Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Calibration du modèle climatique'
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Ben, Touhami Haythem. "Calibration Bayésienne d'un modèle d'étude d'écosystème prairial : outils et applications à l'échelle de l'Europe." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22444/document.
Full textGrasslands cover 45% of the agricultural area in France and 40% in Europe. Grassland ecosystems have a central role in the climate change context, not only because they are impacted by climate changes but also because grasslands contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to the assessment of uncertainties in the outputs of grassland simulation models, which are used in impact studies, with focus on model parameterization. In particular, we used the Bayesian statistical method, based on Bayes’ theorem, to calibrate the parameters of a reference model, and thus improve performance by reducing the uncertainty in the parameters and, consequently, in the outputs provided by models. Our approach is essentially based on the use of the grassland ecosystem model PaSim (Pasture Simulation model) already applied in a variety of international projects to simulate the impact of climate changes on grassland systems. The originality of this thesis was to adapt the Bayesian method to a complex ecosystem model such as PaSim (applied in the context of altered climate and across the European territory) and show its potential benefits in reducing uncertainty and improving the quality of model outputs. This was obtained by combining statistical methods (Bayesian techniques and sensitivity analysis with the method of Morris) and computing tools (R code -PaSim coupling and use of cluster computing resources). We have first produced a new parameterization for grassland sites under drought conditions, and then a common parameterization for European grasslands. We have also provided a generic software tool for calibration for reuse with other models and sites. Finally, we have evaluated the performance of the calibrated model through the Bayesian technique against data from validation sites. The results have confirmed the efficiency of this technique for reducing uncertainty and improving the reliability of simulation outputs
Lagarrigues, Guillaume. "Variabilité démographique et adaptation de la gestion aux changements climatiques en forêt de montagne : calibration par Calcul Bayésien Approché et projection avec le modèle Samsara2." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV081/document.
Full textThe spruce-fir-beech mountain forests could be particularly threatened by the global warming. To better understand the future dynamics of these forests and adapt the silviculture to these new conditions, a better knowledge of the environmental factors affecting the species demograhics is needed. We studied this issue by combining a historical management data set, the forest dynamics model Samsara2 and a calibration method based on Approximate Bayesian Computation. We were able thus to study jointly the different demographic process in these forests. Our analysis show that the forest demographics can strongly vary between stands and that climate is not always determining to explain these variations. The unven-aged management currently applied seem adapted for the mixed stands located in mesic conditions, but the pure spruce forests and the low elevation stands could be highly impacted
Dinh, Thi Lan Anh. "Crop yield simulation using statistical and machine learning models. From the monitoring to the seasonal and climate forecasting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS425.
Full textWeather and climate strongly impact crop yields. Many studies based on different techniques have been done to measure this impact. This thesis focuses on statistical models to measure the sensitivity of crops to weather conditions based on historical records. When using a statistical model, a critical difficulty arises when data is scarce, which is often the case with statistical crop modelling. There is a high risk of overfitting if the model development is not done carefully. Thus, careful validation and selection of statistical models are major concerns of this thesis. Two statistical approaches are developed. The first one uses linear regression with regularization and leave-one-out cross-validation (or LOO), applied to Robusta coffee in the main coffee-producing area of Vietnam (i.e. the Central Highlands). Coffee is a valuable commodity crop, sensitive to weather, and has a very complex phenology due to its perennial nature. Results suggest that precipitation and temperature information can be used to forecast the yield anomaly with 3–6 months' anticipation depending on the location. Estimates of Robusta yield at the end of the season show that weather explains up to 36 % of historical yield anomalies. The first approach using LOO is widely used in the literature; however, it can be misused for many reasons: it is technical, misinterpreted, and requires experience. As an alternative, the “leave-two-out nested cross-validation” (or LTO) approach, is proposed to choose the suitable model and assess its true generalization ability. This method is sophisticated but straightforward; its benefits are demonstrated for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and grain maize in France. In both cases, a simpler model with fewer potential predictors and inputs is more appropriate. Using only the LOO method, without any regularization, can be highly misleading as it encourages choosing a model that overfits the data in an indirect way. The LTO approach is also useful in seasonal forecasting applications. The end-of-season grain maize yield estimates suggest that weather can account for more than 40 % of the variability in yield anomaly. Climate change's impacts on coffee production in Brazil and Vietnam are also studied using climate simulations and suitability models. Climate data are, however, biased compared to the real-world climate. Therefore, many “bias correction” methods (called here instead “calibration”) have been introduced to correct these biases. An up-to-date review of the available methods is provided to better understand each method's assumptions, properties, and applicative purposes. The climate simulations are then calibrated by a quantile-based method before being used in the suitability models. The suitability models are developed based on census data of coffee areas, and potential climate variables are based on a review of previous studies using impact models for coffee and expert recommendations. Results show that suitable arabica areas in Brazil could decrease by about 26 % by the mid-century in the high-emissions scenario, while the decrease is surprisingly high for Vietnamese Robusta coffee (≈ 60 %). Impacts are significant at low elevations for both coffee types, suggesting potential shifts in production to higher locations. The used statistical approaches, especially the LTO technique, can contribute to the development of crop modelling. They can be applied to a complex perennial crop like coffee or more industrialized annual crops like grain maize. They can be used in seasonal forecasts or end-of-season estimations, which are helpful in crop management and monitoring. Estimating the future crop suitability helps to anticipate the consequences of climate change on the agricultural system and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. Methodologies used in this thesis can be easily generalized to other cultures and regions worldwide
Coron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00879090.
Full textDreveton-Le, Goff Christine. "Etude de l'équilibre climatique du modèle Arpège." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30101.
Full textCoron, Laurent. "Les modèles hydrologiques conceptuelssont-ils robustes face à un climat en évolution ? Diagnostic sur un échantillon de bassins versants français et australiens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0030.
Full textHydrologists are asked to estimate the medium- and long-term evolutions of water resources. To answer these questions, they commonly use conceptual models. In addition, they are often required to provide an estimate of the uncertainties associated with model projections. This raises the question of the robustness of conceptual models, especially in the context of climate evolution. Indeed, using a model in conditions different from those of calibration is based on the hypothesis of parameter transferability, i.e. the possibility to use model parameters in conditions different from those used for the model set-up. We focus on this issue with the aim of answering the following questions:• What is the robustness level of conceptual hydrological models in the context of changing climatic conditions?• What are the causes for the lack of robustness, and are there ways to prevent it?We answer these questions by studying the performance of conceptual models through multiple tests of temporal transfer of their parameters. Results show the existence of correlations between the robustness problems and the difference in climate conditions between model calibration and validation periods. The analysis especially points out the situations of systematic bias correlated to differences in air temperature. However, results are heterogeneous in our catchment set, and climate variables or error type associated with the identified problems vary between catchments.The analysis of simulation biases on catchments where the models are not robust shows alternating phases of flow under- or overestimation, with a possible bias in the mean flow up to 20% over a ten-year period.Our work reveals that very similar results can be obtained for various periods or calibration methods. The robustness issues faced by conceptual models used in this study do not solely stem from inadequate calibrations leading to the selection of parameters unable reproduce the catchment behavior. They seem to be the consequence of overall difficulties for models to satisfactorily simulate water balances simultaneously on various periods.This work opens reflections on the limited capacity of some hydrological models to reproduce low-frequency dynamics and raises questions on the role of inputs estimates errors in model failures, especially the temporal variations of evapotranspiration
Royer-Gaspard, Paul. "De la robustesse des modèles hydrologiques face à des conditions climatiques variables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS466.
Full textAmong the many challenges that climate change poses, the ability of hydrological models to adequately perform over a large range of climatic conditions is key its impacts on the regime of rivers. However, modern hydrological models still lack of robustness. The causes are yet uncertain and may be manifold: (calibration, measurement errors, model structure). This thesis aims at identifying solutions for model improvement by a series of diagnoses conducted on a large catchment set. After a study of the types of climatic changes challenging model robustness the most, we set up a comparison of different calibration methods. It revealed that the choice of the optimized objective function had a significant impact on model robustness. The way potential evaporation is computed also influences model robustness, although our comparison of a few potential evaporation models show rather heterogeneous results across the catchment set. A method specifically designed to diagnose structural weaknesses impacting model robustness, based on an analysis of performance trade-offs in a multi-objective framework, was then proposed and applied to the GR4J model. A couple of major structural deficiencies was identified. These deficiencies likely prevent the model from providing robust simulations in different streamflow ranges simultaneously. An attempt to modify the structure of GR4J yielded to an encouraging yet modest improvement of its performance. Despite the light enhancement of hydrological model robustness achieved in this work, it may pave the way to further advances toward model structural development
Deguest, Romain. "Incertitude de modèle en finance : mesures de risque et calibration de modèle." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EPXX0062.
Full textPrudhomme, Alice. "Nouveau modèle tectono-climatique des Andes centrales du Nord (5-9°S)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30129.
Full textUsing a multidisciplinary approach, this thesis proposes a new double-verging orogen model for the Northern Central Andes, which can explain the crustal thickening and the current topography interacting with a complex climate. A new structural and stratigraphic synthesis across the forearc and the Western Cordillera revealed the presence of a major western vergence thrust. For the first time, the construction of a balanced cross-section through the whole Northern Central Andes, combined with thermochronological data, illustrates a double verging orogenic model propagating synchronously since ~30 Ma, with a total shortening of 158 km. Numerical modeling of the tectono-climatic evolution of the Andean orogeny shows the acceleration of the aridification in its western flank at ~ 15 Ma and during the Pliocene, as well as the late uplift and the formation of an equivalent of the Altiplano, which would have been incised and emptied recently by the Marañón River
Laurent, Carine. "Variabilité climatique basse-fréquence simulée en Atlantique Nord par un modèle couplé océan-atmosphère." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066524.
Full textOudin, Ludovic. "Recherche d'un modèle d'évapotranspiration potentielle pertinent comme entrée d'un modèle pluie-débit global." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000931.
Full textPéré, Jean-Christophe. "Simulation de l'impact climatique des aérosols en Europe." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553196.
Full textTourasse, Guillaume. "Mesure et Analyse Statistique Tout Temps du Spectre du Rayonnement Solaire." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSET014/document.
Full textThis manuscript presents the design and setup of an all-weather spectral irradiance measurement system on 4 planes. The 4 spectrometers measure a total of 900 spectra/min to produce every minute, a mean spectral irradiance and its standard deviation. Between 2014 and 2015, this system recorded 700,000 spectra, for wavelengths ranging between 400 and 1,000 nm with a step ≤1 nm. A sample of 145,000 spectra representative of the Lyon climate was selected for statistical analysis. For this purpose, the sample was reduced in size by partitioning it in 1,175 spectra. Its spectral domain was extended to 280-1,500 nm by extrapolating the spectra with curve fitting using the SMARTS2 RTM. A PCA of the extrapolated sample reduced its description to only 3 components; hence, allowing a revision of the CIE’s illuminant D series. Finally, the relation between spectral power distribution and environmental or colorimetric parameters opens a way towards statistical models for generating solar spectra
Rouis, Moeiz. "Equations aux dérivées partielles en finance : problèmes inverses et calibration de modèle." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003888.
Full textBonneu, Adrien. "Développement d’un modèle continu d’enracinement, basé sur l’agrégation de l’architecture racinaire des plantes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20109/document.
Full textModelling and simulating plant root growth in connection with soil water and nutrient transfer is an important challenge that finds applications in many fields of research. Root growth models have been classified into SM (Structural Models), FSM (Functional Structural Models) and DBM (Density Based Models). Models based on explicit representations of root system structures simulate realistic patterns. Density based models aggregate root development and describe the evolution of root densities in space and time. The main advantage of this kind of models based on continuous formulation is that the computational time is independent of the number of roots, which is especially useful for applications at the plant stand scale. Moreover, the use of continuous models facilitates coupling with other functional and physical models that are also based on continuous equations such as water and nutrient transport.The aim of the thesis is to propose a minimal (i.e. involving a minimum number of parameters) and generic (i.e. applicable to a wide range of root architectures) continuous model based on a partial differential equation. This model is presented in a 3D form and considers the number of apices per unit volume of soil as output variable. The equation includes three main physical phenomena, namely advection, diffusion andreaction, which aggregate different aspects of root architectural and developmental rules, e.g. primary growth, branching and mortality. A numerical scheme based on an operator splitting method is proposed to solve the equation by separating the three different processes. It is a powerful and consistent numerical method that allows the use of appropriate numerical scheme for each operator. Observed data with their variability, which are encoded using architectural models, are used to calibrate the continuous model. The continuous model is then used to simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of the mean density of apex number for root systems with different developmental rules. The evaluation of this modelling approach is carried out on : 1- horizontal roots of eucalyptus that are controlled by a main apex ; 2- centralizedsystems, e.g. maize root systems, and 3- decentralized root systems, e.g. couch grass root systems.The results of the calibration method were satisfactory and allowed us to define and simulate different root growth strategies
Coppin, David. "Agrégation de la convection dans un modèle de circulation générale : mécanismes physiques et rôle climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066057/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of convective aggregation in LMDZ5A general circulation model, used in Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE) configuration. The instability of the RCE allows us to look at the mechanisms controlling the initiation of convective aggregation and its dependence on sea surface temperatures (SST). At low SSTs, a coupling between the large-scale circulation and the radiative effects of low clouds is needed to trigger self-aggregation. At high SSTs, the coupling between the large-scale circulation and the surface fluxes controls this initiation. When the atmosphere is coupled to a slab ocean mixed layer, SST gradients facilitate the initiation of convective aggregation. Except for the high-cloud radiative effects, triggering mechanisms are less crucial. Convection also becomes less dependent on the SST.The impact of convective aggregation on the climate sensitivity and surface temperature is also analyzed. Convective aggregation is found to increase the area of dry clear-sky zones. Thus, it tends to cool the system very efficiently. However, the negative feedback associated with an increase in aggregation is generally balanced by offsetting changes in SST gradients and low clouds that tend to increase the climate sensitivity. In contrast, at shorter timescales, the coupling between ocean and convective aggregation also controls the strength of convective aggregation and overturn its effect. Thus the impact of convective aggregation may not be as strong as what can be inferred from experiments with uniform SSTs.These results emphasize the importance of considering ocean-atmosphere coupling when studying the role of aggregation in climate
Coppin, David. "Agrégation de la convection dans un modèle de circulation générale : mécanismes physiques et rôle climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066057.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the study of convective aggregation in LMDZ5A general circulation model, used in Radiative-Convective Equilibrium (RCE) configuration. The instability of the RCE allows us to look at the mechanisms controlling the initiation of convective aggregation and its dependence on sea surface temperatures (SST). At low SSTs, a coupling between the large-scale circulation and the radiative effects of low clouds is needed to trigger self-aggregation. At high SSTs, the coupling between the large-scale circulation and the surface fluxes controls this initiation. When the atmosphere is coupled to a slab ocean mixed layer, SST gradients facilitate the initiation of convective aggregation. Except for the high-cloud radiative effects, triggering mechanisms are less crucial. Convection also becomes less dependent on the SST.The impact of convective aggregation on the climate sensitivity and surface temperature is also analyzed. Convective aggregation is found to increase the area of dry clear-sky zones. Thus, it tends to cool the system very efficiently. However, the negative feedback associated with an increase in aggregation is generally balanced by offsetting changes in SST gradients and low clouds that tend to increase the climate sensitivity. In contrast, at shorter timescales, the coupling between ocean and convective aggregation also controls the strength of convective aggregation and overturn its effect. Thus the impact of convective aggregation may not be as strong as what can be inferred from experiments with uniform SSTs.These results emphasize the importance of considering ocean-atmosphere coupling when studying the role of aggregation in climate
Voldoire, Aurore. "Prise en compte des changements de végétation dans un scénario climatique du 21e siècle." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163903.
Full textBrechet, Thierry. "Politiques de lutte contre lechangement climatique et modélisation macroéconomique : un modèle d'équilibre général pour l'économie belge." Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010032.
Full textHa-Duong, Minh. "Comment tenir compte de l'irréversibilité dans l'évaluation intégrée du changement climatique ?" Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003505.
Full textAprès une présentation des conditions générales du problème du changement climatique au chapitre 2, puis une exposition plus historique des débats au chapitre 3, le chapitre 4 passe en revue un nombre substantiel de modèles intégrés ayant contribué à l'analyse de la question. Le chapitre 5 expose un modèle intégré sur la réduction optimale des émissions de CO2, DIAM, pour montrer dans quelle mesure les travaux précédents surestimaient les coûts de réduction à long terme et sous estimaient les coûts d'ajustement. Il apparaît qu'étant donné une date de stabilisation de la concentration atmosphérique de CO2, une inertie plus élevée implique une trajectoire optimale de concentration plus basse.
Formulant ensuite au chapitre 6 le problème en termes de décision séquentielle, on trouve que l'incertitude actuelle sur le plafond de concentration « sans danger pour le système climatique » justifie une action notable à court terme. Enfin, le chapitre 7 se replace dans le cadre de la théorie de l'effet d'irréversibilité, pour comparer empiriquement l'irréversibilité environnementale avec l'irréversibilité des investissements en calculant une valeur d'option associée un contrôle précoce des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.
Philippon, Gwenaëlle. "Rôle des calottes glaciaires dans le système climatique : Analyse des interactions entre un modèle de calotte de glace Antarctique et un modèle de climat." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00328184.
Full textBel, Madani Ali. "Impact du changement climatique dans le système de courant de Humboldt simulé par un modèle régional océanique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/777/.
Full textWhat do we need to study the influence of climate change simulated by global coupled models of the current generation upon the Peru-Chile upwelling system " is the main question addressed in this PhD thesis. Thanks to a dynamical downscaling approach performed with the ROMS model (Regional Oceanic Modelling System) at an eddy-resolving resolution (1/6°), we aim at understanding the processes that are likely to control possible future changes in the ocean circulation over this region influenced by ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). A study of the physical mechanisms that control ENSO-like variability in PI (pre-industrial) simulations performed with CGCMs (Coupled General Circulation Models) of the WCRP-CMIP3 multi-model ensemble (the so-called " IPCC-AR4 models ") allows identifying the most reliable models in terms of equatorial variability. It makes use of an intermediate coupled model of the tropical Pacific with prescribed mean stratification and wind forcing in order to derive explicitly the tendency terms of the mixed layer heat budget. Such analysis allows classifying the models according to the dominant ENSO process: zonal advective feedback or thermocline feedback. Models with a hybrid feedback like in the observations best represent the coupled processes that control SST variability, which makes us assume that they provide the highest confidence levels in terms of prediction of ENSO evolution under global warming. Among them, two CGCMs (IPSL-CM4 and INGV-ECHAM4) best reproduce mean temperature and currents as well as their intraseasonal-to-interannual variabilities at the western boundary of the Peru-Chile domain (100°W) and are therefore retained for downscaling experiments over the HCS (Humboldt Current System) region. CGCM outputs from the PI and 4xCO2 (CO2 quadrupling) simulations for the oceanic part are used directly as open boundary conditions for ROMS, whereas a high-resolution (~50km) CGCM-derived wind product obtained from a statistical downscaling procedure is used together with raw CGCM air-sea fluxes for the atmospheric forcing. .
Cohen-Solal, Emmanuelle. "Etude de l'énergétique du système climatique à l'aide d'un modèle couplé : atmosphère, océan superficiel, glace de mer." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066088.
Full textBeaumet, Julien. "Changement climatique en Antarctique : études à l'aide d'un modèle atmosphérique de circulation générale à haute résolution régionale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU050/document.
Full textThe increase of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface mass balance due to rise in snowfall is the only expected negative contribution to sea-level rise in the course of the 21st century within the context of global warming induced by mankind. Dynamical downscaling of climate projections provided by coupled ocean-atmosphere models is the most commonly used method to assess the future evolution of the Antarctic climate. Nevertheless, large uncertainties remain in the application of this method, particularly because of large biases in coupled models for oceanic surface conditions and atmospheric large-scale circulation at Southern Hemisphere high latitudes.In the first part of this work, different bias-correction methods for oceanic surface conditions have been evaluated. The results have allowed to select a quantile-quantile method for sea surface temperature and an analog method for sea-ice concentration. Because of the strong sensitivity of Antarctic surface climate to the variations of sea-ice extents in the Southern Ocean, oceanic surface conditions provided by two coupled models, NorESM1-M and MIROC-ESM, showing clearly different trends (respectively -14 and -45%) on winter sea-ice extent have been selected. Oceanic surface conditions of the ``business as usual" scenario (RCP8.5) coming from these two models have been corrected in order to force the global atmospheric model ARPEGE.In the following, ARPEGE has been used in a stretched-grid configuration, allowing to reach an horizontal resolution around 40 kilometers on Antarctica. For historical climate (1981-2010), the model was driven by observed oceanic surface conditions as well as by those from MIROC-ESM and NorESM1-M historical simulation. For late 21st century (2071-2100), original and bias corrected oceanic conditions from the latter two model have been used. The evaluation for present climate has evidenced excellent ARPEGE skills for surface climate and surface mass balance as well as large remaining errors on large-scale atmospheric circulation even when using observed oceanic surface conditions. For future climate, the use of bias-corrected MIROC-ESM oceanic forcings has yielded an additionally significant increase in winter temperatures and in annual surface mass balance at the continent-scale.In the end, ARPEGE has been corrected at run-time using a climatology of tendency errors coming from an ARPEGE simulation driven by climate reanalyses. The application of this method for present climate has dramatically improved the modelling of the atmospheric circulation and antarctic surface climate. The application for the future suggests significant additional warming (~ 0.7 to +0.9 C) and increase in precipitation (~ +6 to +9 %) with respect to the scenarios realized without atmospheric bias correction. Driving regional climate models or ice dynamics model with corrected ARPEGE scenarios is to explored in regards of the potentially large-impacts on the Antarctic ice-sheet and its contribution to sea-level rise
Boulain, Nicolas. "Effet des facteurs climatiques et anthropiques dans l'évolution récente des écosystèmes tropicaux : modélisation spatialisée du bilan hydrique d'un petit bassin versant sahélien." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066016.
Full textBaek, Yong Wook. "Calibration par injection de charge du calorimètre électromagnétique de CMS." Chambéry, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CHAMS001.
Full textNguyen, Anh Laurent. "Calibration de modèles financiers par minimisation d'entropie relative et modèles avec sautsbTexte imprimé." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENPC0012.
Full textKnochel, Hervé. "Développement et validation d'un modèle numérique de circulation océanique à coordonnées [sigma] pour l'étude climatique de l'Atlantique nord." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10256.
Full textBertelsmeier, Cleo. "Biologie des invasions de fourmis dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112358/document.
Full textClimate change and biological invasions are both among the greatest threats to biodiversity and their impacts might increase by the end of the century. Among invasive species, ants are a prominent group due to their negative impacts on native species, ecosystem processes, human and animal health, agro-ecosystems and the economy. The objective of this thesis was to forecast future ant invasions – especially in the light of on-going climate change, which is generally thought to favour invasive species by removing thermal barriers. I used three complementary approaches to study the potential of different ant species to invade in the future: species distribution modelling, behavioural experiments and the analysis of a database of ecological traits. I modelled suitable area for 15 of the worst invasive ant species, both currently and with predicted climate change, globally, regionally and within the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots. Surprisingly, the potential distribution of only five species was predicted to increase (up to 35.8%) with climate change, with most declining by up to 63.3%. The ant invasion hotspots are predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Asia and Oceanic islands, and particularly correspond with biodiversity hotspots. Contrary to general expectations, climate change and biological invasions will not systematically act synergistically for ants. In addition, I found that the impacts of climate change can change over time and even reverse the trend of the impact (i.e., an increase instead of a decrease or vice versa). However, ant invasions will likely remain as a major global problem, especially where invasion hotspots coincide with biodiversity hotspots. The species distribution models have identified large potentially overlapping distributions of several invasive ants. In the future, these species may arrive simultaneously in the same regions and compete with each other. In a series of experiments, I tested behavioural differences among 7 highly invasive ant species (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, Myrmica rubra, Linepithema humile, Lasius neglectus, Wasmannia auropunctata and Pheidole megacephala). I discovered two different behavioural strategies among invasive ants. Interactions at the colony level, exhibited more complex demographic processes and more variability. Further, I investigated resource competition and differences in resource exploitation. I found significant differences among species, with competitive abilities that were negatively correlated with behavioural dominance. This series of experiments suggests that the ‘mechanisms’ of invasiveness are more complex than previously thought and that different invasive ant species may use different behavioural strategies. Since there are more than 250 exotic species of ants, it would be interesting to identify potential future invaders. In order to identify traits associated with invasiveness in ants, I set up a database with 2193 ant species and 24 ecological characteristics. I performed a preliminary analysis of trait differences between native and invasive ants that shows clearly different clusters of invasive and native species, with exotic species in between. These results could be used as a basis to construct a predictive model of future ant invasions. The different methods used (models, experiments, database) are complementary in that they explore different aspects of the future ant invasions which are likely to be influenced by on-going climate change. The worst invaders of tomorrow may not be the same as today and similarly, areas most at risk are likely to change
Caillaud, Cecile. "Sensibilité climatique des systèmes précipitants intenses : approche par la modélisation climatique à très haute résolution sur le nord-ouest de la Méditerranée." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INPT, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023INPT0111.
Full textThe Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events (HPEs) that affect the northwestern Mediterranean every fall are high-impact weather events. The study of their evolution on climate scales is therefore of great importance and remains a challenge for the climate modelling community. For some years now, it has been possible to use kilometre-scale regional climate models (Convection- Permitting Regional Climate Models or CP-RCMs, 1-3 km) in which deep convection is explicitly simulated. These models make it possible to get closer to the spatio-temporal scales involved and open up new perspectives in terms of analysis. The aim of this thesis is to determine the response of northwestern Mediterranean HPEs to human-induced climate change, using this new generation of climate models combined with an object-oriented approach. The tracking of heavy precipitation systems is applied to observational datasets, to simulations carried out with the CNRM-AROME CP-RCM and to simulations of the first ensemble of CP-RCMs available as part of the international CORDEX FPS Convection programme over a common domain covering the north-western Mediterranean. The first part of this thesis is devoted to evaluating the performance of CP-RCMs in comparison with high-resolution reference observation data. The added value of CP-RCM compared with regional models with coarser resolution (12-15 km) is demonstrated for precipitation extremes, particularly at hourly time steps. The object-oriented approach also shows that, despite a few residual biases, CP-RCMs are capable of correctly representing the principal properties of heavy precipitation systems, both in terms of number and position over the entire domain, and in terms of duration, intensity, surface area, volume, speed and severity over the French Mediterranean, where observations enable these properties to be assessed in detail. The good performance of these models lends greater confidence to their future projections. The second part focuses on the future evolution of Mediterranean HPEs using the object-oriented approach applied to mid and end-of-century simulations of the CP-RCMs ensemble in scenario mode to study changes in the properties of heavy precipitation systems in a warmer climate. At the end of the century, and according to a scenario of high emissions, certain changes are found in most of the simulations and can be described as robust. For example, an increase in the frequency of fall heavy precipitation systems over a large part of the domain, particularly from central Italy to the northern Balkans, is accompanied by a doubling of the areas affected by these events. Over the French Mediterranean region, the models agree on an increase in the intensity, surface area and volume of precipitating systems. However, even with this new generation of models, significant uncertainties remain, particularly for changes in frequency over southeastern France, probably due to differences in the synoptic conditions imposed by the CP-RCMs driving models. Similarly, the ensemble projects a wide range of possible changes in the properties of systems, particularly for the most intense ones and even when standardised by the corresponding regional warming. While CP-RCMs are the appropriate modelling tools for studying precipitation extremes, efforts must be continued to produce larger, better constructed ensembles, probably supplemented by machine learning methods, in order to provide useful climate information at scales relevant to adaptation policies
Brogniez, Hélène. "Humidité de la troposphère libre africaine : élaboration d'une archive Meteosat, analyse climatique et évaluation de modèles." Paris 6, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008052.
Full textDiawara, Mamadou Oumar. "Impact de la variabilité climatique au nord Sahel (Gourma, Mali) sur la dynamique des ressources pastorales, conséquences sur les productions animales." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30029.
Full textSeveral studies on the primary production of Sahelian rangelands that are dominated by annual herbaceous indicate large spatial heterogeneity and high inter-annual variations in production associated with changes in rainfall distribution mediated by run-off redistribution itself mostly bound to soil type. In Sahel, most of the forage production occurs during the rainy season, which lasts three to four months. The management of the stock of fodder which is the main nutrition resource for livestock during the long dry season requires a good knowledge of its seasonal dynamics under the combined effects of climate and grazing pressure. This thesis aims to study the impact of climate variability on the dynamics of the pastoral resources of the Gourma in the North-East of Malian Sahel and to assess the impact of resources variations on animal production. The approach used is based on a joint seasonal monitoring of vegetation and stocking rate. It combines an analytical study and the modeling of the dynamics of forage resources in response to rainfall distribution and stocking rate. The thesis is composed of four studies. The first is a sensitivity analysis of forage production to the intra-seasonal distribution of rainfall. The second study evaluates the impact of domestic ruminants grazing on standing straw and litter disappearance rates during the dry season. The third study addresses the same question by modeling the dynamics of fodder resources during the season depending on the livestock grazing pressure. The fourth and last study evaluates the breeding productivity of the herds and the sustainability of Gourma pastoralism. The results highlight the low productivity of pastoral breeding despite an overall under-utilization of the forage stock in the dry-season. They indicate that in the Sahelian pastoral systems with rangelands producing less than 2000 kg DM ha-1 on average, and very limited use of supplementary feeds in the late dry season, livestock suffer of nutritional stress in the late dry and early wet season, as revealed by residual masses of straws and litter tilling less than 10 % of rangeland yield at the end of the rainy season
Bernardo, Telma. "Viabilité, analyse de sensibilité et mesures d'impact pour des systèmes dynamiques contraints : application à un modèle de changement climatique." Paris 9, 2008. https://bu.dauphine.psl.eu/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2008PA090053.
Full textThe Tolerable Windows Approach (TWA) is an analytical framework developed for studying climate change models and to facilitate the choice of climate guardrails (constraints). We intend to give our contribution to this approach by developing new measurement tools in the Viability Theory framework. For a given climate guardrail set K, we determine the set of all initial climate situations x viable in K. Viable climate situations x in K are those for which there exists at least one carbon emission policy preventing the future climate evolution starting from x, from transgressing K. The set of such viable climate situations x is called the Viability Kernel of K. The viability kernel concept is the cornerstone of the methodology presented in this study. We highlight the fact that this thesis is not devoted to climate forecasting. It only aims at designing, with the help of resources from Viability Theory and from Numerical Set-Valued Analysis, appropriate mathematical tools to help decision making. This is achieved by applying them to the climate model proposed by the experts in the climate impact studies so their pertinence can be evaluated. In particular these tools are developed to highlight decision makers to justify one appropriate and feasible choice of future climate guardrails
Swingedouw, Didier. "Origine et impact climatique d'un changement de circulation thermohaline au cours des prochains siècles dans le modèle IPSL-CM4." Paris 6, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451249.
Full textThe thermohaline circulation (THC) strongly influences the climate of the North Atlantic. The warming caused by the release of anthropic CO2 risks to affect this oceanic circulation and then the climate. We point here to evaluate this risk thanks to the tri-dimensional ocean-atmosphere IPSL-CM4 coupled model. In a first part we have done a survey of the principal theories concerning the THC. We have then validated the pertinence of IPSL-CM4 to lead our study. We have then analysed some scenario simulations for next centuries showing a significant diminution of the THC in those simulations, which is strongly magnified if the melting of Greenland is taken in account. The analysis of several scenarios taking into account or not this glacier melting has permitted to isolate in an original manner the role played by THC feedbacks. Last, the effect of the THC on the climate has been quantified in IPSL-CM4. It appears to be more slight that the global warming, even locally on Europe
Vo, Ngoc Duong. "Modélisation hydrologique déterministe pour l'évaluation des risques d'inondation et le changement du climat en grand bassin versant. Application au bassin versant de Vu Gia Thu Bon, Viet Nam." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4056/document.
Full textClimate change due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to be one of the major challenges to mankind in the 21st century. It will lead to changes in precipitation, atmospheric moisture, increase in evaporation and probably a higher frequency of extreme events. The consequences of these phenomena will have an influence on many aspects of human society. Particularly at river deltas, coastal regions and developing countries, the impacts of climate change to socio-economic development become more serious. So there is a need for a robust and accurate estimation of the variation of natural factors due to climate change, at least in the hydrological cycle and flooding events to provide a strong basis for mitigating the impacts of climate change and to adapt to these challenges. The aim of this study is to present a methodology to assess the impacts of different climate change scenarios on a flood prone area of a coastal river basin in the central region of Viet Nam – Vu Gia Thu Bon catchment. The hydrological simulations are based on a validated deterministic hydrological model which integrates geology, soil, topography, river systems and climate variables. The present day climate, over the period of 1991-2010 was reasonably simulated by the hydrological model. Future climate (2091-2100) information was obtained from a dynamical downscaling of the global climate models. The study also analyzes the changes in the flood dynamics of the study region, the hydrological shift and the uncertainties of climate change simulation
Conil, Sébastien. "Modélisation de l'influence océanique sur la variablilité atmosphérique dans la région Atlantique Nord Europe." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066068.
Full textGuillaud, Maxime. "Techniques de transmission et de modélisation de canal pour les systèmes de communications multi-antennes." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001353.
Full textAnderson, Lelia. "Détermination de la stratégie d'irrigation optimale de la fraise basée sur le potentiel matriciel du sol et un modèle climatique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26646.
Full textServonnat, Jérôme. "Variabilité climatique en Atlantique Nord au cours du dernier millénaire : evaluation de l'influence du forçage solaire avec le modèle IPSLCM4." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010VERS0055.
Full textMy work during my PhD has been the evaluation of the influence of solar forcing on climate variability during the last millennium with the IPSLCM4_v2 coupled model. I achieved two numerical simulations of the climate of the last millennium for this purpose. The first one consists in a millennium-long control integration, and the second one (SGI) was forced by reconstructions of the Total Solar Irradiance, CO2 concentrations and orbital parameters during the last millennium. The main results of my thesis are : the forcings significantly affect the temperature variance for geographical extent wider than 5. 106km² (extent of Europe). This result brought the spatial framework for model-data comparisons. The simulated amplitude of the Northern Hemisphere temperature variability is in agreement with the temperature reconstructions. A mismatch has been evidenced between SGI and the reconstructions between 1000 and 1200 AD, during the so-called Medieval Warm Period. The study of the forcings signature in Europe has shown that solar forcing appears clearly in numerical simulations from the ANR ESCARSEL project, but it much weaker in the studied temperature reconstruction. The conclusion of my work is that the solar forcing used in the simulation does not allow explaining totally the secular temperature evolution between 1000 and 1850 AD, either on the Northern Hemisphere or in Europe
Mignot, Juliette. "Sur la variabilité climatique de la salinité de surface en Atlantique Nord et son lien avec la circulation océanique dans un modèle couplé." Paris 6, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005370.
Full textAllaya, Mouhamad M. "Méthodes de Monte-Carlo EM et approximations particulaires : application à la calibration d'un modèle de volatilité stochastique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010072/document.
Full textThis thesis pursues a double perspective in the joint use of sequential Monte Carlo methods (SMC) and the Expectation-Maximization algorithm (EM) under hidden Markov models having a Markov dependence structure of order grater than one in the unobserved component signal. Firstly, we begin with a brief description of the theoretical basis of both statistical concepts through Chapters 1 and 2 that are devoted. In a second hand, we focus on the simultaneous implementation of both concepts in Chapter 3 in the usual setting where the dependence structure is of order 1. The contribution of SMC methods in this work lies in their ability to effectively approximate any bounded conditional functional in particular, those of filtering and smoothing quantities in a non-linear and non-Gaussian settings. The EM algorithm is itself motivated by the presence of both observable and unobservable ( or partially observed) variables in Hidden Markov Models and particularly the stochastic volatility models in study. Having presented the EM algorithm as well as the SMC methods and some of their properties in Chapters 1 and 2 respectively, we illustrate these two statistical tools through the calibration of a stochastic volatility model. This application is clone for exchange rates and for some stock indexes in Chapter 3. We conclude this chapter on a slight departure from canonical stochastic volatility model as well Monte Carlo simulations on the resulting model. Finally, we strive in Chapters 4 and 5 to provide the theoretical and practical foundation of sequential Monte Carlo methods extension including particle filtering and smoothing when the Markov structure is more pronounced. As an illustration, we give the example of a degenerate stochastic volatility model whose approximation has such a dependence property
Roca, Manon. "Contribution à un modèle d'EEPROM : de la calibration expérimentale à la prise en compte des effets thermiques." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX11061.
Full textFoissard, Xavier. "L’îlot de chaleur urbain et le changement climatique : application à l’agglomération rennaise." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20027/document.
Full textUrban development, characterized by the presence of buildings and impervious surfaces, modify the local climate and in particular, enhance the urban heat island (UHI). This phenomenon raises temperatures in cities at night, which could cause discomfort and over-mortality during heat waves. In the context of climate change and important population dynamics, this thesis is carried out in the Rennes Metropolitan area (in Brittany). Firstly, this thesis focuses on the spatial analysis of UHI variability according to land use and urban forms. To observe UHI in the Rennes Metropolitan area, a network of multiple measurement types were implemented at various scale. 1) a network of 22 permanents weather stations located in urban/rural sites; 2) a network of 20 temperature sensors placed in intra-urban area; and 3) a network of temperature measurements in two neighborhoods of Rennes and a small town, Vezin-le-Coquet. Secondly, spatial models of UHI were designed in this thesis at both the urban agglomeration and intra-urban scale. This multi-scale approach produced UHI map for these nesting-scales. Thirdly, this thesis determined the temporal variability of UHI by looking at the interaction between weather types and UHI. This analysis produced a statistical model of daily UHI magnitude according to meteorological observations. This model combined with data from downscaled climate change scenarios provided future projections of UHI. Lastly, this study deals with tools for town planning to prevent intensive UHI. UHI maps and downscaled climate change scenarios defined the risk assessment in the Rennes Metropolitan area
Hopuare, Marania. "Changement climatique en Polynésie française détection des changements observés, évaluation des projections." Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0007/document.
Full textThe effects of climate change on Pacific islands is a major concern for the local populations. The rainfall parameter, specifically, appears as one of the sensitive parameters, as it determines water resources. The goal of this thesis is to bring a first insight into the 21st century evolution of precipitation in Tahiti.The first step was to characterize rainfall in Tahiti using data records from the observation network of Meteo France. The “rainfall season”, lasting from November to April, is the season of interest, as rainfall amounts are the highest at this time of the year. Indeed, the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), host of deep convection, remains the principal source of rainfall in Tahiti in austral summer (December-January-February). On interannual and interdecadal timescales, the El niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) imply north/south and east/west migrations of the SPCZ, drawing it away, or closer to Tahiti. The positive phase of the IPO involves a north-eastward displacement of the SPCZ, which causes higher rainfall amounts in Tahiti. The SPCZ is displaced towards the south- west during negative IPO phase, leading to a decrease of rainfall in Tahiti. The study reveals that the IPO positive phase favor the occurrence of intense El niño events. In those cases, the SPCZ is critically displaced to the north-east and lies zonally just south of the equator. Accordingly, the SPCZ is drawn away from Tahiti and alters the south-east flow of trade winds. As a result, substantial orographic precipitation affect the south-east coasts of Tahiti.Following the assessment of observed precipitation for the period 1961-2011, an original method has been set up to obtain a model able to resolve the island and capture the orographic effects at best. Two successive downscaling steps have been necessary to get the limited area model ALADIN-Climat over Tahiti (at the resolution of 12 km), starting from the global coupled model CNRM-CM with a resolution of 150 km. The regional model outputs have been compared to the observed records over the historical period. A linkage between observed and modeled precipitation has been defined. This linkage has been built between meteorological stations and model grid cells exhibiting similar behaviour regarding the phases of ENSO. It has been assumed that this linkage is still relevant in the 21st century. In this way, future precipitation in Tahiti, as realistic as possible, are deduced from modeled precipitation (at 12 km of resolution), following two IPCC scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The El niño-like spatial structure of global warming further confirms the relevance of the linkage built previously. The results obtained concern the southern coasts of Tahiti. Rainfall would gradually increase along the 21st century, as a consequence of global warming. In Papara, the austral summer mean rainfall height is 695 mm over the period 1961-2011. The mean value, for the period 2070-2100, would be 825 mm for the scenario RCP4.5 and 814 mm for the scenario RCP8.5, let say an increase of a little less than 20%. Superimposed to this long-range raise, El niño events would induce an excess of rainfall. This effect would be reduced at the end of the 21st century in RCP8.5. Conversely, La niña events would always involve a decline of rainfall, but would not succeed in counteracting the long-range increase
Travers, Trolet Morgane. "Couplage de modèles trophiques et effets combinés de la pêche et du climat." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066117.
Full textBriand, Anne. "Politiques tarifaires de l'eau, sécurité alimentaire et vulnérabilité climatique au Sénégal : un modèle d'équilibre général calculable éclairé par une enquête ménages." Rouen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ROUED004.
Full textVachon, François. "Caractérisation des propriétés optiques des aérosols troposphériques par télédétection satellitaire et in-situ et validation du modèle climatique canadien GCMIII-CAM." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2003. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2352.
Full textSt-Onge, Patrick. "Calibration du multidétecteur HERACLES et simulations de collisions d'ions lourds à l'aide d'un modèle de dynamique moléculaire antisymmétrisée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30797/30797.pdf.
Full textGarcia, de Cortazar Atauri Iñaki. "Adaptation du modèle STICS à la vigne (Vitis vinifera L. ) : utilisation dans le cadre d'une étude d'impact du changement climatique à l'échelle de la France." Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0030.
Full textOgutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224/document.
Full textThe goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way