Journal articles: 'Calcul naturel'

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Kévin Perrot and Sylvain Sené. "Les réseaux d'automates booléens au cœur du calcul naturel." Bulletin 1024, no. 20 (November 2022): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.48556/sif.1024.20.171.

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Quantin, M., C. Morio, G. Guibu Pereira, J. Vazquez, J. Wertel, S. Isel, S. Galuola, and J. Buche. "Calibration numérique 3D de vannes basculantes pour la mesure du débit déversé." Techniques Sciences Méthodes, no. 5 (May 2019): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/tsm/201905089.

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Un des objectifs principaux de l’arrêté du 21 juillet 2015 est de limiter les déversements non contrôlés du réseau d’assainissement vers le milieu naturel. Certaines collectivités, telles qu’Orléans Métropole, ont mis en place des vannes à basculement sur les conduites exutoires de leurs déversoirs afin de maximiser le stockage en réseau et de retarder ainsi les déversements d’eau vers le milieu naturel. Le présent travail consiste à concilier l’usage de ce type de vanne avec l’obligation d’autosurveillance, induite par le même arrêté, en élaborant une loi de calibration. Après une caractérisation du fonctionnement hydraulique de ce type de vanne, notamment en écartant l’influence du poids de la vanne et du clapet antiretour, une approche 1D, basée sur le couplage d’une loi d’orifice et d’un calcul de courbe de remous à charge spécifique constante, est proposée avant d’être validée par modélisation 3D avec un logiciel de mécanique des fluides numérique. Enfin, l’article conclut sur la proposition d’un dispositif de mesure adapté à ce type de vanne, composé d’une sonde à ultrasons en amont et d’un détecteur de basculement sur la vanne, et à un calcul de l’incertitude assortie à l’évaluation du débit, environ 20%.

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Vazquez, J., M. François, and D. Gilbert. "Gestion en temps réel d'un réseau d'assainissement : vérification de l'optimalité et de l'applicabilité de la théorie des graphes par rapport à la programmation linéaire mixte." Revue des sciences de l'eau 16, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 425–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705516ar.

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Dans le cas de la gestion en temps réel des réseaux d'assainissement, la première étape peut, par exemple, consister à vérifier qu'une manipulation des organes de contrôle tels que les vannes et pompes est capable de minimiser les déversements vers le milieu naturel. Cette gestion, que l'on appellera " gestion de référence ", permet de déterminer les stratégies de commande sur toute la durée de l'événement pluvieux connu à l'avance. Ce calcul se fait donc à la fin de l'événement pluvieux et permet de dire ce qui aurait pu être fait avec les organes de régulation en terme de minimisation des volumes déversés. La programmation linéaire par les graphes et la programmation linéaire mixte permettent de déterminer une solution optimale. Cet article s'intéresse à la vérification de l'optimalité et à l'applicabilité de la programmation linéaire par les graphes comparée à la programmation linéaire mixte dans le cas de la " gestion de référence " sur le réseau d'assainissement de Saverne (France). En comparant les volumes déversés par ces deux techniques d'optimisation sur 34 événements pluvieux, nous pouvons confirmer que l'approche par les graphes ne donne pas toujours le minimum global. Les résultats ont montré que la programmation linéaire mixte fournit des temps de calcul qui peuvent atteindre plus de 24 heures. Par contre, l'approche par les graphes permet un temps de calcul de l'ordre de 5 minutes en moyenne avec un minimum global en terme de volume déversé atteint qui n'excède pas 5% par rapport à la solution fournie par la programmation linéaire mixte.

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Vernes, Jean-René. "Le principe de Pascal-Hume et la métaphysique." Articles 22, no. 2 (August 7, 2007): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027330ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Le raisonnement par lequel Hume établit l'ori- gine empirique de Vidée de cause repose implicitement sur un principe de possibilité a priori et même de probabilité a priori, dont Hume n'a pas remarqué le caractère rationnel, tant il paraissait naturel. Ce principe est identique à celui sur lequel Pascal fonde le calcul des probabilités. Si l'on admet sa légitimité, il en résulte deux conséquences capita- les pour la théorie de la connaissance : 1 - La raison ne se limite pas aux seuls principes logiques en oeuvre dans la déduction mais doit reconnaître que ce qui est également pensable est également probable a priori. 2 - Ce principe de probabilité fournit une preuve de l'existence d'une réalité extérieure à la conscience, que l'on cherchait en vain dans le principe de causalité.

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BERTHELOT, Jean Michel. "Pluralité et cumulativité." Sociologie et sociétés 25, no. 2 (September 30, 2002): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/001062ar.

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Résumé Cet article vise à explorer la question suivante : comment, dans une démonstration sociologique, opérer une articulation fondée de données hétérogènes ? Après avoir avancé qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un problème scolastique mais d'une difficulté inhérente à la construction du discours sociologique, l'auteur se propose de montrer comment un certain usage du formalisme permet d'apporter une réponse intéressante à la question initiale. Cet usage ne: consiste pas à la vaine substitution d'un calcul logique au langage naturel, mais à l'explicitation, grâce au formalisme, des opérations cognitives nécessaires à l'appréhension des divers niveaux de saisie du social, conçu comme étant, indissolublement, structure, histoire et sens. Ainsi peut-être avancée, in fine, la thèse d'un principe de cumulativité critique, qui permet, dans le maquis de la production sociologique, le repérage des lignes pertinentes d'une capitalisation raisonnée des connaissances.

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Lalou, Richard, and Mario Boleda. "Une source en friche : les dénombrements sous le régime français." Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française 42, no. 1 (September 24, 2008): 47–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/304650ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Cet article se propose d’évaluer la qualité des dénombrements de la population canadienne réalisés entre 1685 et 1739. L’appréciation de la cohérence interne de ces documents permet d’abord de suspecter le sous-enregistrement de certaines catégories de la population, comme par exemple les femmes au 17e siècle et les jeunes garçons dans le premier quart du 18e siècle. Afin de mesurer l’ampleur globale du sous-enregistrement, la critique des données consiste ensuite à comparer l’effectif de la population enregistrée au nombre des personnes présentes au moment du recensement, tel qu’estimé par la technique du solde naturel cumulé. Il ressort de ce calcul que tous les dénombrements pèchent par défaut d’enregistrement. Avec un taux moyen d’omission d’un peu plus de 10%, les dénombrements sont finalement, pour l’époque pré-statistique, d’une qualité suffisante pour que leur exploitation puisse être entreprise avec profit.

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Hamouda, Leïla, and Yassine Hachaichi. "NOTE SUR L'EXTRACTION DE LA RACINE CARRÉE D'UN ENTIER CHEZ IBN AL-HAYṮAM ET COMPARAISON AVEC AL-BAĠDĀDĪ." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 31, no. 1 (March 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423920000119.

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Dans le cadre des algorithmes numériques introduits et élaborés par les mathématiciens arabes, à partir du ixe siècle, figure l'algorithme de l'extraction de la racine carrée d'un entier naturel. Cet algorithme a été étudié chez plusieurs d'entre eux et surtout bien expliqué par alBaġdādī (mort vers 1037) dans le chapitre « Comment extraire la racine des nombres entiers » de son livre « La complétion du calcul », Al-takmila fī al-ḥisāb 1. Dans ce chapitre, al-Baġdādī expose son travail pédagogiquement en six sections traitant de plusieurs manières différentes le problème de l'extraction de la racine carrée d'un entier 2. À la même époque, dans un texte isolé intitulé « Sur la cause de la racine, de son doublement et de son déplacement 3 », Ibn al-Hayṯam (mort vers 1040) donne une justification géométrique de l'algorithme en se basant sur des notions algébriques précises.

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Bouheniche, Salaheddine, and Bénina Touaibia. "Modélisation numérique du transport solide du système « barrage - cours d’eau, transport - déposition » : cas du barrage de Sidi Mohamed Ben Aouda (SMBA) sur l’oued Mina, en zone semi-aride." Revue des sciences de l’eau 26, no. 1 (March 18, 2013): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1014916ar.

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Résumé Les besoins en eau, en perpétuelle croissance, nécessitent une mobilisation des eaux de surface. La construction de barrages, menacés par un envasement précoce, nécessite une exploitation rationnelle, moyennant des outils d’aide à la quantification et à la prédiction des dépôts de sédiments. Ainsi, le comblement des retenues peut être simulé pour différentes périodes d’exploitation. La maîtrise du processus transport-déposition des sédiments, constitue un centre d’intérêt vers lequel convergent plusieurs approches : prédiction, modélisation stochastique et modélisations mathématique et physique. De multiples interactions existent entre les matériaux solides formant le lit, ceux transportés à proximité du fond et ceux se trouvant en suspension, se traduisant par divers modes de transport. Cette contribution présente un modèle numérique qui se prête au calcul par ordinateur dont le comportement morphologique du lit d’un cours d’eau peut être facilement simulé. Les étapes de son élaboration sont décrites avec détail, le code de calcul ainsi produit est mis en valeur sur un site test de validation. Un tronçon de 17 km est étudié, entre un barrage en exploitation et une station hydrométrique, sise à l’amont de celui-ci avec une bathymétrie à l’appui. Le transport solide dans le cours d’eau naturel est représenté par un système d’équations unidimensionnelles décrivant un mélange Eau-Sédiment et traduisant les lois de conservation. La méthode utilisée aux différences finies est appliquée, avec un schéma implicite. Elle est du premier ordre en temps et du deuxième ordre en espace. Les équations des écoulements à surface libre, en régime non permanent et graduellement varié, sont utilisées qui, associées à l’équation de continuité solide, forment le système de Saint-Venant-Exner. Une formule de charriage est utilisée pour exprimer le débit solide. Les résultats obtenus expliquent la contribution du transport solide par charriage dans le comblement de la retenue d’un barrage étudié en zone semi-aride.

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Zug, M., and L. Phan. "Horus, un modèle conceptuel de simulation de la pollution en réseau d'assainissement - structure et validation." Revue des sciences de l'eau 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705370ar.

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Les rejets urbains par temps de pluie constituent à l'heure actuelle une des causes majeures de la pollution du milieu naturel. Dans ce contexte, la modélisation est un des moyens pour comprendre, caractériser et finalement anticiper cette pollution. L'objet de cet article est la présentation générale du modèle de simulation HORUS et les principaux résultats obtenus en phase de validation. HORUS est un modèle de recherche événementiel de type conceptuel et a pour objectif de reproduire le fonctionnement d'un réseau d'assainissement par temps de pluie, au point de vue de l'hydraulique et de la pollution pour des réseaux pluviaux ou unitaires pouvant contenir des ouvrages particuliers. HORUS simule les différents phénomènes d'accumulation et d'érosion des solides sur les surfaces imperméables ainsi que les phénomènes de sédimentation ou d'érosion en collecteurs, en respectant un niveau de complexité homogène pour l'ensemble des étapes de calcul. Les polluants simulés sont les Matières En Suspension (MES), Demande Chimique en oxygène (DCO) et Demande Biochimique en oxygène à 5 jours (DBO5). HORUS a été calé, validé et transposé sur dix réseaux réels de caractéristiques et de localisations variées, avec une centaine d'événements pluvieux de caractéristiques très différentes. Les différents sites et mesures ont permis une large validation et l'obtention de résultats tout à fait satisfaisants pour les pollutogrammes en concentration et flux. Les résultats de validation qualitative et quantitative sur différents bassins versants sont proposés au sein de cet article.

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Belaubre, Gilbert. "Approches méthodologiques et expérimentales des phénomènes complexes." Acta Europeana Systemica 4 (July 14, 2020): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/aes.v4i1.57343.

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La complexité de la nature est multiforme, et il est nécessaire de mettre en oeuvre des approches méthodologiques variées pour tenir compte de cette variété. Les efforts de représentation et d’explication des phénomènes naturels nous conduisent toujours à rechercher, en priorité, des relations de proportionnalité entre les mesures de ce que nous considérons comme des variables pertinentes. La linéarité a été et reste la règle d’or de nos représentations. Mais beaucoup de phénomènes sont rebelles à cette réduction. Les ordinateurs nous aident aujourd’hui à intégrer des myriades de données et à bâtir des modèles non linéaires. Ils ne se substituent pas à la pensée heuristique du savant, mais ils allègent les calculs et permettent des tests d’hypothèses quasiment instantanés. Il a fallu de longs mois de calcul pour que Le Verrier définisse l’orbite d’Uranus. Aujourd’hui, les ordinateurs exécutent ces calculs en quelques microsecondes, et ils ne font pas d’erreurs. Les complexités auxquelles nous devons faire face sont de plusieurs ordres : 1– celles de la physique statistique et de l’astrophysique, 2– celle des constructions moléculaires complexes, qui sont les précurseurs des organismes vivants, 3– celle des morphogenèses et des embryogenèses, 4– celle de la complexité neuronale, de ses processus que nous appelons le mental, 5- celles des phénomènes sociaux chez les animaux inférieurs, 6– celle des animaux sociaux, y compris les humains, particulièrement compliqués par leurs capacité d’anticipation, donc d’interactions réciproques.

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Poggiolesi, Francesca. "Natural Deduction Calculi and Sequent Calculi for Counterfactual Logics." Studia Logica 104, no. 5 (February 23, 2016): 1003–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-016-9662-3.

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Long, Olivier. "L’intelligence artificielle, une idiotie? Quelques loopings avec Claude Closky." Figures de l'Art. Revue d'études esthétiques 6, no. 1 (2002): 313–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/fdart.2002.1318.

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Chaque événement nous rend idiot. Car l’idiotie, c’est le retard sur ce qui arrive. Comment anticiper l’événement sinon par calcul ? Le réel est pourtant ce qui surprend le possible, disait Bergson. Ceci signifie que le virtuel est au-delà du calcul, du possible, des projets de science-fiction les plus futuristes, il est une puissance d’événement immanente au réel même. “Idiot” signifie également non séparé, immanent, impossible à dédoubler. Le réel est idiot. Comment cette puissance d’événement immanente au réel se manifeste-t-elle dans l’oeuvre technologique, si l’oeuvre est par nature événement, et si l’événement disjoint, surprend tout horizon d’attente, toute prévisibilité, toute calculabilité ? D’un point de vue différent, l’événement fait retour. Cette réitération de l’événement permet de poser l’hypothèse d’un réel en calcul. Calcul effectué sans transcendance, il montre à l’oeuvre un virtuel machinique. Comment certains artefacts peuvent-il entrer en intelligence avec la répétition qui travaille un réel idiot ? En quelques loopings, par bouclage, une oeuvre interactive de Claude Closky nous donne à découvrir une forme d’intelligence artefactuelle idiote.

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Boisson, Claude Pierre. "Les dénominations de la règle à calcul." Meta 41, no. 4 (September 30, 2002): 525–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/002095ar.

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Résumé L'histoire de la règle à calcul est reprise d'une manière systématique, et sa dénomination est analysée dans 41 langues. Une comparaison de ces termes nous permet de postuler pour r objet en question un "schéma définitionnel" développé, de nature panlinguistique, qui pourrait fournir une approximation empirique pour une analyse du concept / règle à calcul /. Dans ce scheme, chaque langue sélectionne typiquement deux éléments notionnels, de sorte que ces termes ressemblent à des définitions elliptiques de l'objet, certaines dénominations étant favorisées pour diverses raisons qui ne sont pas nécessairement cognitives ou linguistiques.

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Ali Esmail Al-Snafi. "Antiurolithiatic activity of natural remedies with emphasis on their mechanisms of action: A review." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 24, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.24.1.0273.

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Urinary calculi are the third most prevalent disorder of the urinary tract and nearly 80% of these calculi are composed of calcium oxalate. There are very few drugs available for the management of urolithiasis. Medicinal plants contained many constituents that work with minimum side effects and are available to a large population. The current review focused on antiurolithiatic of natural sources, hoping that it was beneficial for general public and it attract the researchers for antiurolithiatic drug discovery.

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YIN, Zhenyu. "Modélisation des sites naturels et application au calcul des ouvrages." Revue Européenne de Génie Civil 10, no. 8 (September 2006): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17747120.2006.9692902.

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Collins, P. M., A. Naughton, L. Casey, L. G. Smyth, A. Z. Thomas, R. J. Flynn, R. P. Manecksha, and R. G. Casey. "The natural history of untreated renal calculi." European Urology Open Science 31 (September 2021): S15—S16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-1683(21)00204-4.

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Prabhuswamy, Vinod Kumar, Rahul Tiwari, and Ramakrishnan Krishnamoorthy. "A Giant Dumbbell Shaped Vesico-Prostatic Urethral Calculus: A Case Report and Review of Literature." Case Reports in Urology 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/167635.

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Calculi in the urethra are an uncommon entity. Giant calculi in prostatic urethra are extremely rare. The decision about treatment strategy of calculi depends upon the size, shape, and position of the calculus and the status of the urethra. If the stone is large and immovable, it may be extracted via the perineal or the suprapubic approach. In most of the previous reported cases, giant calculi were extracted via the transvesical approach and external urethrotomy. A 38-year-old male patient presented with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms. Further investigations showed a giant urethral calculus secondary to stricture of bulbo-membranous part of the urethra. Surgical removal of calculus was done via transvesical approach. Two calculi were found and extracted. One was a huge dumbbell calculus and the other was a smaller round calculus. This case was reported because of the rare size and the dumbbell nature of the stone. Giant urethral calculi are better managed by open surgery.

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von Plato, Jan. "Gentzen's Proof Systems: Byproducts in a Work of Genius." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 18, no. 3 (September 2012): 313–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1344861886.

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AbstractGentzen's systems of natural deduction and sequent calculus were byproducts in his program of proving the consistency of arithmetic and analysis. It is suggested that the central component in his results on logical calculi was the use of a tree form for derivations. It allows the composition of derivations and the permutation of the order of application of rules, with a full control over the structure of derivations as a result. Recently found documents shed new light on the discovery of these calculi. In particular, Gentzen set up five different forms of natural calculi and gave a detailed proof of normalization for intuitionistic natural deduction. An early handwritten manuscript of his thesis shows that a direct translation from natural deduction to the axiomatic logic of Hilbert and Ackermann was, in addition to the influence of Paul Hertz, the second component in the discovery of sequent calculus. A system intermediate between the sequent calculus LI and axiomatic logic, denoted LIG in unpublished sources, is implicit in Gentzen's published thesis of 1934–35. The calculus has half rules, half “groundsequents,” and does not allow full cut elimination. Nevertheless, a translation from LI to LIG in the published thesis gives a subformula property for a complete class of derivations in LIG. After the thesis, Gentzen continued to work on variants of sequent calculi for ten more years, in the hope to find a consistency proof for arithmetic within an intuitionistic calculus.

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Keoghane, Stephen, Byron Walmsley, and Dominic Hodgson. "The natural history of untreated renal tract calculi." BJU International 105, no. 12 (October 28, 2009): 1627–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09389.x.

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Mira, Bianca Savegnago de, and Rafael Gutierres Castanha. "Processamento de linguagem natural e acoplamento bibliográfico." Informação & Informação 27, no. 3 (April 27, 2023): 262–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1981-8920.2022v27n3p262.

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Objetivo: compara os métodos de Processamento de Linguagem Natural e Acoplamento Bibliográfico normalizados via Cosseno de Salton aplicados aos dez artigos mais acessados de 2020 do periódico Scientometrics. Metodologia: Calcula a similaridade entre todos os artigos segundo cinco perspectivas, sendo elas: similaridades entre formas ativas do texto completo, formas ativas dos resumos, palavravas-chaves em comum, acoplamento bibliográfico entre documentos e acoplamento bibliográfico de autores. Ademais, calcula as correlações de Pearson e Spearman, aplica o teste não [S. lparamétrico de Wilcoxon a nível de 5% de significância e representa os valores normalizados em boxplot. Resultados: Constata que as especificidades de cada método influenciam significativamente na obtenção de correlação significativa entre as medidas em que os dois cálculos de acoplamento se correlacionariam de maneira mais forte entre si, assim como dois cálculos baseados no processamento de linguagem natural. Observa que os cálculos de acoplamento, correlacionaram-se de maneira significativo, pois, para cada valor de acoplamento de documentos há necessariamente, ao menos um valor de acoplamento de autores. Com relação aos cálculos baseados no processamento de linguagem natural, verifica forte correlação entre textos completos e resumos, visto que há uma dependência de conteúdo entre ambos. O teste de Wilcoxon, aferiu diferenças significativas entre todos os pares de medidas comparadas. Conclusão: Conclui forte correlação entre textos completos e resumos, e, entre os métodos de acoplamento bibliográfico. Entretanto, guarda distinção significativa entre os valores calculados.

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Girlando, Marianna, Sara Negri, and Nicola Olivetti. "Uniform labelled calculi for preferential conditional logics based on neighbourhood semantics." Journal of Logic and Computation 31, no. 3 (April 2021): 947–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exab019.

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Abstract The preferential conditional logic $ \mathbb{PCL} $, introduced by Burgess, and its extensions are studied. First, a natural semantics based on neighbourhood models, which generalizes Lewis’ sphere models for counterfactual logics, is proposed. Soundness and completeness of $ \mathbb{PCL} $ and its extensions with respect to this class of models are proved directly. Labelled sequent calculi for all logics of the family are then introduced. The calculi are modular and have standard proof-theoretical properties, the most important of which is admissibility of cut that entails a syntactic proof of completeness of the calculi. By adopting a general strategy, root-first proof search terminates, thereby providing a decision procedure for $ \mathbb{PCL} $ and its extensions. Finally, semantic completeness of the calculi is established: from a finite branch in a failed proof attempt it is possible to extract a finite countermodel of the root sequent. The latter result gives a constructive proof of the finite model property of all the logics considered.

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Franti, Charles E., Gerald V. Ling, Annette L. Ruby, and Deedra L. Johnson. "Urolithiasis in dogs V: Regional comparisons of breed, age, sex, anatomic location, and mineral type of calculus." American Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1999.60.01.29.

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Abstract Objective To determine extent and nature of regional differences in distribution of canine urinary calculi. Sample population 13,552 calculus specimens: 7,056 (52.1%) from females, 6,492 (47.9%) from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex. Procedure Records were used to compile information from all specimens submitted between July 1981 and December 1995. Results from mixed-breed and various breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of dogs, and anatomic location and mineral composition of specimens were analyzed and compared for 6 US geographic regions. Results Struvite-, apatite-, and urate-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from female dogs of the Mountain/Pacific region. Oxalate-, silica-, and brushite-containing calculi were reported significantly most often from male dogs in the New England/mid-Atlantic (NEMA) region. Cystine-containing calculi were reported most frequently from the NEMA and South Central (SC) regions. Dogs from the NEMA region were oldest in average age at diagnosis. Significant regional differences in distribution were found for several breeds. Sex distribution of renal calculi in 11 breeds of dogs (Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih Tzu, Basset Hound, Pug, Mastiff, Bichon Frise, Doberman Pinscher, Dalmatian, English Bulldog, and Pekingese) reported to be at high risk of renal lithiasis differed among the 6 geographic regions. Renal and ureteral calculi were reported significantly most often from dogs in the South Atlantic region, and bladder and urethral calculi were reported most often from dogs in the SC region. Conclusions Wide regional differences exist in distribution of stone-forming dogs by sex, average age at diagnosis, breed, and minerals contained within and anatomic location of calculi. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:29–42)

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Zimmermann, Ernst. "Natural Deduction Bottom Up." Journal of Logic, Language and Information 30, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 601–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10849-021-09329-8.

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AbstractThe paper introduces a new type of rules into Natural Deduction, elimination rules by composition. Elimination rules by composition replace usual elimination rules in the style of disjunction elimination and give a more direct treatment of additive disjunction, multiplicative conjunction, existence quantifier and possibility modality. Elimination rules by composition have an enormous impact on proof-structures of deductions: they do not produce segments, deduction trees remain binary branching, there is no vacuous discharge, there is only few need of permutations. This new type of rules fits especially to substructural issues, so it is shown for Lambek Calculus, i.e. intuitionistic non-commutative linear logic and to its extensions by structural rules like permutation, weakening and contraction. Natural deduction formulated with elimination rules by composition from a complexity perspective is superior to other calculi.

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Malod, Guillaume. "Circuits arithmétiques et calculs tensoriels." Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu 7, no. 4 (October 2008): 869–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474748008000248.

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AbstractThe classes in Valiant's theory are classes of polynomials defined by arithmetic circuits. We characterize them by different notions of tensor calculus, in the vein of Damm, Holzer and McKenzie. This characterization underlines in particular the role played by properties of parallelization in these classes. We also give a first natural complete sequence for the class VPnb, the analogue of the class P in this context.

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K C, Santosh. "Kidney Stones Identification Based On Ultrasound Images Using Matlab and ML." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 3993–4001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44811.

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Abstract: The Kidney stones are one of the most common disorders of the urinary tract. Kidney stone problem occurs as a common problem to every human being, due to nature of living. A kidney stone termed as renal calculi is a solid piece of material that forms in a kidney when substances that are normally found in the urine become highly concentrated. The ultimate aim of medical image segmentation is to reduce the amount of time a radiologist needs to spend for looking at an image to identify the portions of renal calculi

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KalaBarathi S and Anita Jaslin I. "Effect of Beans Therapy on Ureteric Calculi Pain: An Interventional Study." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 24, 2020): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3884.

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Kidney stones are affidavit of minerals as a gem solidification of natural components, mostly found in the kidney calyces and pelvis. The quantitative research approach with one group pretest and post test design was used in this study with 60 patients with ureteric calculi. The demographic data was collected by structured questionnaire and the intensity of the pain due to ureteric calculi was assessed by Numeric pain rating scale. Beans therapy was given, i.e., the patients were advised to take boiled beans water 5 times a day. The results revealed that in the pretest, 40(66.67%) had moderate pain, 15(25%) had severe pain and 5(8.33%) had mild pain whereas after the administration of beans therapy, 40(66.66%) had mild pain, 19(31.67%) had moderate pain and only one (1.67%) had no pain. The findings show that the mean score of pain intensity among patients with ureteric calculi was 5.38±1.53 and the post-test mean score was 2.85±1.34. The calculated paired ‘t’ test value of t = 26.265 was found to be statistically significant at p<0.001. The study findings revealed that most of the samples were relieved of pain due to ureteric calculi which infers that beans therapy administered to the patients enhanced the removal of small kidney stones which ultimately resulted in the reduction of pain among patients with ureteric calculi.

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Véron, Jacques, and Jean-Marc Rohrbasser. "Leibniz et la mortalité : mesure des « apparences » et calcul de la vie moyenne." Population Vol. 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/popu.p1998.53n1-2.0044.

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Résumé Rohrbasser (Jean-Marc), Véron (Jacques).- Leibniz et la mortalité : Mesure des « apparences » et calcul de la vie moyenne Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz a consacré une série de manuscrits datés de 1680 au calcul de l'espérance de vie, afin d'estimer la juste valeur des rentes viagères. Pour calculer ce qu'il appelle « vie moyenne et présomptive », il adopte deux hypothèses fondamentales d'égale vitalité des hommes et d'années également fatales. Celles-ci lui permettent de mo- déliser le processus de mortalité. Recourant à une démarche à la fois probabiliste et empirique, Leibniz élabore une table de mortalité fondée sur des données quantitatives et diverses estimations de nature qualitative. Il détermine ainsi la valeur de la vie moyenne à différents âges. Comme dans ses autres textes, Leibniz s'efforce de concilier une approche théorique des phénomènes avec une observation attentive de leur réalité, ce qui ne va pas parfois sans une certaine ambiguïté. Mais dans ces manuscrits, Leibniz aborde et traite avec un grand souci de rigueur des questions fondamentales de la démographie.

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Котикова, Е. А., and М. Н. Рыбаков. "Kripke Incompleteness of First-order Calculi with Temporal Modalities of CTL and Near Logics." Logical Investigations 21, no. 1 (April 21, 2015): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2015-21-1-86-99.

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We study an expressive power of temporal operators used in such logics of branching time as computational tree logic or alternating-time temporal logic. To do this we investigate calculi in the first-order language enriched with the temporal operators used in such logics. We show that the resulting languages are so powerful that many ‘natural’ calculi in the languages are not Kripke complete; for example, if a calculus in such language is correct with respect to the class of all serial linear Kripke frames (even just with constant domains) then it is not Kripke complete. Some near questions are discussed.

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JAY, BARRY, and DELIA KESNER. "First-class patterns." Journal of Functional Programming 19, no. 2 (March 2009): 191–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796808007144.

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AbstractPure pattern calculus supports pattern-matching functions in which patterns are first-class citizens that can be passed as parameters, evaluated and returned as results. This new expressive power supports two new forms of polymorphism. Path polymorphism allows recursive functions to traverse arbitrary data structures. Pattern polymorphism allows patterns to be treated as parameters which may be collected from various sources or generated from training data. A general framework for pattern calculi is developed. It supports a proof of confluence that is parameterised by the nature of the matching algorithm, suitable for the pure pattern calculus and all other known pattern calculi.

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30

Imas, H., H. Silva, and F. Mereles. "Diversidad de especies vegetales en bosques con distintos grados de perturbación en la Reserva Natural Itabó, Itaipú Binacional, Paraguay." Steviana 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.56152/ffs.v12i2.2218.

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Como parte del trabajo sobre el rol de los servicios ecosistémicos que presenta el Bosque del Alto Paraná (Paraguay), se calculó el Índice de Diversidad Vegetal que presenta. Se seleccionaron dos tipos de bosques: modificado y no modificado en la Reserva Natural Itabó, de la Entidad Binacional Itaipú, Ecorregión Alto Paraná, departamento Alto Paraná, Paraguay. El objetivo fue el de comparar la diversidad vegetal entre ambos bosques. Para la determinación de la diversidad, se calculó la abundancia absoluta y relativa de las especies arbóreas en aquellos individuos con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) de 10 cm o más, en una superficie de 1ha en cada tipo de bosque. Se utilizaron varios índices, entre los que se destacan los de Margalef y Menhinik, que proporcionan datos de la riqueza de especies vegetales, y se basan en el número total de individuos y el número total de especies. También se trabajó con el índice de Shannon-Wiener, que relaciona el número de individuos con cada una de las especies de la muestra presentes en la parcela. Se utilizó el Índice de Simpson, que considera la probabilidad de que dos individuos seleccionados al azar, sean de la misma especie y finalmente se calculó la similitud de especies, según Jaccard, Sorensen y Morisita-Horn. Los resultados indican que ambos bosques no presentan diferencias significativas en cuanto a la diversidad de especies, ambos comparten entre el 43 y 60% de las especies, con un 54% de similitud.

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Kiener, Teresa Antonia, Elena Moré, Michael Franzen, Janne Cadamuro, Christoph Schwarz, Carsten Bergmann, and Hermann Salmhofer. "Nephrolithiasis Associated with Nephrocalcinosis Is Primarily Composed of Carbonate Apatite." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 49, no. 1 (2024): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000537699.

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Introduction: This study was designed to determine the mineral composition of calculi in nephrocalcinosis with nephrolithiasis, diagnose the underlying disease, and monitor the course of renal function in patients with nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis. Methods: Renal calculi extruded in a series of 8 patients with nephrocalcinosis were analysed using Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry. In 4 patients, next-generation sequencing using a nephrocalcinosis-nephrolithiasis panel was performed to determine the nature of the underlying disease. In addition, longitudinal analysis of renal function was performed in all patients. Results: Seven patients revealed carbonate apatite as the sole constituent of renal calculi. One patient showed a mixed composition of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate/carbonate apatite at first analysis yet in subsequent episodes also had calculi composed of pure carbonate apatite. Further molecular analysis displayed distal renal tubular acidosis in 2 of 4 patients who consented to sequencing. No known genetic defect could be found in the other two cases. In line with prior reports, decline of renal function was dependent on underlying disease. Distal renal tubular acidosis revealed a progressive course of renal failure, whereas other causes showed stable renal function in long term analysis. Conclusion: Nephrocalcinosis with nephrolithiasis is a rare condition with heterogeneous aetiology. Yet mineral composition of renal calculi predominantly consisted of pure carbonate apatite. This uniform finding is similar to subcutaneous calcifications of various origins and might propose a general principle of tissue calcification. Progressive decline of renal function was found in distal renal tubular acidosis, whereas other conditions remained stable over time.

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Hong, T. D. Nguyen, D. Phat, P. Plaza, M. Daudon, and Nguyen Quy Dao. "Identification of Urinary Calculi by Raman Laser Fiber Optics Spectroscopy." Clinical Chemistry 38, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.2.292.

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Abstract Human calculi of various compositions were automatically identified by using near-infrared excitation Fourier-transform Raman spectrometry. After having built a 150-compound Raman library as a first step, we used a commercial software for infrared spectra (program BIRSY, from Brüker) to determine the composition of different calculi. Good results were obtained for both classical Raman laser and Raman laser fiber optics spectroscopies. With the use of a natural biological medium, e.g., urine, to mimic as closely as possible clinical in vivo conditions, the automatic search correctly identified the calculus composition with relatively good test quality; in some mixtures, however, the results can only be considered semi-quantitative at present, even after smoothing of the spectra.

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Hannache, B., A. Boutefnouchet, D. Bazin, M. Daudon, E. Foy, S. Rouzière, and A. Dahdouh. "Nature et rôle des éléments traces dans les calculs urinaires." Progrès en Urologie 25, no. 1 (January 2015): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2014.09.038.

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34

Petrukhin, Y. I. "On a modification of Visser’s formal logic and its connection with Solovay’s modal logic." Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Matematika, no. 11 (December 8, 2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/0021-3446-2023-11-15-25.

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We present a new logic called SPL, embedded into Solovay’s provability logic S using a translation that embeds Visser’s formal logic FPL into G¨odel-L¨ob’s provability GL. SPL is formulated in the form of sequent and natural deduction calculi, a relational semantics is proposed.

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35

Gescovich, Gabriela, and Daniel Edgardo Vedoya. "La curva catenaria como forma natural y su emergencia en la arquitectura." Arquitecno, no. 21 (July 12, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30972/arq.0216693.

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<p dir="ltr"><span>El presente artículo constituye una sintética investigación sobre la curva catenaria. Se parte de la definición formal y deducción matemática correspondiente a su ecuación, siguiendo con sus manifestaciones como forma natural en seres y fenómenos de la naturaleza, destacando su propiedad fundamental relacionada con la estabilidad de la curva invertida. Finalmente se retoma algunas de las obras de Rober Gaudí para resaltar su importancia en los procesos de diseño arquitectónico y calculo estructural.</span></p>

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36

Mortamais, Elizabeth. "De quelle nature sera l'esquisse ?" SHS Web of Conferences 82 (2020): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208203001.

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Nous revenons sur le sujet de l'Esquisse comme moment particulier de la conception, tel que questionné dans notre communication de SCAN'05, en 2005. Il s'agit ici d'entrevoir quelles mutations sont en train de se produire, ou vont se produire dans le processus de génération du projet au stade de l'esquisse dès l'instant où des outils numériques très performants en terme de calculs et d'intégration des données, de generation de forme et de présentation immédiate (de type Réalité Virtuelle) se diffusent de plus en plus largement ou vont devenir accessibles à brève échéance. L'aisance à terme, de l'usage de telles outils va-t-elle modifier l'interaction entre le ou les concepteurs et leurs productions qu'ils pourront éprouver en situation d'énaction ? Le panel d'acteurs du projet va-t-il muter notamment avec l'avènement d'outils de ce type, disponibles pour le grand public ? Le processus de conception en sera-t-il modifié ? La nature de l'esquisse comme stade initial fondamental en sera-t-elle changée ?

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37

Kao, Johnny, Pawel Karwowski, Jeffrey Pettit, Austin Kevin Barney, and Christopher Atalla. "Multiparametric prostate MRI-based intensity-modulated radiation therapy guided by prostatic calcifications." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1116 (December 1, 2020): 20200571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20200571.

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Objectives: The optimal technique to administer image-guided radiation therapy for prostate cancer remains poorly defined. This study assessed outcomes after multiparametric prostate MRI-based planning was delivered with image-guided radiation therapy using prostatic calculi observed on cone beam CT (CBCT). Methods: Between January 2015 and December 2017, 94 consecutive patients were treated with CBCT-based image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) without fiducial markers. MRI was routinely incorporated for target delineation and intraprostatic tumor nodules were boosted to allow reduced doses to normal appearing prostate. The primary endpoint was the prevalence of prostatic calcifications while toxicity and biochemical control were secondary endpoints. Results: Median follow-up was 39.7 months with 82% NCCN intermediate to very high risk. Intraprostatic calculi were noted in 68% of patients. The 3-year biochemical control, late grade ≥2 rectal toxicity and late grade ≥2 urinary toxicity rates were 96%, 3 and 7%, respectively. Biochemical control and toxicity were not significantly impacted by the presence of prostatic calculi. Conclusion: Prostatic calcifications can serve as natural fiducial markers to allow for non-invasive IGRT for prostate cancer with promising early disease control and toxicity outcomes. Advances in knowledge: Prostate calcification-guided IGRT is technically feasible.

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38

Wansing, Heinrich. "Displaying the modal logic of consistency." Journal of Symbolic Logic 64, no. 4 (December 1999): 1573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586798.

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AbstractIt is shown that the constructive four-valued logic N4 can be faithfully embedded into the modal logic S4. This embedding is used to obtain complete, cut-free display sequent calculi for N4 and C4, the modal logic of consistency over N4. C4 is a natural monotonic base system for semantics-based non-monotonic reasoning.

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39

Mendelzon, Ariel, Alejandro Ríos, and Beta Ziliani. "Swapping: a natural bridge between named and indexed explicit substitution calculi." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 49 (February 17, 2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.49.1.

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40

Nolasco, P., A. J. Anjos, J. M. Aquino Marques, F. Cabrita, M. F. C. Pereira, A. P. Alves de Matos, and P. A. Carvalho. "Structural typologies of salivary calculi." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613000767.

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Several theories have been put forward regarding the aetiology and pathogenesis of salivary calculi, although a comprehensive understanding of the nucleation and growth mechanisms involved in the formation of these structures is still lacking.In general, sialoliths present one core partially or highly mineralized surrounded by concentric layers of organic and mineralized matter that alternate in succession following a chronologic sequence. The layers consist of fine mineralized strata intercalated with fine organic ones and threaded globular structures with variable degrees of mineralization.The exact mechanism involved in the genesis of sialoliths remains largely unknown, theories defending an initial organic nidus or an initial precipitation of minerals, with subsequent deposition of organic and inorganic layers, can be found in the literature. Nevertheless, it remains object of discussion the etiologic factors responsible for the formation of the first nidus or the initial precipitation, since infection, inflammation of the gland, viscous nature of the mucous secretions or naturally existing sialomicroliths have all have been implicated.Aiming at an exhaustive systematization of salivary calculi morphogenesis, their morphology has been studied by micro-computed tomography (bCT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). CCT studies were done on as-extracted dried samples using uCT SkyScan 1172 instrument with a 1.3 Megapixel camera, operated at the maximum available power of the source (10W). Radiographs acquisition was performed with a rotational step in the 0.70-1° range, until a maximum of 180º, with an exposure time in the 3.1-5 s range. Microscopy observations were carried out with backscattered electron (BSE) signals using a JEOL JSM 7001F operated at 15 kV, samples were previously prepared following metallographic procedures.The submandibular and parotid calculi investigated presented similar growth patterns, which can follow either concentric (Figure 1) or perturbed-growth typologies (Figure 2), although in most situations a gradation between them has been found. Nevertheless, a single well-defined core constituted by material with low mineralization was frequently present, supporting the nucleation hypothesis of an initial organic nidus.The combination of TCT with SEM enabled a comprehensive characterization of the sialoliths: (i) the former technique allowed for a precise localization of the core and other morphological features within the calculus volume, while (ii) investigation of details at higher resolution could be achieved with the latter method. However, due to the friable nature of the sialoliths, handling during sample preparation results often in material loss (compare (a) and (b) in both Figures).The work was carried out with financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through PTDC/SAU-ENB/111941/2009 and PEst-OE/CTM-UI0084/2011 grants.

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van Erp, Erik, and Robert Yuncken. "A groupoid approach to pseudodifferential calculi." Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal) 2019, no. 756 (November 1, 2019): 151–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/crelle-2017-0035.

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AbstractIn this paper we give an algebraic/geometric characterization of the classical pseudodifferential operators on a smooth manifold in terms of the tangent groupoid and its natural {\mathbb{R}^{\times}_{+}}-action. Specifically, a properly supported semiregular distribution on {M\times M} is the Schwartz kernel of a classical pseudodifferential operator if and only if it extends to a smooth family of distributions on the range fibers of the tangent groupoid that is homogeneous for the {\mathbb{R}^{\times}_{+}}-action modulo smooth functions. Moreover, we show that the basic properties of pseudodifferential operators can be proven directly from this characterization. Further, with the appropriate generalization of the tangent bundle, the same definition applies without change to define pseudodifferential calculi on arbitrary filtered manifolds, in particular the Heisenberg calculus.

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42

Choudhury, Pritam. "Monadic and comonadic aspects of dependency analysis." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 6, OOPSLA2 (October 31, 2022): 1320–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3563335.

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Dependency analysis is vital to several applications in computer science. It lies at the essence of secure information flow analysis, binding-time analysis, etc. Various calculi have been proposed in the literature for analysing individual dependencies. Abadi et. al., by extending Moggi’s monadic metalanguage, unified several of these calculi into the Dependency Core Calculus (DCC). DCC has served as a foundational framework for dependency analysis for the last two decades. However, in spite of its success, DCC has its limitations. First, the monadic bind rule of the calculus is nonstandard and relies upon an auxiliary protection judgement. Second, being of a monadic nature, the calculus cannot capture dependency analyses that possess a comonadic nature, for example, the binding-time calculus, λ ∘ , of Davies. In this paper, we address these limitations by designing an alternative dependency calculus that is inspired by standard ideas from category theory. Our calculus is both monadic and comonadic in nature and subsumes both DCC and λ ∘ . Our construction explains the nonstandard bind rule and the protection judgement of DCC in terms of standard categorical concepts. It also leads to a novel technique for proving correctness of dependency analysis. We use this technique to present alternative proofs of correctness for DCC and λ ∘ .

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Dai, Zhe, and Min He. "L’amélioration du système de la rémunération supplémentaire en Chine." Revue internationale de droit comparé 71, no. 4 (2019): 1083–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ridc.2019.21192.

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La rémunération supplémentaire est une prime pour les inventeurs salariés. Toutefois, le système de cette rémunération en Chine souffre de plusieurs problèmes. La nature et la condition de la rémunération ne sont pas bien précisées. De plus, les dispositions concernant la rémunération en Chine sont dispersées dans différentes lois et règlements. Ce mode juridique a abouti à un désordre normatif dans le calcul de la rémunération. En même temps, l’efficacité de l’attribution de la rémunération est faible en Chine. Face à ces situations, il est difficile pour un inventeur salarié ordinaire d’identifier et maîtriser la totalité de ses intérêts. Une modification à cet égard est ainsi indispensable.

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MA, MINGHUI, and AHTI-VEIKKO PIETARINEN. "PEIRCE’S CALCULI FOR CLASSICAL PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 13, no. 3 (October 29, 2018): 509–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020318000187.

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AbstractThis article investigates Charles Peirce’s development of logical calculi for classical propositional logic in 1880–1896. Peirce’s 1880 work on the algebra of logic resulted in a successful calculus for Boolean algebra. This calculus, denoted byPC, is here presented as a sequent calculus and not as a natural deduction system. It is shown that Peirce’s aim was to presentPCas a sequent calculus. The law of distributivity, which Peirce states in 1880, is proved using Peirce’s Rule, which is a residuation, inPC. The transitional systems of the algebra of the copula that Peirce develops since 1880 paved the way to the 1896 graphical system of the alpha graphs. It is shown how the rules of the alpha system reinterpret Boolean algebras, answering Peirce’s statement that logical graphs supply a new system of fundamental assumptions to logical algebra. A proof-theoretic analysis is given for the connection betweenPCand the alpha system.

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Thakur, Dipak Kumar. "Outcome of Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy as Monotherapy in Upper Urinary Tract Lithiasis." Nepal Journal of Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njhs.v1i2.42377.

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Introduction: Due to its non-invasive nature, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the preferred treatment modality for uncomplicated renal and ureteral stone < 20 mm in diameter. The success rate of it ranges from 46% to 91% depending on various factors. Objective: To assess the outcome of ESWL as monotherapy in uncomplicated solitary renal and upper ureteric calculus ranging from 10mm to 20mm. Methods: In this retrospective study, the records of 34 patients who underwent Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy ESWL inBirat Medical College – Teaching Hospital over a period of one and a half years were reviewed to assess the outcome in terms of stone free rate and complication rate. Results: Mean age of the patients was 30.57±8.44 years and mean calculus size was 14.47±2.68 mm (range 10-20mm). The male and female ratio was 2:1. The success rate was higher for pelvic (83.33%) and upper calyceal (75%) and upper ureteric calculi (75%) compared to other calyces. Clinically significant residual fragment (CSRF) was the most common problem after ESWL (23.33%) at three months after the procedure. Conclusions: The outcome of ESWL as monotherapy for upper urinary tract calculi is acceptable in selected cases three months after the procedure. Keywords: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; outcome; upper urinary tract calculi.

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46

Chazot, G., N. Florens, L. Ene, N. Abid, L. Juillard, L. Dubourg, and S. Lemoine. "Impact de la nature chimique du calcul sur la rigidité artérielle dans la lithiase urinaire." Néphrologie & Thérapeutique 13, no. 5 (September 2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nephro.2017.08.254.

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Chazot, G., N. Abid, N. Florens, C. Machon, L. Juillard, L. Dubourg, and S. Lemoine. "Impact de la nature chimique du calcul sur la rigidité artérielle dans la lithiase urinaire." Progrès en Urologie 27, no. 13 (November 2017): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2017.07.141.

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Pascucci, Matteo. "Propositional quantifiers in labelled natural deduction for normal modal logic." Logic Journal of the IGPL 27, no. 6 (April 25, 2019): 865–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzz008.

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Abstract This article concerns the treatment of propositional quantification in a framework of labelled natural deduction for modal logic developed by Basin, Matthews and Viganò. We provide a detailed analysis of a basic calculus that can be used for a proof-theoretic rendering of minimal normal multimodal systems with quantification over stable domains of propositions. Furthermore, we consider variations of the basic calculus obtained via relational theories and domain theories allowing for quantification over possibly unstable domains of propositions. The main result of the article is that fragments of the labelled calculi not exploiting reductio ad absurdum enjoy the Church–Rosser property and the strong normalization property; such result is obtained by combining Girard’s method of reducibility candidates and labelled languages of lambda calculus codifying the structure of modal proofs.

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Longo, Giuseppe, and Eugenio Moggi. "Constructive natural deduction and its ‘ω-set’ interpretation." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 1, no. 2 (July 1991): 215–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129500001298.

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Various Theories of Types are introduced, by stressing the analogy ‘propositions-as-types’: from propositional to higher order types (and Logic). In accordance with this, proofs are described as terms of various calculi, in particular of polymorphic (second order) λ-calculus. A semantic explanation is then given by interpreting individual types and the collection of all types in two simple categories built out of the natural numbers (the modest sets and the universe of ω-sets). The first part of this paper (syntax) may be viewed as a short tutorial with a constructive understanding of the deduction theorem and some work on the expressive power of first and second order quantification. Also in the second part (semantics, §§6–7) the presentation is meant to be elementary, even though we introduce some new facts on types as quotient sets in order to interpret ‘explicit polymorphism’. (The experienced reader in Type Theory may directly go, at first reading, to §§6–8).

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Konikowska, Beata, Andrzej Tarlecki, and Andrzej Blikle. "A Three-Valued Logic for Software Specification and Validation. Tertium tamen datur." Fundamenta Informaticae 14, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): 411–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1991-14403.

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Different calculi of partial or three-valued predicates have been used and studied by several authors in the context of software specification, development and validation. This paper offers a critical survey on the development of three-valued logics based on such calculi. In the first part of the paper we review two three-valued predicate calculi, based on, respectively, McCarthy’s and Kleene’s propositional connectives and quantifiers, and point out that in a three-valued logic one should distinguish between two notions of validity: strong validity (always true) and weak validity (never false). We define in model-theoretic terms a number of consequence relations for three-valued logics. Each of them is determined by the choice of the underlying predicate calculus and of the weak or strong validity of axioms and of theorems. We discuss mutual relationships between consequence relations defined in such a way and study some of their basic properties. The second part of the paper is devoted to the development of a formal deductive system of inference rules for a three-valued logic. We use the method of semantic tableaux (slightly modified to deal with three-valued formulas) to develop a Gentzen-style system of inference rules for deriving valid sequents, from which we then derive a sound and complete system of natural deduction rules. We have chosen to study the consequence relation determined by the predicate calculus with McCarthy’s propositional connectives and Kleene’s quantifiers and by the strong interpretation of both axioms and theorems. Although we find this choice appropriate for applications in the area of software specification, verification and development, we regard this logic merely as an example and use it to present some general techniques of developing a sequent calculus and a natural deduction system for a three-valued logic. We also discuss the extension of this logic by a non-monotone is-true predicate.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Calcul naturel'

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