Academic literature on the topic 'Callide Basin (Eastern Central Queensland)'

Dry gas in the Gilmore Field of the Adavale Basin has been sourced from both wet gas associated with oil generation, together with methane from a deep, overmature source. The latter gas input is further characterised by a high nitrogen content co-generated with isotopically heavy methane and carbon dioxide. The eastern margin of the Lissoy Sandstone principal reservoir unit contains the higher content of overmature dry gas supporting reservoir compiirtmenmlisalion and a more favourable migration pathway to this region. The combination of a molecular and multi-element isotopic approach is an effective tool for the recognition of an overmature, dry gas source. This deep source represents a play concept that previously has been undervalued and may be more widespread within Australian sedimentary basins.The maturity level of the wet gas and associated oil are identical, having reached an equivalent vitrinite reflectance of 1.4−1.6 per cent. Modelling studies support the concept of local Devonian source rocks for the wet gas and oil. Reservoir filling from late stage, high maturity oil and gas generation and expulsion, was a result of reactivation of petroleum generation from Devonian source rocks during the Early Cretaceous. The large input of dry gas from a deeper and highly overmature source is a more recent event. This gas can fractionally displace condensable C2+ liquids already in the reservoir possibly allowing tertiary migration into younger reservoirs, or adjacent structures.Oil recovered from Gilmore-2 has been sourced from Devonian marine organic matter, deposited under mildly evaporitic, restricted marine conditions. The most likely source rocks in the Adavale Basin are the basal marine shale of the Log Creek Formation, algal shales at the top of the Lissoy Sandstone, and the Cooladdi Dolomite. Source-sensitive biomarkers and carbon isotope composition of the Gilmore-2 oil have much in common with other Devonian-sourced oils from the Bonaparte and Canning basins. The chemical link between western and eastern Australian Devonian oils may suggest diachronous development of source rocks over a wide extent. This implies that the source element of the Devonian Petroleum Supersystem may be present in other sedimentary basins.

The Georgina Basin is a Neoproterozoic to Lower Devonian sedimentary basin covering 325,000 km2 of western Queensland and the NT. It is a northwest-southeast-trending extensional basin, with prospective conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon targets in Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate and siliciclastic rock units. The unconventional gas and oil potential of the basin has led to recent exploration interest, although the basin has been relatively less explored in the past. At the southern end of the basin, depocentres contain up to 2.2 km of Cambrian to Devonian sedimentary rocks, overlying Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks more than 1.5 km thick. The basin succession thins toward the north, where Cambrian sediments overlie the McArthur Basin sediments in the Beetaloo Sub-basin. Biostratigraphic interpretations of the prospective southern, central and eastern regions of the basin have been revised to reflect the 2012 Geological Time Scale (Gradstein, Ogg, Schmitz, and Ogg, 2012), resulting in an updated chronostratigraphic framework for the basin. The revised biostratigraphic interpretations have implications for important hydrocarbon source rocks. For example, the limestone unit in the southern parts of the basin, generally regarded as the Thorntonia Limestone, is of a different age to the type section for this unit, located in the Undilla Sub-basin. Additionally, the basal hot shale of the Arthur Creek Formation is diachronous across the Dulcie and Toko synclines, which may have ramifications for hydrocarbon exploration. This revised chronostratigraphic framework (by Geoscience Australia) for the Georgina Basin provides a baseline for the first basin-wide assessment of the unconventional hydrocarbon potential of the basin.

Deep seismic reflection surveys in north Queensland that were collected in 2006 and 2007 discovered a previously unknown sedimentary basin, now named the Millungera Basin, which is completely covered by a thin succession of sediments of the Jurassic–Cretaceous, Eromanga-Carpentaria Basin. Interpretation of regional aeromagnetic data suggests that the basin could have areal dimensions of up to 280 km by 95 km. Apart from regional geophysical data, virtually no confirmed geological information exists on the basin. To complement the seismic data, new magnetotelluric data have been acquired on several lines across the basin. An angular unconformity between the Eromanga and Millungera basins indicates that the upper part of the Millungera Basin was eroded prior to deposition of the Eromanga-Carpentaria Basin. Both the western and eastern margins of the Millungera Basin are truncated by thrust faults, with well-developed hangingwall anticlines occurring above the thrusts at the eastern margin. The basin thickens slightly to the east, to a maximum preserved subsurface depth of ˜3,370 m. Using sequence stratigraphic principles, three discrete sequences have been mapped. The geometry of the stratigraphic sequences, the post-depositional thrust margins, and the erosional unconformity at the top of the succession all indicate that the original succession across much of the basin was thicker–by up to at least 1,500 m–than preserved today. The age of the Millungera Basin is unknown, but petroleum systems modelling has been carried out using two scenarios, that is, that the sediment fill is equivalent in age to (1) the Neoproterozoic-Devonian Georgina Basin, or (2) the Permian–Triassic Lovelle Depression of the Galilee Basin. Using the Georgina Basin analogue, potential Cambrian source rocks are likely to be mature over most of the Millungera Basin, with significant generation and expulsion of hydrocarbons occurring in two phases, in response to Ordovician and Cretaceous sediment loading. For the Galilee Basin analogue, potential Permian source rocks are likely to be oil mature in the central Millungera Basin, but immature on the basin margins. Significant oil generation and expulsion probably occurred during the Triassic, in response to late Permian to Early Triassic sediment loading. Based on the seismic and potential field data, several granites are interpreted to occur immediately below the Millungera Basin, raising the possibility of hot rock geothermal plays. Depending on its composition, the Millungera Basin could provide a thermal blanket to trap any heat which is generated. 3D inversion of potential field data suggests that the inferred granites range from being magnetic to nonmagnetic, and felsic (less dense) to more mafic. They may be part of the Williams Supersuite, which is enriched in uranium, thorium and potassium, and exposed just to the west, in the Mount Isa Province. 3D gravity modelling suggests that the inferred granites have a possible maximum thickness of up to 5.5 km. Therefore, if granites with the composition of the Williams Supersuite occur beneath the Millungera Basin, in the volumes indicated by gravity inversions, then, based on the forward temperature modelling, there is a good probability that the basin is prospective for geothermal energy.

The coal seam gas (CSG) industry has been active in Australia for almost three decades, with interest largely focussed on the Bowen and Sydney basins. Sporadic activity has also occurred in a number of other areas including the Galilee, Ipswich, Clarence–Moreton, Gunnedah, Gloucester, and Otway basins to name a few, with significant recent interest shown in the promising Surat Basin. Of these basins it is the Bowen Basin in eastern central Queensland which has continued to shine as the premier coal seam gas province in the country.From humble beginnings in the mid-1970s in the Moura area, CSG from the Bowen Basin now supplies around 20% of Queensland gas demand. Since the start of commercial production from the basin in 1996, production has grown to about 20 PJ per year from five separate fields, with three new fields under construction expected to more than double this volume over the next 2–3 years.The largest contribution to this growth will come from the Comet Ridge region which is proving itself to be a world class CSG deposit. The high-productivity fairway in the south of the region extends over an area about 80 km long and 20 km wide and includes the Tipperary Fairview field, and the Origin Energy Spring Gully project. In the last year proved and probable gas reserves have more than doubled to 1,500 PJ across the fairway, with upside recoverable gas estimated to be 4,700 PJ. The rapid rate of CSG reserves increase in the Bowen Basin demonstrates the key role this industry will play in the eastern Australia gas market.

The Lawn Hill Platform (LHP) is a sedimentary province in north-eastern Northern Territory and north-western Queensland that hosts a significant Paleoproterozoic–Mesoproterozoic sequence, often referred to as 'the ‘Isa Superbasin’, and includes the overlying South Nicholson Group. Shale gas resources and base-metals mineralisation are known in north-west Queensland, but the larger basin is underexplored. The Australian Government’s Exploring for the Future (EFTF) 2016−2020 program aims to boost resource exploration in northern Australia. New precompetitive geochemical data obtained in this program includes source rock geochemistry, kerogen kinetics, bitumen reflectance, biomarker and δ13C n-alkanes for understanding the petroleum potential, organic geochemistry of source rocks and fluids, stratigraphic correlations and mineralogy to determine the brittleness of shales. All data and derived reports are accessible on the EFTF portal (www.eftf.ga.gov.au), providing a central location for informed decision making. The results in this study demonstrate fair to excellent source rocks in multiple supersequences that are brittle and favourable to hydraulic stimulation. A comparison to the greater McArthur Basin demonstrates, that although there are many similarities in bulk geochemistry, LHP mudstones are largely heterogeneous, reflecting local variations that may be inherited from variations in contributing biomass, microbial reworking, depositional environment, sediment input and paleoredox conditions.

Prospective Middle–Late Triassic and Early Jurassic petroleum systems are widespread in central Australia where they have only been sparsely explored. These systems are important targets in the Simpson/Eromanga basins (Poolowanna Trough and surrounds), but the petroleum systems also extend into the northern and eastern Cooper Basin.Regional deposition of Early–Middle Triassic red-beds, which provide regional seal to the Permian petroleum system, are variously named the Walkandi Formation in the Simpson Basin, and the Arrabury Formation in the northern and eastern Cooper Basin. A pervasive, transgressive lacustrine sequence (Middle–Late Triassic Peera Peera Formation) disconformably overlies the red-beds and can be correlated over a distance of 500 km from the Poolowanna Trough into western Queensland, thus providing the key to unravelling Triassic stratigraphic architecture in the region. The equivalent sequence in the northern Cooper Basin is the Tinchoo Formation. These correlations allow considerable simplification of Triassic stratigraphy in this region, and demonstrate the wide lateral extent of lacustrine source rocks that also provide regional seal. Sheet-like, fluvial-alluvial sands at the base of the Peera Peera/Tinchoo sequence are prime reservoir targets and have produced oil at James–1, with widespread hydrocarbon shows occurring elsewhere including Poolowanna–1, Colson–1, Walkandi–1, Potiron–1 and Mackillop–1.The Early Jurassic Poolowanna Formation disconformably overlies the Peera Peera Formation and can be subdivided into two transgressive, fluvial-lacustrine cycles, which formed on a regional scale in response to distal sea level oscillations. Early Jurassic stratigraphic architecture in the Poolowanna Trough is defined by a lacustrine shale capping the basal transgressive cycle (Cycle 1). This shale partitions the Early Jurassic aquifer in some areas and significant hydrocarbon shows and oil recoveries are largely restricted to sandstones below this seal. Structural closure into the depositional edge of Cycle 1 is an important oil play.The Poolowanna and Peera Peera formations, which have produced minor oil and gas/condensate on test respectively in Poolowanna–1, include lacustrine source rocks with distinct coal maceral compositions. Significantly, the oil-bearing Early Jurassic sequence in Cuttapirrie–1 in the Cooper Basin correlates directly with the Cycle–1 oil pool in Poolowanna–1. Basin modelling in the latter indicates hydrocarbon expulsion occurred in the late Cretaceous (90–100 Ma) with migration into a subtle Jurassic age closure. Robust Miocene structural reactivation breached the trap leaving only minor remnants of water-washed oil. Other large Miocene structures, bound by reverse faults and some reflecting major inversion, have failed to encounter commercial hydrocarbons. Future exploration should target subtle Triassic to Jurassic–Early Cretaceous age structural and combination stratigraphic traps largely free of younger fault dislocation.

ABSTRACTSilicic and minor intermediate and mafic pyroclastics, lavas, and dykes occupy a NW-trending zone through the Whitsunday, Cumberland and Northumberland Island groups, and locally areas on the adjacent mainland, over a distance of more than 300 km along the central Queensland coast. K-Ar and Rb-Sr data indicate an age range of 95–132 Ma, with the main activity approximately between 105–120 Ma; there is, however, evidence for easterly increasing ages. Comagmatic granites, some clearly intrusive into the volcanics, occur together with two localised areas of Triassic potassic granites (229 Ma), that form the immediate basement.The volcanics are dominantly rhyolitic to dacitic lithic ignimbrites, with intercalated surge and bedded tuffs, accretionary lapilli tuffs, and lag deposits. Associated rock types include isolated rhyolitic and dacitic domes, and volumetrically minor andesite and rare basalt flows. The sequence is cut by abundant dykes, especially in the northern region and adjacent mainland, ranging from dolerite through andesite, dacite and rhyolite. Dyke orientations show maxima between NW-NNE. Isotope data, similarities in petrography and mineralogy, and alteration patterns all suggest dyke intrusion to be broadly contemporaneous with volcanism. The thickness of the volcanics is unconstrained, although in the Whitsunday area, minimum thicknesses of >1 km are inferred. Eruptive centres are believed to occur throughout the region, and include at least two areas of caldera-style collapse. The sequences are thus considered as predominantly intracaldera.The phenocryst mineralogy is similar to modern “orogenic” volcanics. Phases include plagioclase, augite, hypersthene (uralitised), magnetite, ilmenite, with less common hornblende, and even rarer quartz, sanidine, and biotite. Fe-enriched compositions only develop in some high-silica rhyolites. The granites range from quartz diorite to granite s.s., and some contain spectacular concentrations of partially disaggregated dioritic inclusions.Chemically, the suite ranges continuously from basalt to high-silica rhyolite, with calc-alkali to high-K affinities, and geochemical signatures similar to modern subduction-related magmas. Only the high-silica rhyolites and granites exhibit evidence of extensive fractional crystallisation (e.g. pronounced Eu anomalies). Variation within the suite can only satisfactorily be modelled in terms of two component mixing, with superimposed crystal fractionation. Nd and Sr isotope compositions are relatively coherent, with εNd + 2·2 to +7·3, and ISr (calculated at 110 and 115 Ma) 0·7031-0·7044. These are relatively primitive, and imply mantle and/or newly accreted crustal magma sources.The two end-members proposed are within-plate tholeiitic melt, and ?low-silica rhyolitic melts generated by partial fusion of Permian (to ?Carboniferous) arc and arc basement. The arc-like geochemistry is thus considered to be source inherited. The tectonic setting for Cretaceous volcanism is correlated with updoming and basin rifting during the early stages of continental breakup, culminating in the opening of the Tasman Basin. Cretaceous volcanism is also recognised in the Maryborough Basin (S Queensland), the Lord Howe Rise, and New Caledonia, indicating the regional extent of volcanism associated with the complex breakup of the eastern Australasian continent margin.

AbstractA review of the palynofloral succession at the well-documented Triassic–Jurassic boundary sites – Kuhjoch (Austria), St Audrie's Bay (UK), Stenlille (Denmark), Astartekløft (Greenland), Sverdrup Basin (Arctic Canada), Northern Carnarvon Basin (Western Australia), Southeast Queensland (eastern Australia) and New Zealand – show all sites experienced major to moderate re-organization of the terrestrial vegetation during the end-Triassic event. The changes led to subsequent taxonomic losses of between 17% and 73% of the Rhaetian pre-extinction palynoflora. The majority of the typical Rhaetian taxa that disappear are so far not known fromin situoccurrences in reproductive structures of macrofossil plant taxa. From an ecological perspective, the most dramatic changes occurred in the Sverdrup Basin, Stenlille, Kuhjoch and Carnarvon Basin, where the pre- and post-extinction palynofloras were fundamentally different in both composition and dominance. These changes correspond to ecological severity Category I of McGheeet al.(2004), while the remaining sites are placed in their Subcategory IIa because there the pre-extinction ecosystems are disrupted, but recover and are not replaced post-extinction. Increased total abundances of spores on both hemispheres during the extinction and recovery intervals may indicate that environmental and/or climatic conditions became less favourable for seed plants. Such conditions may include expected effects of volcanism in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, such as acid rain, terrestrial soil and freshwater acidification due to volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions, fluctuating ultraviolet flux due to ozone depletion caused by halogens and halocarbon compounds, and drastic changes in climatic conditions due to greenhouse gas emissions.

The red-finned blue-eye is the only pseudomugilid fish known from inland Australia and it is found only within an isolated cluster of Great Artesian Basin springs on Edgbaston Reserve in central-western Queensland. Surveys conducted in early 2009 revealed that red-finned blue-eye was present in four individual springs and that invasion of the spring complex by alien eastern gambusia was the most likely factor contributing to local extirpations. A three-year project commenced in the same year, with the twin aims of investigating methods for removing gambusia from springs and relocating small populations of red-finned blue-eye to fish-free springs. Gambusia removal with rotenone has been successful in a trial spring at Edgbaston and aquatic invertebrates have not been adversely affected. From a total of seven relocation events conducted in the same period, red-finned blue-eye populations have persisted in three. The results indicate that gambusia removal and red-finned blue-eye relocation are both suitable methods for red-finned blue-eye conservation, and as the fish is both endangered and declining, these methods and other strategies such as captive breeding should be implemented to prevent species extinction.

Abstract. The Hydrologic Reference Stations is a network of 467 high-quality streamflow gauging stations across Australia that is developed and maintained by the Bureau of Meteorology as part of an ongoing responsibility under the Water Act 2007. The main objectives of the service are to observe and detect climate-driven changes in observed streamflow and to provide a quality-controlled dataset for research. We investigate trends and step changes in streamflow across Australia in data from all 467 streamflow gauging stations. Data from 30 to 69 years in duration ending in February 2019 were examined. We analysed data in terms of water-year totals and for the four seasons. The commencement of the water year varies across the country – mainly from February–March in the south to September–October in the north. We summarized our findings for each of the 12 drainage divisions defined by Australian Hydrological Geospatial Fabric (Geofabric) and for continental Australia as a whole. We used statistical tests to detect and analyse linear and step changes in seasonal and annual streamflow. Monotonic trends were detected using modified Mann–Kendall (MK) tests, including a variance correction approach (MK3), a block bootstrap approach (MK3bs) and a long-term persistence approach (MK4). A nonparametric Pettitt test was used for step-change detection and identification. The regional significance of these changes at the drainage division scale was analysed and synthesized using a Walker test. The Murray–Darling Basin, home to Australia's largest river system, showed statistically significant decreasing trends for the region with respect to the annual total and all four seasons. Drainage divisions in New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania showed significant annual and seasonal decreasing trends. Similar results were found in south-western Western Australia, South Australia and north-eastern Queensland. There was no significant spatial pattern observed in central nor mid-west Western Australia, with one possible explanation for this being the sparse density of streamflow stations and/or the length of the datasets available. Only the Tanami–Timor Sea Coast drainage division in northern Australia showed increasing trends and step changes in annual and seasonal streamflow that were regionally significant. Most of the step changes occurred during 1970–1999. In the south-eastern part of Australia, the majority of the step changes occurred in the 1990s, before the onset of the “Millennium Drought”. Long-term monotonic trends in observed streamflow and its regional significance are consistent with observed changes in climate experienced across Australia. The findings of this study will assist water managers with long-term infrastructure planning and management of water resources under climate variability and change across Australia.

The Late Triassic Callide Coal Measures are preserved in a small (22.5 by 8 km), shallow, partly fault-bounded basin remnant (the Callide Basin) near the town of Biloela in east-central Queensland. The largely undeformed basin-fill unconformably overlies a variety of Palaeozoic rocks which were strongly folded and thrusted during the Hunter-Bowen Orogeny. The Callide seam Member is the thickest and most economic of four seam members within the coal measure sequence. The coal is characteristically sub-bituminous and is dull, sub-hydrous, and sold unwashed. Its most striking feature is a high mineral matter content and significant concentrations of iron minerals exist, comprising up to 8% of the coal, or 50% of the coal ash. Thin layers of elastic rocks (up to 0.4m in thickness) which are interbedded with the coal or are immediately underlying coal seams, can contain up to 56% iron minerals (76% in ash). The spatial variability of the iron.minerals is high, which impacts upon coal quality parameters during coal utilisation. Of particular concern is the variable and unpredicted performance of the coal during combustion. Although high iron in ash generally relates to deleterious slagging behaviour during combustion, other factors also impact upon performance. Previous studies by several workers have focussed on the coal product and end-use problems with less than successful results. This study differs by seeking to determine geological and geochemical controls on the distribution of high iron zones in Callide coals and the effect of mineral composition on coal combustion. The study is interdisciplinary, and investigates iron distribution and mineralogy at progressively smaller scales, starting at the basin-wide level and progressing through to coal deposit and then to individual seam distributions. At the basin-wide level, modelling of total iron within the Callide seam Member has shown that iron concentrations are higher along the western margin of the basin, where the entire sequence is thicker. Furthermore, iron mineralisation also seems to be highest on either flank of the synclinal axis of the basin, which trends north-west, parallel to the regional structural grain. At the deposit level, iron distributions are not so easily characterised, being manifest as a complex mosaic of narrow, elongated zones containing between 20-50% iron in coal ash surrounded by more subdued zones of moderate iron mineral concentrations, whose location varies for each seam. Some of the iron mineralisation is clearly discordant to bedding attitudes. Vertical variability in iron content within a profile also is not consistent across the basin, but iron minerals habitate generally at the base of seams, in soft, moist, "sooty" fusainous layers, in intra-seam claystone partings or "hardpan", and near structural discontinuities. The application of detailed coal characterisation techniques has determined that upwards of 90% of the iron minerals in the Callide seam Memter are siderite, goethite and pyrite. The remainder are primary iron oxides, such as haematite, and trace amounts of hydrated iron sulphates. Some of the iron oxides are weakly magnetic. There are at least two phases of siderite present, one as spherules or nodules that apparently formed at low temperatures and shallow depths, early in coal diagenesis, from meteoric waters in a formative peat swamp. Both siderites are very pure, with negligible substitution of Mn, Mg and Ca cations into the lattice. The other occurs as cleat and/or vein infillings formed after coalification. Possibly a third phase, with similar morphology, has formed from recent oxidation. These latter two siderites, except at Boundary Hill Mine, form only a small percentage of the total siderite present. The vertical variability measured generally corresponds to the scale of bounding surfaces in dulling upward coal cycles. These surfaces, which may relate to flooding events, could have provided an environment for primary siderite formation, or provided discontinuities, and/or porous conduits for secondary fluid migration and iron mineralisation. Nonetheless, the fundamental control on the high and variable iron distribution along the western margin of the basin appears to be structural (ie. related to jointing, faulting and igneous intrusions). Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses combined with petrographic evidence suggests that the siderite and its host peat show characteristics consistent with repeated in-situ oxidation. Such indicators include lack of calcite, a subdued pyrite presence, high inertinite,(and particularly micrinite) contents, and weathering of the siderite to goethite. Sufficient similarities exist to characterise the Callide seam Member as a very low-grade fossil bog iron ore deposit. In the second half of this study, the influence that high iron mineral concentrations have upon the physical, geochemical, and geophysical properties of the coal are examined. Apart from affecting the visual appearance of the coal, the high and variable mineral matter contents affect interpretation of certain downhole geophysical logs. Furthermore, the calculation of the apparent relative density, volatile, and mineral matter of the coal is affected, and subsequently impacts upon the correct classification of the coal. High concentrations of iron minerals in the coal increases the coals' carbon char reactivity, but impinges upon combustion behaviour. It is within this framework that the interaction of these iron minerals with other minerals in the coal was further investigated to explain the variable performance of the coal upon combustion. Identification of coal attributes causing adverse boiler slagging, ahead of mining, was most successful when the author modelled ratios of the most significant minerals present: kaolinite, siderite, and quartz.

Traditional geophysical techniques, such as electrical, magnetic, seismic and gamma spectroscopic methods, have been deployed across the Callide Basin, Eastern Central Queensland, intent on delineating basin -wide structures. Further, innovative surface and borehole geophysical techniques have been applied for coal mine -scale exploration and production with the intention of reducing global geological ambiguity and optimising exploration resources at Callide Coalfields.

A very low frequency electromagnetic surface impedance mapping method, the SIROLOG downhole technique, acoustic scanning, electromagnetic tomography and

full wave -form sonic borehole logging have been trialed for geological hazard and mine design applications at Callide Coalfields as the precursor to their wider

application and acceptance in the Australian coal industry.

In this thesis, the theoretical basis for these techniques is provided. However, more importantly, the case studies presented demonstrate the role that these geophysical

techniques have played in identifying geological structures critical to mining.

Reverse faults that daylight in highwalls and intrusions constitute geological hazards that affect safety, costs and scheduling in mining operations. Identification of the limit

of oxidation of coal seams (coal subcrop) is critical in mine design. During the course of this thesis, the application of geophysical techniques resulted in:

a) a major structure (the "Trap Gully Monocline") being redefined from its original

interpretation as a normal fault to a monocline that is stress -relieved by minor scale thrust faulting;

b) two previously unidentified intrusions (the Kilburnie "Homestead" plug and The Hut "Crater" plug) that impinge on mining have been discovered;

c) the delineation of two coal subcrop lines has resulted in the discovery of an additional 1.5 million tonnes of coal reserve at Boundary Hill mine and the successful redesign of mining strips at The Hut Central Valley and Eastern

Hillside brownfield sites; and

d) the first ever attempt to petrophysically characterise the lithotypes within the Callide Basin.