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Journal articles on the topic 'Calculation of damage costs'
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Batarlienė, Nijolė. "Risk and Damage Assessment for Transportation of Dangerous Freight." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0030.
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Abstract The article provides information on transportation of dangerous freight. Legal acts regulating transportation of Dangerous freight are discussed. Major problems and non-compliances with The European Agreement concerning International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) are distinguished. The type of risk that one encounters is analysed, as well as who is to take responsibility for transportation of dangerous freight. Transport accidents of dangerous substances are increasingly frequent and can cause serious injuries in inhabited areas or pollution of the environment. For quantitative risk assessment and mitigation planning, consequence calculations are necessary. The aim of this article is to present methods of the first approach for calculating costs and overall expenses of an accident and to demonstrate the main recommendations for the next development stage in the area of transport accident modelling. By the means of risk assessment models, it is possible to calculate the extent of the consequences and reduce the risks during the process of transportation. Based on Technology of Dangerous Freight Transportation, the accident calculation principles are suggested, which enables to assess the costs and to find a generalized accident rate. The calculation results are provided.
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Лапшин and D. Lapshin. "Using Pareto to calculate the costs of disasters." Modeling of systems and processes 6, no. 3 (January 15, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2385.
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the method of calculation of natural disasters lie in the use of average values, hos located using Pareto for calculation of damage described by the exponential by law, taking into account the growth of the expected damage over time.
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Haling, Daniel, and Harry Cohen. "Residential Noise Damage Costs Caused by Motor Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1559, no. 1 (January 1996): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900111.
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An estimate of noise damage costs caused by motor vehicles has been performed. The damage calculation is based on the reduction of property values caused by vehicle noise emissions. Noise emission models are used to determine the noise levels emitted by various vehicle types, dependent on speed, volume of traffic on the roadway, and type of housing development that surrounds the roadway. The cost estimation illustrates the large variation in noise damage caused by different vehicle types, operating conditions, and location of the roadway in relation to residential areas.
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Ravina, Marco, Deborah Panepinto, and Maria Chiara Zanetti. "DIDEM - An integrated model for comparative health damage costs calculation of air pollution." Atmospheric Environment 173 (January 2018): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.010.
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Setyaningrum, Ika Rizky, and Palti Marulitua Sitorus. "Efficiency Measurement of Maintenance Costs on Customer Service Process PT Indonesia Comnets Plus West Java." TRIKONOMIKA 14, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/trikonomika.v14i2.411.
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Information technology is growing rapidly. The problems arising in the conjunction magnitude of information technology devices are how to manage, maintain, and calculate the amount of required investments. The purposes of this study are to measurepreventive and corrective cost optimization maintenance which determines the most optimal performance for alternative maintenance activity. The case studies in this research is PT Indonesia Comnets Plus (ICON +) West Java focusing on how the process of customer service telecommunication maintenance. Analysis techniques used are descriptive and optimization analysis. The level of corrective maintenance costs are known through services damage probability, average cost of service damage in the period of 2011-2014, and corrective cost analysis formula. To determine the level of preventive maintenance costs, it requires the calculation of damage probability screened estimated monthly service and then calculating the total cost of preventive maintenance. The analysis requires amount of damage and cost of protecting canceling services. The result, general implementation of maintenance services has been running well, but not optimal. Period of preventive maintenance services can be optimized with an average of 12-month treatment.
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de Moel, H., N. E. M. Asselman, and J. C. J. H. Aerts. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of coastal flood damage estimates in the west of the Netherlands." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2012): 1045–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1045-2012.
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Abstract. Uncertainty analyses of flood damage assessments generally require a large amount of model evaluations. This is often hampered by the high computational costs necessary to calculate flood extents and depths using 2-dimensional flow models. In this paper we developed a new approach to estimate flood inundation depths that can be incorporated in a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. This allows estimation of the uncertainty in flood damage estimates and the determination of which parameters contribute the most to this uncertainty. The approach is applied on three breach locations on the west coast of the Netherlands. In total, uncertainties in 12 input parameters were considered in this study, related to the storm surge, breach growth and the damage calculation. We show that the uncertainty in flood damage estimates is substantial, with the bounds of the 95% confidence range being more than four times smaller or larger than the median. The most influential parameter is uncertainty in depth-damage curves, but five other parameters also contribute substantially. The contribution of uncertainty in parameters related to the damage calculation is about equal to the contribution of parameters related to the volume of the inflowing water. Given the emphasis of most risk assessments on the estimation of the hazard, this implies that the damage calculation aspect deserves more attention in flood risk research efforts. Given the large uncertainties found in this study, it is recommended to always perform multiple calculations in flood simulations and damage assessments to capture the full range of model outcomes.
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Song, Young, and Moo Park. "A Study on Estimation Equation for Damage and Recovery Costs Considering Human Losses Focused on Natural Disasters in the Republic of Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093103.
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In this study, we conduct an estimation study of the damage costs, recovery costs, and human losses in the case of natural disasters in the Republic of Korea. This research method analyzed human losses, damage costs, and recovery costs caused by natural disasters that swept across the Republic of Korea over the past 16 years, from 2000 to 2015, including extreme wind, heavy snowfall, typhoon, wind wave, and heavy rainfall. Damage status and trend of occurrence were reviewed for each year’s human losses, damage costs, and recovery costs. We propose a calculating equation of the linear regression equation that estimates damage costs and recovery costs considering human losses. The correlation coefficient was 0.898 for the estimation of human losses and damage costs, and 0.889 for the estimation of human losses and recovery costs. In addition, the correlation of both equations was found to be 166% of damage costs when calculating recovery costs. The results of this study can be used as descriptive statistical data to estimate damage costs and recovery costs according to human losses in case of natural disasters.
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BULBUK, Dr Márton István. "THE RESTORATION OF THE REFORMED CHURCH OF AITON 2018–2020 CASE STUDY, CONDITION SURVEY BY FACILITY CONDITION INDEX." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i6.2020.695.
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The professional restoration of an initially Catholic, and then, after an 18th-century reconstruction, Reformed, single-tower church of medieval origin, having mixed walls and an eclectic roof structure, following two consecutive, incorrect interventions.
The technical condition of listed buildings is the indicator of their general structural condition. To assess errors and damage, I have compiled a new method that includes a sample to follow, as well as damage assessment tables, recommended procedures, and calculations. This calculation method shows the structural condition of listed buildings and the value of the approximate restoration costs. I present this procedure through the presently ongoing survey and restoration process of a listed building in Aiton, near Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania.
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Bulíř, P. "Testing of Koch method applied for evaluation of ornamental trees in the Czech Republic." Horticultural Science 36, No. 4 (November 20, 2009): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/60/2008-hortsci.
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Koch method of ornamental trees evaluation is based on interest paid on costs invested in tree-growing up to their maturity stage minus deductions for age, defects and damage. The aim of this paper is to apply the above mentioned method in the economic conditions of the Czech Republic. The paper presents essential economic data generated in accordance with the technological model of tree growing at a permanent site. We also describe the mechanism of the so-called base tree price calculation as a basis for the subtraction of deductions derived from its current condition. The calculated base tree prices are illustratively compared to prices based on the to-date applied calculating techniques and the relevant regulation. We also refer to the method of base price adjustment based on the criterion of landscape tree value. The mechanism of price calculation applied for Koch method testing included two modifications. The first relates to due consideration of growth qualities when calculating development care costs; the other introduces landscaping value indicator as the only base price adjustment to achieve the resulting price, corresponding with the current tree condition.
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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, and Robertas Pečeliūnas. "THE METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF ROAD ACCIDENT COSTS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 1 (March 27, 2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1020871.
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The presented methodology for accounting the costs caused by road accidents is based on the fact that a person who died or was injured in a traffic accident will not contribute to the economic wealfare of the country anymore or his/her contribution will reduce. Broken vehicles, damaged cargoes or defected road constructions cause huge losses to the state. A financial assessment of material losses caused by road accidents enables providing a feasibility report in respect of efficiency of newly introduced traffic safety measures. The aim of the presented methodology is an establishment of the road accident costs that would conform to the todays economic level of Lithuania. The developed methodology for accounting road accident costs will enable more precise assessment of a necessity, perspectives and priorities of investment projects in the transport system as well as an accomplishment of funding allocation tasks.
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Tamrazyan, Ashot G., and Anatoly V. Alekseytsev. "Optimal structures design: accounting of costs and relative accidents risk." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2019): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.7.819-830.
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Introduction: the article considers the formulation and solution of the problem of optimizing structures. It takes into account the ratio of the cost of manufacturing the object and the risks of material losses in emergencies related to the rapid removal of supports. The choice of the local damage scenario is justified. The assessment of risks arising from emergencies is a significant problem. The solution to it can primarily increase the safety of load-bearing building structures.
Materials and methods: the two-step computational procedure is used, which includes an evolutionary search on discrete sets of design parameters and the calculation of the emergencies risks at different periods of the carrier system life cycle. At the first stage, a variant of the object is synthesized using a genetic algorithm. In this case, the evaluation of its stress-strain state is carried out taking into account the dynamic effects arising from possible local damage to the supports. The second stage consists of the calculation of the integral value of the relative risk of material losses in an emergency. It includes the failures related to both the statistical nature of the loads and the mechanical characteristics of materials, as well as the onset of various scenarios of local damage.
Results: the technique for selecting a cost-effective rational design-based solution for beam structures with a higher level of responsibility has been developed. The considered example of the optimal design of a steel beam construction has illustrated the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Conclusions: the research results showed that it is unacceptable to carry out the optimization of the design solution, considering only the minimum cost of structures in buildings of a higher level of responsibility. The most rational design decision on the criterion of minimizing costs and risks is the object that ensures the persistence of the structure during the emergency removal of only one support. The considered technique is recommended to using in computer-aided design of load-bearing structures.
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Richard, S. J. Tol. "The damage costs of climate change toward more comprehensive calculations." Environmental & Resource Economics 5, no. 4 (June 1995): 353–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00691574.
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Suhina, O., S. Shults, V. Tkach, N. Popadynets, and O. Kamushkov. "Methodology of evaluating economic losses resulting from partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 28, no. 1 (April 21, 2019): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111920.
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Nowadays the ecosystem approach is widely applied in many countries globally to evaluate economic losses from pollution of the natural environment. In Ukraine, it is reasonable to develop both the methodology of evaluation of economic losses from pollution of the natural environment and the methodology of calculation of correlating coefficients of ecosystems’ assimilative properties for differentiation of the volumes of repayment of economic losses from pollution of nature. The following methods were used in the research: economic and mathematical modeling – for formalization of the evaluation of economic losses from partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity; synthesis and analysis, system approach – for analysis of existing mathematical models, evaluation of economic losses from air pollution and forming of institutional environment of calculation of economic losses from partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity; inductive – for making conclusions over the best methodological approach to be used for calculation of oxygen production costs. The condition of the institutional environment is analyzed, including the regulatory and organizational maintenance of evaluation of economic losses from air pollution. The paper proves that the existing relevant institutional environment is partially coordinated with international formal rules and organizational structures, which evaluate such economic losses; however, their further efficient evaluation requires timely transformation based on the ecosystem approach to EU directives. The recommendations regarding the institutionalization of the process of ecosystem calculation of caused and prevented losses from the partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity are suggested: application of 2008/50/EU Directive of European Parliament and Council as of May 21, 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe; review of the amounts of harmful substances TLV in the air; the need to take into account certain factors while calculating economic losses from air pollution (including the calculation of damage to life and health of each person due to air pollution), approval of the documents already developed and adopted but suspended by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, etc. New methodological approaches to alternative evaluation of economic losses from partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity as opposed to the current one are suggested, including methodological approaches to calculation of the oxygen and nitrogen production costs on the basis of the carbon offsets realization; methodological approaches to calculation of the oxygen production costs based on installation of artificial photosynthesis; methodological approaches to calculation of the oxygen production costs based on natural photosynthesis – planting and conservation of forests; methodological approaches to calculation of the oxygen and nitrogen “production” costs in metallurgical production; methodological approaches to calculation of prevented economic losses from partial loss of the air ecosystem’s assimilative capacity, which are manifested in the long run or those of indirect nature.
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Lee, Seung Won, Won Jik Yang, Waon Ho Yi, and Hyung Joon Kim. "A Study on the Estimation of Economic Loss Costs due to Seismic Damage of Low Rise Steel Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.1011.
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Economic losses due to seismic structural damage are growing up due to urbanization, civilization, etc. Recently, quantitative evaluation methods for direct and indirect seismic structural damage have been increasingly studied. A Hazus system developed by the FEMA provides a methodology that can predict direct and indirect economic seismic losses of various building types using probabilistic approaches. Based on the Hazus system, an Earthquake Disaster Response System (EDRS) has been developed in Korea considering the unique characteristics of domestic buildings and seismic environment of Korea Peninsula. This paper presents the methodology that can calculate direct economic losses resulting from structural damage due to earthquakes potentially occurring in Korea Peninsula. This study explains the process computing direct economic losses causing from structural seismic damage and then presents how to obtain data required for the process and how to manage the obtained data. Finally, low-rise steel moment-resisting buildings is selected as an example in order to specifically present a stepwise process for the calculation of direct economic losses due to structural seismic damage.
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Kim, Byungmo, Cheonhong Min, Hyungwoo Kim, Sugil Cho, Jaewon Oh, Seung-Hyun Ha, and Jin-hak Yi. "Structural Health Monitoring with Sensor Data and Cosine Similarity for Multi-Damages." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143047.
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There is a large risk of damage, triggered by harsh ocean environments, associated with offshore structures, so structural health monitoring plays an important role in preventing the occurrence of critical and global structural failure from such damage. However, obstacles, such as applicability in the field and increasing calculation costs with increasing structural complexity, remain for real-time structure monitoring offshore. Therefore, this study proposes the comparison of cosine similarity with sensor data to overcome such challenges. As the comparison target, this method uses the rate of changes of natural frequencies before and after the occurrence of various damage scenarios, including not only single but multiple damages, which are organized by the experiment technique design. The comparison method alerts to the occurrence of damage using a normalized warning index, which enables workers to manage the risk of damage. By comparison, moreover, the case most similar with the current status is directly figured out without any additional analysis between monitoring and damage identification, which renders the damage identification process simpler. Plus, the averaged rate of errors in detection is suggested to evaluate the damage level more precisely, if needed. Therefore, this method contributes to the application of real-time structural health monitoring for offshore structures by providing an approach to improve the usability of the proposed technique.
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Chernyshev, Sergey, Andrey Lavrusevich, and Aleksey Martynov. "Risk of the building deformation because of above-permitted standard subsidence." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 07023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926507023.
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The authors suppose that the vulnerability of natural-and-technical system in relation to the subsidence can be equated to the financial costs of repair or new construction with the summation of losses from the temporary exception of this system from the economic activity. Then the vulnerability can be considered as the economic damage, and risk can be considered as the multiplication of damage by the probability of a dangerous event. The method of calculation of geological risk is offered in the article and can be applied in practice by geologists, mathematicians and designers.
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Ikramov, Nazir, Eduard Kan, Mirasil Mirzoev, and Takhir Majidov. "Effect of parallel connection of pumping units on operating costs of pumping station." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 05014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199705014.
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In Uzbekistan, as well as in many other countries of the world, pumping units operate in parallel into a common pressure pipeline at some pumping stations of the irrigation system. This was done mainly to save on the capital costs of the pipeline. Analysis and hydraulic calculation of the existing large irrigation pumping stations with pumping units operating in parallel showed that at some of them the conditions of parallel operation of pumping units were impaired. As a result, a negative hydraulic process arises, in the form of self-induced vibrations of the water flow in the pipeline, which leads to various damage and deformation of the pressure pipeline and pipeline supports. The calculations showed that with different modes of pumping units operating together, the power consumption at the Amu-Bukhara-1 and Namangan pumping stations, accounting for one unit increases by 0.72 ... 6.53%, and at the Amu-Bukhara-2 and Amu-Zang-2 pumping stations, this index, on the contrary, decreases by 0.32 ... 1.67%. Therefore, a properly selected operating mode of parallel-connected pumping units will lead to a decrease in operating costs, i.e. decrease in the prime cost of raised water.
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Bikmetov, Evgeniy, Liliya Amirkhanova, Natalya Galimullina, Zarina Sizonenko, and Oksana Ignatyeva. "Methodological safety management issues of socio-economic entities." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129103013.
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The article examines the methodological safety management basics of economic entities on the example of enterprises and organizations exposed to risks in the modern complex operating conditions. Uncertainty, stochasticity of socio-economic relations give rise to challenges that pose a threat to economic entities. Risks are understood as losses from alternative investments and costs of overcoming the consequences of crisis situations. The expediency of using the proposed methodology due to the occurrence of losses from the expectation damages and the unpredictability of the influence of external and internal factors causing economic damage. The authors propose to use a model that characterizes the relationship between the losses of a socio-economic entity and the number of measures that need to be implemented to eliminate the damage. The article describes an algorithm that allows to assess the capabilities of an enterprise and achieve the stated purpose. This problem statement makes it possible to evaluate all the options for overcoming the crisis and choose the optimal one, which will improve the object performance efficiency. According to the authors, minimizing the threats, understanding the best measures to overcome the crisis and the calculation of total costs are the main factors in achieving the economic effect of the proposed model.
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A Ashwatu Nida Dipajana and Iha Haryani H. "THE EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE SETTING TIME, LONG DAMAGE OF THE MACHINE, TIME OF PACKAGING PACKAGES STOPPED TO PRODUCTION OPERATIONAL COSTS: STUDY IN LINE 8A PT XYZ FARMA Tbk." International Journal of Global Accounting, Management, Education, and Entrepreneurship 1, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48024/ijgame2.v1i1.8.
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This study aims to determine the effect of excess machine setting time, machine breakdown time, time for packaging lines to stop, on production operating costs and which factors are most dominant in influencing production operating costs. This research uses a quantitative descriptive method approach. The place of research is at PT. XYZ Farma on line 8A. The research sample consisted of 22 data records from a population of 450 data records. Data collection techniques are observation techniques, event recording and documentation. The results showed the influence of excessive setting time, machine damage time, packaging line time stalled against operational costs of production. This is demonstrated by using AMOS, the value of C.R (Critical Ratio) exceeds the critical value ± 1,717. The value of C.R for each variable is the excessive machine setting time, the length of time the machine is damaged, and the time of the packaging line has stalled towards the operational cost of production is 2,850; 10, 913; 5,330.
Based on AMOS Standardized Regression Weight Output statistical calculations show that the duration of damage to the machine provides the greatest contribution in increasing the operational costs of production. This is indicated by the estimated coefficient value of the largest engine damage time which is 82.1%. So it can be concluded that the influence of excess engine setting time, machine breakdown time and time of the packaging line has stalled to the operational costs of production with the variable length of engine damage giving the greatest contribution.
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Hofbauer, Florian, and Lisa-Maria Putz. "External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145874.
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Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.
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Yongguan, Chang, Hans Martin Seip, and Haakon Vennemo. "The environmental cost of water pollution in Chongqing, China." Environment and Development Economics 6, no. 3 (June 25, 2001): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x01000183.
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Chongqing is a heavily polluted industrial megacity in China. We have estimated the environmental cost of water pollution in Chongqing. Limiting our inquiry to the resource cost, i.e. real resources spent or production possibilities foregone because of water pollution, our estimate equals 1.2 per cent of Chongqing gross product, with a subjective 95 per cent confidence interval of (0.9–1.5). Damage to agriculture constitutes the largest share of costs, 56 per cent, while damage to health and damage to industry make up 20 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively. The cost estimate of 1.2 per cent, which employs the human capital approach, is sensitive to the valuation of statistical lives. A calculation using willingness-to-pay for avoiding premature death sets the total cost at 4.3 per cent of Chongqing gross product.
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Kahandawa, Ravindu, Niluka Domingo, Gregory Chawynski, and S. R. Uma. "Factors impacting post-earthquake damage repair cost estimations." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 12, no. 1 (June 4, 2020): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-10-2019-0071.
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Purpose Reconstruction processes after an earthquake require estimating repair costs to decide on whether to repair or rebuild. This requires an accurate post-earthquake cost estimation tool. Currently, there are no post-earthquake loss estimation models to estimate repair costs accurately. There are loss assessment tools available, namely, HAZUS, performance assessment calculation tool (PACT), seismic performance and loss assessment tool (SLAT) and seismic performance prediction tool, which have not been specifically used for post-earthquake repair cost estimation. This paper aims to focus on identifying factors that need to be considered when upgrading these tools for post-earthquake repair cost estimation. Design/methodology/approach The research was conducted as an exploratory study using a literature review, document analysis of the PACT, SLAT and HAZUS software and 18 semi-structured interviews. Findings The research identified information sources available for estimation and factors to be considered when developing estimations based on the information sources. Research limitations/implications The data was collected from professionals who were involved mostly in housing repair work in New Zealand. Therefore, impact of these repair work factors might vary in other forms of structures such as civil structures include bridges and the country as a result of varying construction details and standards. Practical implications The identified factors will be used to improve the loss estimation tools are such as PACT and HAZUS, as well as to develop a post-earthquake repair cost estimation tool. Originality/value Currently, the identified factors impacting post-earthquake damage repair cost estimations are not considered in loss estimation tools. Factors identified in this research will help to develop a more accurate cost estimation tool for post-earthquake repair work.
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Dorner, W., M. Porter, and R. Metzka. "Are floods in part a form of land use externality?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 27, 2008): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-523-2008.
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Abstract. Peak and volume of river flows are functions of the catchment surface characteristics. This means that any impacts to the run-off regime (for example surface sealing and river training) could affect people and land users in the lower system. The costs of flood defence or compensation of damages are usually not included in the economic calculation of the upstream land owner or land user. In economic terms these effects are referred to as unidirectional externalities. This paper presents a methodology to identify externalities related to land use and run-off and describes the relevant cause-effect relations and how they can be modelled. The Herzogbach is a small tributary of the Danube River in Lower Bavaria. It is located in a rural area, dominated by intensive farming practices. A combination of hydrological and hydraulic modelling provided the core of the project methodology to allow the interpretation of economic data. Comparisons of damage estimates resulting from different hydrological scenarios based on different land uses, and flood mitigation costs were used to show the economic significance of human impacts.
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Abadie, Luis Maria, Elisa Sainz de Murieta, and Ibon Galarraga. "The Costs of Sea-Level Rise: Coastal Adaptation Investments vs. Inaction in Iberian Coastal Cities." Water 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12041220.
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Iberian coastal cities are subject to significant risks in the next decades due to climate change-induced sea-level rise. These risks are quite uncertain depending on several factors. In this article, we estimate potential economic damage in 62 Iberian coastal cities from 2020 to 2100 using regional relative sea-level rise data under three representative concentration pathways (RCP 8.5, RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6). We analyze the expected accumulated damage costs if no adaptation actions take place and compare this scenario to the investment cost of some adaptation strategies being implemented. The results show that some adaptation strategies are less costly than the potential damage under inaction. In other words, it is economically rational to invest in adaptation even in a context of high uncertainty. These calculations are very relevant to inform climate change adaptation decisions and to better manage the risk posed by sea-level rise. Moreover, our findings show the importance of a good understanding of the shape of the sea-level rise and damage cost distributions to calculate the expected damage. We show that using the 50th percentile for these calculations is not adequate as it leads to a serious underestimation of expected damage and coastal risk.
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Linares, Elisabetta. "Issues in the calculation of antitrust damages in the energy industry." ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, no. 3 (December 2012): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/efe2012-003010.
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In recent years, the "private enforcement" of antitrust law, through the attempt by private parties (usually harmed competitors or consumers) to recover damages in court, has been increasingly gaining attention in Europe. This paper focuses on two particular regulated network industries (electricity and gas). The purpose of this essay is, first, to describe the types of antitrust cases that could arise in the energy industry and, second, to outline the issues that a forensic economist would face in calculating damages to competitors or other parties in these cases. The identified anti-competitive practices range from the delay or the outright denial of access to major gas transportation pipelines (or the refusal to expand their capacity), unfair tariffs for the use of gas transportation networks and capacity hoarding at regasification terminals or in other gas import infrastructure, to the delayed provision of reliable information needed for customer switching and/or to allow a new entrant to plan its electricity and gas purchases and thus minimize imbalance charges. These practices might entail actual monetary loss (damnum emergens) due, for instance, to; higher energy costs for final consumers; sunk costs incurred by competitors to start import or sales activities; noncost- reflective tariffs for access to gas import or transportation infrastructure; excessive imbalance charges and transmission fees; high costs sustained by traders to purchase electricity or gas for resale. Moreover, they may entail lost profits and foregone cash flows (lucrum cessans) due, for instance, to: definitive loss of customers; inability to serve or invoice energy consumers in a given period; lack of access to entire segments of the electricity or gas markets.
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Panchenko, Sergii, Oleksandr Ohar, Maksym Kutsenko, and Julia Smachilo. "A METHOD OF COMPLEX CALCULATION OF RATIONAL STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF RAILWAY HUMPS." Acta Polytechnica 58, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2018.58.0370.
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The article deals with a method of complex calculation of rational structural parameters of humps at classification yards. Unlike existing methods, this method allows an implementation of the technology of guided gravity regulation of the cut speed by applying a special layout and profile arrangement. The authors believe that it will decrease the maintenance costs to refund damaged car and cargo, costs on electricity needed for the cut speed regulation and some extra charges due to demurrages caused by waiting for breaking-up at arrival yards.
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Shchepin, V. O., and Evgeny V. Shishkin. "THE BASICS OF CALCULATING THE ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO MORTALITY OF THE WORKING-AGE POPULATION." Health Care of the Russian Federation 62, no. 6 (May 24, 2019): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2018-62-6-284-288.
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Introduction. Improving the public health of the population and, above all, reducing mortality is the main goal and the main criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of the reforms carried out in various fields. The mortality rate of the population appears not only in documents relating to the assessment of the performance of health facilities and the quality of medical services.The purpose of the study was to develop approaches to calculating the economic losses of the working population. The objectives of the study included the unification of the formula “Lost years of forthcoming life” for the able-bodied population and its approbation using the example of calculating economic losses due to mortality in road traffic accidents. Materials and methods. The study used data from the Chelyabinsk Regional Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination on the number of people killed in road accidents in the region. The study was based on guidelines for using the indicator “Lost Years of Potential Life”. Results. As shown by a study approved by Academician V.I. Starodubov formula for calculating the lost years of life ahead is best suited for calculating the economic damage from mortality of the working age population in the context of various causes. With the help of the proposed formula, it is possible to calculate not only economic damage, but also the economic efficiency of health programs and other organizational measures in the field of health organization. Discussion. An important aspect in the calculation of economic damage is the need to take into account the level of unemployment, the indicator of gross profit of the economy and gross mixed income and the balance of labor resources. The formula proposed in this article, taking into account the above additional indicators, can be used to calculate economic losses due to the mortality of the working-age population using the example of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation or individual municipalities. Conclusion. These calculations must be taken into account in the formation of regional health systems, as well as the justification of the financial costs of activities in the field of health care and prevention, including in the context of individual municipalities of the Russian Federation.
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Elfanda, Muhamad Erga. "IMPLEMENTATION OF SIX SIGMA IN PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Airlangga 31, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jeba.v31i12021.51-63.
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Introduction: The problem faced by the company is the increase in the number of damaged products during the production process, which affects the quality of the product resulting decreased sales levels. The production process in food, beverage, and other processing industry is the most important activity to produce products that later to be marketed. Methods: The research method used in the study is Six Sigma method. Six Sigma is a system which has purpose to make a business become successful in a comprehensive and flexible manner. The product taken and examined is the sweet fermented Carica fruit. This fruit will be produced by CV. Gemilang Kencana, wheresoever the fruit is ready for the packing process, both cups and bottles.Results: The results of the calculation of Six Sigma value from CV. Gemilang Kencana has a sigma level 3.8 with the possibility of damage/ defects to the product up to 11,760 pcs in a million chance of production (DPMO). To reduce the number of damaged/ defective products that occur in the production process by sorting the highest percentage of causes damage, namely packaging leakage by 37%, untidy products by 50%, and less full products by 13%.Conclusion and suggestion: After knowing the results in this study, if the cause of the damage is not handled properly, more products will fail during the production process, which will cause an increase in production costs and have an impact on company losses.
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Suprapto, Wahyono, Rudy Soenoko, and Femiana Gapsari. "Comparation of the analytical and experimental models of 304SS corrosion rate in 0.5 m H2SS4 with bee wax propolis extract." Engineering review 38, no. 2 (2018): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.38.2.6.
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Corrosion in the reservoir and transport vessel often causes a leak that leads to disaster. Data prediction and experimental corrosion in storage technology is very important to prevent damage and reduce maintenance costs. Theoretically, steel tank corrosion by sulfuric acid working medium can be minimized with the formation of sediments oxide by oxidation-reduction reaction. Behavioral inhibition of bee wax propolis on the 304SS in 0.5 M sulfuric acid was carried by potentiodynamic polarization. Based on the polarization testing the corrosion rate of the 304SS in a solution of 0.5 M H2SO4 is at 0.349 g/m2d with the missing mass amounted 5.21 x10 -9 g/s. In experiments, the inhibitor causing less mass loss is equal to 2.28 x 10 -11 g/s. Mass lost without and with inhibitor in this study is also known by theoretical calculations. The mass losses can be used to determine the inhibition efficiency. The calculation of the efficiency theoretically and experimentally gives the same result.
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Suhina, Olena. "The methodological approach to the economic evaluation of the assimilation capacity of bioresources as a component of the eco-system assets of territorial communities." Regional Economy, no. 3(97) (2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2020-3-10.
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This article presents a methodological approach to the economic evaluation of the assimilation capacity of biological resources as ecosystem assets of territorial communities. The author evaluated the cost of «work» of the assimilation capacity of trees (taking into account the life cycle of the tree) and compared it with the fees for calculating the amount of damage caused by a violation of nature reserve legislation due to illegal felling or damage to trees and plants to the point of cessation of growth (for each tree felled or damaged to the point of cessation of growth) (Annex 1 to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of July 24, 2013 № 541 «On approval of fees for calculating the amount of damage caused by violations of nature reserve legislation»). The author concluded that the fees of this resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine are quite low compared to the actual cost of the assimilation capacity of trees. That is, the cost of a tree as a component of the ecosystem will be much higher, because trees also emit oxygen, purify water, and so on. Even lower are the fees for calculating the amount of damage caused to forests by enterprises, institutions, organizations, and citizens by illegal felling and damage to trees and shrubs to the point of cessation of growth (for each tree cut down or damaged to the point of cessation of growth) (Annex 1 to the Cabinet Of Ukraine of July 23, 2008 № 665 «On approval of fees for calculating the amount of damage caused to forests»). The facts that there is no correlation between the actual value of the tree and the above fees, and that the current regulations must be reviewed are emphasized. When carrying out a qualitative assessment of the assimilative potential of bioresources of ecosystem assets of territorial communities, it is advisable to use certain indicators and their criteria. This article presents the indicator of environmental costs for the mining industry. This indicator determines the total financial costs of environmental measures in the production of a unit of marketable products.
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Openko, P., O. Doska, A. Dudush, and A. Kozyr. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ASSESSMENT OF COMBAT DAMAGE ELIMINATION EFFECTIVENESS AND RECOVERY OF OPERATIOANAL CAPABILITIES OF AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS MEANS OF COMBAT IN COUNTEROFFENSIVE OPERATION." Наукові праці Державного науково-дослідного інституту випробувань і сертифікації озброєння та військової техніки, no. 7 (May 21, 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37701/dndivsovt.7.2021.08.
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The operational use of armament and military equipment (AME) and the resulting operational failures and combat damage lead to a decrease or loss of combat capability of groupings of troops. That is why the timely and high– quality implementation of a set of measures to keep the AME in operational conditions is connected with the need of solving the problem of logistical support for the timely elimination of failures and combat damage. At the same time, the effectiveness of the air defense systems recovery, taking into account the type of operation being conducted and the existing resource constraints requires a more detailed study.
The aim of the article is to form a methodical approach to evaluate the effectiveness of repairing combat damage and restoring the combat effectiveness of air defense systems in a counteroffensive operation in modern conditions.
Means of destruction that can be employed to inflict air defense systems in counteroffensive operation are considered. Modeling of the enemy’s use of different types of means of destruction was carried out, the obtained results substantiated the damage to the air defense systems’ means of combat, which can be sustained in a counteroffensive operation. In addition, the labor costs for recovery were calculated.
Using the method of assessing the possibilities of combat damage eliminating and restoring the effectiveness of AME specimen, calculations of the recovery effectiveness of air defense system’s means of combat were performed. As indicators that characterize the capabilities of repair and restoration units to eliminate combat damage and restore the operational performance of AME, the average duration of AME specimen restoration and the probability of timely repairs, taking into account resource constraints are used. An analysis of the calculations results of the probability of timely recovery of air defense system was performed. The maximum values of labor costs for restoration and characteristics of repair and restoration units are given.
The method of calculating the effectiveness of combat damage eliminating and restoring the combat effectiveness of air defense system in a counteroffensive operation under resource constraints was further developed.
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Dyadik, V. V., N. V. Dyadik, and E. M. Klyuchnikova. "THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF HUMAN HEALTH DAMAGE CAUSED BY NEGATIVE ECOLOGICAL EXPOSURE." Север и рынок: формирование экономического порядка 70, no. 4/2020 (December 27, 2020): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2220-802x.4.2020.70.004.
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This article is devoted to a review of the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches to solving the problem of assessing the negative consequences for human health caused by anthropogenic environmental impacts. The authors analyze the goals, internal motives and types of damage assessments carried out by various researchers, determine the projections and measurements of the socio-economic category of damage. The study shows the main stages of the basic algorithm for the valuation of health damage. Two main methodological approaches to assessment are disclosed: the calculation of costs due to the negative impact and the assessment of the willingness to pay for risk prevention. The history of the emergence of these approaches, theoretical foundations, advantages and disadvantages, internal structure and logic of work are presented. In particular, with regard to the approach based on the determination of the cost of disease, the categories of cost directions that form its internal structure, research prospects and competing approaches to determining the cost of indirect costs are disclosed. In relation to the willingness to pay approach, a decomposition of economic terms is presented that determine the amount that the respondent is willing to pay for the agreed risk reduction. The basic economic components of the utility category for determining the willingness to pay have been determined. Analyzing various approaches to assessing damage, the authors make an attempt to determine the areas of their possible application in the implementation of scientific research and applied developments. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the publication of research results, assumptions were made about the development trends of the two prevailing methodological approaches to assessing damage to human health in the world and in Russia, with substantiation of the underlying causes. A forecast has been made on the further evolution of the methodology for assessing damage to human health from adverse environmental impacts in Russia.
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Batarlienė, Nijolė. "RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT FOR TRANSPORTATION OF DANGEROUS FREIGHT." TRANSPORT 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2008): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.98-103.
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This work examines conditions to ensure safe transportation of dangerous freight, to manage and minimize the risk of carriage of such freight along the whole route. This article presents the probabilities in transport of dangerous freight, probability of possible damage and that of a possible accident, when transporting dangerous freight and a method of calculating costs of damage to the environment and that of calculating accident probability. The article points out the ways of reducing the risk of possible damage and probability of accident.
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Selyukov, Alexei, and Radim Rybár. "Calculation of Boundary Stripping Ratio Errors at the Stage of Quarries Designing." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 01043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910501043.
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The open pit mining method of solid minerals extracting is widely used both in Russia and in the whole world, and sets a general direction of mining industry development as its main tool, at least for the next decades. This is due to its significant advantages compared with other methods of minerals extraction, especially with underground method. This conclusion is made considering production capacity of mining and enrichment enterprises, mining safety, productivity and working conditions, investment and operating costs, level of mechanization, automation, robotization, informatization and computerization of production, full use of mineral resources. However, the practical realization of these advantages of the open pit method of mining, neutralization and reduction or elimination of its shortcomings (environmental damage) requires thorough and reliable design solutions, their timely and accurate adjustment, application of scientific methods and modern technical and technological means. This is especially important and relevant for design, construction, operation, reconstruction and reclamation of open pits developing complex and large deposits of scarce and valuable mineral resources. Erroneous and insufficiently substantiated design solutions and their implementation lead to a significant decrease in the efficiency of open pit mining.
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Muslihudin, Muslihudin, Eko Hendarto, Rin Rostikawati, Rili Windiasih, and Tyas Retno Wulan. "Relationship between Environmental Damage and Corruption Cases in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187302011.
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Environment and corruption are two very popular concepts in the last few decades. Both reflect on the negative side in society. Environmental issues are becoming popular because of many environmental problems that arise not only locally, regionally or nationally but also in the international level. Likewise, corruption is widely discussed and demonstrated especially in Indonesia since the reform era, 1998. The relationship between environment and corruption is more of a causal relationship, where the environment plays a role, while corruption is the cause. The form of corruption that causes environmental damage is; 1) granting permission from regional heads to entrepreneurs who are bribed, so that provisions in the licensing process are not considered properly; 2) corruption in the Amdal process, in which employers give bribes to the parties involved in the Amdal process; 3) corruption of illegal levies against entrepreneurs so that entrepreneurs make compensation calculations by way of externality of production costs to the environment, as a consequence of high costs borne by the entrepreneurs. Some examples of corruption cases show the corruption of a certain kind has made the environment a victim. The environmental aspect should be considered in the judicial process of corruption cases that have an impact on the environment, so the public's concern for the environment is getting stronger.
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Schläpfer, Felix. "External Costs of Agriculture Derived from Payments for Agri-Environment Measures: Framework and Application to Switzerland." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 6126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156126.
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The costs of unintended side effects of agriculture such as water pollution cannot be directly observed in markets. However, the values society places on healthy agricultural environments are increasingly reflected in payments to farmers for measures to avoid or reduce environmental damage. This paper presents a framework for estimating external costs of agriculture from payment rates of agri-environment measures addressing specific externality issues. The framework is applied to the broad range of agri-environment measures implemented in Swiss agricultural policy. Estimates of external costs are derived for emissions of greenhouse gases, ammonia, nitrate and pesticides, soil erosion, habitat deficits, and animal suffering. The total external costs of Swiss agriculture are estimated at CHF 3.651 billion (CHF 3494 per hectare) when the calculations are based on the agri-environment measures’ average avoidance costs and of CHF 5.560 billion (CHF 5321 per hectare) when the calculations are based on highest observed avoidance costs. Potential applications include internalization policies, evaluations of agri-environment support, and integrated environmental and economic accounting.
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Latosov, Eduard, Anna Volkova, Andres Siirde, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "The Impact of Parallel Energy Consumption on the District Heating Networks." Environmental and Climate Technologies 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2019-0001.
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Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the impacts of heat recovery ventilation (HRV) and exhaust air heat pump (EAHP)-based solutions used in renovated buildings, which make it possible to reach performance class C in district heating (DH) area CO2 emissions, primary energy consumption and total energy costs for consumers. Evaluation is based on the methodology presented in the previous research paper [1]. Calculation results show that the use of EAHP has a negative impact on DH sustainability (heat losses in the DH network, DH heat price, reduced consumption of DH heat) and CO2 emissions related to energy delivery (heat and electricity) to consumers in the DH area. Positive aspects of the EAHP use include the fact that almost the same primary energy consumption level can be achieved with lesser (up to 7 %) annual costs (annual capital costs, DH heat costs and electricity costs) and lower initial investments (about 10 %). At the same time, every renovated building with EAHP will experience a negative impact on heat prices. In DH areas where almost all buildings are renovated with EAHP, cost savings are not as evident compared to buildings with HRV in DH areas where the use of parallel consumption solutions (EAHP) is minimized. It is reasonable to promote these renovation packages and solutions that benefit the building’s primary energy reduction, and also do not increase electric energy consumption (additional electric power generators are needed) and do not damage DH networks.
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Zadnahal, Sahar, and Iraj Goldozian. "An Investigation into the Rule of Action in the Penal System." Journal of Politics and Law 9, no. 2 (March 31, 2016): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n2p96.
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<p>According to definite jurisprudential principles and rules, when a person acts against himself and accepts the incurrence of damage, he will be deprived of all or some part of the claim for compensation. The rule of action constitutes the basis of this lack of benefit in Islamic and Iran’s law, while the principles of consent and participation in the fault underlie it in the common law. Studying research studies conducted in relation to the rule of action in Iran and Britain’s law it could be argued that the rule of action is among the cases discussed in criminal law and on the issue of causality in punishment. On the other hand, in criminal proceedings, in Iranian and British legal systems, this issue has been mostly discussed regarding the aspects of imposing damage and calculation of costs thereof. Therefore, if someone is acting to the detriment of himself and is causing damage to himself, in addition to the issue of liability removal, in which the accused may be acquitted from his responsibility, there is no need for the accused person to pay compensation to the injured person.</p>
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Pathirana, A., S. Tsegaye, B. Gersonius, and K. Vairavamoorthy. "A simple 2-D inundation model for incorporating flood damage in urban drainage planning." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 31, 2011): 2747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-2747-2011.
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Abstract. An urban inundation model was developed and coupled with 1-D drainage network model (EPA-SWMM5). The objective was to achieve a 1-D/2-D coupled model that is simple and fast enough to be consistently used in planning stages of urban drainage projects. The 2-D inundation model is based on a non-standard simplification of the shallow water equation, lays between diffusion-wave and full dynamic models. Simplifications were made in the process representation and numerical solving mechanisms and a depth scaled Manning coefficient was introduced to achieve stability in the cell wetting-drying process. The 2-D model is coupled with SWMM for simulation of both network flow and surcharge induced inundation. The coupling is archived by mass transfer from the network system to the 2-D system. A damage calculation block is integrated within the model code for assessing flood damage costs in optimal planning of urban drainage networks. The model is stable in dealing with complex flow conditions, and cell wetting/drying processes, as demonstrated by a number of idealised experiments. The model application is demonstrated by applying to a case study in Brazil.
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Rutman, Yu L., and A. Yu Ivanov. "Methodology for calculating the number of earthquakes at the construction site during the life cycle of the building." Вестник гражданских инженеров 17, no. 5 (2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2020-17-5-101-107.
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The paper offers a method of seismic damage assessment based on modeling seismic damage as a random event. In order to forecast various seismic events during the building life cycle of a structure, the authors use a formula characterizing the behavior of the Poisson process in the final time interval. After establishing with the predetermined confidence probability of different combinations of seismic events, the statistical treatment of the losses corresponding to these combinations of damage recovery costs is carried out. The results obtained can be used for choosing the seismic retrofit strategy of the building.
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Ngamalieu-Nengoue, Ulrich A., Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, and F. Javier Martínez-Solano. "Urban Drainage Networks Rehabilitation Using Multi-Objective Model and Search Space Reduction Methodology." Infrastructures 4, no. 2 (June 8, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4020035.
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The drainage network always needs to adapt to environmental and climatic conditions to provide best quality services. Rehabilitation combining pipes substitution and storm tanks installation appears to be a good solution to overcome this problem. Unfortunately, the calculation time of such a rehabilitation scenario is too elevated for single-objective and multi-objective optimization. In this study, a methodology composed by search space reduction methodology whose purpose is to decrease the number of decision variables of the problem to solve and a multi-objective optimization whose purpose is to optimize the rehabilitation process and represent Pareto fronts as the result of urban drainage networks optimization is proposed. A comparison between different model results for multi-objective optimization is made. To obtain these results, Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is first connected to a Pseudo Genetic Algorithm (PGA) for the search space reduction and then to a Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for multi-objective optimization. Pareto fronts are designed for investment costs instead of flood damage costs. The methodology is applied to a real network in the city of Medellin in Colombia. The results show that search space reduction methodology provides models with a considerably reduced number of decision variables. The multi-objective optimization shows that the models’ results used after the search space reduction obtain better outcomes than in the complete model in terms of calculation time and optimality of the solutions.
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Tverdokhlebova, T. I., E. V. Kovalev, H. V. Karpushchenko, M. A. Kulak, O. S. Dumbadze, A. R. Litovko, and A. S. Kaljuzhin. "Socioeconomic aspects of COVID-19 on the example of Rostov region." Infekcionnye bolezni 18, no. 4 (2020): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-4-27-32.
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Objective. To evaluate the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 in Rostov region. Material and methods. This article focuses on social and economic aspects of COVID-19. By estimating direct medical costs and gross domestic product (GDP) losses (sick leave days), we assessed the economic damage caused by the pandemic in Rostov region. When calculating direct medical costs, we considered per-case costs of completed outpatient and inpatient treatment and costs of laboratory testing (identification of coronavirus). When calculating the costs associated with paid sick Rostov region in 2020. Results. We found that COVID-19-associated direct medical costs and GDP losses (sick leave days) were 3,174,344,917.04 RUB. Almost half (42.7%) of direct medical costs were spent on outpatient treatment. GDP losses were 1,014,047,274.24 RUB. Conclusion. In addition to the direct impact on the health of vulnerable individuals, current pandemic will inevitably cause longterm socioeconomic consequences for both people and the economy. The assessment of the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19 is important to develop effective preventive and anti-epidemic measures, as well as to make optimal management decisions. Key words: GDP losses, pandemic, direct medical costs, PCR diagnostics, Rostov region, COVID-19
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Sladkova, A. A. "BASIC TERMS OF DELIVERY AS A DECISIVE FACTOR AFFECTING THE VALIDITY OF A FOREIGN TRADE CONTRACT AND THE CORRECTNESS OF THE CALCULATION OF THE CUSTOMS VALUE OF GOODS." International Trade and Trade Policy 7, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2021-2-149-159.
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The article deals with some aspects of the legal regulation of relations between the counterparties of a foreign trade transaction. Based on the results of the analysis of the practice of the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation, conclusions are drawn on the application of the provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 1980 in resolving disputes between the parties to a foreign trade contract. The features of using the delivery bases under INCOTERMS 2020 in order to form the transport conditions of a foreign trade contract are revealed, and also, using the example of several delivery bases, it is indicated what transport costs should be charged to the contract value of goods in order to form the correct customs value. Based on the consideration of some court decisions, the role and significance of the delivery basis were determined both for resolving disputes between counterparties in case of accidental damage or loss of cargo during transportation, and for correctly determining the amount of the customs value of goods. A specific example is used to calculate the amounts of transport costs, insurance and customs value for each product when they are delivered together, when the total transport costs and insurance are initially determined for them.
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Bahri, Syamsul, Fachriah Nur Rahmadani, and Armin Darmawan. "Analysis on Product Quality of Semi Refined Carrageenan using Six Sigma and Cost of Poor Quality." Industria: Jurnal Teknologi dan Manajemen Agroindustri 9, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.industria.2020.009.03.4.
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The study aimed to minimize defective products to improve the production process quality of PT BI by identifying the most types of defects, calculating Defect per Million Opportunities (DPMO) value, suggesting the quality improvement of the Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC) production process, and calculating Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) value. The methods used in this research were Six Sigma and the COPQ. The priority improvement based on the Pareto chart was moisture defects with the percentage of damage of 36.9%. The Sigma level of the production process of PT BI was 3.42 with a defect rate of 27,429 DPMO. The analysis on the cause and effect diagram showed that factors affected the occurrence of defective products were error in reading on moisture content, diverse raw material, the wrong method of mixing raw materials prior to production process, and the lack of inspectors of production process. The most influential-dominant factor was the obsolete machine which causes error in reading on moisture content. The company can take preventive and corrective actions to suppress defective products and improve product quality. Based on the calculation of the COPQ, the costs that must be incurred by the company due to defective products was IDR 1,007,690,694.
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Rosdiana, Yulia Maulidyanti, Iriyadi Iriyadi, and Diah Wahyuningsih. "Pendampingan Peningkatan Efisiensi Biaya Produksi UMKM Heriyanto Melalui Analisis Biaya Kualitas." Jurnal Abdimas Dedikasi Kesatuan 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jadkes.v1i1.311.
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In each production process, it is possible there will be a discrepancy between the product that has been produced and with the standard, which referred to a defective product or a damaged product. The defective product or damaged product will affect the increase in production costs because the defective product has absorbed production costs from the beginning and it can cause losses to the company. Thus the company must make quality improvements to make the quality of the products produced more consistent and so that there are no more defective products. Improvement of this quality is needed by the existence of expenditure which is called quality cost. Quality costs are part of the production costs. With the existence of defective products or damaged products, it will cause production costs to increase because the company must pay for the process of reworking or reproducing. Therefore, by improving quality through quality costs, it is expected that production costs will be reduced. Production processes that pay attention to quality will reduce the possibility of product defects. Thus the company's production costs will be more efficient but still pay attention to the quality of the products produced. The purpose of this report is to find out how to supervise quality costs of UMKM in improving production cost efficiency. The author conducts community service at the UMKM Heriyanto which is a UMKM engaged in the shoe industry, especially adult women's shoes located on Jl. E. Sumawijaya, Sindang Barang Village, Gang Jambekiuna, Pasir Eurih Village, Taman Sari District, Bogor Regency.The results of the study show that the quality cost component found in the UMKM Heriyanto consists of prevention costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. In UMKM Heriyanto there is no apprasial cost because there is no quality control or checking activity for the product. In addition, the calculation of production costs in UMKM Heriyanto is quiet basic and simple because it does not separate the cost of direct raw materials from indirect raw materials, direct labor with indirect labor, and there are some overhead costs that are not taken into account. Internal failure costs consisting of excess raw materials have a significant influence on the cost of producing shoes for UMKM Heriyanto for all types of shoes. Thus the excess of this raw material must be reduced because it can affect the amount of raw material costs directly on production costs. If UMKM Heriyanto can implement the calculation of this quality cost, then in the next production it can reduce the cost of excess raw materials and UMKM Heriyanto can make production cost efficiency of 15%.
Keywords: qualitycosts, production cost, cost effieciency
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Elkin, A. B., and I. A. Evseeva. "Assessment of the economic efficiency of occupational safety and health measures." XXI Century. Technosphere Safety 6, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2500-1582-2021-2-157-167.
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The issue of occupational safety is studied by assessing working conditions and calculating the economic effect of labor protection measures. The paper describes criteria for improving the economic efficiency by increasing the level of labor protection. It describes measures aimed to ensure the occupational safety and health of workers. The economic efficiency of measures aimed to improve working conditions and ensure the safety is calculated on the example of a steam generation unit. The methodology for calculating technical, economic and social indicators of labor protection takes into account the costs of improving safety and calculating the economic damage caused by accidents. The methodology can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of industrial measures, and takes into account the social effect of labor protection and envi ronmental protection measures. To calculate the effectiveness, the cost of losses, damage, localization costs, environmental damage, and measures is calculated. The occupational safety assurance measures can reduce the cost of production due to the increased labor productivity and improved quality of working capacities in favorable working conditions. An objective assessment of the measures aimed to improve safety conditions contributes to the development of recommendations and can justify management decisions made to ensure the occupational safety.
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Stoilov, Stanimir, Andrea R. Proto, Georgi Angelov, Salvatore F. Papandrea, and Stelian Alexandru Borz. "Evaluation of Salvage Logging Productivity and Costs in the Sensitive Forests of Bulgaria." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030309.
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Steep terrain harvesting can only be implemented by a limited set of operational alternatives; therefore, it is important to be efficient in such conditions, in order to avoid incurring high costs. Harvesting abiotically-disturbed forests (salvage harvests caused by wet snow), which is becoming common these days, can significantly impact the operational efficiency of extraction operations. This study was implemented in order to evaluate the performance of truck-mounted uphill cable yarding operations in salvage logging deployed in coniferous stands. A time study was used to estimate the productivity and yarding costs, and predictive models were developed in order to relate the time consumption and productivity to the relevant operational factors, including the degree of wood damage. The average operational conditions were characterized by an extraction distance of 101 m and a lateral yarding distance of 18 m, resulting in a productivity rate of 20.1 m3 h−1. In response to different kind of delays, the productivity rate decreased to 12.8 m3 h−1. Under the prevailing conditions, lateral yarding accounted for 32% of the gross work cycle time, and for 50% of the delay-free work cycle time of the machine. Decreasing the lateral yarding distance and increasing the payload volume to the maximum capacity of the machine would eventually lead to a yarding productivity of close to 30 m3 per SMH (scheduled machine hour). The calculation of the gross costs of uphill yarding showed that the labor costs (35.7%) were slightly higher than the fixed costs (32.9%), and twice as high compared to the variable costs (17.7%). The remote control of the carriage, mechanical slack-pulling mechanisms, and radio-controlled chokers are just some of the improvements that would have led to increments in operational efficiency.
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Viswanathan, R. "Life Management of High-Temperature Piping and Tubing in Fossil Power Plants." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 122, no. 3 (April 5, 2000): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.556187.
Full textAbstract:
Aging of power plants and competitive pressures to operate and maintain (O&M) these plants at reduced costs have heightened industry interest in life assessment and management technologies. Piping and tubing systems carrying high-pressure steam at temperatures exceeding 1000°F (530°C) have notably been the center of focus of many of these activities. Enormous progress has been made in understanding mechanisms of damage and their rate of evolution. Progressive application of improved calculational, nondestructive and destructive techniques have enabled optimum utilization of components at reduced costs. In addition, the efficacy of weld repair techniques to extend the lives of aged components has been investigated in detail. This paper will review the damage mechanisms encountered in fossil power plant boiler pressure parts and then describe in more detail life management tools that have been developed. [S0094-9930(00)01503-1]
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Prayogo, Tri, Sri Wahyuni, and Muhammad Iqbal. "A Study of Irrigation Performance Index and Real Cost Value of Irrigation Operations and Maintenance in Surak Irrigation Area." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 030–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00401.4.
Full textAbstract:
Irrigation Asset Management is required to maintain the value of irrigation asset function and condition. Surak Irrigation Area is located in Lawang Sub-District, Malang Regency. After resurveying in 2020, 21 points of damage were found in Surak Irrigation Area. Irrigation performance index was found to be 77.56% (moderate condition) for which the physical infrastructure aspect is 39.1%, the water availability aspect is 5.4%, the planting index aspect is 4.4%, the supporting facilities for operation and management aspect is 7.8%, the organizational and personnel aspect is 10.8%, the documentation aspect is 3.8%, and the Water User Association aspect is 6.3%. Priority calculation utilized the ranking method, which ranks asset values from the lowest to the highest. The result was that 24 assets are in moderate condition, 43 assets are in good condition, and 146 are in very good condition. The real cost value of irrigation operations and maintenance was calculated to be IDR 1,561,741,648, with IDR 208,506,890 for operating costs and IDR 1,353,234,758 for maintenance costs. For rehabilitation, it was found that 24 assets need regular maintenance and repair, 24 assets need regular maintenance, and 146 assets need routine maintenance
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Shatilov, Yuriy Y., and Alexander A. Lyapin. "Vibration-Based Damage Detection Techniques for Health Monitoring of Construction of a Multi-Storey Building." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.178.
Full textAbstract:
Conducting surveys of multi-storey buildings is a laborious task, because large volumes of visual and instrumental research should be carried out. Reduction of labor costs with an increase in the reliability of information about the state of damage and technical condition is an actual scientific and practical task. One of the ways to solve it is to use non-destructive vibration diagnostic methods. The purpose of carrying out diagnostics with the use of vibration based damage detection methods is to search for damages in structural elements that can cause the deviation of the dynamic parameters of a structure from calculated ones. Determination of the dynamic parameters of the structure, in particular natural frequencies and mode shapes of mechanical systems, is one of the most important tasks that allows obtaining integral information about the state of a structure. This article presents the results of calculations for the localization of slabs defects in a multi-storey building with a transverse crack, span L = 4.5 (m), height H = 0.2 (m), with prestressed reinforcement d = 0.05 (m). Vibration based Damage Index method was used to localize the defect. During the study, reliable localization values of the defect area of the slab were obtained, this indicates that the vibration method for determining the damage index with a sufficient degree of accuracy allowed predicting the site of damage to the structure.