Relevant bibliographies by topics / Calculation of damage costs

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Calculation of damage costs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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Batarlienė, Nijolė. "Risk and Damage Assessment for Transportation of Dangerous Freight." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0030.

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Abstract The article provides information on transportation of dangerous freight. Legal acts regulating transportation of Dangerous freight are discussed. Major problems and non-compliances with The European Agreement concerning International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) are distinguished. The type of risk that one encounters is analysed, as well as who is to take responsibility for transportation of dangerous freight. Transport accidents of dangerous substances are increasingly frequent and can cause serious injuries in inhabited areas or pollution of the environment. For quantitative risk assessment and mitigation planning, consequence calculations are necessary. The aim of this article is to present methods of the first approach for calculating costs and overall expenses of an accident and to demonstrate the main recommendations for the next development stage in the area of transport accident modelling. By the means of risk assessment models, it is possible to calculate the extent of the consequences and reduce the risks during the process of transportation. Based on Technology of Dangerous Freight Transportation, the accident calculation principles are suggested, which enables to assess the costs and to find a generalized accident rate. The calculation results are provided.
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Лапшин and D. Lapshin. "Using Pareto to calculate the costs of disasters." Modeling of systems and processes 6, no. 3 (January 15, 2014): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2385.

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the method of calculation of natural disasters lie in the use of average values, hos located using Pareto for calculation of damage described by the exponential by law, taking into account the growth of the expected damage over time.
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Haling, Daniel, and Harry Cohen. "Residential Noise Damage Costs Caused by Motor Vehicles." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1559, no. 1 (January 1996): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900111.

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An estimate of noise damage costs caused by motor vehicles has been performed. The damage calculation is based on the reduction of property values caused by vehicle noise emissions. Noise emission models are used to determine the noise levels emitted by various vehicle types, dependent on speed, volume of traffic on the roadway, and type of housing development that surrounds the roadway. The cost estimation illustrates the large variation in noise damage caused by different vehicle types, operating conditions, and location of the roadway in relation to residential areas.
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Ravina, Marco, Deborah Panepinto, and Maria Chiara Zanetti. "DIDEM - An integrated model for comparative health damage costs calculation of air pollution." Atmospheric Environment 173 (January 2018): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.010.

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Setyaningrum, Ika Rizky, and Palti Marulitua Sitorus. "Efficiency Measurement of Maintenance Costs on Customer Service Process PT Indonesia Comnets Plus West Java." TRIKONOMIKA 14, no. 2 (December 25, 2015): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/trikonomika.v14i2.411.

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Information technology is growing rapidly. The problems arising in the conjunction magnitude of information technology devices are how to manage, maintain, and calculate the amount of required investments. The purposes of this study are to measurepreventive and corrective cost optimization maintenance which determines the most optimal performance for alternative maintenance activity. The case studies in this research is PT Indonesia Comnets Plus (ICON +) West Java focusing on how the process of customer service telecommunication maintenance. Analysis techniques used are descriptive and optimization analysis. The level of corrective maintenance costs are known through services damage probability, average cost of service damage in the period of 2011-2014, and corrective cost analysis formula. To determine the level of preventive maintenance costs, it requires the calculation of damage probability screened estimated monthly service and then calculating the total cost of preventive maintenance. The analysis requires amount of damage and cost of protecting canceling services. The result, general implementation of maintenance services has been running well, but not optimal. Period of preventive maintenance services can be optimized with an average of 12-month treatment.
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de Moel, H., N. E. M. Asselman, and J. C. J. H. Aerts. "Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of coastal flood damage estimates in the west of the Netherlands." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2012): 1045–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1045-2012.

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Abstract. Uncertainty analyses of flood damage assessments generally require a large amount of model evaluations. This is often hampered by the high computational costs necessary to calculate flood extents and depths using 2-dimensional flow models. In this paper we developed a new approach to estimate flood inundation depths that can be incorporated in a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. This allows estimation of the uncertainty in flood damage estimates and the determination of which parameters contribute the most to this uncertainty. The approach is applied on three breach locations on the west coast of the Netherlands. In total, uncertainties in 12 input parameters were considered in this study, related to the storm surge, breach growth and the damage calculation. We show that the uncertainty in flood damage estimates is substantial, with the bounds of the 95% confidence range being more than four times smaller or larger than the median. The most influential parameter is uncertainty in depth-damage curves, but five other parameters also contribute substantially. The contribution of uncertainty in parameters related to the damage calculation is about equal to the contribution of parameters related to the volume of the inflowing water. Given the emphasis of most risk assessments on the estimation of the hazard, this implies that the damage calculation aspect deserves more attention in flood risk research efforts. Given the large uncertainties found in this study, it is recommended to always perform multiple calculations in flood simulations and damage assessments to capture the full range of model outcomes.
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Song, Young, and Moo Park. "A Study on Estimation Equation for Damage and Recovery Costs Considering Human Losses Focused on Natural Disasters in the Republic of Korea." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 3103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093103.

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In this study, we conduct an estimation study of the damage costs, recovery costs, and human losses in the case of natural disasters in the Republic of Korea. This research method analyzed human losses, damage costs, and recovery costs caused by natural disasters that swept across the Republic of Korea over the past 16 years, from 2000 to 2015, including extreme wind, heavy snowfall, typhoon, wind wave, and heavy rainfall. Damage status and trend of occurrence were reviewed for each year’s human losses, damage costs, and recovery costs. We propose a calculating equation of the linear regression equation that estimates damage costs and recovery costs considering human losses. The correlation coefficient was 0.898 for the estimation of human losses and damage costs, and 0.889 for the estimation of human losses and recovery costs. In addition, the correlation of both equations was found to be 166% of damage costs when calculating recovery costs. The results of this study can be used as descriptive statistical data to estimate damage costs and recovery costs according to human losses in case of natural disasters.
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BULBUK, Dr Márton István. "THE RESTORATION OF THE REFORMED CHURCH OF AITON 2018–2020 CASE STUDY, CONDITION SURVEY BY FACILITY CONDITION INDEX." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 7, no. 6 (June 20, 2020): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v7.i6.2020.695.

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The professional restoration of an initially Catholic, and then, after an 18th-century reconstruction, Reformed, single-tower church of medieval origin, having mixed walls and an eclectic roof structure, following two consecutive, incorrect interventions. The technical condition of listed buildings is the indicator of their general structural condition. To assess errors and damage, I have compiled a new method that includes a sample to follow, as well as damage assessment tables, recommended procedures, and calculations. This calculation method shows the structural condition of listed buildings and the value of the approximate restoration costs. I present this procedure through the presently ongoing survey and restoration process of a listed building in Aiton, near Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania.
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Bulíř, P. "Testing of Koch method applied for evaluation of ornamental trees in the Czech Republic." Horticultural Science 36, No. 4 (November 20, 2009): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/60/2008-hortsci.

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Koch method of ornamental trees evaluation is based on interest paid on costs invested in tree-growing up to their maturity stage minus deductions for age, defects and damage. The aim of this paper is to apply the above mentioned method in the economic conditions of the Czech Republic. The paper presents essential economic data generated in accordance with the technological model of tree growing at a permanent site. We also describe the mechanism of the so-called base tree price calculation as a basis for the subtraction of deductions derived from its current condition. The calculated base tree prices are illustratively compared to prices based on the to-date applied calculating techniques and the relevant regulation. We also refer to the method of base price adjustment based on the criterion of landscape tree value. The mechanism of price calculation applied for Koch method testing included two modifications. The first relates to due consideration of growth qualities when calculating development care costs; the other introduces landscaping value indicator as the only base price adjustment to achieve the resulting price, corresponding with the current tree condition.
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Pukalskas, Saugirdas, and Robertas Pečeliūnas. "THE METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF ROAD ACCIDENT COSTS." TRANSPORT 30, no. 1 (March 27, 2015): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2015.1020871.

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The presented methodology for accounting the costs caused by road accidents is based on the fact that a person who died or was injured in a traffic accident will not contribute to the economic wealfare of the country anymore or his/her contribution will reduce. Broken vehicles, damaged cargoes or defected road constructions cause huge losses to the state. A financial assessment of material losses caused by road accidents enables providing a feasibility report in respect of efficiency of newly introduced traffic safety measures. The aim of the presented methodology is an establishment of the road accident costs that would conform to the todays economic level of Lithuania. The developed methodology for accounting road accident costs will enable more precise assessment of a necessity, perspectives and priorities of investment projects in the transport system as well as an accomplishment of funding allocation tasks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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FERREIRA, JORGE LUIZ DE ALMEIDA. "SIMULATION OF RANDOM LOADING FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1993. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24834@1.

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Dando continuidade ao trabalho desenvolvido por [1] para a determinação do dano devido à fadiga em estruturas sujeitas à carregamentos estocásticos, este trabalho procura desenvolver o mesmo método, acoplando-o a uma rotina de FFT, para a determinação do espectro de potências, e ao método epsilon x N, associado à regra de acúmulo linear de dano de Palmgren-Miner, para a determinação do tempo de vida deste tipo de estrutura mecânica. Dois pacotes computacionais foram desenvolvidos para a aplicação deste método. O primeiro foi desenvolvido para a realização de três tarefas básicas? Coleta de Dados: Através da simulação de um gravador, que por interfaceamento com uma placa analógica-digital, permite a utilização de computadores para a aquisição de sinais dinâmicos. Análise de Sinais: Visando a determinação das propriedades estatísticas e/ou espectrais dos históricos de carregamento. Simulação de Histórias de Carregamento: Utilizando a teoria desenvolvida por Rice e Shinozuka [2]. No segundo pacote estão presentes todas as rotinas necessárias para a estimativa do tempo de vida de fadiga segundo o método epsilon x N, ou seja: contagem de picos e vales, contagem Rain-flow, determinação do incremento de dano e acumulação do dano de fadiga considerando a regra de Miner. Os processos computacionais foram testados utilizando-se históricos típicos propostos em trabalhos correlatos, sendo seus resultados comparados com os respectivos resultados experimentiais. Por fim, procurou-se estudar a influência da resolução espectral e do número de iteração sobre o comportamento das histórias simuladas quanto a sua capacidade de reproduzir o nível de dano observado nas respectivas histórias reais, com a intenção de encontrar parâmetros ótimos que permitam uma estimativa não tendenciosa do dano de fadiga.
Extending Yang s [1] studies of fatigue damage determination in structures under stochastic loading, this study was developed using the same philosophy, besides incorporate a FFT routine to the power spectral determination, the Coffin-Manson method and Miner s rule, to structure damage determination. Two software were developed to apply this method. The first one realizes three basics functions: Data Acquisition: Recording real loading processes Analysis: Determination the statistical and spectral properties of the loading processes Random loading Process Simulation: Using Gaussian simulation method. The second software contain the routines necessary to life estimation using the Coffin-Manson method: peak and valley counting, rain-flow rule, damage and cumulative damage calculation. A computational processes were applied on loading processes found on correlated studies, and the numerical results were compared with their experimental one. At last, it was objected to studying the influence os spectral resolution and the number of iteration on life prediction, to find the best parameters to a good simulation.
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FERREIRA, JORGE LUIZ DE ALMEIDA. "A MODEL TO PREDICT UNCERTAINTY FOR FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1997. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24799@1.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo deduzir, implementar e validar um modelo para avaliar o valor médio e a variância do dano por fadiga em estruturas sujeitas a carregamentos aleatórios. Para isto, a técnica de aproximação da média e da variância através da expansão em série de Taylor foi aplicada ao conjunto de equações do método epsilon-N e à regra de acúmulo de dano de Palmgren-Miner. O modelo proposto permite avaliar o comportamento estatístico das gamas de tensão localizadas, das gamas de deformações localizadas e do dano propriamente dito. O modelo proposto possibilita a combinação dos fatores aleatórios associados à história de carregamento e ao comportamento mecânico do material. Isto permite avaliar a dispersão do dano sob um aspecto mais amplo, quantificando de forma independente as incertezas oriundas do comportamento aleatório do material e da história de carregamento. A fim de avaliar o modelo proposto, foram utilizadas 20 histórias de carregamento diferentes. Estas histórias foram combinadas à dois níveis distintos de dispersões das propriedades mecânicas do material. A comparação das estatísticas obtidas analiticamente com aquelas estimadas através da técnica de simulação de Monte Carlo demostraram a viabilidade da utilização do modelo proposto. Um estudo bastante completo foi realizado com relação à influência da história de carregamento sobre a dispersão do dano. Por este estudo verificou-se que a dispersão na previsão do dano provocado por trechos distintos de histórias são fortemente dependentes do tamanho da amostra. Para os casos estudados, verificou-se que trechos amostrados com menos de 3000 picos conduzem a dispersões superiores à 10 por cento , para histórias estritamente estacionárias, e superiores à 20 por cento, para histórias estacionárias num sentido amplo. Após estudar o comportamento estatístico do dano acumulado e de seu valor crítico para a iniciação de uma trinca de fadiga, foram utilizados dois modelos analíticos distintos para a previsão da confiabilidade de projetos à fadiga. Estes modelos foram desenvolvidos supondo a distribuição de Weibull e a lognormal. A validação destes modelos foi realizada comparando-se os resultados estimados analiticamente com seus correspondentes obtidos por simulação de Monte Carlo. A comparação das curvas de confiabilidade obtidas analiticamente com as curvas obtidas por simulação de Monte Carlo mostrou que o modelo baseado na distribuição lognormal é o mais indicado para a previsão da confiabilidade de projetos à fadiga.
The present work is concerned with the development and the validation of a model to evaluate the average and the variance of the fatigue damage in structures subjected to random loading. The technique of the approximation of these statistics through of the expansion into Taylor series was applied to the set of equations that describe the epsilon-N method and the Palmgren-Miner rule. The proposed model allows the evaluation of the statistical behavior of the notch stress ranges, of the notch strain ranges and of the cumulative fatigue damage. The developed model allows the combination of random factors associated to loading histories and to the behavior of the material. In other words, the model estimates the dispersion of the fatigue damage under an extensive aspect, quatifying separately the contributions derives from the dispersion associated to sources of variation of the material behavior and the loading histories. In order to evaluate the proposed model, 20 random loading histories were combined to two levels of dispersion of the material properties. The combination allowed the study of the model under several situations. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparisons with the Monte Carlo technique. The agreement of the proposed model with the Monte Carlo technique was considered good. An extensive study was realized concerning the influence of the random loading on the dispersion of the damage prediction. It was observed that the dispersion is strongly associated to sample s size. From the cases studied it was observed that sample s blocks with less than 3000 peak might conduct to dispersions larger than 10 per cent, for strictly stationary processes, and larger than 20 per cent, for wide-sense stationary processes. After studying the statistical behavior of the cumulative fatigue damage and of its critical value to initiate a fatigue crack, two analytical model for fatigue reliability analysis were presented. These models are developed under the assumption that cumulative fatigue damage and its critical value follow a lognormal or a Weibull distribution. To verify the predicted results the Monte Carlo analysis was used. From this analysis it was verified tha the interference statistical model, based on a lognormal distribution, describes better the behavior of the fatigue s reliability.
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Li, Jiale. "ANALYTICAL FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATION FOR WIND TURBINE SUPPORT STRUCTURE." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1364832753.

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Zhao, Ziguang. "Calculation of fatigue damage for tensioned risers from vortex induced vibrations." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15783.

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Vortex induced vibration (VIV) of long flexible riser subjecting to ocean currents is ubiquitous in offshore industry. Although significant efforts have done to understand this complicated fluid structure interaction problem, the numerical modeling and predicting is still a big challenge. The primary objective of this thesis is to characterize the frequency components of VIV response measured in flexible riser model tests under shear current, and try to establish a general frequency competition system for semi-empirical model VIVANA. As the base of present work, experimental data from Norwegian Deepwater Programme (NDP) and Hanoytangen tests are studied. Wavelet analysis method is applied to reveal the frequency components included in measured signals, time-varying intensity of each active frequency will be present as wavelet result. Peak frequency and frequency range defined as two key parameter of wavelet result for further studying. In experiment, the neighbored locations on the riser often display same time-varying peak frequency, rather the whole riser length as assumed by VIVANA. In the other word, the time sharing method maybe better to perform in different zones separately. Based on the observation above, an ideal model combined time sharing and space sharing are proposed. In addition, by observations of VIVANA results, energy limit and excitation length are attempted to limit the active frequency range in VIVANA. The frequency components in measured signal are compared with eigenfrequencies in still water and eigenfrequencies calculated by Riflex, the differences are stated after discussion. Displacement histories corresponding to single participating mode are composed by modal analysis method, the frequency components of these signals are analyzed by wavelet, an unexpected observation that all decomposed signals have similar frequency components is found, Rayleigh-Ritz method and mono-frequency response are proposed as explanation. Some other study like high harmonic effects and coexistence of chaotic and stationary signals in NDP are included in this thesis, these can induced more interesting topics for future research.
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Wiegmann, Dirk. "An activity-based cost model for design-concurrent calculation." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040709/.

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Tam, Ryan Aung Min 1973. "Regional catalytic economic impacts and noise-damage costs of aviation growth." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45423.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 217-230).
There is growing recognition that transportation or infrastructure improvements can have longer-term catalytic impacts economic productivity, which are in addition to the direct, indirect, or induced household spending impacts. These economic catalytic effects are fundamentally different from traditional measures of the impacts from spending in the air transport sector. In contrast to the generally positive regional economic benefits of aviation, however, aircraft noise has emerged as a major negative externality of the air transportation system and continues to be a controversial issue in communities around airports. In this analysis, I develop a methodology to highlight interrelationships between airport flight operations and noise impacts on surrounding communities, and between air transport industry and regional economic growth. I calculate the noise-damage costs under different airport growth scenarios at London Heathrow and the East Midlands airport, and then apply an econometric input-output model to estimate the regional catalytic economic impacts associated with the growth of the air transport industry under these same scenarios. I find that the local airport noise damages are very small compared to the regional economic impacts from aviation. Furthermore, I find that the wider catalytic economic impacts due to increased productivity and accessibility are greater than the economic impacts from aviation sector itself at the regional level.
by Ryan Aung Min Tam.
Ph.D.
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Blomqvist, Johan, and Camilla Grönnå. "Skillnader mellan kalkylerade och verkliga byggkostnader : Analys av orsaker till avvikelser i produktionskalkyler." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101676.

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Detta examensarbete är det avslutande momentet för programmet ”Byggteknik och Design” på ”Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan” i Haninge. Arbetet utfördes för byggföretaget Einar Mattsson Byggnads AB. Uppgiften var att ta reda på varför kalkylerade och verkliga kostnader för nybyggnadsprojekt skiljer sig. Studien baserades på produktionskalkylerna för fyra projekt och ntervjuer med minst en inblandad från varje projekt.   De fyra poster som påvisade de största negativa avvikelserna i produktionskalkylerna för respektive projekt identifierades och orsaker till att dessa projektspecifika poster avvek utreddes. Utöver detta jämfördes, mellan projekten, vanligt förekommande poster med negativa differenser. Orsakerna till avvikelserna för dessa gemensamt avvikande poster utreddes även.  Det slags fel som låg till grund för största delen av avvikelserna på de projektspecifika posterna var kalkyleringsfel. Undersökningen visar även att många enhetstider generellt är mer eller mindre felaktiga för företaget och att erfarenhetsåterföring därför är viktigt. Därför rekommenderas företaget t.ex. att lägga mer fokus på erfarenhetsåterföringen.
This thesis is the final moment for the program “Byggteknik och Design” on ”Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan” in Haninge. The work was done for the construction company “Einar Mattsson Byggnads AB”. The task is to find out why the calculated and actual costs for building projects differ. The study is based on production estimates of four projects and interviews with at least one involved from each project.  The four entries that showed the largest negative deviations in the production estimates for each project were identified and the reasons why these project specific entries differed were investigated. In addition comparisons were made, among the given projects, of common entries with negative differences. The reasons for the deviations of these common deviating entries were investigated as well.  The kind of error that was the basis for most of the deviations in the project specific entries were errors in calculus. The survey also shows that the calculated times that are invested per unit of element are generally wrong for the company and that therefore feedback of experience is important. The company is therefore recommended, for instance, to put more focus on feedback of experience.
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Kromphardt, Benjamin D. "Aircraft ground damage and the use of predictive models to estimate costs." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527013.

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Aircraft are frequently involved in ground damage incidents, and repair costs are often accepted as part of doing business. The Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) estimates ground damage to cost operators $5-10 billion annually. Incident reports, documents from manufacturers or regulatory agencies, and other resources were examined to better understand the problem of ground damage in aviation. Major contributing factors were explained, and two versions of a computer-based model were developed to project costs and show what is possible. One objective was to determine if the models could match the FSF's estimate. Another objective was to better understand cost savings that could be realized by efforts to further mitigate the occurrence of ground incidents. Model effectiveness was limited by access to official data, and assumptions were used if data was not available. However, the models were determined to sufficiently estimate the costs of ground incidents.

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Chovítek, Břetislav. "Kalkulace ceny a její uplatnění v řízení podniku I." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3973.

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In the selected company will be implemented the general methodology of calculation of the own costs as a basis for the formation of prices. It will be analyzed the effect of the method of the own costs calculation on business management.
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Šenkýřová, Martina. "Problematika řízení nákladů a výnosů ve zvolené firmě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10122.

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The basic theoretic bases of mamagement costs and revenues. The short characteristic of the company. The analysis of basic and external process of the firm icnluded their discription and consequences. The analysis of the costs and revenues of the company directly linked on the company processes. The basic preparation on completion ISO standards.
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Books on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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1964-, McNamara John J., and Hoffar Julian F, eds. Calculating construction damages. New York: Wiley Law Publications, 1992.

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1964-, McNamara John J., ed. Calculating construction damages. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg [Md.]: Aspen Law & Business, 2001.

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Hendricks, Paul. Auto damage appraisal. Medway, Mass. (77 Main St., Medway 02053): Saenger Organization, 1993.

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Kiefer, Jack. Analysis of nonresidential content value and depth-damage data for flood damage reduction studies. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, 1996.

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Kiefer, Jack. Analysis of nonresidential content value and depth-damage data for flood damage reduction studies. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources, 1996.

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Holland, Paula. Economic costs of January 2009 Nadi floods. Suva, Fiji: SOPAC, 2009.

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Kolstad, Charles D. Marketable permits vs. emission fees: Uncertain costs, damage and product demand. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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Margulis, Sérgio. Back-of-the envelope estimates of environmental damage costs in Mexico. Washington, DC (1818 H St. NW Washington 20433): County Dept. II, Latin America and the Caribbean Regional Office, World Bank, 1992.

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Kaplow, Louis. Shifting plaintiffs' fees versus increasing damage awards. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Kaplow, Louis. Shifting plaintiffs' fees versus increasing damage awards. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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Lloyd, Robert M. "Cost of Capital Included in Damage Calculations." In Cost of Capital in Litigation, 101–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119200680.ch6.

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Friedrich, Rainer, and Peter Bickel. "Emission Calculation." In Environmental External Costs of Transport, 11–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5_3.

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Lalanne, Christian. "Fatigue Damage using Other Calculation Assumptions." In Fatigue Damage, 267–87. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118931189.ch6.

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Salter, R. J. "Calculation of Highway Operational Costs." In Traffic Engineering, 141–46. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10800-8_31.

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Fischer, Christoph, and Golo Stadelmann. "Calculation of Potential Timber Harvesting Costs (HeProMo)." In Swiss National Forest Inventory – Methods and Models of the Fourth Assessment, 257–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19293-8_16.

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Akkar, S. "Earthquake Physical Risk/Loss Assessment Models and Applications: A Case Study on Content Loss Modeling Conditioned on Building Damage." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 223–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_10.

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AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to develop content fragility conditioned on building damage for contents used in residential buildings in Turkey. The approach combines the building damage state probabilities with the content damage probabilities conditioned on building damage states to develop the content fragilities. The paper first presents the procedure and then addresses the epistemic uncertainty in building and content fragilities to show their effects on the content vulnerability. The approach also accounts for the expert opinion differences in the content replacement cost ratios (consequence functions) as part of the epistemic uncertainty. Monte Carlo sampling is used to consider the epistemic uncertainty in each model component contributing to the content vulnerability. A sample case study is presented at the end of the paper to show the implementation of the developed content fragilities by calculating the average annual loss ratio (AALR) distribution of residential content loss over the mainland Turkey.
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van der Drift, L. N. J. M. "Expert Model for Calculation of Soil Sanitation Costs." In Contaminated Soil ’90, 65–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_13.

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Zhang, Jun, Xu Chen, and Xin Li Wei. "Numerical Calculation of Peeling Strength in Anisotropic Conducive Adhesive Bonding." In Fracture and Damage Mechanics V, 471–74. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-413-8.471.

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Wang, Xiang Dong, Dao Yuan Xu, Wei Xuan Zhu, Ai Ming Deng, and Zhen Bo Wang. "Damage of Concrete Dams and Its Simulation Calculation." In Environmental Ecology and Technology of Concrete, 624–29. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-983-0.624.

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Sauer, Stephan P. A., Jens Oddershede, and John R. Sabin. "Theory and Calculation of Stopping Cross Sections of Nucleobases for Swift Ions." In Radiation Damage in Biomolecular Systems, 191–200. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2564-5_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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Manzhilevskaya, S. E. "METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE COST OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE FROM CONSTRUCTION WORKS, AS A METHOD FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION." In INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/itno.2020.294-296.

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The article analyzes methods for calculating the cost of environmental damage from construction work. Under the damage caused to the national economy by dust emissions from local construction and from other sources, they mean the additional costs necessary to eliminate the effects of air pollution. The analysis of the influence of fine dust particles emitted during repair, construction and decoration works air in the urban environment and the working area. Calculation methods and methods for the economic assessment of the cost of harm caused by construction production to the environment are proposed.
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Kawamura, H., T. Ota, Y. Matsumi, and T. Hirayama. "Calculation of Damage Progression and Total Cost of Wave Dissipating Works Considering Repair Process." In The 9th International Conference on Asia and Pacific Coasts 2017 (APAC 2017). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813233812_0065.

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Абакаров, А. Д., И. Б. Курбанов, and Р. Г. Гасанов. "TO CALCULATION OF THE OPTIMAL DEGREE OF DAMAGE TO A BUILDING BY SEISMIC IMPACT." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.14.59.029.

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Дана постановка задачи по расчету оптимальной степени поврждения здания при сейсмическом воздействии. Условие оптимизационного расчета записано в виде вероятностно-экономической целевой функции, где начальные затраты на антисейсмическое усиление здания уравновешиваются с вероятностыми потерями, связанными с наступлением той или иной степени повреждения здания. Вероятность безотказности здания, соответствующая данному уравновешенному состоянию, названа оптимальной надежностью, а степень повреждения - оптимальной степенью повреждения. Всего в соответствии со шкалой MSK-64 рассмотрены 5 степеней повреждения. Последовательности переходов из одних состояний повреждения в другие представлены в виде простейшего Марковского потока с непрерывным временем и дискретными состояниями. Составлены дифференциальные уравнения процесса переходов и представлены их общие решения. В случае если последствия наступленияопределенной степени повреждения здания носят как экономический, так и неэкономическией характер, предложено, исходя из зависимости расчета экономических потерь и затрат от повышения надежности до высоких уровней и показателя нормативного уровня надежности здания, определенного по предлагаемому в литературе выражению, принять решения о допустимой степени повреждения здания. The problem statement is given for calculating the optimal degree of damage to a building under seismic impact. The condition of the optimization calculation is written in the form of a probabilistic-economic objective function, where the initial costs for antiseismic strengthening of the building are balanced with the probabilistic losses associated with the onset of one or another degree of damage to the building. The probability of a building's reliability, corresponding to a given balanced state, is called the optimal reliability, and the degree of damage is called the optimal degree of damage. In total, in accordance with the MSK-64 scale, 5 degrees of damage are considered. Sequences of transitions from one damage state to another are presented in the form of the simplest Markov flow with continuous time and discrete states. Differential equations of the transition process are compiled and their general solutions are presented. If the consequences of the onset of a certain degree of damage to the building are both economic and non-economic in nature, it is proposed, based on the dependence of the calculation of economic losses and costs from increasing reliability to high levels and the indicator of the standard level of building reliability, determined according to the expression proposed in the literature, to make decisions on permissible degree of damage to the building.
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Dum, Frank, Patrick Hamblin, and Niyaz Garaev. "Double Block and Bleed Pipeline Isolations: Improving Safety/Decreasing Maintenance Costs." In ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7911.

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Safety is always the number one focus of the pipeline industry. This paper will discuss how Double Block & Bleed (DB&B) maximizes safety during a pipeline isolation. In addition to safety, DB&B also maximizes project efficiency, which results in minimizing project and maintenance costs. The goal of DB&B for both safety and efficiency is to approach 100 percent success in achieving a seal with no detectable seepage. Pipeline isolations are frequently utilized for maintenance such as replacement of leaking block valves, cut out and repair of third party damage, and cut out and replacement of imperfections identified during inline inspection runs. This paper will begin with a review of laboratory testing and calculation of DB&B efficiency, followed by one or more field case studies.
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Paruolo, Nathalia, Thalita Mello, Paula Teixeira, and Marco Pérez. "Stress Concentration Factors Calculation: Analytical and Numerical Approaches for Welded Tubular Joints." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18848.

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Abstract In the oil and gas industry, fixed platforms are commonly applied in shallow water production. In-place environmental conditions generates cyclic loads on the structure that might lead to structural degradation due to fatigue damage. Fatigue is one of the most common failure modes of offshore structures and is typically estimated when dimensioning of the structure during design phase. However, in times when life extension of existing offshore structures is being a topic in high demand by industry, mature fields may represent an interesting investment, especially for small companies. Concerning fixed platforms, composed mainly by welded tubular joints, the assessment of hot spot stresses is considered to predict structure fatigue. The estimation of welded joint hot spot stresses is based on the stress concentration factors (SCFs), which are given by parametric formulae, finite element analysis (FEA) or experimental tests. Parametric formulae may be defined as a fast and low-cost method, meanwhile finite elements analysis may be time consuming and experimental tests associated with higher costs. Given these different characteristics, each method is applied according to the study case, which will rely on the joint geometry and associated loads. Considering simple joint geometries several sets of parametric equations found in the literature may be applied. On the other hand, the SCFs calculation of non-studied yet complex joints consider known formulae adapted according to the under load joint behavior and geometry. Previous analysis shows that this adaptation may furnish different results compared to those obtained by FEA. Furthermore, it is observed that even for simple joints the results derived from the different methods may differ. Given their importance for the oil and gas industry, since they are the basis for the assessment of the fatigue life of welded tubular joints which may impact on additional costs related to maintenance and inspection campaigns, the estimation of SCFs must be the most accurate as possible. Therefore, this paper intends to investigate the differences between results derived from parametric formulae and different FEA studies.
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Yamada, Takazumi, Motoyuki Murashima, Noritsugu Umehara, and Takayuki Tokoroyama. "Development of Friction Stabilization Control Using Genetic Algorithm and Contact Point Control Method." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8602.

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Abstract Currently, there are many tribological components that require long life. In the case of unique machines such as satellites and wind turbines, parts replacement and maintenance require huge costs. Generally, machine surfaces get damaged (e.g. wear scar) during operations, which impedes stable sliding [1,2]. We establish a new surface which can avoid the damaged part in order that maintenance-free or energy-efficient mechanical components can be realized. The previous researchers have developed a method which actively controls friction by using a morphing surface. The morphing surface consists of morphing diaphragms and some supportive parts. Inspired by previous research, this study established a new friction stabilization method that controls the contact position when partial damage occurs on the counter surface. We applied genetic algorithm (GA), one of the artificial intelligence technology, to realize efficient contact point control. In order to stabilize friction, we searched for an optimum pattern of contact points that could avoid the damaged parts by applying GA. By repeating this searching method, a contact point pattern that avoids the damaged parts can be found. As results of experiments, we have succeeded in stabilizing friction by searching for contact point patterns that automatically avoid damage in the friction test using GA. However, even if the search is performed efficiently using GA, the calculation times is necessary about 10–20 times. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the time before the damage is avoided. We report on a method to shorten the search time for the optimal contact point pattern using GA as the latest progress. In this method, some simple contact point patterns are used to roughly identify the locations where damage might be present during some rotations. At the section of creating the 50 contact patterns, this probability of damage existence is used to create the 50 contact patterns that are more likely to avoid the damaged parts. By adding this process before the friction test using GA, we succeeded in reducing the number of calculations from 10–20 times to 2 times.
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Gavėnaitė-Sirvydienė, Julija, and Algita Miečinskienė. "FORECASTING COSTS OF CYBER ATTACKS USING ESTIMATION THE GLOBAL COST OF CYBER RISK CALCULATOR V 1.2." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.618.

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Purpose – due to the constant increase of cyber-attacks not only the measures of identifying and controlling cyber risks are created, but also the methods of estimating possible cyber-attacks financial costs should be developed to increase business preparedness. The purpose of this research is to forecast potential costs of cyber-attacks in Baltic countries. Research methodology – to achieve the aim of the article and prepare a prognosis of possible cyber-attacks costs the Estimation the Global Costs of Cyber Risk Calculator V 1.2 tool was used. Findings – estimated costs of cyber-attacks in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are highest in the public business and ser-vices sector and also in the defense sector. According to conducted calculations the costs of cyber-attacks in Lithuania will reach 1% of GDP of Lithuania by 2026. Research limitations – in this research the costs of cyber-attacks are estimated regarding industries of business but not excluding specific cyber threats. Therefore, for the future research possibilities could be the analyses of specific cyber risks and their impact to various business sectors. Practical implications – the results of the research may be useful in practical approach for preparing the risk manage-ment tools, evaluating possible damage and effect of cyber-attacks to business, also increasing preparedness level and business resilience. Originality/Value – this estimation model has been not used to evaluate and discuss cyber-risks costs in Lithuania among previous researches, therefore the topic and conducted results are original and significantly relevant for further analyses of cyber security issues in Lithuania.
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Sepulveda, Marco, Jonathan Shek, Philipp R. Thies, Erkan Oterkus, Peter Davies, and Mark Spring. "Physics-Based Gearbox Failure Model for Multi-MW Offshore Wind Turbines." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62257.

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This study proposes an analytical methodology to assess the risk to the operation of an offshore wind turbine in order to identify critical assemblies. The gearbox is one of the critical assemblies regarding maintenance costs and downtime. Failure investigation shows that the high speed shaft bearings are one of the gearbox components with a higher probability of fatigue damage. A physics-based model is developed to calculate the accumulated damage and to estimate the remaining useful life. The model is created for a 3 stage gearbox with two planetary and one parallel helical gear. This paper summarises the methodology and results of a damage accumulation calculation under a load spectrum derived from 1 year of SCADA data. The final results are consistent with the damage levels found in the failure investigation.
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Hoff, Ronny, Espen Berg, and Liljana Djanic Oosterkamp. "Damage Assessment of Pipelines With Dents and Cracks: Proposal for Methodology for Calculation of Acceptable Dimensions of a Combination of Crack and Dent in Subsea Pipelines." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-21190.

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This paper presents a proposal for methodology to evaluate the maximum acceptable combination of longitudinal crack and dent in an offshore pipeline. The procedure is based on 2-parameter fracture mechanics FE analyses and fatigue calculations. The reduction in material capacity due to the dent damage is modeled by increasing the driving force by introducing a stress concentration factor to the load. The framework presented in this article represents one possible approach for determining whether a given measured damage to a pipeline must be repaired or if it is sufficient to monitor the damage in the future. Avoiding unnecessary repairs of damaged but viable subsea pipelines is a substantial cost-saving issue.
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Casanueva, Carlos, Per-Anders Jönsson, and Sebastian Stichel. "Use of Archard’s Wear Law for the Calculation of Uniform Wheel Wear of High Tonnage Freight Vehicles." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2545.

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Wheel profile evolution has a large influence on track and wheelset related maintenance costs. It influences important parameters such as equivalent conicity or contact point positioning, which will affect the dynamic behavior of the vehicle, in both tangent track and curve negotiation. High axle loads in freight wagons may increase both the wheel wear and the damage caused by vehicles with both new and already worn profiles. A common profile in Europe is the S1002 profile, developed for rail inclination 1/40. In Sweden rail inclination is 1/30, so contact conditions might not be optimal. The presented work uses Archard’s wear law to analyze the profile wear evolution in a two axle freight vehicle with Unitruck running gear on the Swedish network. This wear calculation methodology has been successfully used to predict uniform wear in passenger vehicles. First, the vehicle model has been optimized in order to improve the speed of the wear simulations. Experimental measurements of wheel profiles have been performed in order to validate the simulations. The conclusion is that the wear methodology successfully used to predict uniform wheel wear in passenger vehicles cannot be directly applied for the calculation of wheel profile evolution in high tonnage freight vehicles. The influence of block brakes or switches and crossings cannot be dismissed when calculating uniform wheel wear in these cases.
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Reports on the topic "Calculation of damage costs"

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Wirth, B., P. Monasterio, and W. Stein. Calculation of Radiation Damage in SLAC Targets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945152.

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Marian, J. Calculation of damage, He and H production using SPECTER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965461.

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Greenwood, L. R., and R. T. Ratner. Neutron dosimetry and damage calculation for the JP-10, 11, 13, and 16 experiments in HFIR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/270463.

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Albers, John. Results of the Monte Carlo calculation of one- and two-dimensional distributions of particles and damage. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.sp.400-79.

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Hummel, Marcus. Cost Curves for Heat Savings in Buildings: Calculation of costs and potentials for heat savings in existing buildings through the refurbishment of the building surface for various countries in Europe until 2050. IEA SHC Task 52, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task52-2018-0001.

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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck Platooning on Flexible Pavements in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-010.

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Truck platoons have many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Truck platoons have the potential to improve safety and reduce fuel consumption between 5% and 15%, based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Therefore, expected fuel savings would be significant for trucks. Deployment of truck platoons within interstate highways may have a direct effect on flexible pavement performance, as the time between consecutive axle loads (i.e., resting time) is expected to decrease significantly. Moreover, platoons could potentially accelerate pavement damage accumulation due to trucks’ channelized position, decreasing pavement service life and increasing maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The main objective of this project was to quantify the effects of truck platoons on pavements and to provide guidelines to control corresponding potential pavement damage. Finite-element models were utilized to quantify the impact of rest period on pavement damage. Recovered and accumulated strains were predicted by fitting exponential functions to the calculated strain profiles. The results suggested that strain accumulation was negligible at a truck spacing greater that 10 ft. A new methodology to control pavement damage due to truck platoons was introduced. The method optimizes trucks’ lateral positions on the pavements, and an increase in pavement service life could be achieved if all platoons follow this optimization method. Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis were conducted for fully autonomous, human-driven, and mixed-traffic regimes. For example, for an analysis period of 45 years, channelized truck platoons could save life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 28% and 21% compared with human-driven trucks, respectively. Furthermore, optimum truck platoon configuration could reduce life cycle costs and environmental impacts by 48% and 36%, respectively, compared with human-driven trucks. In contrast, channelized traffic could increase pavement roughness, increasing fuel consumption by 15%, even though platooning vehicles still benefit from reduction in air drag forces. Given that truck platoons are expected to be connected only in the first phase, no actions are required by the agency. However, in the second phase when truck platoons are also expected to be autonomous, a protocol for driving trends should be established per the recommendation of this study.
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Sparks, Paul, Jesse Sherburn, William Heard, and Brett Williams. Penetration modeling of ultra‐high performance concrete using multiscale meshfree methods. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41963.

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Terminal ballistics of concrete is of extreme importance to the military and civil communities. Over the past few decades, ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) has been developed for various applications in the design of protective structures because UHPC has an enhanced ballistic resistance over conventional strength concrete. Developing predictive numerical models of UHPC subjected to penetration is critical in understanding the material's enhanced performance. This study employs the advanced fundamental concrete (AFC) model, and it runs inside the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM)‐based code known as the nonlinear meshfree analysis program (NMAP). NMAP is advantageous for modeling impact and penetration problems that exhibit extreme deformation and material fragmentation. A comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the UHPC. The investigation consisted of fracture toughness testing, the utilization of nondestructive microcomputed tomography analysis, and projectile penetration shots on the UHPC targets. To improve the accuracy of the model, a new scaled damage evolution law (SDEL) is employed within the microcrack informed damage model. During the homogenized macroscopic calculation, the corresponding microscopic cell needs to be dimensionally equivalent to the mesh dimension when the partial differential equation becomes ill posed and strain softening ensues. Results of numerical investigations will be compared with results of penetration experiments.
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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Al-Qadi, Imad, Egemen Okte, Aravind Ramakrishnan, Qingwen Zhou, and Watheq Sayeh. Truck-Platoonable Pavement Sections in Illinois’ Network. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-002.

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Truck platooning has many benefits over traditional truck mobility. Literature shows that platooning improves safety and reduces fuel consumption between 5% and 15% based on platoon configuration. In Illinois, trucks carry more than 50% of freight tonnage and constitute 25% of the traffic on interstates. Deployment of truck platooning within interstate highways would result in significant fuel savings, but may have a direct impact on flexible pavement performance. The channelization of the platoon and reduced rest time between consecutive loads would accelerate the damage accumulation at the channelized position. Ultimately, this would lead to pavement service life reduction and a subsequent increase in maintenance and rehabilitation costs. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to quantify the effects of platooning on flexible pavements and provide guidelines for the state of Illinois by considering the aforementioned factors. Although the benefits of platooning are quantifiable, not every truck route is platoonable. For efficient platooning, trucks need to travel at a constant high speed for extended distances. The integrity of the platoon should be preserved because interfering vehicles would compromise the platooning benefits and road safety. An introduced high-level approach considers the volume/capacity of a roadway and the expected number of highway exit and entry conflicts. Using these parameters, each roadway section is assigned a level of platoonability, ranging from one to five—with five being the highest. A framework was developed to analyze the Illinois highway network. It was found that 89% of the network highway is platoonable under average capacity conditions.
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