Journal articles on the topic 'California. State Water Resources Board'
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1
Mills, Richard A., and Takashi Asano. "A retrospective assessment of water reclamation projects." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1996): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0662.
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Stimulated by droughts and inability to construct new freshwater projects, water suppliers in California, U.S.A. have taken a heightened interest in water reclamation in the last decade. Since 1980 the California State Water Resources Control Board has approved financial assistance to local water supply agencies to design and construct water reclamation facilities. Nineteen of these are now operating. There is an opportunity to assess how well projects are performing in relation to their planned objectives, in particular, deliveries of reclaimed water to users. Based on reports on many of these projects, it is found that two-thirds of the projects are delivering 75 percent or less of the expected amounts of water. Data are provided on project performance. A discussion is provided of the problems encountered on many of the projects that account for these deficiencies in yields and have caused other problems in implementation.
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Zhang, H., S. P. DeNero, D. K. Joe, H. H. Lee, S. H. Chen, J. Michalakes, and M. J. Kleeman. "Development of a source oriented version of the WRF/Chem model and its application to the California Regional PM<sub>10</sub>/PM<sub>2.5</sub> Air Quality Study." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 6 (June 19, 2013): 16457–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-16457-2013.
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Abstract. A source-oriented representation of airborne particulate matter was added to the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model with chemistry (WRF/Chem). The source-oriented aerosol separately tracks primary particles with different hygroscopic properties rather than instantaneously combining them into an internal mixture. The source-oriented approach avoids artificially mixing light absorbing black + brown carbon particles with materials such as sulfate that would encourage the formation of additional coatings. Source-oriented particles undergo coagulation and gas-particle conversion, but these processes are considered in a dynamic framework that realistically "ages" primary particles over hours and days in the atmosphere. The source-oriented WRF/Chem model more accurately predicts radiative feedbacks from anthropogenic aerosols compared to models that make internal mixing or other artificial mixing assumptions. A three-week stagnation episode (15 December 2000 to 6 January 2001) during the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS) was chosen for the initial application of the new modeling system. Emissions were obtained from the California Air Resources Board. Gas-phase reactions were modeled with the SAPRC90 photochemical mechanism. Gas-particle conversion was modeled as a dynamic process with semi-volatile vapor pressures at the particle surface calculated using ISORROPIA. Source oriented calculations were performed for 8 particle size fractions ranging from 0.01–10 μm particle diameters with a spatial resolution of 4 km and hourly time resolution. Primary particles emitted from diesel engines, wood smoke, high sulfur fuel combustion, food cooking, and other anthropogenic sources were tracked separately throughout the simulation as they aged in the atmosphere. Results show that the source-oriented representation of particles with meteorological feedbacks in WRF/Chem changes the aerosol extinction coefficients, downward shortwave flux, and primary and secondary particulate matter concentrations relative to the internally mixed version of the model. Downward shortwave radiation predicted by source-oriented model is enhanced by 1% at ground level chiefly because diesel engine particles in the source-oriented mixture are not artificially coated with material that increases their absorption efficiency. The extinction coefficient predicted by the source-oriented WRF/Chem model is reduced by an average of ∼ 5–10% in the central valley with a maximum reduction of ∼ 20%. Particulate matter concentrations predicted by the source-oriented WRF/Chem model are ∼ 5–10% lower than the internally mixed version of the same model because increased solar radiation at the ground increases atmospheric mixing. All of these results stem from the mixing state of black carbon. The source-oriented model representation with realistic aging processes predicts that hydrophobic diesel engine particles remain largely uncoated over the +7 day simulation period, while the internal mixture model representation predicts significant accumulation of secondary nitrate and water on diesel engine particles. Similar results will likely be found in any air pollution stagnation episode that is characterized by significant particulate nitrate production.
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Norman, Helen. "Taking Account." Electric and Hybrid Rail Technology 2024 (January 2024): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s2754-7760(24)70002-4.
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The California Air Resources Board speaks to Electric & Hybrid Rail Technology about why its new In-Use Locomotive Regulation is so important for the state, highlighting how it will accelerate decarbonization, reduce emissions and save lives
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Naik, Kartiki S., and Madelyn Glickfeld. "Integrating water distribution system efficiency into the water conservation strategy for California: a Los Angeles perspective." Water Policy 19, no. 6 (July 18, 2017): 1030–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.166.
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Abstract Improving water management in California requires a transition from imported to local water resources used efficiently. To assess this transitional capacity of water retailers in metropolitan Los Angeles County, we focused on a key water management metric: the water distribution efficiency. We traced the evolution of water loss reduction policy and practices globally with emphasis on California. California Senate Bills 1420 and 555 mandate annual water auditing and reporting for urban water suppliers. We surveyed and evaluated ten water retailers' approaches to monitor and reduce losses. Four of ten sampled water retailers monitored real losses, averaging 3–4% of total water supplied. Only three of ten sampled water retailers employed leak detection technology. Of the six sampled retailers with annual pipe replacement strategies, four retailers followed inadequate rehabilitation schedules. Most of the sampled retailers monitor water losses in percent, which misrepresents the actual volume. While a necessary step, California water loss legislation relies on the American Water Works Association Water Audit software. Verifying reported data for randomly selected retailers can ensure high data quality. Small retailers are exempt from mandatory water loss monitoring, and they need state support and resource pooling to improve their water distribution efficiency.
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FIRKUS, ANGELA. "The Agricultural Extension Service and Non-Whites in California, 1910–1932." Agricultural History 84, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 506–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-84.4.506.
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Abstract Congress created the Agricultural Extension Service (AES) in 1914 to disseminate agricultural research to individual farmers but the service operated differently in each state. In California, AES aided agribusiness in its efforts to create a "harmonious hierarchy" that included a non-white laboring class. Records show that AES personnel contributed by helping to separate Native Americans from their land and water resources, prevent competition from immigrants from Asia, and Americanize non-whites.
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Manou, Georgia, Georgios Bariamis, and Evangelos Baltas. "Investigation and Assessment of the Management of Natural Resources in the State of California Using the Conceptual Framework of Water–Energy–Food Nexus." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1 (August 18, 2020): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2020002028.
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The current analysis attempts to quantify the interlinkages between the water, energy and food sectors of California covering the period 2002–2015. The results reveal that 25% (60,696 GWh) of the annual energy consumption is attributed to agriculture, while 75% (174,709 GWh) is used for water supply purposes. The agricultural sector consumes 77% (32,629 m3) of the irrigation water, and the energy sector is vulnerable to water availability fluctuations, because many hydroelectric facilities are connected to its grid. Considering the water scarcity and the uneven geographical distribution of water in the state, its central role in California’s water–energy–food (WEF) Nexus becomes apparent.
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Callahan, Richard. "The Emergence and Divergence in Performance: Management Systems in California State Government." Chinese Public Administration Review 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v9i2.168.
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An understudied aspect of performance management systems is how performance management systems emerge in public agencies. This research focuses on the emergence of performance management systems, studying two cases with divergent outcomes in the State of California. The first case study is about the Performance Management Council, which included the voluntary participation of more than 20 California state agencies, departments, and divisions. The second case study is about the Department of Toxic Substances Control within the California Environmental Protection Agency. These cases, which impacted 35 million residents in a state with a $200 billion annual budget, potentially offer findings valuable to nations and to large sub-national units of government such as large states, districts, and provinces.This research offers three contributions to public sector performance management research literature. First, it addresses a gap in the understanding of how performance management systems emerge through dialogue and learning forums. Second, the research extends the study of performance management to the policy arenas of environmental protection, water resources, and other policy domains typically not researched in performance management. Third, the research connects performance management to the research on the reform of public agencies, diffusion of practices, and organizational change.
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Quinn, Nigel W. T., and James D. Oster. "Innovations in Sustainable Groundwater and Salinity Management in California’s San Joaquin Valley." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 6658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126658.
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The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 and the Central Valley Salinity Alternatives for Long-Term Sustainability (CVSALTS) initiative were conceived to reverse years of inaction on the over-pumping of groundwater and salination of rivers that both threaten agricultural sustainability in the State of California. These largely stakeholder-led, innovative policy actions were supported by modern tools of remote sensing and Geographic Information System technology that allowed stakeholders to make adjustments to existing resource management and jurisdictional boundaries to form policy-mandated Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) and Salinity Management Areas (SMAs) to address future management responsibilities. Additional resources mobilized by the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) and other water resource and water quality management agencies have been effective in encouraging the use of spreadsheet accounting and numerical simulation models to develop robust and coherent quantitative understanding of the current state and likely problems that will be encountered to achieve resource sustainability. This activity has revealed flaws and inconsistencies in the conceptual models underpinning this activity. Two case studies are described that illustrate the disparity in the challenges faced by GSAs in subregions charged with developing consensus-based Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs). These case studies also illustrate the unique aspect of SGMA: that alongside mandates and guidelines being imposed statewide, local leadership and advocacy can play an important role in achieving long-term SGMA and CVSALTS goals.
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Lu, May Ling, and Charles E. Wyman. "Elucidation of native California Agave americana and Agave deserti biofuel potential: Compositional analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252201.
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Because biofuels have the unique potential to be rapidly deployed in existing transportation fuel infrastructures, they should play a major role in helping California quickly meet its aggressive goals to substantially reduce greenhouse gas contributions by this major sector. Furthermore, energy crops are vital to significantly impact the State’s large and burgeoning need for sustainable fuels. Among crops amenable to be grown in California to support fuel production, agave pose a particularly promising prospect, given their drought tolerance and high productivity on marginal land in a State prone to drought and limited water resources. This study focuses on measuring compositional profiles of wild A. deserti and cultivated A. americana, two agaves native to California, to elucidate their potential for biological conversion to fuels that can help meet the huge State need for low-carbon transportation. Results from this study indicate that these two California agave species can be rich in fructans, ranging from 96–314 g/L of equivalent fructose and glucose in their leaf bases. In addition, structural and water-soluble sugar contents exceeding 63 wt.% show that these plants are amenable to fermentation to ethanol and other biofuels. Moreover, because the low K-lignin content of agave leaf bases bagasse of only about 12–18 wt.% suggests low recalcitrance and the negligible acid insoluble ash content should facilitate pretreatment prior to fermentations, the agave species native to the State hold considerable promise as potential biofuel feedstocks.
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Port, Patricia Sanderson, and Samuel A. Hoover. "Anticipating California Levee Failure: The State of the Delta Levees and Government Preparation and Response Strategies for Protecting Natural Resources from Freshwater Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2011, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): abs112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2011-1-112.
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ABSTRACT Seismic activity and other natural and human forces significantly threaten the structural integrity of Delta levee systems. Breached levees appreciably impact fresh water resources, damage crops and livestock, destroy homes, schools, public works, businesses and wild species habitat, among other vital, sensitive areas. Levee failure often leads to oil and petroleum contamination of freshwater resources, particularly in dense residential, agricultural and commercial areas protected by levee systems that depend upon such water resources for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses. San Joaquin Delta to illustrate selected impacts to a freshwater region jeopardized by levee failure, this paper will: 1) discuss the current state of the Delta levee systems and detail the fragility of the system and the potential consequences of major impacts - earthquakes and floods likely to jeopardize this system; 2) review issues concerning levee breach preparedness, including practices to maintain levee structure and promote levee rehabilitation; and 3) suggest a coordinated federal, state and local response to contain damage caused by a levee breach, with particular focus on oil and hazardous materials spill impacts. As with many levee systems, the issues presented by a levee breach to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region are complex and require close, concerted federal, state and local participation, not only to rapidly and effectively respond to impacted areas, but to anticipate and avoid more massive levee failure. Employment of these levee protection and breach response measures will help defend, among other vital resources, domestic, agricultural and industrial water for use from oil, petroleum and other hazardous contaminants.
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Lee, Helen, Giselle Pignotti, Kasuen Mauldin, and John Gieng. "Identification of Lower Water Use and Higher Nutritional Value Agricultural Food Commodities in California." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac050.007.
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Abstract Objectives As the world's population increases, a focus on nutrition security and water sustainability is needed to ensure the availability of resources for the survival and wellbeing of future generations. The agricultural (Ag) sector accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals and California (CA) is the biggest Ag state in the country with 12.5% of Ag cash receipts, almost double the next largest Ag state. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify CA Ag products that are both more nutritious and use less water. Methods The analysis was conducted using the latest publicly available data on water footprint (WF) and nutrient content of 57 out of 82 Ag products listed in the 2019–2020 CA Ag Statistics Review report. WFs per ton of commodity produced were calculated using precipitation and irrigation data from the CA Department of Water Resources’ report. Nutrient Rich Food (NRF) scores were calculated with data from the USDA's Food Data Central based on each commodity's content of nutrients to encourage (protein; fiber; vitamins A, C, D, E; calcium; magnesium; iron; potassium) and to limit (saturated fat, added sugar, sodium). Higher scores indicate higher nutrient density per 100 kcal. WF and NRF scores were separately sorted numerically and the foods that were both above the median NRF score and below the median WF were identified. Results The WF ranged from 71 (strawberry) to 9,907 m3/ton (pistachio) with a median of 332 m3/ton. The range of NRF scores was 1.39 (olive) to 605.67 (spinach) with a median of 91.13. Foods with lower water use (≤332 m3/ton) and higher nutritional value (≥91.13) from highest to lowest NRF score were spinach, lettuce, pumpkins, tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, cantaloupe, cauliflower, squash, carrots, celery, lemons, strawberries, raspberries, onions, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, honeydew, sugar beets, watermelon, and peaches. On the other hand, most animal products, most field crops, and all nuts had higher water use and lower nutritional value per 100 kcal. Conclusions This study characterizes which CA Ag products could be encouraged at the consumer, business, and policy levels to increase water conservation while maintaining a higher nutritional value. It is the first study on water use and nutritional value that uses CA water data and includes animal products. Funding Sources None.
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Cooper, Amanda Y., Emily Altman, Christina E. Hecht, Janine Bruce, and Anisha I. Patel. "Stories of success: a qualitative examination of contributors to excellence in school drinking water access." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (February 26, 2020): 1800–1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019003975.
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AbstractObjective:Drinking water instead of beverages with added sugar can help prevent obesity and cavities and promote overall health. Children spend much of their day in school, where they have variable access to drinking water. In 2010, federal and state law required California public schools to provide free potable water to students in areas where meals are served and/or eaten. The current study aims to identify factors associated with an excellent drinking water culture in schools.Design:A qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators to providing excellent water quality and access in a purposive sample of California schools. In-depth interviews with key informants were conducted using a snowball sampling approach, after which data were analysed using both inductive and deductive methods.Setting:California public elementary, middle/junior and high schools.Participants:Knowledgeable individuals involved in initiatives related to school drinking water accessibility, quality or education at each selected school.Results:Thirty-four interviewees participated across fifteen schools. Six themes emerged as prominent facilitators to a school’s success in providing excellent water access to students: active and engaged champions, school culture and policy, coordination between groups, community influences, available resources and environmentalism.Conclusions:While policy is an important step for achieving minimum standards, resources and interest in promoting excellence in drinking water access and quality can vary among schools. Ensuring that schools have dedicated staff committed to advancing student health and promoting the benefits of water programs that are more salient to schools could help reduce disparities in drinking water excellence across schools.
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Feldman, David L. "Integrated water management and environmental justice – public acceptability and fairness in adopting water innovations." Water Supply 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.035.
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Innovations to manage freshwater resources and avert shortages – including conservation through use of reclaimed wastewater, desalination, and demand-side management measures such as increasing block rate structures offer practical, effective remedies for meeting future water demands. We examine the challenges confronting adoption of these innovations that revolve around perceptions of fairness and public acceptability. A major obstacle to these approaches' adoption is environmental justice – that the risk and burden of resource solutions, as well as their benefits – should be borne equitably, despite differences of income or race. We first consider how debates regarding water supply are often disputes over different notions of environmental justice. We then examine general equity debates over adopting various innovations in one US state at the nexus of water demand and supply innovation: California. We contend that fairly adopting these innovations requires embracing open, inclusive, and transparent decision-making processes in which no important constituency is excluded from decisions, and in which different notions of environmental justice are embraced.
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Boschee, Pam. "Comments: Who Holds the Rights to US Geothermal Heat Sources?" Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 08 (August 1, 2023): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0823-0008-jpt.
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A recently enacted law in Texas, which went into effect in mid-June, declares the landowner or the owner of surface rights as the holder of subsurface geothermal energy and associated resources. If the surface and mineral rights of the land have been separated, the owner of the surface estate prevails. Senate Bill 785 amended a section of the Natural Resources Code to define heat as a byproduct of geothermal energy and associated resources, but excludes mineral, oil, gas, or any product of oil or gas. It also excludes “the ownership and use of groundwater,” including “minerals dissolved or otherwise contained in groundwater, including hot brines.” The law entitles the owner “to drill for and produce the geothermal energy and associated resources.” As with pore space rights for underground carbon storage, legislating surface and subsurface rights for geothermal energy and underground hydrogen storage is an evolving frontier. Privately held rights vs. state or federal lands contribute to the complexity of these relatively nascent efforts to advance decarbonization. Ownership of geothermal rights varies widely from state to state, often dictated by a state’s definition of what constitutes “geothermal resources.” California’s definition, for example, says “the natural heat of the earth, the energy, in whatever form, below the surface of the earth present in, resulting from, or created by, or which may be extracted from, such natural heat, and all minerals in solution or other products obtained from naturally heated fluids, brines, associated gases, and steam, in whatever form, found below the surface of the earth, but excluding oil, hydrocarbon gas, or other hydrocarbon substances.” Other states, such as Utah, define a geothermal resource by a temperature threshold (“water or steam at temperatures greater than 120°C naturally present in a geothermal system”). At that mark, a separate lease is required because the resource is no longer part of the water rights. Once geothermal resources are defined, who holds the rights may be murky. In California, Hawaii, and New Mexico, the mineral estate is the owner. Wyoming considers geothermal heat as part of the water rights—“underground water, including hot water and geothermal.” Other states consider rights as held by the surface estate unless they have been specifically transferred. Yet, many states have no clearly defined guidance about privately held ownership, and the parties involved in disputes head to the courts to hash out the ambiguity. The rules governing development of geothermal energy on federal lands are more defined. Geothermal was the first type of renewable energy that the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management approved for production on public lands. The first project was given the go-ahead in 1978. A federal lease allows future exploration and development. However, it does not include the right to move ahead with any ground-disturbing activities to explore for or develop the resources. Each stage of development under the lease requires separate authorizations and compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act. Two examples of state-controlled lands are well-known geothermal fields in California, The Geysers and the Salton Sea projects. The state’s leases in The Geysers are on school lands. Revenue and royalties are deposited into the California State Teachers’ Retirement fund. Royalty rates range from 10 to 12.5% of the gross value of geothermal steam, calculated by multiplying the gross value of electric power with the agreed percentage of steam that began initially as 36% in 1999, increasing to a maximum of 42% of the value of electricity. While innovation steadily advances technologies to produce geothermal energy, the determination of clear law and regulations is playing catch-up ... state by state and case by case in courts. And until it does, scaling up of this promising energy source in the US is at risk of being hamstrung.
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Fischel, Marion, and Gordon A. Robilliard. "Natural Resource Damage Assessment of the Shell Oil Spill at Martinez, California." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-371.
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ABSTRACT On April 23, 1988 about 400,000 gallons (9,500 barrels) of San Joaquin Valley crude oil were accidentally released from the Shell Oil Company Martinez Manufacturing Complex. The oil flowed into Peyton Slough, Suisun Bay, and Carquinez Strait of the San Francisco Bay system. Approximately one week after the oil spill, discussions on assessing the injury to natural resources were initiated between Shell and the federal and state agencies that were trustees of the affected resources. At this time, the trustees and Shell agreed that a single cooperative study should be conducted, managed by a contractor acceptable to all concerned parties. The lead trustee was the California Department of Fish and Game. However, within one month after the spill, the Attorney General's office of the State of California assumed responsibility for the damage assessment. Subsequently, legal considerations and constraints imposed by the state Attorney General's office prevented active participation in the study by the agencies. The work agreed upon included video and aerial photographic surveys, and mapping of the areas affected by the spill; a study of fish and macroinvertebrate abundance and distribution; hydrocarbon analyses of fish and clam tissue; a comparison of the effects of oil on marsh vegetation; a survey of the distribution and abundance of the benthos; an ambient aquatic toxicity study; a survey of endangered species (birds and mammals); chemical analyses of the sediment and water; chemical and physical characterizations of San Joaquin Valley crude oil; and a study of the weathering of the oil. A preliminary study to estimate natural resource damages (economic analysis) also was conducted.
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Jafarinejad, Shahryar, Rebecca R. Hernandez, Sajjad Bigham, and Bryan S. Beckingham. "The Intertwined Renewable Energy–Water–Environment (REWE) Nexus Challenges and Opportunities: A Case Study of California." Sustainability 15, no. 13 (July 6, 2023): 10672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310672.
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In our built environment, societal production of energy and clean water is inextricably linked to the natural resources from which they are derived. Acknowledgement and consideration of the coupling of energy, water, and the environment (the energy–water–environment nexus) will be critical to a sustainable future. This is particularly true as we transition away from historical energy sources (e.g., coal, petroleum, natural gas) and into the widespread adaptation of renewable energy (RE) sources (e.g., solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, bioenergy) as a strategy to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and consequently slow global climate change. This transition is fraught with both challenges and opportunities at the county, state, national, and international levels, as addressing future societal needs with respect to energy and water, and the environment requires recognition of their interdependence and development of new technologies and societal practices. In this study, the focus is on the RE–water–environment (REWE) nexus. In California, the REWE nexus is becoming increasingly important in achieving 100% clean electricity from eligible RE and zero-carbon resources by 2045 and in the face of climate change and population and economic growth. In this context, California’s RE deployment and renewable electrical generation, its RE legislative information, REWE nexus, and intertwined REWE nexus challenges and opportunities in California (e.g., administrative–legal, technology development, digitalization, and end-of-life RE waste) are comprehensively discussed to identify the knowledge gaps in this nexus and solutions.
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Zhao, Zhan, Pingkuan Di, Shu-Hua Chen, Jeremy Avise, and Ajith Kaduwela. "Assessment of climate change impact on wintertime meteorology over California using dynamical downscaling method with a bias correction technique." Climate Dynamics 57, no. 1-2 (March 12, 2021): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05718-8.
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AbstractClimate change can potentially have great impacts on wintertime precipitation and stagnant conditions, which are critical for both water resources and wintertime particulate matter (PM), in California. This study utilizes the Weather Research and Forecasting model to dynamically downscale a bias-corrected coarse-resolution global climate model dataset from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to a grid size of 4 × 4 km2 over California for a present (2003–2012) and a future (2046–2055) decade. Compared to the present climate, an increase in 2-m temperature (up to 2 K) and water vapor mixing ratio (up to 1 g/kg) and a decrease in planetary boundary layer height (up to 80 m) are projected by the 2050s for the entire state of California. The number of stagnant days over the San Joaquin Valley is expected to increase by approximately 6% in the future decade, indicating potential exacerbation of the winter PM issue in this region. The wintertime precipitation is projected to increase by up to 50% in northern California and, conversely, to decrease by up to 40% in southern California during 2046–2055. The solid phase precipitation is projected to decrease over mountain ranges with lower elevations despite an overall increase in total precipitation, while it is projected to increase over the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada with elevation over 2 km.
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Alagona, Peter S., and Clinton F. Smith. "Mirage in the Making." Boom 2, no. 3 (2012): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2012.2.3.25.
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The Mojave Desert in California is undergoing a boom in renewable energy, mostly in the form of utility-scale solar power plants. These projects have met with resistance from diverse groups concerned about impacts on desert landscapes, ecosystems, water resources, archaeological sites, military training exercises, and other natural and cultural resources and land uses. This paper explores the current debate over renewable energy in the Mojave in the context of the region’s broader environmental history. What do Californians want from the Mojave Desert? We conclude that residents of the state want many things from the Mojave, but it remains unclear whether a desert under increasing pressure will be able to supply all of those competing demands.
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Zhang, Ziyang, Kaisheng Wang, and Ruifeng Zeng. "Allocation and Scheduling of the Colorado River System." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 4 (July 26, 2022): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v4i.915.
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Generally, dams serve as reservoirs for water storage. The Colorado River Basin is currently in a state of continuous drought, and if the five states of AZ, CA, WY, NM and CO maintain the agreements made hundreds of years ago, there will not be enough water to supply in the near future. We propose a multi-objective programming algorithm under inequality constraints, under the condition that the sum of the competition coefficients is minimized, we solve the proportion of water resources that should be cut for general water usage and hydropower production at different water scarcity rates. We develop some policies to deal with water scarcity. We use the univariate analysis method to rationally analyze and reconstruct our model according to three different scenarios, and finally predict different situations, like additional water supply is needed or whether there will be more water flowing to the Gulf of California.
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Massoud, Elias, Michael Turmon, John Reager, Jonathan Hobbs, Zhen Liu, and Cédric H. David. "Cascading Dynamics of the Hydrologic Cycle in California Explored through Observations and Model Simulations." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (February 14, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020071.
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As drought occurs in a region it can have cascading effects through the water cycle. In this study, we explore the temporal co-evolution of various components of the hydrologic cycle in California from 2002 to 2018. We combine information from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) suite of models, and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) reservoir levels to analyze dynamics of Total Water Storage (TWS), soil moisture, snow pack, large reservoir storage, and ultimately, groundwater. For TWS, a trend of −2 cm/yr is observed during the entire time period of our analysis; however, this rate increases to about −5 cm/yr during drought periods (2006−2010 and 2012−2016). Results indicate that the majority of the loss in TWS is caused by groundwater depletion. Using proper error accounting, we are able to identify the start, the peak, and the ending of the drought periods for each individual water state variable in the study domain. We show that snow and soil moisture are impacted earlier and recover faster than surface water and groundwater. The annual and year-to-year dynamics shown in our results portray a clear cascading effect of the hydrologic cycle on the scale of 8−16 months.
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Braga, B. P. F. "The role of regulatory agencies in multiple water use." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 6 (March 1, 2003): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0350.
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This paper presents the conceptual framework for regulating water use in cases where water is a public good. Public agencies with an independent directive board can successfully manage such a situation. Through a comprehensive system of water permits, charging and control it is possible to effectively manage water resources. Together with the conceptual framework a practical application is presented. The case of the National Water Agency of Brazil - ANA - shows that it is possible to implement modern water resources management concepts in less developed countries. The benefits of this institutional arrangement are demonstrated in the case of managing water conflicts among water users. Two situations are described: the semi-arid water allocation for agricultural use in the Jaraguaribe River Basin in Ceara State and the conflict between the hydropower and navigation sectors in the Parana River Basin.
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Mozgovoy, D. K. "Monitoring of the droughts consequence by high resolution satellite images." Ecology and Noospherology 27, no. 1-2 (May 17, 2016): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031608.
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The State of California is one of the least abundant with fresh water in the United States, while having high water consumption – the drought in the state has reached catastrophic proportions. January 2015 was the driest month in California for the whole period of observations since 1895. Two thirds of the state's population depend on the centralized water supply – about 25 million people and more than 400 thousand hectares of agricultural land. The level of ground waters and the snow cover have become record low – this can be explained by pumping groundwater out for irrigation of agricultural land. The water level in the reservoirs of California is close to the critical notch. State authorities are forced to tighten measures to save water, the supply of which is sometimes insufficient to satisfy the priority needs of citizens. The solution of the problem of rational use and protection of water resources can only be based on an integrated systemic approach to the study of spatial and temporal patterns of natural and anthropogenic factors on the quality and quantity of surface water with the use of satellite and ground data. In the study of the water regime of land one of the most important input parameters of hydrological models is the surface area of the reservoirs. Regular receiving of information about this parameter with the use of ground data is challenging and labor intensive. Using satellite data can greatly simplify this task and accomplish it with shorter latent periods, more frequently and at lower costs. The results of satellite monitoring of certain areas of California shown to assess the impact of the drought in 2011–2015 on the large freshwater bodies, based on high resolution satellite images. To quantify the effects of drought in 2011–2015 on selected large freshwater bodies (Lake Folsom and Lake Oroville) processing of multispectral images was performed. Changes of Lake Oroville in 2011–2015 according to high resolution satellite images was detected. The shift of the coastline near Foreman Creek amounted to 2.5 km. The shift of the coastline near Lampkin Road amounted to over 1.2 km. Changes of Lake Folsom in 2011–2015 according to the high resolution satellite images was detected. The shift of the coastline near the Beal's Point made 1.2 km. The shift of the coastline near Peninsula Campground made over 3.4 km. Large-scale consequences of drought shown for lakes Oroville and Folsom are also typical for other fresh water bodies of California, the majority of which have the status of water reservoirs, and also for water bodies of other US states. For instance, Lake Mead covering 90 % of water requirements of Las Vegas has the water level by 145 feet below normal. It is expected that this level will go down by another 20 feet by June, 2015. This is not only about water, but also about electricity supply – dams of hydropower plants are almost dry. Therefore, in the recent years an acute necessity has appeared for creation of a web-service for regular space monitoring of fresh water bodies – now this has become possible owing to availability of satellite images and modern technologies of their processing. The users of such a service may be: – state regulating structures (water supplying enterprises, forest, environment, agricultural services and so on); – state and private companies of water transport (unbiased evaluation of the consequences of the drought for fresh water navigation); – tourist companies (monitoring of recreational territories); – municipal services, private companies, farmers (carrying out measures for minimizing water consumption); – TV and radio companies and other mass media (propaganda of rational water use); – population living near territories affected by the drought (obtaining of unbiased and reliable information as for the scale and severity of the consequences of the drought).
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Shane, Daniel M. "Westley Tire Fire, Stanislaus County, California." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-379.
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ABSTRACT This is a case study of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emergency response actions taken at one of the largest tire fires in California. The site was an illegal scrap tire dump known as the Filbin Tire Pile. There was an estimated 7 million tires in the pile. The site was located in a canyon in the rolling hills above the San Joaquin Valley near the Town of Westley, California. This tire fire was considered a major environmental disaster where large populations were affected and there was a potential for severe environmental damage. Responders with past experience recognized that the tire fire would be a unique multi-category event containing the elements of a major fire: hazardous materials release and oil spill discharge combined into one event. Shortly after the fire ignited the tires began to pyrolyze, producing a steady stream of oil that discharged to an unnamed drainage in the hills above the valley. The oil in the drainage flashed sending great plumes of thick black smoke into the valley. The oil and tire fires quickly overwhelmed the resources of the local fire departments. The EPA On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) immediately responded using federal authority to respond to and, if necessary, remove a discharge of oil or a hazardous substance under the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1321(c)) as amended by the Oil Pollution Control Act of 1990 (OPA 90). Some of the most difficult problems that were encountered included making decisions on fire suppression tactics; conducting safe operations in extremely hot and unstable fire conditions; maneuvering heavy equipment on steep slopes, and deep and spongy tire piles; controlling massive volumes of oil and water runoff; coordinating with local and state governmental agencies; forming a fully integrated and effective Incident Command System led by a Unified Command (ICS/UC); and recycling of pyrolytic oil under current California hazardous waste regulations.
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Valdivia Alvarado, Ana Teresa, Alba E. Gámez, Luis Felipe Beltrán Morales, and Alfredo Ortega-Rubio. "Mexico’s Legal Framework Regarding Wastewater Management: A Case Study of Baja California Sur." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 2 (January 5, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2021.2.15337.
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Wastewater is one of the principal causes of coastal ecosystem pollution and poses a threat to food security, drinking water access, public health, and ecosystem survival. However, wastewater can also be a reliable alternative source of water, provided specific changes are made. Mexico’s extensive and com¬plex legal framework involving various governmental agencies and overlapping jurisdictions makes it difficult to ascertain the specific responsibilities of various actors and enforce accountability in the area of wastewater management. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevant law in order to determine whether it is the legislation itself which is generating adverse environmental impacts, or whether these impacts are the result of the wastewater management system as implemented. In this study, we analyze the legal framework applicable at each of the three levels of government in order to clarify the connections between these governmental entities from a perspective that has not been previously developed, which will be a useful point of departure for future research. To this end, the state of Baja California Sur (in northwestern Mexico) is presented as a case study insofar as it is representative of vulnerable coastal regions facing water scarcity. The methodology and systematic analysis of wastewater regulations employed in this paper facilitate both an evaluation of the efficacy of the current legal framework surrounding wastewater management, as well as the identification of changes needed in order to achieve environmental sustainability and protect water resources for present and future generations.
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Templeton, Scott, and George Goldman. "Estimating Economic Activity and Impacts of Urban Forestry in California with Multiple Data Sources from the Early 1990s." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 22, no. 3 (May 1, 1996): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1996.020.
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Urban forests provide tree products and aesthetic, recreational, health, and environmental benefits. Yet the expenditures that people make to secure these benefits are difficult to estimate for lack of comprehensive published data. Based on various sources of data, we estimate that Californians spent at least $947 million to obtain these benefits and the state's urban forestry "sector" had sales of at least $1,115 billion in a 12-month period in the early 1990s. As a result of direct, indirect, and induced effects, urban forestry accounted for at least $3,384 billion in total sales. This level of sales became about $1,869 billion in annual income to individuals and supported about 57,200 jobs in this period within the state. Knowledge of this economic activity is important, in principle, to voters and public decision-makers who allocate human resources, tax revenue, and water for the management of community forests and other natural resources in California.
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Okawa, Cristhiane Michiko Passos, Ana Carla Fernandes Gasques, Cássia Rocha Pompeu, Paula Polastri, Priscila Pini Pereira, Bruno Henrique Toná Juliani, and Juliane Vier Vieira. "Performance and scientific contributions of the Research Group “Integrated Urban Water Management” of the State University of Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil." Ciência e Natura 42 (September 3, 2020): e33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40987.
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Research Group Integrated Urban Water Manegement (GIAU) was founded in 2014, due to the need to study and to suggest solutions to weaknesses reported in the municipality of Maringá, in Paraná State, regarding this subject. The integrated urban water management comprehend ah holistic view to potable water supply and sanitary sewage systems, water drainage management in urban areas, besides urban solid waste management. In this context, the aim of this paper is to present the research group and its main contributions up to this point. The applied method consisted in present the history from creation, formation and recent actions of the whole group and in realize a systematic review of the published papers. The main results showed that although recent, the group has worked in a proactive way in its community by means of promotion of lectures and events, besides the production of 52 publications in national and international journals, national and international events, books and book chapters. The group has also board members highly qualified, concentrating in the training of human resources. It can be concluded that the research group is consolidating, with high performance expectations.
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Zhang, Yiwen, and Ralph Wurbs. "Long-term changes in river system hydrology in Texas." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 379 (June 5, 2018): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-379-255-2018.
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Abstract. Climate change and human actives are recognized as a topical issue that change long-term water budget, flow-frequency, and storage-frequency characteristics of different river systems. Texas is characterized by extreme hydrologic variability both spatially and temporally. Meanwhile, population and economic growth and accompanying water resources development projects have greatly impacted river flows throughout Texas. The relative effects of climate change, water resources development, water use, and other factors on long-term changes in river flow, reservoir storage, evaporation, water use, and other components of the water budgets of different river basins of Texas have been simulated in this research using the monthly version of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) modelling system with input databases sets from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) and Texas Water Development Board (TWDB). The results show that long-term changes are minimal from analysis monthly precipitation depths. Evaporation rates vary greatly seasonally and for much of the state appear to have a gradually upward trend. River/reservoir system water budgets and river flow characteristics have changed significantly during the past 75 years in response to water resources development and use.
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Casey III, USA, MSSI, MHS, Major John J. "The Hospital Emergency Incident Command System—is the Army Medical Department on board?" Journal of Emergency Management 4, no. 3 (May 1, 2006): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2006.0034.
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Catastrophic scenarios that once seemed merely theoretical have become a stark reality. Horrific natural disasters, the emergence of state-sponsored terrorism, pro liferation of chemical and biological agents, availability of materials and scientific weapons expertise, and recent increases in less discriminate attacks all point toward a growing threat of mass casualty (MASCAL) events. Hospitals across America are upgrading their ability to respond to disasters and emergencies of all kinds as the nation wages its war on terror. To respond to these challenges, many civilian hospitals are relying on the Hospital Emergency Incident Command System (HEICS), an emergency management model that employs a logical management structure, detailed responsibilities, clear reporting channels, and a common nomenclature to help unify responders. Modeled after the FIRESCOPE (FIrefighting RESources of California Organized for Potential Emergencies) management system, HEICS is fast becoming a key resource in healthcare emergency management. Over the past couple of years, military hospitals have begun embracing the HEICS model as well. This article discusses the prevalence of HEICS and provides an analysis of its effectiveness within the Army Medical Department (AMEDD).
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Hall, Lenwood W., and Ronald D. Anderson. "An Eighteen Year Temporal Trends Analysis of Bifenthrin Sediment Concentrations in California Waterbodies." Water 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 2402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092402.
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The goal of this study was to conduct long-term temporal trends analysis of bifenthrin sediment concentrations for measurements conducted from 2001 to 2019 in California waterbodies. Long-term data sites defined as spanning 6 years were available for 143 sites but 17 of these sites were excluded from long analysis because all measurements were below the level of detection. At least one site used in the trends analysis was located in all nine California Water Board Regions thus providing a representative statewide spatial scale. Twenty of the 126 long-term California sediment sites showed a statistically significant downward trend in bifenthrin concentrations while nine sites showed a statistically significant upward trend. Declining bifenthrin sediment concentrations were most evident in urban waterbodies when compared with agricultural dominated waterbodies. An analysis of bifenthrin long-term sediment trends by waterbody with at least three sites showed a significant trend for only one residential/urban stream and this trend was declining. In summary, the trends analysis of bifenthrin sediment concentrations does show a compelling case for declining concentrations in the State of California during an 18-year time period that includes a time period before and after the urban use of bifenthrin was further regulated.
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Henley, Elizabeth, Joe Magner, Karlyn Eckman, Dean Current, and Louis Smith. "Can the private sector inform the government in water resources management? one watershed-one plan: a new approach to watershed management." International Journal of Hydrology 7, no. 5 (November 3, 2023): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2023.07.00358.
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Minnesota, USA has developed a watershed management approach called One Watershed One Plan (1W1P). 1W1P is a statewide program that seeks to manage water along natural boundaries, defined by hydrologic unit code 8 (HUC-8) watersheds. Historically, Minnesota relied upon each county to develop their own water management plan. State funding through the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR) was allocated based on proposed project applications sent to a review committee which then decided which project in a given county would get funding. This approach provided a vehicle for transferring state tax money back to the local government but failed to really solve trans-county, integrated water management problems. To solve both water quality and quantity issues a more focused approach with a larger payload of funding for a longer period of time was needed. Government alone cannot solve intrinsic water issues because most Minnesota landownership is private. In this paper we discuss how the private sector must be engaged up front in the water planning process for successful water management. We illustrate how public-private partnerships are essential for better water planning and management.
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Wecht, K. J., D. J. Jacob, M. P. Sulprizio, G. W. Santoni, S. C. Wofsy, R. Parker, H. Bösch, and J. Worden. "Spatially resolving methane emissions in California: constraints from the CalNex aircraft campaign and from present (GOSAT, TES) and future (TROPOMI, geostationary) satellite observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 4119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-4119-2014.
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Abstract. We apply a continental-scale inverse modeling system for North America based on the GEOS-Chem model to optimize California methane emissions at 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution using atmospheric observations from the CalNex aircraft campaign (May–June 2010) and from satellites. Inversion of the CalNex data yields a best estimate for total California methane emissions of 2.86 ± 0.21 Tg yr−1, compared with 1.92 Tg yr−1 in the EDGAR v4.2 emission inventory used as a priori and 1.51 Tg yr−1 in the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventory used for state regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. These results are consistent with a previous Lagrangian inversion of the CalNex data. Our inversion provides 12 independent pieces of information to constrain the geographical distribution of emissions within California. Attribution to individual source types indicates dominant contributions to emissions from landfills/wastewater (1.1 Tg yr−1), livestock (0.87 Tg yr−1), and gas/oil (0.64 Tg yr−1). EDGAR v4.2 underestimates emissions from livestock while CARB underestimates emissions from landfills/wastewater and gas/oil. Current satellite observations from GOSAT can constrain methane emissions in the Los Angeles Basin but are too sparse to constrain emissions quantitatively elsewhere in California (they can still be qualitatively useful to diagnose inventory biases). Los Angeles Basin emissions derived from CalNex and GOSAT inversions are 0.42 ± 0.08 and 0.31 ± 0.08, respectively. An observation system simulation experiment (OSSE) shows that the future TROPOMI satellite instrument (2015 launch) will be able to constrain California methane emissions at a detail comparable to the CalNex aircraft campaign. Geostationary satellite observations offer even greater potential for constraining methane emissions in the future.
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Wecht, K. J., D. J. Jacob, M. P. Sulprizio, G. W. Santoni, S. C. Wofsy, R. Parker, H. Bösch, and J. Worden. "Spatially resolving methane emissions in California: constraints from the CalNex aircraft campaign and from present (GOSAT, TES) and future (TROPOMI, geostationary) satellite observations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 15 (August 14, 2014): 8173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8173-2014.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We apply a continental-scale inverse modeling system for North America based on the GEOS-Chem model to optimize California methane emissions at 1/2° × 2/3° horizontal resolution using atmospheric observations from the CalNex aircraft campaign (May–June 2010) and from satellites. Inversion of the CalNex data yields a best estimate for total California methane emissions of 2.86 ± 0.21 Tg a−1, compared with 1.92 Tg a−1 in the EDGAR v4.2 emission inventory used as a priori and 1.51 Tg a−1 in the California Air Resources Board (CARB) inventory used for state regulations of greenhouse gas emissions. These results are consistent with a previous Lagrangian inversion of the CalNex data. Our inversion provides 12 independent pieces of information to constrain the geographical distribution of emissions within California. Attribution to individual source types indicates dominant contributions to emissions from landfills/wastewater (1.1 Tg a−1), livestock (0.87 Tg a−1), and gas/oil (0.64 Tg a−1). EDGAR v4.2 underestimates emissions from livestock, while CARB underestimates emissions from landfills/wastewater and gas/oil. Current satellite observations from GOSAT can constrain methane emissions in the Los Angeles Basin but are too sparse to constrain emissions quantitatively elsewhere in California (they can still be qualitatively useful to diagnose inventory biases). Los Angeles Basin emissions derived from CalNex and GOSAT inversions are 0.42 ± 0.08 and 0.31 ± 0.08 Tg a−1 that the future TROPOMI satellite instrument (2015 launch) will be able to constrain California methane emissions at a detail comparable to the CalNex aircraft campaign. Geostationary satellite observations offer even greater potential for constraining methane emissions in the future.
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Johnson, Devon, Lauren E. Parker, Tapan B. Pathak, Laura Crothers, and Steven M. Ostoja. "Technical Assistance Providers Identify Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Barriers to Adoption among California Agricultural Producers." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 5973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075973.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change will challenge California agriculture, requiring producers (i.e., farmers and ranchers) to adopt climate-adaptive management practices to sustain production. Agricultural technical assistance providers (TAPs) play a significant role in supporting producers’ efforts to adopt climate-smart management practices. It is therefore important to understand current TAP perceptions of climate change, TAP recommendations for climate adaptation, and the barriers to adopting climate-smart practices. To understand these issues, we held four focus group discussions with small groups of TAPs from across the state and evaluated transcripts from the discussions to identify common themes and concepts. The TAPs that participated in the focus groups understood climate change and its impacts on California agriculture, with climate extremes and water-related issues being the most frequently cited climate-related challenges. Focus group discussions and subsequent evaluation revealed that while TAPs recommend science-backed practices for adapting California agriculture to climate change, producers may not be accepting of some recommendations. Critically, the TAP focus groups cited insufficient monetary support—both for themselves and for producers—and insufficient information and messaging around climate-adaptive practices as key barriers to practice adoption. This improved understanding of the intersection of TAPs’ work on climate change and climate adaptation in California agriculture is useful for the development of information and resources that can bridge these identified barriers.
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Marinho da Silva, Ayla, Akaz Marinho da Silva, and Yomara Pinheiro Pires. "Prototype for automating the irrigation system using the arduino UNO R3 prototyping board for water control." REVISTA INTERDISCIPLINAR E DO MEIO AMBIENTE (RIMA) 6, no. 1 (April 4, 2024): e235. http://dx.doi.org/10.52664/rima.v6.n1.2024.e235.
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The use of modern technologies in agriculture is essential, especially for irrigated crops, the sector with the highest consumption of water resources. Given this scenario, the main purpose of this paper is to report on the development of a prototype for irrigation, using low-cost technology based on the Arduino UNO R3 tool to monitor water control at specific times. The research has a qualitative-quantitative approach and was validated in a residence in the city of Castanhal, located in the northeastern region of the state of Pará, Brazil. The materials used to make the prototype were the Arduino model UNO R3, RTC module, solenoid valve, relay module, hoses, and sprinklers. The code developed was programmed in the C++ language, with the first test applied at 09h and the second at 16h, with an interval of 10 seconds. The results obtained from the tests showed that the prototype developed has a good ability to control water for irrigation, being turned on and off at the programmed times. It was also possible to see a high level of efficiency in the use of the Arduino UNO R3 prototyping board, as well as effective communication between the components used, demonstrating that technological tools are important for the management and control of water resources. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the objective proposed in the project was achieved, since the use of Arduino enabled the creation of a prototype for irrigation, with efficiency for controlling water waste.
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Da Silva, Francisco Eliton Rodrigues, Cleire Lima da Costa Falcão, and José Falcão Sobrinho. "Water resources and conversation practices with the semiarid in Aracatiaçu, Sobral-CE, Brazil." CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 16, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 1498–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/revconv.16n.4-003.
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The concept of nature historically apprehended is directly related to the mode of interaction between society and nature in a given space-time context, under certain geomorphoclimatic, political, social and philosophical conditions. In this perspective, the present work aims to present a synthesis of the results of the empirical research carried out in the semi-arid sertaneja surface of Aracatiaçu, Sobral-CE, from March 2017 to February 2019, presented to the examining board of the Academic Master in Geography, from the State University of Vale do Acaraú, as a mandatory requirement for obtaining the Master's degree in Geography. In this study, we sought to understand the form of conception and perception of nature by the sertanejo in the semi-arid environment of Aracatiaçu, district of Sobral-CE, having as a guiding axis the water resources and the practices of coexistence with the semi-arid region, whose space- temporal comprises two rural communities in the aforementioned Sobralense district, Lagoa da Cruz and São João, between the years 1920 to 2018.
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Merhaut, Donald J., Lea Corkidi, Maren Mochizuki, Toan Khuong, Julie Newman, Ben Faber, Oleg Daugovish, and Sonya Webb. "Implementation of Best Management Practices to Reduce Agricultural Total Maximum Daily Loads in the Calleguas Creek and Santa Clara River Watersheds: A Case Study of Water Contaminant Mitigation in California." HortScience 48, no. 9 (September 2013): 1109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.9.1109.
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Agriculture is a major industry in California, with cool-season crops grown along the state’s coasts, warm-season crops grown in the hot deserts, and many temperate crops grown in the state’s valleys. In coastal communities such as Ventura County, the Calleguas Creek and the Santa Clara River watersheds have 50,000 and 60,000 irrigated acres of farm crops, respectively. These watersheds are considered impaired by nutrients, salts, pesticides, and other agricultural contaminants. Mitigation of chemical and sediment runoff through grower-implemented best management practices (BMPs) is therefore one of the highest priorities in the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board Basin Plan. A 3-year project was designed to assist Ventura County growers in meeting regional water quality objectives. The University of California Cooperative Extension Ventura County and the University of California, Riverside, collaborated with the Ventura County Resource Conservation District and the Ventura County Agricultural Irrigated Lands Group (VCAILG) to address three project goals: increase grower and landowner understanding of local agricultural water quality issues; identify gaps or deficiencies in current management practices in agricultural operations; and reduce the contribution of nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants to impaired water bodies. To achieve these goals, 469 surveys of agricultural water quality management practices were collected to assess the extent of current adoption of BMPs. Over 160 growers who farm more than 14,000 acres that drain into Calleguas Creek and 7,000 acres that drain into the Santa Clara River watersheds were assisted. Using the survey, growers developed site-specific farm water quality plans and received on-farm recommendations for BMPs. Additionally, 12 water quality educational programs, “including demonstrations of successful BMPs,” were developed and more than 2500 copies of educational materials published by the University of California, the Resource Conservation District, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture were distributed at on-farm visits, workshops, and other grower events. The project resulted in improved understanding, by growers and landowners, of water quality issues and significantly increased the implementation of appropriate on-farm BMPs to protect water quality. Nearly 100 new BMPs primarily aimed at managing erosion, sediment movement, and irrigation runoff were identified and documented through annual reassessments for more than 8000 acres draining into Calleguas Creek. A total of 518 people attended the educational programs, and over 90% of participants who completed evaluations rated the programs highly. In the final year of the project, 75% of attendees indicated they plan to implement new BMPs within the next 5 years, especially in the areas of irrigation, erosion, and pest management.
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Rolle, Matteo, Stefania Tamea, and Pierluigi Claps. "ERA5-based global assessment of irrigation requirement and validation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): e0250979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250979.
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While only 20% of harvested lands are actually irrigated, 40% of global agricultural production originates from irrigated areas. Therefore, assessing irrigation requirements is essential for the development of effective water-related policies for an efficient management of water resources. Moreover, global-scale analyses are becoming increasingly relevant, motivated by globalized production and international trade of food as well as by the need of common strategies to address climate change. In this study, a comprehensive model to estimate crop growth and irrigation requirements of 26 main crops at global scale is presented. The model computes a soil water balance using daily precipitation and reference evapotranspiration based on a high-resolution ERA5 reanalysis dataset from the European Copernicus Program. The irrigation requirement, defined as the minimum water volume to avoid water stress, is computed for year 2000 at the resolution of 5 arc-min (or 0.0833°) and aggregated at different spatial and temporal scales for relevant analyses. The estimated global irrigation requirements for 962 km3 is described in detail, also in relation to the spatial variability and to the monthly variation of the requirements. A focus on different areas of the world (California, Northern Italy and India) highlights the wealth of information provided by the model in different climatic conditions. National data of irrigation withdrawals have been used for an extensive comparison with model results. A crop-specific validation has also been made for the State of California, comparing model results with local data of irrigation volume and independent estimates of crop water use. In both cases, we found a good agreement between model results and real data.
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Mwakalila, Esau S., and Prospery M. Mwila. "Role of Water Users Association in Water Resources Management: A Case Study of Sanya-Kware Sub-Catchment, Tanzania." Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 21, no. 4 (December 28, 2023): 149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2023/v21i4501.
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Many African governments have adopted decentralization policy by establishing water management structures to assist in the water resources management. Formation of new water user associations were considered to work on behalf of Basin Water Boards; To collect water user fees,to manage, distribute and conserve water from a source used jointly by the members of the association, to resolve conflicts between members of the association related to the joint use of a water resource through established laws, to protect and conserve water sources and environments. However, it is not clear how the new water user associations functions to realize the goals of integrated water resources management. This study assessed the role of a newly created water user association in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment . The paper is based on three months of research in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment, Tanzania. The method used included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and participant observations in the sub-catchment. Interviews and discussions were held with the leaders of Sanya-Kware sub-catchment water user association, estates farm managers,Water Supply Trustees Managers,farmers and the Pangani Basin Water Office staff. Field observations at the Sub-Catchment were carried to enhance quality of data. The results shows that the newly created Sanya-Kware sub-catchment water user association has not united all water users, reduced conflicts, nor promoted education to farmers on proper management of water resources. Farmers interviewed in the highland state that Sanya-Kware water users association is an association of few people and therefore has no legitimacy. This is mainly because in the highland,farmers have sufficient water and also they were not properly involved in the formation of the association. However, the water user association legitimacy and hence its functioning improves as one moves from highland to lowland areas where water is scarce. Although some of the water users from the village are cooperating others are reluctant to accept the newly created Water Users Association in management of water resources.The complexity of the interaction between the state-led water user association and existing water users appear to highlight the challenges of implementing integrated water resources management in Sanya-Kware sub-catchment. In order for the water user association to be effective, Pangani Basin Water Board need to put more emphasis on water users' education and awareness training at the sub-catchment level.
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Lake, Peter. "Texas Reimagines the Fight Against Floods." Texas Water Journal 12, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/twj.v12i1.7133.
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The Texas Water Journal invited former Chairman of the Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) and current Chairman of the Public Utility Commission of Texas, Peter Lake, to share his thoughts on the 2019 state flood assessment and other framework efforts. The opinion expressed in this commentary is the opinion of the individual author and not the opinion of the Texas Water Journal or the Texas Water Resources Institute. In response to the TWDB’s 2019 state flood assessment and other efforts initiated in the wake of Hurricane Harvey, the 86th Texas Legislature developed a visionary new framework to fight future floods. The TWDB was tasked with overseeing and coordinating this new effort in conjunction with fellow state and federal agencies. In accordance with the guiding legislation, the TWDB is using a familiar framework based on key functional areas: science, planning, and financing. In the case of floods, that framework transforms into mapping, planning, and mitigation—the three pillars of fighting floods in Texas. Citation: Lake P. 2021. Texas Reimagines the Fight Against Floods. Texas Water Journal. 12(1):58-67. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v12i1.7133.
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Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, H. Maring, A. D. Clarke, J. E. Dibb, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, et al. "The ARCTAS aircraft mission: design and execution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 12, 2009): 17073–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-17073-2009.
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Abstract. The NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission was conducted in two 3-week deployments based in Alaska (April 2008) and western Canada (June–July 2008). The goal of ARCTAS was to better understand the factors driving current changes in Arctic atmospheric composition and climate, including (1) transport of mid-latitude pollution, (2) boreal forest fires, (3) aerosol radiative forcing, and (4) chemical processes. ARCTAS involved three aircraft: a DC-8 with detailed chemical payload, a P-3 with extensive aerosol payload, and a B-200 with aerosol remote sensing instrumentation. The aircraft augmented satellite observations of Arctic atmospheric composition, in particular from the NASA A-Train, by (1) validating the data, (2) improving constraints on retrievals, (3) making correlated observations, and (4) characterizing chemical and aerosol processes. The April flights (ARCTAS-A) sampled pollution plumes from all three mid-latitude continents, fire plumes from Siberia and Southeast Asia, and halogen radical events. The June-July flights (ARCTAS-B) focused on boreal forest fire influences and sampled fresh fire plumes from northern Saskatchewan as well as older fire plumes from Canada, Siberia, and California. The June–July deployment was preceded by one week of flights over California sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (ARCTAS-CARB). The ARCTAS-CARB goals were to (1) improve state emission inventories for greenhouse gases and aerosols, (2) provide observations to test and improve models of ozone and aerosol pollution. Extensive sampling across southern California and the Central Valley characterized emissions from urban centers, offshore shipping lanes, agricultural crops, feedlots, industrial sources, and wildfires.
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Lim, Jaewon, and DooHwan Won. "Impact of CARB’s Tailpipe Emission Standard Policy on CO2 Reduction among the U.S. States." Sustainability 11, no. 4 (February 24, 2019): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11041202.
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U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set the nationwide emission standard policy, but each state in the U.S. has an option to follow the higher emission standard policy set by CARB (California Air Resources Board) in 2004. There are 14 “CARB states” that follow California’s more restrictive standards. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of CARB’s tailpipe emission standard policy. Using the panel dataset for 49 U.S. states over a 28-year study period (1987–2015), this paper found the long-term policy effect in reducing CO2 emission from CARB’s tailpipe standard, and its long-run effect is 5.4 times higher than the short-run effect. The equivalent policy effect of the CARB emission standard in CO2 reduction can be achieved by raising gasoline price by 145.43%. Also, if 26.0% of petroleum consumed for transportation is substituted by alternative clean fuels (natural gas or electricity), it will have a comparable policy effect in CO2 reduction. Findings in this study support to continue the collaborative efforts among the EPA, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and California in order to achieve the CO2 reduction goal set by CARB and adopted by the EPA in 2012. The packaged policy approach rooted in persistent public and political support is necessary for successful policy implementation.
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Agrawal, Pranav, Stan Fong, Dirk Friesen, and Sriram Narasimhan. "Maximum likelihood estimation for leak localization in water distribution networks using in-pipe acoustic sensing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018930.
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With drinking water resources rapidly depleting with time, water conservation efforts have received special emphasis, especially in arid regions like California. One of the major sources of unused water expenditure is inconspicuous leaks in underground water distribution networks (WDN), making it highly essential to quickly detect and localize them. The leak detection and localization problem has been widely studied for a straight pipeline system, however, estimating the leak location in a pipe network remains largely unexplored. In this study, we measure the acoustic pressure signals inside a pipe network at multiple locations using state-of-the-art hydrophone-enabled devices. To localize the leaks in pipe networks, we propose maximum likelihood estimation, which has previously shown high efficacy in localizing mobile devices in a cellular network. In this approach, the cross-correlation of the filtered signals from different sensor pairs yields multiple time delays corresponding to multiple acoustic paths traversed by the leak noise in the pipe network, which is more difficult to solve compared to a straight pipe system. The leak location is then identified by maximizing a conditional probability distribution function of the distance between the sensor and the leak location.
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Grafton, R. Quentin, Gary D. Libecap, Eric C. Edwards, R. J. (Bob) O'Brien, and Clay Landry. "Comparative assessment of water markets: insights from the Murray–Darling Basin of Australia and the Western USA." Water Policy 14, no. 2 (August 25, 2011): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.016.
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Water markets in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) and the western USA are compared in terms of their ability to allocate scarce water resources. The study finds that the gains from trade in the MDB are worth hundreds of millions of dollars per year (note that all monetary units of dollars in this article are treated as US$ because Australian$ are converted at par). Total market turnover in water rights exceeds US$2 billion per year while the volume of trade exceeds over 20% of surface water extractions. In Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada and Texas, trades of committed water annually range between 5 and 15% of total state freshwater diversions with over US$4.3 billion (2008 US$; monetary units in dollars are expressed in their value in US$ in 2008) spent or committed by urban buyers between 1987 and 2008. The two-market comparison suggests that policy attention should be directed towards ways of promoting water trade while simultaneously mitigating the legitimate third party concerns about how and where water is used, especially in conflicts between consumptive and in situ uses of water. The study finds that institutional innovation is feasible in both countries and that further understanding about the size, duration and distribution of third party effects from water trade and how these effects might be regulated, can improve water markets' ability to manage water scarcity better.
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Fiorucci, A. "Diagrams for evaluating groundwater quality." Water Supply 7, no. 3 (November 1, 2007): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.073.
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Some special diagrams for evaluating the chemical properties of groundwater intended for human consumption are introduced, in accordance with the Italian legislation assimilating EEC Directive 91/271 concerning the treatment of urban waste water and EEC Directive 91/676 related to the protection of waters against contamination by nitrates from agricultural sources. Although the limits imposed by the legislation reflect the Italian situation, they do however conform to directives concerning the whole European Community and offer a response to international guidelines promulgated by, for example, the World Health Organization so they are also suitable for use in national contexts other than Italy. Moreover, a diagram is introduced for monitoring the quality of water destined for agriculture, in particular for irrigation and the special issue of soil protection. In this case, in the absence of specific national and/or European laws and/or Directives, reference was made to the standards of the California Water Quality Control Board. The parameters and the relative limits have been taken from such standards, to identify three quality classes of water for agricultural use with evaluation of use. Plotting such diagrams is very simple: they can be used for improving presentation and interpretation of chemical data and, most of all, to provide comparisons between different water resources or to evaluate possible changes over time. Some examples, reported in the text, will aid understanding their use and interpretation.
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Thakur, P. K., S. P. Aggarwal, B. R. Nikam, V. Garg, A. Chouksey, and P. R. Dhote. "TRAINING, EDUCATION, RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS AND FUTURE REQUIREMENTS IN APPLICATIONS OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-29-2018.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In India, water resources are managed at different levels, i.e. at central level by Ministry of Water Resources, River Development &amp; Ganga Rejuvenation, Central Water Commission and Central Ground Water Board, at states level by state water resources departments, and at local level by Municipal Corporation and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). As per India’s national water policy of year 2012 focuses on adaption to climate change, enhancement of water availability, water demand management by efficient water use practices, management of floods and droughts, water supply and sanitation, trans-boundary rivers, conservation of water bodies and infrastructure, and finally research and training needs for each theme. Geospatial technology has unique role in all aforementioned themes. Therefore, research and training in use of Geospatial Technology (GST) in water sector is needed for each theme at different levels of water administration and water utilisation. The current paper discusses the existing framework and content of capacity building in water sector and geospatial technology in use at various government organizations and institutes. The major gap areas and future capacity building requirements are also highlighted, along with duration and timelines of training/capacity building programs. The use of distance learning/educations tools, social media, and e-learning are also highlighted in promoting use of GST in water sector. The emerging technological trends such as, new remote sensing sensors for measuring water cycle components, ground sensors based field instruments, cloud based data integration and computational models, webGIS based water information portals and training needs of new technologies are also emphasised.</p>
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Parker-Hall, Heather A., Steve Hampton, and James Haas. "Integrating Trustee Issues into a Balanced Response: Working Toward a Common Goal1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-655.
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ABSTRACT In February 2002, a Unified Command (UC) comprised of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the California Department of Fish and Game's Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), and other state and federal agencies tested a sample of oil taken from the water near the wreck SS Jacob Luckenbach. Oil from this fifty-year-old wreck, submerged in 176 feet of water 17 miles off San Francisco, matched oil that had impacted thousands of birds and miles of shoreline since November 2001. It also matched oil from mystery spills in this area dating back to 1992. Now that the source of this extensive pollution was found, the next step seemed simple: remove the oil from the vessel. Yet there were many issues surrounding this vessel and its location that required significant cooperation with many agencies and trustees. The Luckenbach is an historic property, protected by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). It is submerged in the Gulf of Farallones National Marine Sanctuary - one of the most biologically productive regions off the California coast and home to many sensitive resources including several listed species. The UC realized that dialogue with and among the natural resource trustee agencies was crucial to planning balanced operations that would remove the pollution source while providing the utmost protection available to the resources at risk A task force was formed that allowed trustees to engage in discussions about the tradeoffs of initiating removal as quickly as possible while balancing the risk of harm that any incidental release during operations may cause to their resources of concern. One of the most exciting benefits of this cooperative effort was the shift in thinking beyond just responding to the incident to advanced planning of a response that would best enhance restoration and long-term recovery. In many responses, it is not always clear that everyone has the same priorities: the USCG may focus on recovering oil and mitigating damage, the responsible party wants to minimize costs, and the trustees want to protect and restore their resources. In this case, the trustees and USCG were clearly working together toward common goals: removing a source of chronic oil pollution while minimizing environmental impacts from the response.
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Walker, J. M., S. Philip, R. V. Martin, and J. H. Seinfeld. "Simulation of nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium aerosols over the United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 22 (November 27, 2012): 11213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-11213-2012.
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Abstract. Atmospheric concentrations of inorganic gases and aerosols (nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium) are simulated for 2009 over the United States using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. Predicted aerosol concentrations are compared with surface-level measurement data from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE), the Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Sulfate predictions nationwide are in reasonably good agreement with observations, while nitrate and ammonium are over-predicted in the East and Midwest, but under-predicted in California, where observed concentrations are the highest in the country. Over-prediction of nitrate in the East and Midwest is consistent with results of recent studies, which suggest that nighttime nitric acid formation by heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 is over-predicted based on current values of the N2O5 uptake coefficient, γ, onto aerosols. After reducing the value of γ by a factor of 10, predicted nitrate levels in the US Midwest and East still remain higher than those measured, and over-prediction of nitrate in this region remains unexplained. Comparison of model predictions with satellite measurements of ammonia from the Tropospheric Emissions Spectrometer (TES) indicates that ammonia emissions in GEOS-Chem are underestimated in California and that the nationwide seasonality applied to ammonia emissions in GEOS-Chem does not represent California very well, particularly underestimating winter emissions. An ammonia sensitivity study indicates that GEOS-Chem simulation of nitrate is ammonia-limited in southern California and much of the state, suggesting that an underestimate of ammonia emissions is likely the main cause for the under-prediction of nitrate aerosol in many areas of California. An approximate doubling of ammonia emissions is needed to reproduce observed nitrate concentrations in southern California and in other ammonia sensitive areas of California. However, even a tenfold increase in ammonia emissions yields predicted nitrate concentrations that are still biased low in the central valley of California. The under-prediction of nitrate aerosol in the central valley of California may arise in part from an under-prediction of both ammonia and nitric acid in this region. Since nitrate aerosols are particularly sensitive to mixed layer depths, owing to the gas-particle equilibrium, the nitrate under-prediction could also arise in part from a potential regional overestimate of GEOS-5 mixed layer depths in the central valley due to unresolved topography in this region.
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Garcia, Marissa, Rebecca Cohen, Craig Risien, Dawn Barlow, Solène Derville, Melanie Fewings, Leigh Torres, and Holger Klinck. "Voices from the deep: Odontocete occurrence patterns relative to oceanographic conditions in the northern California Current System." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023169.
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Odontocetes play an important ecological role as apex predators in the northern California Current System (CCS), which is characterized by seasonal rises in primary productivity fueled by wind-driven upwelling of cold nutrient-rich water. This productivity sustains higher trophic-level prey optimal for deep-diving odontocetes including beaked and sperm whales. Due to the cryptic ecology of these whales, there are few systematic studies of their occurrence across seasons in northern CCS waters. The Holistic Assessment of Living marine resources off Oregon (HALO) Project—a collaboration between Oregon State University and Cornell University—addresses this gap via quarterly vessel-based visual surveys and year-round passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). Here, we detect and classify species-specific odontocete acoustic signals using long-term spectral averages, automated click detection, and unsupervised clustering of semi-continuous PAM data from 10/2021 to 12/2022. Site-specific occurrence of beaked and sperm whales is revealed on hourly to seasonal temporal scales at three recording sites along a depth gradient spanning the continental slope (300 and 630 m water depth) and abyssal plain (2860 m). By relating odontocete detections to dynamic oceanographic conditions from nearby profiling moorings, we identify likely drivers of prey availability influencing predator distribution. These results will inform conservation efforts of cryptic odontocetes in the face of rapid environmental change.
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Quinn, Nigel W. T. "Policy Innovation and Governance for Irrigation Sustainability in the Arid, Saline San Joaquin River Basin." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2020): 4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114733.
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This paper provides a chronology and overview of events and policy initiatives aimed at addressing irrigation sustainability issues in the San Joaquin River Basin (SJRB) of California. Although the SJRB was selected in this case study, many of the same resource management issues are being played out in arid, agricultural regions around the world. The first part of this paper provides an introduction to some of the early issues impacting the expansion of irrigated agriculture primarily on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley and the policy and capital investments that were used to address salinity impairments to the use of the San Joaquin River (SJR) as an irrigation water supply. Irrigated agriculture requires large quantities of water if it is to be sustained, as well as supply water of adequate quality for the crop being grown. The second part of the paper addresses these supply issues and a period of excessive groundwater pumping that resulted in widespread land subsidence. A joint federal and state policy response that resulted in the facilities to import Delta water provided a remedy that lasted almost 50 years until the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act of 2014 was passed in the legislature to address a recurrence of the same issue. The paper describes the current state of basin-scale simulation modeling that many areas, including California, are using to craft a future sustainable groundwater resource management policy. The third section of the paper deals with unique water quality issues that arose in connection with the selenium crisis at Kesterson Reservoir and the significant threats to irrigation sustainability on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley that followed. The eventual policy response to this crisis was incremental, spanning two decades of University of California-led research programs focused on finding permanent solutions to the salt and selenium contamination problems constraining irrigated agriculture, primarily on the west side. Arid-zone agricultural drainage-induced water quality problems are becoming more ubiquitous worldwide. One policy approach that found traction in California is an innovative variant on the traditional Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) approach to salinity regulation, which has features in common with a scheme in Australia’s Hunter River Basin. The paper describes the real-time salinity management (RTSM) concept, which is geared to improving coordination of west side agricultural and wetland exports of salt load with east side tributary reservoir release flows to improve compliance with river salinity objectives. RTSM is a concept that requires access to continuous flow and electrical conductivity data from sensor networks located along the San Joaquin River and its major tributaries and a simulation model-based decision support designed to make salt load assimilative capacity forecasts. Web-based information dissemination and data sharing innovations are described with an emphasis on experience with stakeholder engagement and participation. The last decade has seen wide-scale, global deployment of similar technologies for enhancing irrigation agriculture productivity and protecting environmental resources.
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Wolters, Erika Allen, and Brent S. Steel. "Environmental Efficacy, Climate Change Beliefs, Ideology, and Public Water Policy Preferences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137000.
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Water is an unpredictable and often overallocated resource in the American West, one that strains policy makers to come up with viable, and politically acceptable policies to mitigate water management concerns. While large federal reclamation projects once dominated western water management and provided ample water for large scale agricultural development as well as the urbanization of the West, water engineering alone is no longer sufficient or, in some cases, a politically acceptable policy option. As demand for water in the West increases with an ever-growing population, climate change is presenting a more challenging and potentially untenable, reality of even longer periods of drought and insufficient water quantity. The complexity of managing water resources under climate change conditions will require multifaceted and publicly acceptable strategies. This paper therefore examines water policy preferences of residents in four western states: Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho. Using a public survey conducted in these states in 2019, we examine preferences pertaining to infrastructural, education, incentives and regulation specifically examining levels of support for varying policies based on climate change and environmental efficacy beliefs as well as geography, demographic variables, and political ideology. Results show support for all water policies surveyed, with the exception of charging higher rates for water during the hottest part of summer. The most preferred water policies pertained to tax incentives. Some variation of support exists based on gender, education, environmental values, efficacy, state residency and belief in anthropogenic climate change.