathology is not inevitable and so provides evidence for the dissociation of these two concepts. In terms of classification, we argue for a diagnostic scheme where psychopathy can be diagnosed independently of conduct disorder.

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Chang, Chen-Lin, Tai-Ling Liu, Ray C. Hsiao, Pinchen Yang, Yi-Lung Chen, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Callous–Unemotional Traits among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, or Typical Development: Differences between Adolescents’ and Parents’ Views." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 3972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083972.

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This study examined parent–adolescent agreement on the callous, uncaring, and unemotional dimensions of callous–unemotional (CU) traits and the differences in adolescent-reported and parent-reported CU traits among 126 adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 207 adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and 203 typically developing (TD) adolescents. Adolescent-reported and parent-reported CU traits on the three dimensions of the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits were obtained. The strength of CU traits and the differences between adolescent-reported and parent-reported traits were compared among the three groups using analysis of covariance. Parent–adolescent agreement was examined using intraclass correlation. The results reveal that both adolescent-reported and parent-reported callousness and uncaring traits in the ASD and ADHD groups were significantly stronger than those in the TD group. Parent–adolescent agreement on the uncaring trait was fair across the three groups, whereas that on callousness was poor across all three groups. Parent–adolescent agreement on unemotionality was fair in the TD group but poor in the ADHD and ASD groups. ASD and ADHD groups had significantly greater differences in scores reported by parents and adolescents on the callousness trait than the TD group. The parent–adolescent score differences in the uncaring trait were also larger in the ASD group than in the TD group. Thus, these results support the application of a multi-informant approach in CU trait assessment, especially for adolescents with ASD or ADHD.

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Goagoses, Naska, and Ute Koglin. "Attachment and Externalizing Behavior: Mediation through Dysfunctional Emotion Regulation and Callous-Unemotional Traits." International Journal of Developmental Science 15, no. 1-2 (August 20, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/dev-200291.

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The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the association between parental attachment and externalizing behavior is parallelly mediated by dysfunctional emotion regulation and callous-unemotional traits. The community sample included 296 adolescents (Mage = 14.90, SDage = 1.31), who completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire, and the Youth Self-Report Child Behavior Checklist. A mediation analysis revealed both direct and indirect effects. Secure attachment representations were negatively associated with internal- and external dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies and callous-unemotional traits, which in turn were positively associated with externalizing behavior problems. The current study expands previous research by simultaneously investigating familial and cognitive factors that foster externalizing behavior problems. An attachment-based perspective offers new possibilities for theory expansion, research directions, and the development of interventions.

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Fitzgerald, M. F. "Callous–unemotional traits and autistic psychopathy." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 3 (September 2007): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.3.265.

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Blair, R. James R. "Callous-Unemotional Traits and Gun Violence." American Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 797–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20071041.

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Kimonis, Eva R., Kostas Fanti, Asha Goldweber, Monica A. Marsee, Paul J. Frick, and Elizabeth Cauffman. "Callous-unemotional traits in incarcerated adolescents." Psychological Assessment 26, no. 1 (March 2014): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034585.

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Fitzgerald, Michael. "CALLOUS/UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS AND ASPERGER'S SYNDROME?" Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 42, no. 9 (September 2003): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000070252.24125.cd.

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Bleyer, Nastassja, Ute Koglin, and Franz Petermann. "Callous-unemotional Traits und aggressives Verhalten." Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie, Psychologie und Psychotherapie 65, no. 3 (July 2017): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1661-4747/a000318.

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Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Bindungsqualität von Jugendlichen zu ihren Eltern und zu Gleichaltrigen als Moderator in dem Zusammenhang zwischen Callous-unemotional Traits (CU-Traits) und aggressivem Verhalten zu untersuchen. Dazu wurde eine Stichprobe von N = 292 Jugendlichen zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren befragt. Die Daten wurden mittels Korrelationen und hierarchischen Regressionen ausgewertet. Es zeigen sich signifikante positive Korrelationen zwischen CU-Traits und aggressivem Verhalten. Eine gute Qualität der Bindung an Eltern und Gleichaltrige geht hingegen mit weniger aggressivem Verhalten einher. Ein moderierender Effekt auf den Zusammenhang zwischen CU-Traits und aggressivem Verhalten kann jedoch nur durch die Qualität der Bindung an die Eltern festgestellt werden. Bei Jugendlichen mit hohen CU-Traits schwächt eine hohe Bindungsqualität an die Eltern den Zusammenhang zu aggressivem Verhalten ab. Die Rolle der Bindungsqualität an die Eltern wird im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung von aggressivem Verhalten bei Jugendlichen mit CU-Traits diskutiert.

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Golmaryami, Farrah N., Erin P. Vaughan, and Paul J. Frick. "Callous-unemotional traits and romantic relationships." Personality and Individual Differences 168 (January 2021): 110408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110408.

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Larsson, Henrik, Essi Viding, and Robert Plomin. "Callous—Unemotional Traits and Antisocial Behavior." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 2 (February 2008): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854807310225.

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This study compared early parenting characteristics in children with different levels of callous—unemotional (CU) traits and antisocial behavior (AB). Four groups were formed on the basis of teacher assessments: high CU and low AB (CU+; N = 378), high CU and high AB (AB/CU+; N = 234), low CU and high AB (AB+; N = 210), and controls ( N = 3,608). In addition, genetic and environmental influences on elevated levels of CU traits were specifically investigated in CU+ and AB/CU+ subgroups. Multivariate analysis of variance and DeFries-Fulker extremes analysis yielded three main findings: First, AB/CU+ and AB+ children exhibited higher levels of early negative parenting characteristics than CU+ children and controls. Second, these higher levels of negative parenting characteristics in AB/CU+ and AB+ children were explained by early child effects on parenting. Third, heritability estimates for CU in AB/CU+ and CU+ groups are of similar magnitude.

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Salekin, Randall T., Henrik Andershed, Blair D. Batky, and Andrew P. Bontemps. "Are Callous Unemotional (CU) Traits Enough?" Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 40, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9663-9.

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Hartman, Christie, Tina Hageman, James Herbert Williams, Jason St Mary, and Frank R. Ascione. "Exploring Empathy and Callous–Unemotional Traits as Predictors of Animal Abuse Perpetrated by Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 34, no. 12 (July 25, 2016): 2419–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516660971.

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We explored the relation between empathy, callous–unemotional (CU) traits, and animal abuse in a sample of 290 seven- to twelve-year-old children whose mothers were exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). The sample comprises mostly Latino and White participants, and 55% of the children’s mothers were born outside the United States (primarily Mexico). To our knowledge, among studies examining child-perpetrated animal abuse, this study is the first to examine empathy levels and one of only a few to examine CU traits. When comparing Griffith Empathy Measure (empathy) and Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits (callous–unemotional [CU] traits) scores with those from studies of White schoolchildren, our sample scored lower on affective empathy, higher on cognitive empathy, and lower for overall CU scores as well as Callous and Unemotional subscales. Of 290 children, 47 (16.2%) harmed an animal at least once according to either mother or child report. There were no significant sex or age differences between Abuse and No Abuse groups. The Abuse group scored significantly higher on affective empathy, CU, and Callousness/Unemotional subscales, and significantly lower on cognitive empathy. However, in regression analyses that controlled for income, only lower cognitive empathy and higher CU significantly predicted having abused an animal. In summary, low cognitive empathy (but not affective empathy) and CU traits may serve as reliable predictors of child animal abuse. However, replication of these results is necessary. A larger sample with a high percentage of Latino children whose mothers were exposed to IPV, along with a non-exposed comparison group, would be ideal.

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Lethbridge, Emma M., Paul Richardson, Lisa Reidy, and Naira A. Taroyan. "Exploring the relationship between callous-unemotional traits, empathy processing and affective valence in a general population." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 13, no. 1 (March 3, 2017): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1179.

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Callous–Unemotional (CU) traits are personality attributes, which are associated with a deficit of affective valence and reduced empathetic responding in high CU trait clinical populations. The aim of the research was to explore whether a similar pattern of empathy and emotional responding correlated with CU trait manifestation in the general population. A total of 124 participants completed the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, the Empathy Quotient, an expression recognition task, and a measure of affective response. Negative correlations with CU trait score were observed for both cognitive empathy and emotional empathy. Accuracy in the identification of fearful expressions presented a negative association with CU trait score. Self-rating of affective valence, when viewing both positive and negative images, indicated a universal reduction in emotional response associated with increased CU trait manifestation.

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Trumello, Carmen, Alessandra Babore, Carla Candelori, Mara Morelli, and Dora Bianchi. "Relationship with Parents, Emotion Regulation, and Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescents’ Internet Addiction." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7914261.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of relationship with parents, emotion regulation, and callous-unemotional traits with Internet addiction in a community sample of adolescents. Self-report measures of relationship with parents (both mothers and fathers), emotion regulation (in its two dimensions: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression), callous- unemotional traits (in its three dimensions: callousness, uncaring, and unemotional), and Internet addiction were completed by 743 adolescents aged 10 to 21 years. Results showed that a low perceived maternal availability, high cognitive reappraisal, and high callousness appeared to be predictors of Internet addiction. The implications of these findings are then discussed.

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Dadds, Mark R., Jennifer L. Allen, Bonamy R. Oliver, Nathan Faulkner, Katherine Legge, Caroline Moul, Matthew Woolgar, and Stephen Scott. "Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 3 (March 2012): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720.

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BackgroundA propensity to attend to other people's emotions is a necessary condition for human empathy.AimsTo test our hypothesis that psychopathic disorder begins as a failure to attend to the eyes of attachment figures, using a ‘love’ scenario in young children.MethodChildren with oppositional defiant disorder, assessed for callous–unemotional traits, and a control group were observed in a love interaction with mothers. Eye contact and affection were measured for each dyad.ResultsThere was no group difference in affection and eye contact expressed by the mothers. Compared with controls, children with oppositional defiant disorder expressed lower levels of affection back towards their mothers; those with high levels of callous–unemotional traits showed significantly lower levels of affection than the children lacking these traits. As predicted, the former group showed low levels of eye contact toward their mothers. Low eye contact was not correlated with maternal coercive parenting or feelings toward the child, but was correlated with psychopathic fearlessness in their fathers.ConclusionsImpairments in eye contact are characteristic of children with callous–unemotional traits, and these impairments are independent of maternal behaviour.

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López-Romero, Laura, J. Antonio Gómez-Fraguela, and Estrella Romero. "Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in a Spanish Sample of Institutionalized Youths: The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 37, no. 3 (October 21, 2014): 392–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9469-3.

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Docherty, Meagan, Paul Boxer, L. Rowell Huesmann, Maureen O'Brien, and Brad Bushman. "Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits in Adolescents: Determining Cutoff Scores for the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits." Journal of Clinical Psychology 73, no. 3 (May 16, 2016): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22313.

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Muñoz, Luna C., and Paul J. Frick. "Callous-Unemotional Traits and Their Implication for Understanding and Treating Aggressive and Violent Youths." Criminal Justice and Behavior 39, no. 6 (March 28, 2012): 794–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854812437019.

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This article reviews the current research literature on the development of aggression and callous-unemotional traits. Research suggests there are two functions to aggression, reactive and instrumental, and each has concomitant cognitive and emotional factors associated. Furthermore, callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., an absence of empathy and guilt) have been shown to be associated with the instrumental type of aggression. Research on CU traits suggests that there are distinct developmental mechanisms operating in the development of aggressive and violent behavior for youths with and without these traits. These distinct developmental mechanisms have important implications for the assessment and treatment of aggressive and violent youths.

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Mann, Frank D., Sara L. Paul, Jennifer L. Tackett, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, and K. Paige Harden. "Personality risk for antisocial behavior: Testing the intersections between callous–unemotional traits, sensation seeking, and impulse control in adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 267–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941700061x.

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AbstractThe current project seeks to integrate literatures on personality risk for antisocial behavior (ASB) by examining how callous–unemotional traits relate to (a) the development of disinhibited traits and (b) the association between disinhibited traits and ASB. In Study 1, using a nationally representative sample of youth (N > 7,000), we examined whether conduct problems and lack of guilt assessed during ages 4–10 years predicted levels of and changes in disinhibited traits over the course of adolescence, and moderated associations between these traits and ASB. High levels of childhood conduct problems were associated with higher levels of impulsivity, sensation seeking, and ASB in early adolescence, whereas lack of guilt was associated with lower levels of sensation seeking. Neither conduct problems nor lack of guilt significantly predicted changes in impulsivity or sensation seeking, and associations among changes in sensation seeking, impulsivity, and ASB were also consistent across levels of conduct problems and lack of guilt. In Study 2, using a cross-sectional sample of adolescents (N = 970), we tested whether callous–unemotional traits moderated associations between disinhibited traits and ASB. Consistent with the results of Study 1, associations between disinhibited personality and ASB were consistent across a continuous range of callous–unemotional traits.

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Flexon, Jamie L. "Callous-Unemotional Traits and Differently Motivated Aggression." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 14, no. 4 (August 2016): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204015577000.

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Carvalho, Marina, Miguel Faria, Andreia Conceição, Margarida Gaspar de Matos, and Cecilia A. Essau. "Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children and Adolescents." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 34, no. 2 (March 2018): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000449.

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Abstract. The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (ICU) was developed to measure callous-unemotional (CU) psychopathic traits in children and adolescents. Studies that have examined the factor structure of ICU showed considerable controversy. The aim of this study was to examine the factor structure and psychometric proprieties of the Portuguese translation of the ICU. A total of 1,011 children and adolescents (495 boys and 516 girls), mean age of 13.36 years, participated in this study. Exploratory factor analysis produced two factors: uncaring and callousness; Cronbach’s α for each of the factor was .83 and .79 for the total score. Significant main gender and interaction between gender and age effects were found; girls reported lower CU traits than boys; children reported higher CU traits compared to preadolescents and adolescents, particularly in boys. CU also correlated with emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and psychosocial impairment. Furthermore, CU traits related to conduct problems both in boys and in girls, although this relationship was higher for boys. To conclude, findings of the present study showed that the Portuguese version of the ICU seems to be a reliable and valid instrument to assess CU traits among children and adolescents in Portugal. However, the original 3-factor model was not supported.

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Berg, Joanna M., Scott O. Lilienfeld, Sheethal D. Reddy, Robert D. Latzman, Annelore Roose, Linda W. Craighead, Thaddeus W. W. Pace, and Charles L. Raison. "The Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits." Assessment 20, no. 5 (January 23, 2013): 532–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191112474338.

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Kimonis, Eva R., Paul J. Frick, and Christopher T. Barry. "Callous-Unemotional Traits and Delinquent Peer Affiliation." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72, no. 6 (December 2004): 956–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.72.6.956.

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Waller, Rebecca. "9.2 PARENTING AND CHILD CALLOUS UNEMOTIONAL TRAITS." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 58, no. 10 (October 2019): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.059.

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Ray, James V., and Paul J. Frick. "Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits Using the Total Score from the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 49, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1504297.

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Salekin, Randall T. "Psychopathy in childhood: Why should we care about grandiose–manipulative and daring–impulsive traits?" British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 3 (September 2016): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179051.

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SummaryCallous–unemotional traits have been incorporated into the DSM-5 and may be considered for the ICD-11. Despite the centrality of callous–unemotional traits, it is only one of three dimensions of child psychopathy. It is proposed that the grandiose–manipulative and daring–impulsive traits should be considered and potentially accepted as specifiers for conduct disorder in the DSM-5 and ICD-11.

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Chen, Yi-Lung, Ray C. Hsiao, Wen-Jiun Chou, and Cheng-Fang Yen. "Adolescent–Parent Agreement on Callous–Unemotional Traits in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113888.

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This study examined the levels of agreement between the reports of 207 adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their parents regarding the adolescents’ callous–unemotional (CU) traits and investigated the factors influencing adolescent–parent agreement. Adolescent–parent agreement about CU traits in three dimensions according to the Chinese version of the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits was examined. The influence of demographic characteristics, comorbid conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and ADHD symptoms on adolescent–parent agreement was also examined. The results indicated that adolescent–parent agreement on the CU trait of uncaringness was moderate, whereas agreement on the CU traits of callousness and unemotionality was poor. Adolescent–parent agreement on the three dimensions of CU traits varied depending on the adolescents’ sex and comorbid CD and ODD symptoms as well as parental age. Therefore, multiple sources of information are required when assessing the severity of CU traits in adolescents with ADHD. The factors influencing the levels of the agreement should also be considered.

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Rossi, Luca, and Margot Zanetti. "The Analysis of Psychopathic Traits and Behavioral Problems Relationships in Italian Adolescents." Journal of Education and Training 8, no. 1 (June 24, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jet.v8i1.18748.

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In this article we analysed the association between psychopathic traits manifested at early age and behavioral problems in adolescents with an extension of correspondence analysis. The used technique allows to verify the relationship between row and column variables in a two-way contingency table. The data are obtained submitting to a sample of 689 high school students two questionnaires: The Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) and The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)). Founding has an important pedagogical impact. The educational professionals, who spend most of the day with the kids, hardly can identify the Callous-unemotional traits but, at same time, could identify easily behavioral problems allowing the implementation of early treatments or the use of pedagogical strategies for young people that could have a high risk of psychopathic traits.

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Van Zalk, Maarten Herman Walter, and Nejra Van Zalk. "Violent peer influence: The roles of self-esteem and psychopathic traits." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt1 (October 6, 2015): 1077–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000693.

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AbstractEvidence for the risks of psychopathic personality traits for adolescent antisocial behavior are well documented in the literature. Little is known, however, about who the peers of adolescents with these traits are and to what extent they influence one another. In the current study, three dimensions of psychopathic traits were distinguished: grandiose–manipulative traits, callous–unemotional traits, and impulsive–irresponsible traits. A dynamic social network approach was used with three waves of longitudinal data from 1,772 adolescents (51.1% girls, M age = 13.03 at first measurement). Results showed that adolescents with grandiose–manipulative and callous–unemotional traits formed peer relationships with adolescents who had low self-esteem. Furthermore, peers' violence predicted stronger increases in violence for adolescents with low self-esteem than for other adolescents, and peers' violence predicted stronger increases in adolescent violence for peers with high psychopathic traits than for other peers. Thus, findings indicate that adolescents with low self-esteem are vulnerable to deviant peer influence from peers with psychopathic traits.

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Pechorro, Pedro, Teresa Braga, James V. Ray, Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves, and Henrik Andershed. "Do incarcerated male juvenile recidivists differ from first-time offenders on self-reported psychopathic traits? A retrospective study." European Journal of Criminology 16, no. 4 (May 7, 2018): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818772774.

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The current study analyzed the relation between recidivism and self-reported psychopathic traits, more specifically the callous-unemotional, impulsivity, and narcissism dimensions of the psychopathy construct. The Antisocial Process Screening Device – Self-Report (APSD-SR) and other self-report instruments independently measuring the three different dimensions of psychopathy (that is, Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, Narcissistic Personality-13) were completed by a sample of incarcerated male juvenile offenders ( N = 244) who were retrospectively classified as recidivists versus non-recidivists. The only statistically significant relation found between recidivism and self-reported psychopathic traits after controlling for age and socioeconomic status was with the impulsivity dimension of the APSD-SR. Additionally, results showed that recidivism was associated with alcohol use but not with drug use or crime seriousness.

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Koglin, Ute, and Franz Petermann. "Callous-unemotional Traits: Verhaltensprobleme und prosoziales Verhalten bei Kindergartenkindern." Kindheit und Entwicklung 21, no. 3 (July 2012): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0942-5403/a000080.

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Callous-unemotional Traits (CU-Traits) stellen in der emotionalen Entwicklung Abweichungen dar, wie mangelnde Empathie oder ein oberflächlicher Affekt und gehören zu den Kernmerkmalen der Psychopathy. Aus einer entwicklungspsychopathologischen Sichtweise wird in der vorliegenden Studie untersucht, ob diese affektiven Merkmale bereits bei Kindern im Kindergartenalter zu identifizieren sind und sie mit Verhaltensproblemen, besonders mit externalisierenden Verhaltensproblemen, im Zusammenhang stehen. Anhand einer Stichprobe mit 311 Kindern (durchschnittlich 5;0 Jahre) wird die Anzahl der Kinder mit Callous-unemotional-Traits (CU-Traits), erfasst mit dem „Antisocial Process Screening Device“ (APSD), identifiziert. Es werden quer- und längsschnittliche Zusammenhange zwischen CU-Traits und Erlebens- und Verhaltensprobleme (SDQ) dargestellt. 23,3 % der Kinder weisen erhöhte Werte auf der Skala CU-Traits auf. Jüngere Kinder erreichen höhere Werte, so dass normative Entwicklungseinflüsse nahe gelegt werden. Es zeigen sich eindeutige Beziehungen zwischen CU-Traits und Verhaltensproblemen sowie negative Korrelationen zu prosozialem Verhalten. In der längsschnittlichen Analyse über ein Jahr erweisen sich CU-Traits als Prädiktor für Verhaltensprobleme. Ein spezifischer Zusammenhang zwischen aggressivem Verhalten und CU-Traits kann nicht aufgezeigt werden. CU-Traits stehen besonders mit einem Defizit prosozialen Verhaltens in Verbindung. Es wird diskutiert, ob CU-Traits bei jungen Kindern dazu geeignet sind, aggressive Kinder frühzeitig zu identifizieren.

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Fawcett, Christine, Victoria Wesevich, Erik Truedsson, Cecilia Wåhlstedt, and Gustaf Gredebäck. "Callous–unemotional traits affect adolescents' perception of collaboration." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57, no. 12 (July 2016): 1400–1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12588.

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Blair, R. James R., Ellen Leibenluft, and Daniel S. Pine. "Conduct Disorder and Callous–Unemotional Traits in Youth." New England Journal of Medicine 371, no. 23 (December 4, 2014): 2207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1315612.

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Flexon, Jamie L. "Evaluating Variant Callous–Unemotional Traits Among Noninstitutionalized Youth." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 13, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 18–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204013519829.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Callous-unemotional traits'

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