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Journal articles on the topic 'CalHM6'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 November 2024

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1

Javed, Aneela, Sabahat Habib, and Aaima Ayub. "Evolution of protein domain repertoires of CALHM6." PeerJ 12 (January 2, 2024): e16063. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16063.

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Calcium (Ca2 +) homeostasis is essential in conducting various cellular processes including nerve transmission, muscular movement, and immune response. Changes in Ca2 + concentration in the cytoplasm are significant in bringing about various immune responses such as pathogen clearance and apoptosis. Various key players are involved in calcium homeostasis such as calcium binders, pumps, and channels. Sequence-based evolutionary information has recently been exploited to predict the biophysical behaviors of proteins, giving critical clues about their functionality. Ion channels are reportedly the first channels developed during evolution. Calcium homeostasis modulator protein 6 (CALHM6) is one such channel. Comprised of a single domain called Ca_hom_mod, CALHM6 is a stable protein interacting with various other proteins in calcium regulation. No previous attempt has been made to trace the exact evolutionary events in the domain of CALHM6, leaving plenty of room for exploring its evolution across a wide range of organisms. The current study aims to answer the questions by employing a computational-based strategy that used profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to scan for the CALHM6 domain, integrated the data with a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree using BEAST and Mesquite, and visualized through iTOL. Around 4,000 domains were identified, and 14,000 domain gain, loss, and duplication events were observed at the end which also included various protein domains other than CALHM6. The data were analyzed concerning CALHM6 evolution as well as the domain gain, loss, and duplication of its interacting partners: Calpain, Vinculin, protein S100-A7, Thioredoxin, Peroxiredoxin, and Calmodulin-like protein 5. Duplication events of CALHM6 near higher eukaryotes showed its increasing complexity in structure and function. This in-silico phylogenetic approach applied to trace the evolution of CALHM6 was an effective approach to get a better understanding of the protein CALHM6.

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2

Demura, Kanae, Tsukasa Kusakizako, Wataru Shihoya, Masahiro Hiraizumi, Kengo Nomura, Hiroto Shimada, Keitaro Yamashita, Tomohiro Nishizawa, Akiyuki Taruno, and Osamu Nureki. "Cryo-EM structures of calcium homeostasis modulator channels in diverse oligomeric assemblies." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eaba8105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8105.

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Calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) family proteins are Ca2+-regulated adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–release channels involved in neural functions including neurotransmission in gustation. Here, we present the cryo–electron microscopy (EM) structures of killifish CALHM1, human CALHM2, and Caenorhabditis elegans CLHM-1 at resolutions of 2.66, 3.4, and 3.6 Å, respectively. The CALHM1 octamer structure reveals that the N-terminal helix forms the constriction site at the channel pore in the open state and modulates the ATP conductance. The CALHM2 undecamer and CLHM-1 nonamer structures show the different oligomeric stoichiometries among CALHM homologs. We further report the cryo-EM structures of the chimeric construct, revealing that the intersubunit interactions at the transmembrane domain (TMD) and the TMD–intracellular domain linker define the oligomeric stoichiometry. These findings advance our understanding of the ATP conduction and oligomerization mechanisms of CALHM channels.

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3

Dufek, Stephanie, Chris Cheshire, Adam P. Levine, Richard S. Trompeter, Naomi Issler, Matthew Stubbs, Monika Mozere, et al. "Genetic Identification of Two Novel Loci Associated with Steroid-Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 30, no. 8 (July 1, 2019): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2018101054.

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BackgroundSteroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS), the most common form of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is considered an autoimmune disease with an established classic HLA association. However, the precise etiology of the disease is unclear. In other autoimmune diseases, the identification of loci outside the classic HLA region by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has provided critical insights into disease pathogenesis. Previously conducted GWAS of SSNS have not identified non-HLA loci achieving genome-wide significance.MethodsIn an attempt to identify additional loci associated with SSNS, we conducted a GWAS of a large cohort of European ancestry comprising 422 ethnically homogeneous pediatric patients and 5642 ethnically matched controls.ResultsThe GWAS found three loci that achieved genome-wide significance, which explain approximately 14% of the genetic risk for SSNS. It confirmed the previously reported association with the HLA-DR/DQ region (lead single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs9273542, P=1.59×10−43; odds ratio [OR], 3.39; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.86 to 4.03) and identified two additional loci outside the HLA region on chromosomes 4q13.3 and 6q22.1. The latter contains the calcium homeostasis modulator family member 6 gene CALHM6 (previously called FAM26F). CALHM6 is implicated in immune response modulation; the lead SNP (rs2637678, P=1.27×10−17; OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.60) exhibits strong expression quantitative trait loci effects, the risk allele being associated with lower lymphocytic expression of CALHM6.ConclusionsBecause CALHM6 is implicated in regulating the immune response to infection, this may provide an explanation for the typical triggering of SSNS onset by infections. Our results suggest that a genetically conferred risk of immune dysregulation may be a key component in the pathogenesis of SSNS.

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4

Ha, Sungji, Sungji Ha, and Yoo-Hun Suh. "P4-300: CALHM2 interacts with CALHM1 and CALHM3 and inhibits Ca2+ channel activity." Alzheimer's & Dementia 8, no. 4S_Part_21 (July 2012): S762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.08.081.

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5

Ren, Yue, Tianlei Wen, Zhiqin Xi, Shunjin Li, Jing Lu, Xing Zhang, Xue Yang, and Yuequan Shen. "Cryo-EM structure of the calcium homeostasis modulator 1 channel." Science Advances 6, no. 29 (July 2020): eaba8161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba8161.

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Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a voltage-gated ATP release channel that plays an important role in neural gustatory signaling and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we present a cryo–electron microscopy structure of full-length Ca2+-free CALHM1 from Danio rerio at an overall resolution of 3.1 Å. Our structure reveals an octameric architecture with a wide pore diameter of ~20 Å, presumably representing the active conformation. The overall structure is substantially different from that of the isoform CALHM2, which forms both undecameric hemichannels and gap junctions. The N-terminal small helix folds back to the pore and forms an antiparallel interaction with transmembrane helix 1. Structural analysis revealed that the extracellular loop 1 region within the dimer interface may contribute to oligomeric assembly. A positive potential belt inside the pore was identified that may modulate ion permeation. Our structure offers insights into the assembly and gating mechanism of the CALHM1 channel.

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6

Tanis, Jessica E., Zhongming Ma, and J. Kevin Foskett. "The NH2 terminus regulates voltage-dependent gating of CALHM ion channels." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 313, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): C173—C186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00318.2016.

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Calcium homeostasis modulator protein-1 (CALHM1) and its Caenorhabditis elegans (ce) homolog, CLHM-1, belong to a new family of physiologically important ion channels that are regulated by voltage and extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) but lack a canonical voltage-sensing domain. Consequently, the intrinsic voltage-dependent gating mechanisms for CALHM channels are unknown. Here, we performed voltage-clamp experiments on ceCLHM-1 chimeric, deletion, insertion, and point mutants to assess the role of the NH2 terminus (NT) in CALHM channel gating. Analyses of chimeric channels in which the ceCLHM-1 and human (h)CALHM1 NH2 termini were interchanged showed that the hCALHM1 NT destabilized channel-closed states, whereas the ceCLHM-1 NT had a stabilizing effect. In the absence of Ca2+o, deletion of up to eight amino acids from the ceCLHM-1 NT caused a hyperpolarizing shift in the conductance-voltage relationship with little effect on voltage-dependent slope. However, deletion of nine or more amino acids decreased voltage dependence and induced a residual conductance at hyperpolarized voltages. Insertion of amino acids into the NH2-terminal helix also decreased voltage dependence but did not prevent channel closure. Mutation of ceCLHM-1 valine 9 and glutamine 13 altered half-maximal activation and voltage dependence, respectively, in 0 Ca2+. In 2 mM Ca2+o, ceCLHM-1 NH2-terminal deletion and point mutant channels closed completely at hyperpolarized voltages with apparent affinity for Ca2+o indistinguishable from wild-type ceCLHM-1, although the ceCLHM-1 valine 9 mutant exhibited an altered conductance-voltage relationship and kinetics. We conclude that the NT plays critical roles modulating voltage dependence and stabilizing the closed states of CALHM channels.

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7

Toutenhoofd, Sonja L., Davide Foletti, Roland Wicki, Johannes A. Rhyner, Fabiana Garcia, Rosa Tolon, and Emanuel E. Strehler. "Characterization of the human CALM2 calmodulin gene and comparison of the transcriptional activity of CALM1, CALM2 and CALMS." Cell Calcium 23, no. 5 (May 1998): 323–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0143-4160(98)90028-8.

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8

Hayden, Oliver, Usman Latif, and Franz L. Dickert. "A Mass-Sensitive Approach for the Detection of Anaesthetic Xenon." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 12 (2011): 1628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11267.

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Quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) were utilized for the detection of the noble gas xenon (Xe) by combining them with different recognition layers such as permethylated calixarenes (tetramethyl-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (Cal4Me), hexamethyl-tert-butylcalix[6]arene (Cal6Me)), and polyurethanes, with covalently embedded Cal4OH (Poly4Cal), or Cal6OH (Poly6Cal). A third type of sensitive material is synthesized from polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and utilized as a sensitive coating. The results demonstrate that the Cal4Me layer gives higher response towards Xe, while, by the use of a second uncoated QCM channel, the influence of ambient humidity could be nearly completely compensated by signal subtraction. Moreover, the Cal4Me sensor shows excellent reversibility and rapid response time, providing a potentially reliable way to determine Xe during anaesthesia.

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9

Métoui, Lassaâd, and Ilias Driss. "Le calame qui avance dans le calme. Entretien." Horizons Maghrébins - Le droit à la mémoire 35, no. 1 (1998): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/horma.1998.1694.

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10

Curry, Kathryn, Natalie Syverud, Anna McGill, Jeffrey Bissonnette, Jane Beckwell, Elizabeth Wiley, and Mark Kiel. "P250: Clarification of variant reporting for homologous genes resolved through systematic literature review: ACMG SF genes CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3." Genetics in Medicine Open 2 (2024): 101146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gimo.2024.101146.

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11

Garrosa, Javier, Iñigo Paredes, Philippe Marambaud, Manuela G. López, and María F. Cano-Abad. "Molecular and Pharmacological Modulation of CALHM1 Promote Neuroprotection against Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation in a Model of Hippocampal Slices." Cells 9, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030664.

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Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a calcium channel involved in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels. From a physiological point of view, the open state of CALHM1 depends not only on voltage but also on the extracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca2+]) ions. At low [Ca2+]e or depolarization, the channel is opened, allowing Ca2+ influx; however, high extracellular [Ca2+]e or hyperpolarization promote its resting state. The unique Ca2+ permeation of CALHM1 relates to the molecular events that take place in brain ischemia, such as depolarization and extracellular changes in [Ca2+]e, particularly during the reperfusion phase after the ischemic insult. In this study, we attempted to understand its role in an in vitro model of ischemia, namely oxygen and glucose deprivation, followed by reoxygenation (OGD/Reox). To this end, hippocampal slices from wild-type Calhm1+/+, Calhm1+/−, and Calhm1−/− mice were subjected to OGD/Reox. Our results point out to a neuroprotective effect when CALHM1 is partially or totally absent. Pharmacological manipulation of CALHM1 with CGP37157 reduced cell death in Calhm1+/+ slices but not in that of Calhm1−/− mice after exposure to the OGD/Reox protocol. This ionic protection was also verified by measuring reactive oxygen species production upon OGD/Reox in Calhm1+/+ and Calhm1−/− mice, resulting in a downregulation of ROS production in Calhm1−/− hippocampal slices and increased expression of HIF-1α. Taken together, we can conclude that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of CALHM1 results in a neuroprotective effect against ischemia, due to an attenuation of the neuronal calcium overload and downregulation of oxygen reactive species production.

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12

Berchtold, M. W., R. Egli, J. A. Rhyner, H. Hameister, and E. E. Strehler. "Localization of the Human Bona Fide Calmodulin Genes CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3 to Chromosomes 14q24-q31, 2p21.1-p21.3, and 19q13.2-q13.3." Genomics 16, no. 2 (May 1993): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1993.1211.

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13

Joca, Breno de Lima, Jessica dos Remédios Rabelo Carvalho, Osias de Oliveira Santos Filho, and Paulo Cesar Mendes Villis. "Rio Calhau: diagnóstico físico-químico de suas águas no seu alto, médio e baixo curso." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 13, no. 3 (July 2, 2022): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2022.003.0012.

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O monitoramento ambiental é um recurso estratégico importante para manutenção de recursos naturais, planejamento ambiental e fomento de políticas públicas para melhor compreensão das relações do crescimento de centros urbanos e o meio ambiente. Notadamente são diversos os casos de corpos hídricos que acabam diretamente impactados pela falta de planejamento urbano, e a história conta diversos casos de grandes epidemias causadas pela contaminação de corpos hídricos. A rápida expansão urbana de São Luís segue em disparates ao planejamento de malhas coletoras de efluentes, calhas de drenagem e outros artifícios de construção civil para interceptação de contribuições negativas em seus corpos hídricos. Para o presente trabalho, fora delimitada a área de estudo à bacia do Rio Calhau, desde suas nascentes nos bairros Vinhais e Alto do Calhau, passando pelo encontro das águas nas proximidades da Avenida dos Holandeses até a foz do rio na região da Avenida Litorânea, ponto de frequentemente visitado pela população para lazer. Sendo realizado o monitoramento multiparâmetro em diferentes pontos do rio para sua caracterização e diagnóstico ambiental entre janeiro e agosto de 2021.

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14

Ma, Zhongming, Wint Thu Saung, and J. Kevin Foskett. "Action potentials and ion conductances in wild-type and CALHM1-knockout type II taste cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 1865–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00835.2016.

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Taste bud type II cells fire action potentials in response to tastants, triggering nonvesicular ATP release to gustatory neurons via voltage-gated CALHM1-associated ion channels. Whereas CALHM1 regulates mouse cortical neuron excitability, its roles in regulating type II cell excitability are unknown. In this study, we compared membrane conductances and action potentials in single identified TRPM5-GFP-expressing circumvallate papillae type II cells acutely isolated from wild-type (WT) and Calhm1 knockout (KO) mice. The activation kinetics of large voltage-gated outward currents were accelerated in cells from Calhm1 KO mice, and their associated nonselective tail currents, previously shown to be highly correlated with ATP release, were completely absent in Calhm1 KO cells, suggesting that CALHM1 contributes to all of these currents. Calhm1 deletion did not significantly alter resting membrane potential or input resistance, the amplitudes and kinetics of Na+ currents either estimated from action potentials or recorded from steady-state voltage pulses, or action potential threshold, overshoot peak, afterhyperpolarization, and firing frequency. However, Calhm1 deletion reduced the half-widths of action potentials and accelerated the deactivation kinetics of transient outward currents, suggesting that the CALHM1-associated conductance becomes activated during the repolarization phase of action potentials. NEW & NOTEWORTHY CALHM1 is an essential ion channel component of the ATP neurotransmitter release mechanism in type II taste bud cells. Its contribution to type II cell resting membrane properties and excitability is unknown. Nonselective voltage-gated currents, previously associated with ATP release, were absent in cells lacking CALHM1. Calhm1 deletion was without effects on resting membrane properties or voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels but contributed modestly to the kinetics of action potentials.

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Cisneros-Mejorado, Abraham, Miroslav Gottlieb, Asier Ruiz, Juan C. Chara, Alberto Pérez-Samartín, Philippe Marambaud, and Carlos Matute. "Blockade and knock-out of CALHM1 channels attenuate ischemic brain damage." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 38, no. 6 (June 9, 2017): 1060–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17713587.

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Overactivation of purinergic receptors during cerebral ischemia results in a massive release of neurotransmitters, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to the extracellular space which leads to cell death. Some hypothetical pathways of ATP release are large ion channels, such as calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1), a membrane ion channel that can permeate ATP. Since this transmitter contributes to postischemic brain damage, we hypothesized that CALHM1 activation may be a relevant target to attenuate stroke injury. Here, we analyzed the contribution of CALHM1 to postanoxic depolarization after ischemia in cultured neurons and in cortical slices. We observed that the onset of postanoxic currents in neurons in those preparations was delayed after its blockade with ruthenium red or silencing of Calhm1 gene by short hairpin RNA, as well as in slices from CALHM1 knockout mice. Subsequently, we used transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and found that ruthenium red, a blocker of CALHM1, or the lack of CALHM1, substantially attenuated the motor symptoms and reduced significantly the infarct volume. These results show that CALHM1 channels mediate postanoxic depolarization in neurons and brain damage after ischemia. Therefore, targeting CALHM1 may have a high therapeutic potential for treating brain damage after ischemia.

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16

Cheng, Jinbo, Yuan Dong, Jun Ma, Ruiyuan Pan, Yajin Liao, Xiangxi Kong, Xiaoheng Li, et al. "Microglial Calhm2 regulates neuroinflammation and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease pathology." Science Advances 7, no. 35 (August 2021): eabe3600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe3600.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Neuronal calcium dysfunction and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation are closely associated with the development of AD. However, it remains unknown whether calcium dysfunction contributes to microglial activation and, in turn, AD pathology in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of calcium homeostasis modulator family protein 2 (Calhm2) is increased in an AD mouse model. In 5×FAD mice carrying five familial AD gene mutations, both conventional knockout of Calhm2 and conditional microglial knockout of Calhm2 significantly reduced amyloid β deposition, neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairments. Mechanistically, knockout of Calhm2 inhibited microglial proinflammatory activity but increased phagocytic activity, leading to restoration of the balance between inflammation and phagocytosis. In addition, knockout of Calhm2 reduced acute LPS-induced neuroinflammation. These results highlight an important role for Calhm2 in microglial activation and provide a potential therapeutic target for diseases related to microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.

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Sana-Ur-Rehman, Hafiz, Irit Markus, Kate Hilda Moore, Kylie Jan Mansfield, and Lu Liu. "Expression and localization of pannexin-1 and CALHM1 in porcine bladder and their involvement in modulating ATP release." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 312, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): R763—R772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00039.2016.

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ATP release from urinary bladder is vital for afferent signaling. The aims of this study were to localize calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) and pannexin-1 expression and to determine their involvement in mediating ATP release in the bladder. To determine gene expression and cellular distribution, PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed, respectively, in the porcine bladder. CALHM1 and pannexin-1-mediated ATP release in response to hypotonic solution (0.45% NaCl)-induced stretch, and extracellular Ca2+ depletion ([Ca2+]0) was measured in isolated urothelial, suburothelial, and detrusor muscle cells. CALHM1 and pannexin-1 mRNA and immunoreactivity were detected in urothelial, suburothelial, and detrusor muscle layers, with the highest expression on urothelium. Hypotonic stretch caused a 2.7-fold rise in ATP release from all three cell populations ( P < 0.01), which was significantly attenuated by the pannexin-1 inhibitor, 10Panx1, and by the CALHM1 antibody. Brefeldin A, a vesicular transport inhibitor, and ruthenium red, a nonselective CALHM1 channel blocker, also significantly inhibited stretch-mediated ATP release from urothelial cells. [Ca2+]0 caused a marked, but transient, elevation of extracellular ATP level in all three cell populations. CALHM1 antibody and ruthenium red inhibited [Ca2+]0-induced ATP release from urothelial cells, but their effects on suburothelial and detrusor cells were insignificant. 10Panx1 showed no significant inhibition of [Ca2+]0-induced ATP release in any types of cells. The results presented here provide compelling evidence that pannexin-1 and CALHM1, which are densely expressed in the porcine bladder, function as ATP release channels in response to bladder distension. Modulation of extracellular Ca2+ may also regulate ATP release in the porcine bladder through voltage-gated CALHM1 ion channels.

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18

Khare, Noopur, Sanjiv Kumar Maheshwari, Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi, Hind Muteb Albadrani, Suliman A. Alsagaby, Wael Alturaiki, Danish Iqbal, et al. "Homology Modelling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of CALMH1 against Secondary Metabolites of Bauhinia variegata to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease." Brain Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060770.

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Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a protein responsible for causing Alzheimer’s disease. In the absence of an experimentally designed protein molecule, homology modelling was performed. Through homology modelling, different CALHM1 models were generated and validated through Rampage. To carry out further in silico studies, through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments, various flavonoids and alkaloids from Bauhinia variegata were utilised as inhibitors to target the protein (CALHM1). The sequence of CALHM1 was retrieved from UniProt and the secondary structure prediction of CALHM1 was done through CFSSP, GOR4, and SOPMA methods. The structure was identified through LOMETS, MUSTER, and MODELLER and finally, the structures were validated through Rampage. Bauhinia variegata plant was used to check the interaction of alkaloids and flavonoids against CALHM1. The protein and protein–ligand complex were also validated through molecular dynamics simulations studies. The model generated through MODELLER software with 6VAM A was used because this model predicted the best results in the Ramachandran plot. Further molecular docking was performed, quercetin was found to be the most appropriate candidate for the protein molecule with the minimum binding energy of −12.45 kcal/mol and their ADME properties were analysed through Molsoft and Molinspiration. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that CALHM1 and CALHM1–quercetin complex became stable at 2500 ps. It may be seen through the study that quercetin may act as a good inhibitor for treatment. With the help of an in silico study, it was easier to analyse the 3D structure of the protein, which may be scrutinized for the best-predicted model. Quercetin may work as a good inhibitor for treating Alzheimer’s disease, according to in silico research using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations, and future in vitro and in vivo analysis may confirm its effectiveness.

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Sclafani, Anthony, and Karen Ackroff. "Greater reductions in fat preferences in CALHM1 than CD36 knockout mice." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): R576—R585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00015.2018.

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Several studies indicate an important role of gustation in intake and preference for dietary fat. The present study compared fat preference deficits produced by deletion of CD36, a putative fatty acid taste receptor, and CALHM1, an ion channel responsible for release of the ATP neurotransmitter used by taste cells. Naïve CD36 knockout (KO) mice displayed reduced preferences for soybean oil emulsions (Intralipid) at low concentrations (0.1–1%) compared with wild-type (WT) mice in 24 h/day two-bottle tests. CALHM1 KO mice displayed even greater Intralipid preference deficits compared with WT and CD36 KO mice. These findings indicate that there may be another taste receptor besides CD36 that contributes to fat detection and preference. After experience with concentrated fat (2.5–5%), CD36 KO and CALHM1 KO mice displayed normal preferences for 0.1–5% fat, although they still consumed less fat than WT mice. The experience-induced rescue of fat preferences in KO mice can be attributed to postoral fat conditioning. Short-term (3-min) two-bottle tests further documented the fat preference deficits in CALHM1 KO mice but also revealed residual preferences for concentrated fat (5–10%), which may be mediated by odor and/or texture cues.

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20

Wu, Junbing, Shengyi Peng, Rong Wu, Yumin Hao, Guangju Ji, and Zengqiang Yuan. "Generation of Calhm1 knockout mouse and characterization of calhm1 gene expression." Protein & Cell 3, no. 6 (June 2012): 470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-012-2932-6.

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21

Gallego-Sandín, Sonia, María Teresa Alonso, and Javier García-Sancho. "Calcium homoeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) reduces the calcium content of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and triggers ER stress." Biochemical Journal 437, no. 3 (July 13, 2011): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20110479.

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CALHM1 (calcium homoeostasis modulator 1), a membrane protein with similarity to NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor channels that localizes in the plasma membrane and the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) of neurons, has been shown to generate a plasma-membrane Ca2+ conductance and has been proposed to influence Alzheimer's disease risk. In the present study we have investigated the effects of CALHM1 on intracellular Ca2+ handling in HEK-293T [HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells expressing the large T-antigen of SV40 (simian virus 40)] cells by using targeted aequorins for selective monitorization of Ca2+ transport by organelles. We find that CALHM1 increases Ca2+ leak from the ER and, more importantly, reduces ER Ca2+ uptake by decreasing both the transport capacity and the Ca2+ affinity of SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase). As a result, the Ca2+ content of the ER is drastically decreased. This reduction in the Ca2+ content of the ER triggered the UPR (unfolded protein response) with induction of several ER stress markers, such as CHOP [C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein)-homologous protein], ERdj4, GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein of 78 kDa) and XBP1 (X-box-binding protein 1). Thus CALHM1 might provide a relevant link between Ca2+ homoeostasis disruption, ER stress and cell damage in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

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22

Siebert, Adam P., Zhongming Ma, and J. Kevin Foskett. "Permeation Properties of CALHM1." Biophysical Journal 100, no. 3 (February 2011): 94a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2010.12.717.

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23

Boczek, Nicole J., Nieves Gomez-Hurtado, Dan Ye, Melissa L. Calvert, David J. Tester, Dmytro O. Kryshtal, Hyun Seok Hwang, et al. "Spectrum and Prevalence of CALM1 -, CALM2 -, and CALM3 -Encoded Calmodulin Variants in Long QT Syndrome and Functional Characterization of a Novel Long QT Syndrome–Associated Calmodulin Missense Variant, E141G." Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 9, no. 2 (April 2016): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circgenetics.115.001323.

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24

Berchtold, Martin Werner. "Increased exosomal Calmodulin in the urine of patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) may be derived from either CALM1, CALM2, CALM3 or from more than one of these genes." Clinica Chimica Acta 548 (August 2023): 117515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2023.117515.

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Rizzo, Carmen, Vincenzo Zammuto, Angelina Lo Giudice, Maria Giovanna Rizzo, Antonio Spanò, Pasqualina Laganà, Miguel Martinez, Salvatore Guglielmino, and Concetta Gugliandolo. "Antibiofilm Activity of Antarctic Sponge-Associated Bacteria against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9030243.

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Bioprospecting in unusual marine environments provides an innovative approach to search novel biomolecules with antibiofilm activity. Antarctic sponge-associated bacteria belonging to Colwellia, Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella and Winogradskyella genera were evaluated for their ability to contrast the biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, as model organisms. All strains were able to produce biofilm at both 4 and 25 °C, with the highest production being for Colwellia, Shewanella and Winogradskyella strains at 4 °C after 24 h. Antibiofilm activity of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) differed among strains and on the basis of their incubation temperature (CFSs4°C and CFSs25°C). The major activity was observed by CFSs4°C against S. aureus and CFSs25°C against P. aeruginosa, without demonstrating a bactericidal effect on their growth. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activity of crude extracts from Colwellia sp. GW185, Shewanella sp. CAL606, and Winogradskyella sp. CAL396 was also evaluated and visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopic images. Results based on the surface-coating assay and surface tension measurements suggest that CFSs and the crude extracts may act as biosurfactants inhibiting the first adhesion of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. The CFSs and the novel biopolymers may be useful in applicative perspectives for pharmaceutical and environmental purposes.

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Gharesouran, Jalal, Maryam Rezazadeh, and Mohaddes Mojtaba. "Investigation of five polymorphic DNA markers associated with late onset Alzheimer disease." Genetika 45, no. 2 (2013): 503–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1302503g.

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Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory and cognitive impairment and is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. The aim of our study was to examine the polymorphic DNA markers CCR2 (+190 G/A), CCR5?32, TNF-? (-308 G/A), TNF-? (-863 C/A) and CALHM1 (+394 C/T) to determine the relationship between these polymorphisms and the risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease in the population of Eastern Azerbaijan of Iran. A total of 160 patient samples and 163 healthy controls were genotyped by PCR-RFLP and the results confirmed using bidirectional sequencing. Statistical analysis of obtained data revealed non-significant difference between frequency of CCR5?32 in case and control groups. The same result was observed for TNF-? (-863 C/A) genotype and allele frequencies. Contrary to above results, significant differences were detected in frequency of TNF-? (-308 G/A) and CCR2-64I genotypes between the cases and healthy controls. A weak significant difference observed between allele and genotype frequencies of rs2986017 in CALHM1 (+394 C/T; P86L) in patient and control samples. It can be concluded that the T allele of P86L variant in CALHM1 & +190 G/A allele of CCR2 have a protective role against abnormal clinical features of Alzheimer's disease.

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Foskett, J. Kevin. "Structures of CALHM channels revealed." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 27, no. 3 (February 21, 2020): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0391-y.

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Nava Rodriguez, Nestor Eduardo, Giuseppe Carbone, and Marco Ceccarelli. "Simulation results for design and operation of CALUMA, a new low-cost humanoid robot." Robotica 26, no. 5 (September 2008): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004189.

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SUMMARYThis paper presents simulation results for basic operation of CALUMA (CAssino Low-cost hUMAnoid robot). The new humanoid robot CALUMA is described with its characteristics of low-cost design and easy-operation behavior. A CALUMA model in ADAMS environment has been elaborated. The CALUMA ADAMS model has been used for a dynamic simulation of robot operation. Three modes for the dynamic simulation have been studied, namely straight walking, walking with a grasped object in the hand, and lifting an object. The results of simulating those basic operations show the feasibility of the proposed design for CALUMA robot and validate its operation. Improvements have been illustrated in the design evolution for the robot structure and operation as suggested by simulation results.

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Richers, Sabine Schmalz, and Daniel Setrak Sowmy. "A importância do dimensionamento da calha interna de grandes coberturas." PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção 12 (October 15, 2021): e021030. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/parc.v12i00.8661111.

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As intensidades pluviométricas assim como os valores de intensidade x frequência x duração (IFD) têm variado em razão das crescentes mudanças climáticas. Observa-se que, mesmo em regiões de precipitação pluviométrica aparentemente estável ou até baixa, têm ocorrido chuvas com IFD atípicas nunca vistas anteriormente. Desta forma, neste estudo, buscou-se descrever o dimensionamento do Sistema Sifônico de Drenagem de Águas Pluviais das calhas internas de grandes coberturas e de sua drenagem de emergência para poder identificar os impactos associados. Observou-se que as normas europeias, descrevem detalhadamente o dimensionamento de calhas internas, entre elas as mais usadas, as boxes gutters retangulares. A pesquisa bibliográfica realizada forneceu os parâmetros que fundamentam o dimensionamento de calhas internas. A NBR 10844:1989 fornece valores de precipitação pluviométrica para um período de retorno T=25 anos, enquanto, para calhas internas, as normas EN 12056-3:2000 e DIN 1986-100:2008 exigem o uso de um período de retorno de T=100 anos. Realizou-se um exercício projetual de dimensionamento de calhas internas conforme descrito nas normas EN 12056-3:2000, a DIN 1986-100:2008 e a literatura consultada permitindo destacar: i) o uso de fatores de segurança; ii) valores de precipitação pluviométrica com tempo de retorno de 100 anos; iii) as calhas internas devem ser dimensionadas com bordo livre, e iv) calhas internas devem apresentar uma drenagem de emergência. Muitos empreendimentos comerciais e industriais apresentam calhas internas não dimensionadas de acordo com as normas internacionais, sem drenagem de emergência. As falhas produzem transbordamentos e danos materiais às edificações são a consequência.

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Casalini, Caterina, Moses Bateganya, Chris Akolo, Olusola Sanwo, Augustine Idemudia, Pius Nwaokoro, Frank Eyam, et al. "Increasing multimonth dispensing of antiretrovirals and assessing the effect on viral load suppression among children and adolescents receiving HIV services in Nigeria." PLOS ONE 18, no. 6 (June 14, 2023): e0286303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286303.

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Introduction Multimonth dispensing (MMD) enables less frequent clinic visits and improved outcomes for people living with HIV, but few children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) are on MMD. At the end of the October–December 2019 quarter, only 23% of CALHIV receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) through SIDHAS project sites in Akwa Ibom and Cross River states, Nigeria, were receiving MMD. In March 2020, during COVID-19, the government expanded MMD eligibility to include children and recommended rapid implementation to minimize clinic visits. SIDHAS provided technical assistance to 36 “high-volume” facilities—≥5 CALHIV on treatment—in Akwa Ibom and Cross River to increase MMD and viral load suppression (VLS) among CALHIV, toward PEPFAR’s 80% benchmark for people currently on ART. We present change in MMD, viral load (VL) testing coverage, VLS, optimized regimen coverage, and community-based ART group enrollment among CALHIV from the October–December 2019 quarter (baseline) to January–March 2021 (endline) based on retrospective analysis of routinely collected program data. Materials and methods We compared MMD coverage (primary objective), and optimized regimen coverage, community-based ART group enrollment, VL testing coverage, and VLS (secondary objectives), among CALHIV 18 years and younger pre-/post-intervention (baseline/endline) at the 36 facilities. We excluded children younger than two years, who are not recommended for or routinely offered MMD. The extracted data included age, sex, ART regimen, months of ART dispensed at last refill, most recent VL test results, and community ART group enrollment. Data on MMD—three or more months of ARVs dispensed at one time—were disaggregated into three to five months (3–5-MMD) vs. six or more months (6-MMD). VLS was defined as ≤1,000 copies. We documented MMD coverage by site, optimized regimen, and VL testing and suppression. Using descriptive statistics, we summarized the characteristics of CALHIV on MMD and non-MMD, number of CALHIV on optimized regimens, and proportion enrolled in differentiated service delivery models and community-based ART refill groups. For the intervention, SIDHAS technical assistance was data driven: weekly data analysis/review, site-prioritization scoring, provider mentoring, line listing eligible CALHIV, pediatric regimen calculator, child-optimized regimen transitioning, and community ART models. Results The proportion of CALHIV ages 2–18 receiving MMD increased from 23% (620/2,647; baseline) to 88% (3,992/4,541; endline), while the proportion of sites reporting suboptimal MMD coverage among CALHIV (<80%) decreased (100% to 28%). In March 2021, 49% of CALHIV were receiving 3–5-MMD and 39% 6-MMD. In October–December 2019, 17%–28% of CALHIV were receiving MMD; by January–March 2021, 99% of those 15–18 years, 94% 10–14 years, 79% 5–9 years, and 71% 2–4 years were on MMD. VL testing coverage remained high (90%), while VLS increased (64% to 92%). The proportion on pediatric-optimized regimens increased (58% to 79%). Conclusions MMD was feasible among CALHIV without compromising VLS. Expanded eligibility criteria, line listing eligible children, monitoring pediatric antiretroviral stock, and data use contributed to positive results. Future efforts should address low 6-MMD uptake related to stock limitations and synchronize antiretroviral refill pickup with VL sample collection.

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31

Souville, G. "Calama (Kalama)." Encyclopédie berbère, no. 11 (September 1, 1992): 1707–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1902.

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Bishop, Michael, and Salah Stétié. "Le calame." World Literature Today 72, no. 1 (1998): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40153559.

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Tarjan, A. C. "LAPSUS CALAMI." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 84, no. 10 (December 15, 2006): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb40952.x.

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34

Teufelsdröckh, E. Y. D. "Lapsus calami." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 41, no. 4 (October 1999): 659–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(99)80080-2.

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35

Nava Rodriguez, Nestor Eduardo, Giuseppe Carbone, and Marco Ceccarelli. "Simulating CALUMA (CAssino Low-Cost hUMAnoid) Robot Carrying a Load." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 4, no. 1 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/170179.

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In this paper, the operation of CALUMA (CAssino Low-cost hUMAnoid) robot has been investigated for a task while carrying a load. CALUMA robot is the result of a design project that has been elaborated for designing and building a low-cost easy-operation humanoid robot by summarizing experiences and prototypes that have been developed at LARM. Dynamic simulations have been computed by using ADAMS software in order to study dynamical aspects of CALUMA operation while carrying a load. The dynamic simulations have also been used for studying the manipulation performance of CALUMA robot. Simulations have given results that confirm the feasibility of the proposed design, as shown in the reported examples.

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36

Ma, Zhongming, Jessica E. Tanis, Akiyuki Taruno, and J. Kevin Foskett. "Calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) ion channels." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 468, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-015-1757-6.

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37

Tordoff, Michael G., Hillary T. Ellis, Tiffany R. Aleman, Arnelle Downing, Philippe Marambaud, J. Kevin Foskett, Rachel M. Dana, and Stuart A. McCaughey. "Salty Taste Deficits in CALHM1 Knockout Mice." Chemical Senses 39, no. 6 (May 20, 2014): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bju020.

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Campagne, Fabien, Jean-Charles Lambert, Ute Dreses-Werringloer, Valérie Vingtdeux, Corinne Lendon, Dominique Campion, Philippe Amouyel, et al. "Response: CALHM1 Association with Alzheimer's Disease Risk." Cell 135, no. 6 (December 2008): 994–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.031.

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39

Berzosa, Arantxa, Sara Guillen, Cristina Epalza, Luis Escosa, Maria Luisa Navarro, Luis M. Prieto, Talía Sainz, et al. "Immunogenicity of the Conjugate Meningococcal ACWY-TT Vaccine in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV." Microorganisms 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2023): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12010030.

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Background: Children and adolescents living with HIV (CALHIV) are at high risk of meningococcal infections and may present lower immune responses to vaccines. The objectives of this study were to assess the immunogenicity of the quadrivalent Men ACWY-TT vaccine (Nimenrix®) in CALHIV after a two-dose schedule and to describe possible HIV-related factors that may affect the immunogenic response. Methods: A multicenter prospective study was designed, including CALHIV followed in five hospitals in Madrid, between 2019 and 2021. Two doses of the Men ACWY-TT vaccine were administered. Serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays using rabbit complement (rSBA) against serogroups C, W, and Y were used to determine seroprotection and vaccine response (the proportion achieving a putative protective titer of ≥eight or a ≥four-fold rise in titer from baseline). Serum was collected at baseline, and at 3 and 12 months after vaccination. Results: There were 29 CALHIV included, 76% of whom were perinatally infected. All were receiving TAR and presented a good immunovirological and clinical status overall. At baseline, 45% of CALHIV had seroprotective titers to at least one serogroup, with individual seroprotection rates of 24%, 28%, and 32% against C, W, and Y, respectively. After a two-dose schedule, vaccine response was 83% for each serogroup, eliciting a vaccine response to all serogroups in 69% of them. One year after vaccination, 75% of CALHIV maintained seroprotective titers against the C serogroup, and 96% against W and Y. None of the HIV-related characteristics analyzed could predict vaccine response or antibody duration. Conclusions: CALHIV who received effective TAR and presented a good immuno-virological situation achieved an appropriate vaccine response after two doses of the Men ACWY-TT vaccine, and antibody-mediated protection against serogroups C, W, and Y was maintained in more than 70% of the patients one year after vaccination.

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Moreno-Ortega, Ana J., Ana Ruiz-Nuño, Antonio G. García, and María F. Cano-Abad. "Mitochondria sense with different kinetics the calcium entering into HeLa cells through calcium channels CALHM1 and mutated P86L-CALHM1." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 391, no. 1 (January 2010): 722–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.127.

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41

Saavedra-Rodríguez, Carlos A., and Vladimir Rojas-Díaz. "Chiroptera, mid-Calima River basin, Pacific slope of the Western Andes, Valle del Cauca, Colombia." Check List 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.2.166.

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The Calima River Basin is part of the Chocó Biogeográfico Ecoregion in the Pacific Coast of Colombia. Here, we compile a bat species checklist recorded for the Basin and describe the bat diversity patterns found in the mid-Calima Basin (the gradient from 300 – 1,400 m a.s.l.). The checklist comprises 55 bat species for the Basin. In the mid-Calima, 31 bat species occur (permanently or seasonally). Our results show complementary diversity patterns of bat assemblages living below and above 1,000 m. We also identified an overlap zone between 800 – 1,200 m a.s.l. where at least three pairs of sister species coexists. The sampled area is located where the Chocó and the Andes biogeographical regions are connected. The Calima River Basin has high bat richness, high variation in species composition along the elevational gradient, and harbours threatened and endemic species, highlighting its importance for conservation.

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Ferrarezi, Rhuanito Soranz, Leonardo Nazário Silva dos Santos, Allan Charles Mendes de Sousa, Francisca Franciana Sousa Pereira, Marcelo Leite Conde Elaiuy, Uilson Torrel, and Edson Eiji Matsura. "Altura da lâmina, tempo e volume de enchimento de um equipamento de irrigação por pavio e determinação da uniformidade de distribuição de água em substratos." Bragantia 71, no. 2 (July 13, 2012): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0006-87052012005000015.

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Os objetivos deste experimento foram realizar a avaliação da altura da lâmina de água, do tempo e volume de enchimento de um equipamento de irrigação por pavio usando calhas autocompensadoras e determinar a uniformidade de distribuição de água (UDA) nesse equipamento utilizando substratos orgânicos comerciais (casca de pinus/CP e fibra de coco/FC). Dois módulos experimentais foram montados em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Verificou-se grande variação das medidas de altura da lâmina de água (1,6 a 4,0 cm), mesmo com o equipamento nivelado. O tempo médio de enchimento foi de 6h22min para o Módulo 1 com CP e de 3h45min para o Módulo 2 com FC. O volume de enchimento foi variável, observando-se que as calhas das extremidades (n.° 1 e 5) apresentaram os menores volumes no Módulo 1, e as calhas do início (n.° 1 e 2) no Módulo 2. No Módulo 1, a umidade volumétrica (θ) variou de 42% a 94%, e no Módulo 2, de 24% a 72%, com pontos isolados de secamento e/ou encharcamento. A altura da lâmina de água, o tempo e o volume de enchimento das calhas foram desuniformes nos dois módulos experimentais e nas cinco calhas autocompensadoras, indicando imperfeições no equipamento. A distribuição de água foi variável nos substratos em razão de suas características físico-hídricas e também da altura da lâmina de água nas calhas, apresentando maior umidade e uniformidade de distribuição de água na casca de pinus do que na fibra de coco.

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43

Yun, Chae-Hee, and Byung-Hoon Jeong. "Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 ( CALHM1 ) polymorphisms in cattle." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 6 (June 2017): 582–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000600008.

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44

Bertram, Lars, Brit-Maren M. Schjeide, Basavaraj Hooli, Kristina Mullin, Mikko Hiltunen, Hilkka Soininen, Martin Ingelsson, Lars Lannfelt, Deborah Blacker, and Rudolph E. Tanzi. "No Association between CALHM1 and Alzheimer's Disease Risk." Cell 135, no. 6 (December 2008): 993–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.11.030.

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45

Carbajal López, David. "Usurae in calamo." Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, no. 63 (March 31, 2022): 91–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iih.24485004e.2022.63.77695.

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El esfuerzo del padre Agustín Rivera de vivir de su pluma desde 1869 permite profundizar en el funcionamiento del campo cultural del Porfiriato. Dio a conocer sus libros a través de la prensa, enviándolos con dedicatoria a los directivos de periódicos liberales y protestantes. Éstos difundieron las novedades de sus publicaciones, insertándolas en los debates de actualidad, tergiversando en ocasiones sus planteamientos. La mejor expresión de esta colaboración fueron los anuncios publicitarios de su obra y la publicación de fragmentos e incluso textos completos, siempre de manera selectiva, según los intereses de los periodistas. Así, contribuían a la venta de sus libros, pero también a reforzar su prestigio como liberal.

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46

Gärtner, Ursula. "Levi calamo ludimus." Hermes 135, no. 4 (2007): 429–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/hermes-2007-0039.

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47

Poole, W. "Milton and Calamy." Notes and Queries 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/50.2.180.

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Poole, William. "Milton and Calamy." Notes and Queries 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/500180.

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49

Rose, Teresa, Claudia Lowe, Javier A. Miret, Hannah Walpole, Kirstie Halsey, Eudri Venter, Milan O. Urban, et al. "High Temperature Tolerance in a Novel, High-Quality Phaseolus vulgaris Breeding Line Is Due to Maintenance of Pollen Viability and Successful Germination on the Stigma." Plants 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 2491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12132491.

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The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important nutritional source globally but is sensitive to high temperatures and thus particularly vulnerable to climate change. Derived from a breeding program at CIAT (Colombia), a heat-tolerant breeding line, named heat-tolerant Andean-type 4 (HTA4), was developed by a series of crosses of parents with a small-bean tepary genotype (Phaseolus acutifolius L.) in their pedigree, which might be the donor of heat stress (HS) tolerance. Importantly, in HTA4, the large, commercially desirable Andean-type beans was restored. To assess underlying tolerance mechanisms, HTA4, together with a heat-sensitive Colombian variety (Calima), was exposed to HS (31 °C/24 °C HS vs. 26 °C/19 °C day/night) under controlled environment conditions. Vegetative growth and photosynthetic performance were not negatively impacted by HS in either genotype, although senescence was delayed in Calima. HS during the reproductive stage caused an increase in pod number in Calima but with few fully developed seeds and many pods aborted and/or abscised. In contrast, HTA4 maintained a similar filled pod number under HS and a higher seed weight per plant. Pollen showed high sterility in Calima, with many non-viable pollen grains (24.9% viability compared to 98.4% in control) with a thicker exine and fewer starch granules under HS. Calima pollen failed to adhere to the stigma and germinate under HS. In HTA4, pollen viability was significantly higher than in Calima (71.1% viability compared to 95.4% under control), and pollen successfully germinated and formed pollen tubes in the style under HS. It is concluded that HTA4 is heat tolerant and maintains a high level of reproductive output due to its ability to produce healthy pollen that is able to adhere to the stigma.

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Stolk, Ad, Torbjörn E. Törnqvist, Kilian P. V. Hekhuis, Henk J. A. Berendsen, and Johannes van der Plicht. "Calibration of 14C Histograms: A Comparison of Methods." Radiocarbon 36, no. 1 (1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200014272.

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The interpretation of 14C histograms is complicated by the non-linearity of the 14C time scale in terms of calendar years, which may result in clustering of 14C ages in certain time intervals unrelated to the (geologic or archaeologic) phenomenon of interest. One can calibrate 14C histograms for such distortions using two basic approaches. The KORHIS method constructs a 14C histogram before calibration is performed by means of a correction factor. We present the CALHIS method based on the Groningen calibration program for individual 14C ages. CALHIS first calibrates single 14C ages and then sums the resulting calibration distributions, thus yielding a calibrated 14C histogram. The individual calibration distributions are normalized to a standard Gaussian distribution before superposition, thus allowing direct comparison among various 14C histograms. Several experiments with test data sets demonstrate that CALHIS produces significantly better results than KORHIS. Although some problems remain (part of the distortions due to 14C variations cannot be eliminated), we show that CALHIS offers good prospects for using 14C histograms, particularly with highly precise and accurate 14C ages.

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