Relevant bibliographies by topics / CALINE 4

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'CALINE 4'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "CALINE 4"

1

Dewapandhu, Bagas Ajie, and Andik Pribadi. "Analisis Penyebaran Gas Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) di Jalan Raya Dramaga – Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor dengan Menggunakan Model Caline-4." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsil.8.1.67-76.

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Sektor transportasi merupakan salah satu sumber utama dari pencemaran udara yang menghasilkan polutan nitrogen dioksida (NO2). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran konsentrasi NO2 dari sumber transportasi di jalan raya Dramaga – Ciampea Kabupaten Bogor menggunakan pemodelan Caline-4 serta membandingkannya dengan pengukuran lapangan. Penelitian dimulai dengan pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder, kemudian dimodelkan menggunakan Caline-4, dan terakhir pola sebaran divisualisasikan menggunakan ArcGIS. Berdasarkan simulasi pada periode 24 April – 2 Juni 2021 didapatkan konsentrasi NO2 tertinggi berada di segmen 6 yang berkisar antara 0–9,1 ppm dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 1,48 ppm. Sedangkan konsentrasi terendah berada di segmen 3 yang berkisar antara 0–2,7 ppm dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 0,43 ppm. Konsentrasi NO2 cenderung lebih tinggi pada pagi hari, menurun pada siang hari lalu naik lagi pada sore hari. Hal ini terutama dipengaruhi oleh perubahan volume lalu lintas pada waktu-waktu tersebut. Beberapa reseptor memperoleh konsentrasi 0,00 ppm karena berada di hulu angin dari jalan raya sebagai sumber polutannya. Hasil perbandingan model dengan pengukuran lapangan didapatkan R2 sebesar 0,5835 yang berarti model ini dapat memprediksi dispersi polutan dengan akurasi sedang. Model Caline-4 juga cenderung memberikan hasil yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pengukuran lapangan. Beberapa hal dapat menyebabkan hal ini diantaranya nilai faktor emisi, faktor cuaca, maupun metode perhitungan dalam model Caline-4 itu sendiri.
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Mohan, Braj, Kafeel Ahmed, and Shakil Afsar. "Study on Air Quality in the Near Field of MMA –A Case Study." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 4, no. 1 (2016): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.411611.

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Study on Air quality in the near field of MMA JauharMarg, JamiaUniversity Campus, New Delhihas been carried out by using airmonitoring data and traffic volume data which is collectedmanually up to 8 hrs on the MMA JauharMarg for 3 consecutive working days i.e 07.10.2014 to 09.10.2014. Concentration of pollutants ispredicted by air quality prediction model i.e CALINE-4/2.1 model.The main objective of this study is to find out air pollutants (CO, SOx, NOx, PM10) concentration at near field of MMA JauharMarg, Jamia University Campus. Traffic volume passing in a day (8 hrs) is used for this purpose.The air quality prediction modelis used to predict CO concentration by using collected data of transported vehicles. Air qualitymonitoring data is collected through airsampler upto 8 hrs for verification of predicted results of caline-4 model. The monitored value of CO is 1.4 mg/m3(maximum) between 1000 hrs.-1100 hrs. and 0.85 mg/m3 (Min) between 1400 hrs to 1500 hrs. 8 hrs monitored average concentration of CO is 1.14 mg/m3.The predicted value from Caline-4 model indicates that the CO concentration near the receptor location is1.5mg/m3and 200 meter away from receptor is 0.75mg/m3.
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Zakaria, R., M. I. Ramli, M. Hustim, H. Alimuddin, and Anisah Pratiwi. "Analysis of NO2 gas concentration from the transportation sector through direct measurement and the Caline 4 dispersion program on the Makassar City Toll Road." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012052.

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Abstract Makassar as a developing city is experiencing development from the transportation sector. This resulted in the increasing number of vehicles. The increase in the number of vehicles produces emissions that cause air pollution, including NO2 emissions from motor vehicles. Currently NO2 concentration can be determined by direct measurement using the Gries Saltman method and pollutant prediction using the Caline program. This research was conducted on the Makassar city toll road which is divided into nine sample points. This study aims to determine the level of NO2 concentration from the transportation sector on the Makassar city toll road. Concentration results from direct measurements and predictions of caline are compared to show the level of concentration present. The results of the NO2 concentration are still below the threshold value that has been set in the latest applicable regulations, which is 200 g/Nm3 with a measurement time of 1 hour. The high or low value of NO2 concentration is influenced by the vehicle volume factor, where the NO2 concentration increases along with the increase in vehicle volume. In addition, it is also influenced by meteorological factors. Based on the results of the Caline-4 software output, the results obtained from the distribution of NO2 concentrations at each receptor found on the Toll Road in Makassar City, it can be stated that it is still below the threshold value set in the latest applicable regulations, which is 200 g/Nm3 with time measurement for one hour.
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Majumdar, Baijayanta Kumar, Amit Dutta, Shibnath Chakrabarty, and Subhabrata Ray. "Assessment of vehicular pollution in Kolkata, India, using CALINE 4 model." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 170, no. 1-4 (October 27, 2009): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1212-2.

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Aly, S. H., A. A. Amiruddin, and D. Y. Winardhy. "Investigation of CO emissions on school areas based on Caline-4." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 419 (February 8, 2020): 012164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/419/1/012164.

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Sin Ko Ko, Shwe, Ranjna Jindal, Win Trivitayanurak, Kraichat Tantrakarnapa, and Nawatch Surinkul. "Simulation of PM2.5 Concentrations around the Proposed Yangon Outer Ring Road (Eastern Section) in Myanmar Using CALINE 4 Model." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 4 (May 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202200029.

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An increase in traffic volume has resulted in the deterioration of environmental quality and human health in Yangon as well as in the surrounding areas that are connected to the city via several road links. The Yangon Outer Ring Road Construction (YORR) (Eastern Section) is a priority project for solving traffic-related problems. This study aimed to simulate the current levels of PM2.5 concentration around the proposed YORR (Eastern Section) area using the CALINE 4 model and to evaluate the model’s performance. Air quality measurements of PM2.5 were carried out in five townships around the proposed road construction area-for one week at each monitoring location-from January 24th to March 2nd, 2021 using the Haz-Scanner Environmental Perimeter Air Station. When compared to the ambient air quality guidelines of Myanmar, the International Finance Corporation, and the World Health Organization, the observed PM2.5 concentrations were found to be usually high at all locations, except in Kyauktan township. Statistical analysis indicated that the CALINE 4 model performed satisfactorily with a coefficient of determination of 0.85-0.90, fractional bias of 0.03-0.50, and normalized mean square error of 0.001-0.100. It is crucial that mitigation measures, including policies regarding the use of low PM emission vehicles and road-side barriers, be implemented by regulatory authorities during and after the YORR construction.
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Muchtar, F., and M. I. Ramli. "Estimation of CO vehicular emission on arterial roads in Makassar City based on Caline-4." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 235 (February 20, 2019): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/235/1/012056.

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Madiraju, Saisantosh Vamshi Harsha, and Ashok Kumar. "Examination of the Performance of a Three-Phase Atmospheric Turbulence Model for Line-Source Dispersion Modeling Using Multiple Air Quality Datasets." J 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j5020015.

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One of the weaknesses of current line-source models for predicting downwind concentrations from mobile sources is accounting for the dispersion of effluents. Most of the investigators in the field have taken different approaches over the last 50 years, ranging from the use of Pasquill–Gifford (P-G) dispersion curves to the use of equations based on atmospheric turbulence for point source dispersion. Madiraju and Kumar (2021) proposed a three-phase turbulence (TPT) model using the key features of mobile source dispersion that appear in the existing literature. This paper examines the performance of line-source models using an updated TPT model. The generic dispersion equations were considered from the SLINE 1.1, CALINE 4, ADMS, and SLSM models. Multiple air quality field data sets collected by other investigators near the roadways were used during this study. These include field data collected from the Idaho Falls Tracer Experiment 2008 (used as the dataset to compare with the initial model), the CALTRANS Highway 99 Tracer experiment, and the Raleigh 2006 experiment. The predicted concentrations were grouped under unstable and stable atmospheric conditions. The evaluation of the model was performed using several statistical parameters such as FB, NMSE, R2, MG, VG, MSLE, and MAPE. The results indicate that the ADMS and SLINE 1.1 models perform better than CALINE4 and SLSM. SLINE 1.1 tends to overpredict for stable atmospheric conditions and underpredict for unstable atmospheric conditions. A trial test was performed to implement the TPT model in the basic line-source model (SLSM). The results indicate that the majority (FB, NMSE, R2, and MSLE) of the indicators have improved and are in the satisfactory range of a good model performance level.
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Dhyani, Rajni, Anil Singh, Niraj Sharma, and Sunil Gulia. "Performance evaluation of CALINE 4 model in a hilly terrain - a case study of highway corridors in Himachal Pradesh (India)." International Journal of Environment and Pollution 52, no. 3/4 (2013): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2013.058455.

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Isworo, Slamet, Poerna Sri Oetari, Indah Noor Alita, and Tozan Ajie. "The Prediction of Air Quality Status." International Journal of Applied Science 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): p7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ijas.v2n1p7.

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Construction of the National Railway Station Cross Station Kedundang - New Yogyakarta Airport Station is an accelerated development program in supporting the economy of the special region of Yogyakarta. Construction of the railroad as a consequence of infrastructure development that enables potential impacts on the surrounding environment. This study is a predictive study of air quality that might occur after operational construction of a fire pathway with Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) with the Gas Sampler-Spectrophotometer-Saltzman Method, Carbon Monoxide (CO) with the gas sampler-NDIR analyzer method and dust particles with the dust sample, Hi-Vol gravimetric method. The data obtained is then converted into modeling using Caline 4 software, so that air quality prediction is obtained at the time of operation. Air quality category predictions use the standard air pollution index standard. The results of the analysis of the air quality parameters show a good category, only on the CO2 parameters that address high concentrations. however, based on CO2 conversion using the value of the Air Pollution Standard Index is predicted to remain in the "Good" category at the time of project operation. Therefore an air quality study is needed in the railroad development plan through an analysis study of environmental impacts, so that the management and monitoring of air quality can be carried out properly so as to cause disruption to the environment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CALINE 4"

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Picque, Benjamin. "Experimental study and numerical simulation of iron oxide scales mechanical behavior in hot rolling." Paris, ENMP, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENMP1288.

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Le laminage à chaud des aciers représente une des étapes les plus critiques dans l'obtention de produits finis ayant une bonne qualité de surface. L'augmentation de la productivité ajoutée à l'accroissement des besoins du client induit des règles de plus en plus sévères pour les trains à bandes. L'aspect de surface d'une bande est un enjeu très important en termes de coûts d'opération du laminoir et de limitation de productivité. Parmi tous les défauts de surface, le plus défavorable provient de la couche d'oxyde (calamine) formée à la surface de l'acier pendant le laminage à chaud, à l'entrée du finisseur (dernière partie du laminoir): la calamine secondaire dont le comportement mécanique est toujours mal connu. La calamine secondaire peut être fissurée sous les contraintes imposées par les passes successives de laminage, et peut être incrustée dans son substrat en acier; ce défaut est appelé "défaut de calamine incrustée". De plus, l'extrusion du métal sous-jacent dans les fissures de calamine engendre d'importantes modifications locales des conditions de frottement et de transfert thermique. En conséquence, une description précise des mécanismes de déformation de la calamine est nécessaire pour définir au mieux les conditions aux limites sous emprise, et mieux comprendre les mécanismes de défauts d'incrustation. Notre objectif scientifique est donc de réaliser un modèle physique et numérique réaliste, capable de simuler l'écoulement de la calamine dans une emprise de laminage, et en particulier son endommagement. Après la présentation du procédé industriel et du contexte de l'étude, les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des calamines dans le finisseur sont mises en évidences. Le logiciel éléments finis Forge2® sélectionné pour cette étude pour simuler le comportement de la calamine dans une cage de finisseur est présenté. Les développements numériques réalisés pour simuler les différents types d'endommagement de la calamine (fissure, décohésion, glissement, extrusion) sont décrits. Trois tests mécaniques ont été sélectionnés pour reproduire les sollicitations subies par la couche d'oxyde en entrée d'emprise et pouvant conduire à sa fissuration: le test de flexion 4 points, le test de traction et le bipoinçonnement. Une étude numérique est réalisée en parallèle. Avec ces trois essais mécaniques, réalisés à chaud, la description mécanique d'une cage de laminage est suffisamment complète pour simuler le procédé industriel dans de bonnes conditions
Hot rolling of steels represents one of the most critical steps to achieve finished products with high surface quality. The increasing productivity added to the rising customer requirements result in more and more severe scheduling rules for the HSM. Strip surface aspect is very important in terms of HSM operation costs and productivity limitation. Among all surface defects, the most crippling comes from the oxide scale formed at the surface of the steel during the hot rolling, at the entry of the finishing mill (last part of the hot strip mill): the secondary scale, mechanical behaviour of which is still poorly known. The secondary scale may fracture under the stresses imposed by the successive rolling passes, and can be embedded in the steel strip surface: this defect is called "rolled-in scale defect". In addition, the extrusion of the subjacent metal inside the oxide cracks induces large local modifications of friction and heat transfer conditions. Consequently, a precise description of oxide scale deformation mechanisms is necessary to better define the boundary conditions in a roll bite and to better understand the initiation mechanisms of rolled-in scale defects. Our scientific objective is then to provide a realistic physical and numerical model to simulate the oxide scale flow in the roll bite and in particular, its damage. After the presentation of the industrial process and the context of this study, the physical and mechanical properties of the oxide scale in the finishing mill are investigated. We introduce the Forge2® finite element software, selected for this study to simulate the oxide scale behaviour in a finishing mill stand. The numerical developments performed to simulate the different kinds of oxide damage are described. Three mechanical tests have been selected to approach the solicitations undergone by the oxide scale at the entry of the roll gap, suspected to be critical for damage: the 4-point hot bending test, the hot tension test and the hot plane strain compression test. A numerical study is performed in parallel. Based on constitutive data obtained from these three mechanical tests, the mechanical description of a rolling stand is sufficient for satisfactory simulation of the industrial process
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Picque, Benjamin. "Étude expérimentale et simulation numérique du comportement mécanique des calamines lors du laminage à chaud." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001360.

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Le laminage à chaud des aciers représente une des étapes les plus critiques dans l'obtention de produits finis ayant une bonne qualité de surface. L'augmentation de la productivité ajoutée à l'accroissement des besoins du client induit des règles de plus en plus sévères pour les trains à bandes. L'aspect de surface d'une bande est un enjeu très important en termes de coûts d'opération du laminoir et de limitation de productivité. Parmi tous les défauts de surface, le plus défavorable provient de la couche d'oxyde (calamine) formée à la surface de l'acier pendant le laminage à chaud, à l'entrée du finisseur (dernière partie du laminoir): la calamine secondaire dont le comportement mécanique est toujours mal connu. La calamine secondaire peut être fissurée sous les contraintes imposées par les passes successives de laminage, et peut être incrustée dans son substrat en acier; ce défaut est appelé "défaut de calamine incrustée". De plus, l'extrusion du métal sous-jacent dans les fissures de calamine engendre d'importantes modifications locales des conditions de frottement et de transfert thermique. En conséquence, une description précise des mécanismes de déformation de la calamine est nécessaire pour définir au mieux les conditions aux limites sous emprise, et mieux comprendre les mécanismes de défauts d'incrustation. Notre objectif scientifique est donc de réaliser un modèle physique et numérique réaliste, capable de simuler l'écoulement de la calamine dans une emprise de laminage, et en particulier son endommagement. Après la présentation du procédé industriel et du contexte de l'étude, les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des calamines dans le finisseur sont mises en évidences. Le logiciel éléments finis Forge2® sélectionné pour cette étude pour simuler le comportement de la calamine dans une cage de finisseur est présenté. Les développements numériques réalisés pour simuler les différents types d'endommagement de la calamine (fissure, décohésion, glissement, extrusion) sont décrits. Trois tests mécaniques ont été sélectionnés pour reproduire les sollicitations subies par la couche d'oxyde en entrée d'emprise et pouvant conduire à sa fissuration: le test de flexion 4 points, le test de traction et le bipoinçonnement. Une étude numérique est réalisée en parallèle. Avec ces trois essais mécaniques, réalisés à chaud, la description mécanique d'une cage de laminage est suffisamment complète pour simuler le procédé industriel dans de bonnes conditions.
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Bouineau, Vincent. "Expérimentation et modélisation des réactions de décomposition isotherme et isobare des solides. Application au sulfate de lithium monohydrate et au carbonate de calcium." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841842.

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La décomposition d'un solide S1 en un solide S2 et un gaz G : S1→S2 + G, peut-être décrite par les processus de germination et de croissance de la nouvelle phase. Une modélisation géométrique peut permettre de déterminer la réactivité de croissance et la fréquence de germination. Nous avons étudié les variations de celles-ci en fonction des contraintes physico-chimiques température et pression du gaz produit. La méthode des décrochements et l'étude de grains uniques ont permis de valider les valeurs des vitesses obtenues. A ce stade, la modélisation physico-chimique, c'est-à-dire l'établissement d'un mécanisme réactionnel détaillé propre à chacun des deux processus est effectuée. La comparaison des vitesses théoriques issus des modèles aux variations expérimentales permettra de valider le mécanisme. L'effet smith-topley observe sur les variations expérimentales peut alors être expliqué par une variation de la taille des germes en fonction de la pression. De plus, l'étude de calcaires naturels a permis de faire apparaître une forte influence des impuretés sur les réactivités spécifiques de croissance et les fréquences spécifiques de germination lors de leur décomposition.
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AGGARWAL, ANCHAL. "SENSITIVE ANALYSIS OF CALINE 4 HIGHWAY DISPERSION MODEL UNVER MIXED TRAFIC CONDITIONS." Thesis, 2012. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/13911.

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M.TECH
Rapid urbanization and industrialization of cities have increased the vehicular traffic leading to increase in air pollution in urban areas. It has been estimated that in India road traffic contributes approximately 70% of air pollution in urban areas. To reduce the impacts of air pollution due to vehicular traffic, it is important to manage and improve the quality of air in such urban areas. Air pollution dispersion models are used to effectively and efficiently plan the management (environment management plan) of vehicular traffic pollution on particular area/ road corridor, along with monitoring of air pollutants. They not only aid in determining the present influenced area/ affected due to vehicular traffic pollution but also help in identifying the future scenarios under different traffic and meteorological conditions made by these models. Vehicular pollution modeling involves air pollution prediction estimates by simulating impact of emissions from vehicular activities in a given region under specified traffic and meteorological conditions. Throughout the world, including India the prediction of vehicular pollutant concentrations along highways and roads are carried out by using various Gaussian-based highway dispersion models. Based on the Gaussian dispersion model, several prediction models have been developed to predict vehicular pollution levels along the highways. The most popular amongst various highway dispersion models, are the CALINE model (latest being CALINE 4). CALINE 4 developed by Benson (1984) is extensively used throughout the world (including India) for various vehicular pollution estimate/ prediction along the highways. The CALINE 4 Model uses various inputs (viz., Traffic Volume, Emission Factor, Road geometry, Wind Speed, Wind Direction, Background Concentration) to predict the air pollution concentrations at pre-identified receptor locations along the highway. The present study focuses on sensitivity analysis of CALINE-4 model which is the fourth version simple line source Gaussian plume dispersion model. Ashram Chowk – CRRI highway Corridor of NH-2 was selected as the area of study. Inputs data (viz. traffic volume, traffic compositions, meteorological data etc.) required for CALINE 4 model was collected from field surveys data. Emission factors provided by CPCB (2000) and ARAI (2007) were used to estimate Weighted Emission Factor (WEF) to account for mixed traffic conditions. The CO concentration due to traffic along the xiii Ashram Chowk – CRRI highway corridor was predicted at the pre-identified receptor locations. The dispersion of CO concentrations was found to be present upto a distance of 150m from the edge of the mixing zone width (road width+3m on each side of the road). The predicted CO concentrations in all the cases (viz., 1-hour Standard Case Run Conditions, 1-hour Worse Case Run Conditions) were within the National Ambient Air Quality Standard, 2009 (NAAQS, 2009) (i.e. 2 mg/m3 for 8 hours and 4 mg/m3 for 1 hour for CO). The regression coefficient (r2) between predicted and observed 1-hour CO concentrations using CPCB emission factors for Standard Case Run Condition was 0.65 and for Worse Case Run Condition was 0.76. Similarly, the regression coefficient (r2) between predicted and observed 1-hour CO concentrations using ARAI emission factors for Standard Case Run Condition was 0.60 and for Worse Case Run Condition was 0.73. A sensitivity analysis of the CALINE 4 model had been performed to identify the most influential variables. CALINE 4 model was found to be relatively sensitive to wind angle (s) for small receptor distances. The highest CO concentrations were observed by a wind angle of ~10° as measured from the road centerline. Wind speed had a considerable effect, e.g., predicted CO concentrations were dropped by 75% - 80% as wind speed increased from 0.5 to 5 m/s. From unstable to stable conditions, average increase in CO concentration was 43%. The model consistently predicts lower CO concentrations for greater highway widths. This effect was most apparent for receptors near the roadway edge. Roadway height (from receptor location at ground level) had very less effect for small change in height but has considerable effect for more deeper or elevated roadway height. Sensitive Analysis of CALINE 4 had also revealed that among various input variable, source strength, wind speed, highway width and median width were most significant input variable and wind direction, roadway height, distance of receptor to roadway and atmospheric stability were the less significant input variables. Surface Roughness and Mixing height had negligible effect on predicted CO concentrations.
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Lin, Yi-Chun, and 林益群. "Investigating of the local air pollutant emission reduction due to Freeway-6 open by CALINE-4 model." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90830483279256267880.

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碩士
逢甲大學
環境工程與科學所
99
The CALINE-4 model simulations with four air pollutants was performed to compare of the air pollutant emission amounts after the Freeway No. 6 open to vehicular traffic with before. The field measurements of the vehicle volume at Caotun and Puli ramps were carried out in holidays and weekdays during 2~6 and 10~12 April, 2010. The field measurement results of the vehicle volume at the Caotun ramp all are higher than at the Puli ramp, which indicated the Ailan ramp is the main entrance and exit for the vehicular traffic bound for the Sun Moon Lake. The simulation results of CALINE-4 model indicated that the air pollutants were easy accumulating at Tucheng, Gantzlin, and Ailan sections due to near to the mountains. The simulation results shown that the emission reduction amounts of CO, NOx, NMHC, and PM10 were 2,656, 192, 307, and 23 ton year-1 in 2009; 3,203, 216, 340, and 19 ton year-1 in 2010, respectively, even though the freeway open lead more sightseeing traffic volume, increasing about 3,800 PCU day-1, to bound for a national scenic area in 2010. Comparison of the observed data at a local and an upwind air quality monitoring stations from 2007 to 2010 revealed that local air quality was improved observably after the freeway open.
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Singh, Suneel Pratap. "Synthesis and applications of calise (4) arena and tetrathiacalise(4) arene derivatives." Thesis, 2007. http://localhost:8080/iit/handle/2074/3666.

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Books on the topic "CALINE 4"

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Bishnoi, Shashank, ed. Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2806-4.

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Deborah, Gregory. Hey, Ho, Hollywood (The Cheetah Girls #4). New York: Jump at the Sun/Hyperion Paperbacks for Children, 1999.

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Bediwegi, Etienne Ung'eyowun. La vocation du prophète des nations: Une lecture africaine de Jr 1, 4-19. Kinshasa: Le Sénevé, 2003.

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(Firm), Los Angeles Times. 4:31: Images of the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake. Los Angeles, Calif: The Times, 1994.

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Helgesen, Terry. Pantages Hollywood theatre: Opened: June 4, 1930 : B. Marcus Priteca architect, A.B. Heinsbergen decorator. Elmhurst, IL: Theatre Historical Society of America, 2007.

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Dean, Zoey. Tall Cool One (A-List #4). New York: Little, Brown, 2005.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Board of Supervisors. Budget Analyst. Analysis of the Total Budgetary Impact of the Mayor's Staff Changes Announced on January 4, 2008. San Francisco: Budget Analyst, 2008.

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Karr, Kathleen. Gold-Rush Phoebe: Petticoat Party #4. New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

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Otterness, Tom. Tom Otterness: Gold rush : new sculpture and drawings, March 4-April 10, 1999. San Francisco: John Berggruen Gallery, 1999.

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San Francisco (Calif.). Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Division. Department of Animal Care and Control: A review of the cash revolving fund, July 1, 2004, through August 4, 2005. San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "CALINE 4"

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Grimmer, Tamsin. "“Boys will be boys!”." In Calling All Superheroes, 54–70. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315150543-4.

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Campbell, Ian, and Floris Verhaart. "Petri Martyris Vermilii, In primum librum Mosis doctissimi commentarii (1579)." In Protestant Politics Beyond Calvin, 32. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003058229-4.

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Potts, Garrett W. "Why Every Calling Must Resist Workplace Individualism." In Work as a Calling, 42–57. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003154815-4.

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Giri, Ananta Kumar. "The Calling of Socio-Spiritual Responsibilization." In The Calling of Global Responsibility, 122–71. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429347481-4.

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Cardoso, Elsa. "Concepts." In The Door of the Caliph, 54–163. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264866-4.

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Draaisma, Rachaël. "No communication." In Language Signs and Calming Signals of Horses, 123–32. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315265667-4.

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Mohr, William C., and John P. Klatt. "The Grindability of Calcined Aluminas." In A Collection of Papers Presented at the 1982 Fall Meeting of the Materials & Equipment/Whitewares/Structural Clay: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Volume 4, Issue 11/12, 1026–34. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470320181.ch20.

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Didymus, J. M., S. Mann, N. P. Sanderson, P. Oliver, B. R. Heywood, and E. J. Aso-Samper. "Modelling Biomineralization: Studies on the Morphology of Synthetic Calcite." In Mechanisms and Phylogeny of Mineralization in Biological Systems, 267–71. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68132-8_44.

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Bates, Liz. "This Happens to Everyone." In My Brilliant Brain: A Practical Resource for Understanding Anxiety and Implementing Self-Calming, 18–20. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003204459-4.

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Suzuki, Ken, Teruo Okano, Yasuhisa Sakurai, Shin-ichi Terada, Mikihiro Nozaki, and Naoto Takemura. "Application of Hema-St Block Copolymer Coated Small Caliber Vascular Graft for Veins." In Advanced Biomaterials in Biomedical Engineering and Drug Delivery Systems, 251–52. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65883-2_62.

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Conference papers on the topic "CALINE 4"

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Açık, Abdullah, and Nergis Özispa. "AN EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON HOW EXCHANGE RATES AFFECT THE NUMBER OF YACHTS CALLING ÇEŞME." In 4. Ulusal Liman Kongresi. Denizcilik Fakültesi: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18872/0.2019.26.

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Putranti, Ika Riswanti, and Ajie Mahar Muhammad. "Politik dan Kebijakan Luar Negeri Negara Non-MTCR (Iran, Pakistan, Korea Utara, Tiongkok) dalam Pengembangan Teknologi Roket." In Seminar Nasional Kebijakan Penerbangan dan Antariksa III. Bogor: In Media, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/p.sinaskpa.iii.4.

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Indonesia, sebagai negara yang sedang memulai pengembangan teknologi keantariksaan salah satunya roket, menghadapi beberapa kendala. Didasarkan pada beberapa kajian strategis terkait isu ini, kesulitan Indonesia adalah terkait dengan alih teknologi. Sebagai negara non-anggota Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), hambatan tersebut dapat diatasi melalui upaya kerja sama dengan negara-negara yang mempunyai posisi sama dengan Indonesia, yaitu non-anggota MTCR yang sudah mempunyai pengembangan teknologi keantariksaan khususnya roket. Dalam upaya menjalin kerja sama tersebut, Indonesia juga harus mempertimbangkan beberapa hal terkait calon negara mitra kerja sama. Hal tersebut penting karena kerja sama teknologi keantariksaan, terutama dalam teknologi roket yang mempunyai fungsi ganda, merupakan hal yang sangat sensitif bagi keamanan suatu negara. Beberapa hal yang dimaksud adalah orientasi kebijakan dan politik luar negeri calon negara mitra terkait dengan teknologi antariksa, rezim alih teknolgi yang dianut oleh calon negara mitra, pengembangan industri keantariksaan, posisi calon negara mitra terhadap rezim MTCR, hubungan calon negara mitra dengan negara-negara yang menguasai teknologi antariksa, dan bagaimana posisi calon negara mitra terhadap beberapa perjanjian yang terkait dengan penggunaan roket. Menimbang orientasi kebijakan dan politik luar negeri calon negara mitra merupakan hal yang penting guna menentukan arah kerja sama yang berkelanjutan dan berkesinambungan sehingga dapat menghasilkan kerja sama yang saling menguntungkan.
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Noordman, O. F. J., N. F. van Hulst, and B. Bolger. "Cerenkov second-harmonic radiation from organic calix[4]arenes thin films." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cwl6.

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Nitro-calix[4]arenes are a novel type of organic molecules. In a thin film the material shows high nonlinear optical properties combined with good temporal stability at room temperature.1,2 Furthermore, a nitro-calix[4]arenes film is transparent down to 400 nm, which makes it suitable for frequency doubling of laser-diodes.
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"The Calling of the Unspeakable and the Seduction of Metamorphosis: Vergílio Ferreira, from Literature to Film." In Oct. 2-4, 2018 Budapest (Hungary). Universal Researchers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/uruae4.uh10184027.

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Ilgen, Anastasia, Robert Choens, and Jennifer Wilson. "Subcritical Fracturing of Calcite Single Crystals and Grain Packs." In Proposed for presentation at the Goldschmidt Meeting held July 4-8, 2021 in ,. US DOE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1877509.

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Vardanyan, A. G., N. F. van Hulst, J. Ranger, C. Otto, and J. Greve. "Polarisation-sensitive coherent anti-Stokes and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy of caiix[4]arene films." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1994.cwf93.

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Novel organic molecules with high nonlinear optical properties are an important subject of investigation because of their potential application in optical communication, frequency conversion, etc.1 Here, we present the experimental results of spontaneous Raman, polarisation sensitive CARS (PS-CARS) and waveguide CARS of the newly synthesised organic molecule tetranitro-tetra-(n-propoxy)calix[4]arene (c40h44n4o12) in thin films. For assignment of most specific strong Raman bands of calix[4]arene, a comparative analysis and different derivatives of this molecule were used. In addition, the depolarisation ratios for most of the bands were estimated by polarisation sensitive spontaneous Raman and CARS independently. Several strong bands are present in the Raman spectrum of calix[4]arene: Ω = 1095 cm−1, Ω = 1265 cm−1, Ω = 1340 cm−1, Ω = 1584 cm−1. The strongest band at Ω = 1344 cm−1 (ρ = 0.25) corresponds to the symmetric NO2 stretch. In Fig. 1 the PS-CARS spectrum for calix[4]arene in chloroform (C = 20 mg/ml) is shown. The result of fitting the spectrum with depolarisation ratios, taking into account the various settings of the polarizers is also shown. The observed line shape changes at different analyser settings around the position of background suppression illustrate the polarised character of the different bands. For example, the different dispersive shape of the chloroform band at Ω = 1214 cm−1 with ρ = 0.7 deviates from the bands of calix[4]arene with ρ < 0.7. In Table 1 the depolarisation ratios for calix[4]arene, as determined from the polarised Raman and PS-CARS spectra are summarised. The values agree well for both techniques.
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Gupta, Satish C. "Shock induced vaporization of anhydrite CaSO[sub 4] and calcite CaCO[sub 3]." In Shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1303690.

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Wong, Swee Seong, John N. Calley, Jian Wang, Jason C. Ting, Isabella H. Wulur, Shuyu Dan Li, Yong Gang Yue, Thomas D. Barber, Amit Aggarwal, and Gregory P. Donoho. "Abstract 5108: A combined processing and assessment workflow for SNV and indel calling on exome sequencing of tumor samples." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5108.

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Øy, Lars, Inge Bye, Magne Lauritzen, Mike Herbert, Kamil Grunwald, Kamil Grunwald, Anne Mette Rød, and Danny Kane. "4D Radar Imaging of Wellbore Geometry While Drilling." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212499-ms.

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Abstract Despite advances in Measurement-While-Drilling / Logging-While-Drilling (MWD/LWD) technologies, the oil & gas industry has until recently lacked viable technologies and tools to measure wellbore geometry in large hole sizes (&gt;12-1/4″) while drilling and subsequently the ability to visualize and describe the borehole shape and size in an intuitive way. A direct mechanical measurement solution such as used on wireline, e.g., multi-finger tools, is not feasible to implement on MWD/LWD tools due to the nature of the drilling operation. Conventional technologies and methods, including acoustic- and density-based measurement methods have been used with reasonable results in smaller hole sizes (≤12-1/4″) when combined with low mud weights. However, many commercially available tools within the industry have low vertical and azimuthal resolution due to sparse sampling or sparse storing in its internal downhole memory of such caliper measurements, resulting in limited use of such data for borehole shape and size purposes. Such conventional technologies and methods have not been, or very seldom used in large hole sizes, primarily due to lack of available technologies and tools, resulting from challenges related to the sensor to wellbore interface standoff distance. A novel Logging-While-Drilling Caliper tool based on impulse radar technology has been developed to overcome the challenges related to mud weight, sensor to wellbore standoff in oil-based muds and at the same time addressing challenges related to sparse datasets. This tool enables the oil and gas industry to accurately image borehole shape and size with both high vertical and azimuthal resolution, including within large hole sizes where there has not been any viable solution whilst drilling. The high sampling rate together with a large downhole memory (128 GB) allows the industry to evaluate the borehole shape and size as a function of time (timelapse). An Impulse Radar Caliper tool has been pilot tested in several wells on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), in borehole sections ranging from 12-1/4″ to 17-1/2″. During the pilot testing, the Impulse Radar Caliper tool acquired wellbore shape and size measurements while drilling, and some intervals while pulling out of hole. Several wellbore features, not previously imaged in such large hole sizes, have been identified and their time-dependent development studied in detail. The results from this pilot campaign are discussed in this paper together with the 3D/4D tunnel-view visualization used to assess the processed caliper measurements.
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Lettieri, Thomas R. "Noncontact dimensional measurement using a pulsed laser caliper." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.tuf1.

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A pulsed laser caliper (PLC) is a device which can make noncontacting dimensional measurements on macroscopic objects using short laser pulses in a time-of-flight configuration. It can be adapted, in principle, to measure caliper dimensions of a discrete part, thickness variations across a continuous slab, or the shapes of complex contours. In operation, a laser pulse is split in two, one pulse going directly to a fast photodetector and the other reflecting off both sides of an object. The time-of-flight difference between the pulses is then measured with a counter or a sampling oscilloscope. The device is next zeroed by removing the object and again measuring the time-of-flight difference. Subtracting these two differences gives a caliper measurement of the object’s dimension. As a demonstration of the principle, a PLC consisting of a mode-locked argon laser, a high-speed photodiode, and a sampling oscilloscope was assembled and used to measure the lengths of five steel gauge blocks. The gauge blocks ranged in length from ¾ to 4 in. and were measured by the PLC to an accuracy of 0.03 in. Various sources of inaccuracy in and limitations on the PLC were determined and are discussed in the presentation.
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Reports on the topic "CALINE 4"

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Martínez, Lina María, and Juan Tomás Sayago. Does Public Investment Contribute to Increasing Institutional and Interpersonal Trust?: Place-Based Policies for Sports and Cultural Activities in Cali, Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003827.

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This paper studies the effect of two place-based policies implemented in Cali, Colombia on social capital and trust. We use the CaliBRANDO survey to account for institutional and interpersonal trust, matching neighborhood of residence and where policies are applied. We set up a difference-in-difference model to estimate the impact of the policies on the indexes that measure trust. We nd that the organized sport policy improves institutional trust by about 4%. Our results are significant for soccer and basketball and not significant for futsal and other activities. The evidence does not support an effect of nightlights on trust.
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Desbarats, A. J., and J. B. Percival. Hydrogeochemistry of mine tailings from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit, Oka, Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331256.

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Environmental impacts associated with the mining of carbonatite deposits are an emerging concern due to the demand for critical metals. This study investigates the chemistry of tailings seepage at the former Saint Lawrence Columbium mine near Oka, Québec, Canada, which produced pyrochlore concentrate and ferroniobium from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit. Its objectives are to characterize the mineralogy of the tailings and their pore water and effluent chemistries. Geochemical mass balance modeling, constrained by aqueous speciation modeling and mineralogy, is then used to identify reactions controlling the chemical evolution of pore water along its flow path through the tailings impoundment. The tailings are composed mainly of REE-enriched calcite (82 wt. %), biotite (12 wt. %) and fluorapatite (4 wt. %). Minor minerals include chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite and unrecovered pyrochlore. Secondary minerals include gypsum, barite and strontianite. Within the unsaturated zone, pore water chemistry is controlled by sulfide oxidation and calcite dissolution with acid neutralization. With increasing depth below the water table, pore water composition reflects gypsum dissolution followed by sulfate reduction and FeS precipitation driven by the oxidation of organic carbon in the tailings. Concomitantly, incongruent dissolution of biotite and chlorite releases K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ba and F, forming kaolinite and Ca-smectite. Cation exchange reactions further remove Ca from solution, increasing concentrations of Na and K. Fluoride concentrations reach 23 mg/L and 8 mg/L in tailings pore water and effluent, respectively. At a pH of 8.3, Mo is highly mobile and reaches an average concentration of 83 µg/L in tailings effluent. Although U also forms mobile complexes, concentrations do not exceed 16 µg/L due to the low solubility of its pyrochlore host. Adsorption and the low solubility of pyrochlore limit concentrations of Nb to less than 49 µg/L. Cerium, from calcite dissolution, is strongly adsorbed although it reaches concentrations (unfiltered) in excess of 1 mg/L and 100 µg/L in pore water and effluent, respectively. Mine tailings from carbonatite deposits are enriched in a variety of incompatible elements with mineral hosts of varying reactivity. Some of these elements, such as F and Mo, may represent contaminants of concern because of their mobility in alkaline tailings waters.
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Mizrach, Amos, Sydney L. Spahr, Ephraim Maltz, Michael R. Murphy, Zeev Schmilovitch, Jan E. Novakofski, Uri M. Peiper, et al. Ultrasonic Body Condition Measurements for Computerized Dairy Management Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568109.bard.

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The body condition (BC) score is recognized in the dairy industry as an essential tool for managing the energy reserves of the dairy cow, which is essential for sustaining optimal and efficient production over several lactations. The current use of BC scoring depends on the accuracy of subjective visual estimates, and this limits its kusefulness as a management aid in the dairy industry. A measuring tool that would frequently provide objective data on the cow's body reserves would be a major contribution to efficient dairy herd management. Ultrasonic sensors have the potential to be developed into an efficient BC measuring device, and the experimental use of such sensors for subcutaneous fat thickness (SDFT) estimates, as an indication for BC in beef cattle, supports this assumption. The purposes of this project were: 1. To compare visual BC scoring and ultrasonic fat thickness with on-line automated body weight (BW) measurements as monitors of nutritional adequacy of dairy cows at various stages of lactation. 2. To determine the effects of variation in digestive fill in early and late lactation on the accuracy of body weight measurements in lactating cows. 3. To modify an existing ultrasonic system and develop a specialized, low-cost sensor for repeatable determination of body condition scores by users with minimal training and skill. 4. To develop a standard for the assignment of body condition scores based on ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness. The procedure to execute these objectives involved: 1. Frequent measurement of BW, milk yield (MY), BC (visually scored) and subdermal fat thickness ultrasonically measured of dairy cows, and data analysis on average and individual basis. 2. Testing and selection of an appropriate special-purpose sensor, finding an optimum body location for working an ultrasonic measurement, prcessing the signals obtained, and correlating the resulting measurements with performance responses in lactating cows. Linking the ultrasonic signals to BC scores, and developing a BC scoring data acquisition system are the first steps towards fulfilling the necessary requirements for incorporating this device into an existing dairy herd management system, in order to provide the industry with a powerful managment tool. From the results obtained we could conclude that: 1. BC does not correlate with BW changes during all stages of lactation, although in general terms it does. These results were confirmed by individual cow BW and BC data obtained during the course of lactation, that were supported by individual objective ultrasonic measurement of SDFT. 2. BW changes reflect energy metabolism reliably ony after peak milk yield; early in lactation, a decrease in BW expresses mobilization of body reserves only qualitatively, and not quantitatively. 3. Gastrointestinal content increases throughout the whole period during which dry matter intake (DMI) increases. The drastic increase very early in lactation prevents the use of BW changes as a basis for quantitative estimatio of energy meatabolism; at this stage of lactation, konly a BC score or any other direct measurements willl provide a quantitative estimate of energy metabolism. 4. Ultrasonic measurements of subdermal fat thickness can be used to quantify changes that correlate with the actual condition of the cow, as assessed by performance and the traditional way of scoring. 5. To find the best site on the cow's body at which to obtain responses to BC and its changes in the course of lactation, additional sites have to be examined. From the present study, it seems that the sites between ribs 12 and 13 have the potential for this purpose. 6. The use of templates made it easier to repeat measurements at a desired site and spot. However, the convenient easy-to-handle way to standardize the measurement, described in this study, koffers scope for improvement. 7. The RF peak values of the A-mode are better indicators of the location of fat layer borders than image analysis, from the point of view of future commercial development. 8. The distances between the RF peaks of the A-mode can be automatically measured by suitable software, for future commercial development. 9. Proper analysis of daily body weight and milk yield data can provide the necessary information on body condition changes during lactation, until a direct BC measurement device is developed. 10. In any case, at least one visual BC assessment has to be done, preferably immediately after calving, for calibration purposes.
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Kirchhoff, Helmut, and Ziv Reich. Protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during desiccation in resurrection plants. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699861.bard.

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In this project, we studied the photosynthetic apparatus during dehydration and rehydration of the homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant Craterostigmapumilum (retains most of the photosynthetic components during desiccation). Resurrection plants have the remarkable capability to withstand desiccation, being able to revive after prolonged severe water deficit in a few days upon rehydration. Homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plants are very efficient in protecting the photosynthetic machinery against damage by reactive oxygen production under drought. The main purpose of this BARD project was to unravel these largely unknown protection strategies for C. pumilum. In detail, the specific objectives were: (1) To determine the distribution and local organization of photosynthetic protein complexes and formation of inverted hexagonal phases within the thylakoid membranes at different dehydration/rehydration states. (2) To determine the 3D structure and characterize the geometry, topology, and mechanics of the thylakoid network at the different states. (3) Generation of molecular models for thylakoids at the different states and study the implications for diffusion within the thylakoid lumen. (4) Characterization of inter-system electron transport, quantum efficiencies, photosystem antenna sizes and distribution, NPQ, and photoinhibition at different hydration states. (5) Measuring the partition of photosynthetic reducing equivalents between the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, and the water-water cycle. At the beginning of the project, we decided to use C. pumilum instead of C. wilmsii because the former species was available from our collaborator Dr. Farrant. In addition to the original two dehydration states (40 relative water content=RWC and 5% RWC), we characterized a third state (15-20%) because some interesting changes occurs at this RWC. Furthermore, it was not possible to detect D1 protein levels by Western blot analysis because antibodies against other higher plants failed to detect D1 in C. pumilum. We developed growth conditions that allow reproducible generation of different dehydration and rehydration states for C. pumilum. Furthermore, advanced spectroscopy and microscopy for C. pumilum were established to obtain a detailed picture of structural and functional changes of the photosynthetic apparatus in different hydrated states. Main findings of our study are: 1. Anthocyan accumulation during desiccation alleviates the light pressure within the leaves (Fig. 1). 2. During desiccation, stomatal closure leads to drastic reductions in CO2 fixation and photorespiration. We could not identify alternative electron sinks as a solution to reduce ROS production. 3. On the supramolecular level, semicrystalline protein arrays were identified in thylakoid membranes in the desiccated state (see Fig. 3). On the electron transport level, a specific series of shut downs occur (summarized in Fig. 2). The main events include: Early shutdown of the ATPase activity, cessation of electron transport between cyt. bf complex and PSI (can reduce ROS formation at PSI); at higher dehydration levels uncoupling of LHCII from PSII and cessation of electron flow from PSII accompanied by crystal formation. The later could severe as a swift PSII reservoir during rehydration. The specific order of events in the course of dehydration and rehydration discovered in this project is indicative for regulated structural transitions specifically realized in resurrection plants. This detailed knowledge can serve as an interesting starting point for rationale genetic engineering of drought-tolerant crops.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2021. Banco de la República, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2021.

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Banco de la República’s main objective is to preserve the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy that is intended to stabilize output and employment at long-term sustainable levels. Properly meeting the goal assigned to the Bank by the 1991 Constitution critically depends on preserving financial stability. This is understood to be a general condition in which the financial system assesses and manages the financial risks in a way that facilitates the economy’s performance and efficient allocation of resources while, at the same time, it is able to, on its own, absorb, dissipate, and mitigate the shocks that may arise as a result of adverse events. This Financial Stability Report meets the goal of giving Banco de la República’s diagnosis of the financial system’s and its debtors’ recent performance as well as of the main risks and vulnerabilities that could affect the stability of the Colombian economy. In this way, participants in financial markets and the public are being informed, and public debate on trends and risks affecting the system is being encouraged. The results presented here also serve the monetary authority as a basis for making decisions that will enhance financial stability in the general context of its objectives. In recent months, several positive aspects of the financial system have preserved a remarkable degree of continuity and stability: the liquidity and capital adequacy of financial institutions have remained well above the regulatory minimums at both the individual and consolidated levels, the coverage of past-due loans by loan-loss provisions remains high, and the financial markets for public and private debt and stocks have continued to function normally. At the same time, a surge in all the types of loan portfolios, a sharp downturn in the non-performing loan portfolio, and a rise in the profitability of credit institutions can be seen for the first time since the beginning of the pandemic. In line with the general recovery of the economy, the main vulnerability to the stability of the Colombian financial system identified in the previous edition—uncertainty about changes in the non-performing loans portfolio—has receded and remains on a downward trend. In this edition, the main source of vulnerability identified for financial stability in the short term is the system’s exposure to sudden changes in international financial conditions; the results presented in this Report indicate that the system is sufficiently resilient to such scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Leonardo Villar Gomez Governor Box 1 -Decomposition of the Net Interest Margin in Colombia and Chile Wilmar Cabrera Daniela Rodríguez-Novoa Box 2 - Spatial Analysis of New Home Prices in Bogota, Medellín, and Cali Using a Geostatistical Approach María Fernanda Meneses Camilo Eduardo Sánchez Box 3 - Interest Rate Model for the SYSMO Stress Test Exercise Wilmar Cabrera Diego Cuesta Santiago Gamba Camilo Gómez Box 4 - The Transition from LIBOR and other International Benchmark Rates Daniela X. Gualtero Briceño Javier E. Pirateque Niño
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