Relevant bibliographies by topics / Calcium chloride

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Calcium chloride'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Calcium chloride"

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Koishina, G. M., E. E. Zholdasbay, M. B. Kurmanseitov, E. B. Tazhiev, and A. A. Argyn. "Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.30.

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In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.
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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1171 (September 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200711710-00022.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 540 (March 1995): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505400-00012.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 546 (April 1995): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199505460-00013.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1264 (August 2009): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912640-00032.

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&NA;. "Calcium chloride." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 358 (July 1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103580-00020.

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Khamrakulov, Zohidjon. "Study of filtration processes in obtaining a chlorate-containing defoliant from dolomite." BIO Web of Conferences 84 (2024): 05041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248405041.

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This article considers the separation of an insoluble residue from a suspension of calcium and magnesium chlorides obtained as a result of the decomposition of a dolomite mineral with hydrochloric acid of various concentrations was studied by methods of filtration, settling and the use of centrifugal force. For each method, the optimal deposition rate is set depending on the time. The filterability of pulp with sediments of calcium and magnesium chlorates, chloride and sodium chlorate, formed in the process of obtaining calcium-magnesium chlorate defoliant was studied in it.
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Kim, Gwangmok, and Sangwon Park. "Chloride Removal of Calcium Aluminate-Layered Double Hydroxide Phases: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062797.

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Chlorine is a critical element with respect to the use of fossil fuel, recycling of industrial wastes, and water purification. Chlorine could form toxic chemical compounds, corrode pipe systems and boilers, and contaminate surface and ground waters. Calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides are one of the most promising materials to remove chlorides due to the chemisorption mechanism, since the phases have positively charged interlayers. Many studies on the synthesis and the characterization of calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides have been extensively conducted, whereas few studies have been conducted on the chloride removal characteristics of the phases. The state-of-the-art studies on the synthesis methods and the structural characteristics of CaAl-LDH phases, the underlying mechanism on the removal of chlorides, and the potential removal rate and the capacity in the present study were thoroughly reviewed.
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Saeed, Haitham. "A REVIEW STUDY OF THE USE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE IN CONCRETE." Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 27, no. 3 (May 1, 2023): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.27.3.4.

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For several decades, calcium chloride has been widely used as a cheap and effective accelerator. Calcium chloride is remarkably decreasing the initial and final setting times of concrete. It is mainly used at low-temperature concreting because it allows for earlier finishing and reduces the effects of water freezing inside fresh concrete. The use of calcium chloride in reinforced concrete has been decreased after identifying its effect on reinforcement corrosion. However, calcium chloride is still widely used in ordinary concrete and some reinforced concrete in specific proportions. This paper reviews the most important mechanical and chemical effects of calcium chloride on concrete mixtures, its effects on reinforcement corrosion, the conditions of its use, and its mechanism of action. This review study highlights the need for a detailed study to verify calcium chloride’s exact role in reinforcement corrosion and the maximum permissible limits for its use in reinforced concrete. In addition, there is a need to study the compatibility of calcium chloride with other concrete admixtures.
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Adli, Soumia, and Abdeljabbar Attaoui. "QUANTITATIVE DISCERNMENTS OF THE DIFFERENT CALCIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE TARFAYA OIL SHALE (MOROCCO)." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 02 (February 28, 2023): 981–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16334.

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Calcium exists in several compounds, calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg (CO3)2), calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium chloride dihydrated (CaCl2, 2H2O). All of these calcium compounds occur in oil shale. This work consists of using some physical and reaction analytical methods to try to discernthese calcium constituents quantitatively. By the methods of this work, which are the complexometry reaction using dimethyl tetra acetic acid (EDTA), the hydrochloric acid etching reaction and dispersive X-ray diffraction, we have tracked these calcium qualities. Pure calcite and pure hydrated calcium chloride were the references used. By combining the three analytical methods and making calculations, we were able to identify calcium chlorides and free chloride in the Tarfaya oil shale. The material account of the calcium compounds mentioned in addition to calcite and dolomite was established.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Calcium chloride"

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Pifferi, Simone. "Calcium Activated Chloride Channels In Olfactory Transduction." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/4668.

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Ca2+-activated Cl ̄ channels are an important component of olfactory transduction. Odorant binding to odorant receptors in the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) leads to an increase of intraciliary Ca2+ concentration by Ca2+ entry through cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Ca2+ activates a Cl ̄ channel that leads to an efflux of Cl ̄ from the cilia, contributing to the amplification of the OSN depolarization. The molecular identity of this Cl ̄ channel remains elusive. Recent evidences have indicated that bestrophins are able to form Ca2+-activated Cl ̄ channels channels in heterologous systems. Immunohistochemistry revealed that mBest2 was expressed on the cilia of OSNs, the site of olfactory transduction, and co-localized with the main subunit of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, CNGA2. We performed a functional comparison of the properties of Ca2+-activated Cl ̄ channels from native channels expressed in dendritic knob/cilia of mouse OSNs with those induced by heterologous expression of mBest2 in HEK-293 cells. Even if the two channels did not display identical characteristics, they have many similar features such as the same anion permeability, the Ca2+ sensitivity in micromolar range and the same side-specific blockage of the two Cl ̄ channel blockers commonly used to inhibit the odorant-induced Ca2+-activated Cl ̄ channels in OSNs, niflumic acid and 4-acetamido-4’-isothiocyanato-stilben-2,2’-disulfonate (SITS). However electroolfactogram recording from mBest2 null mice showed a normal sensitivity to odorant stimulation. Therefore mBest2 is a good candidate for being a molecular component of the olfactory Ca2+-activated Cl ̄ channels but its precise role in olfactory transduction remains to be clarified.
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Dring, Kevin Frederick. "Electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8135.

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Bradley, Jonathan. "Optimisation of anode characteristics of calcium thionyl chloride cells." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10399.

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In the field of high performance primary battery systems lithium anoded cells have been shown to have an excellent performance and extremely good shelf life. The major drawback with the lithium technology is one of safety, whereby abuse conditions (such as charging of the cell) lead to an unstable system with the very real possibility of a cell explosion. For a commercially available cell consideration of safety issues would preclude the marketing of a high performance lithium cell for general use, rather, it will be reserved for specialist e.g. Military use where the personnel having contact with the power source can be trained in its safe operation. The work described in this thesis is concerned with the development of a high performance battery system utilising calcium as the anode material. Calcium has received attention as an anode material for a high performance battery system because it removes many of the safety problems associated with lithium. The major disadvantages of calcium have been addressed namely the shelf life and discharge performance. The electrochemical techniques of cyclic voltammetry and a.c. impedance have been used in conjunction with physical methods such as scanning electron microscopy to define the mode of operation of these cells.
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Amjad, Asma. "Calcium-activated chloride channels in mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons." Doctoral thesis, SISSA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11767/3899.

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In vomeronasal sensory neurons, signal transduction occurs in microvilli that are present at the neuron’s apical surface. The binding of pheromone to vomeronasal receptors causes an increase of the intracellular calcium concentration by calcium entry through TRPC2. An important issue is the impact of Ca2+ entry in pheromonal transduction. In the first part of this thesis we have investigated the functional role played by the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the apical region of vomeronasal sensory neurons. By taking advantage of flash photolysis of caged calcium restricted to the apical region of neurons, we have measured a calcium-activated current with the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique. Our results demonstrated that a large current is indeed activated by calcium in the apical region of mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons and our immunohistochemistry data has revealed the presence of the proteins TMEM16A and TMEM16B, responsible for calcium-activated chloride channels, in the microvilli of vomeronasal sensory neurons. Therefore we have concluded that calcium-activated chloride channels are present at high density in the region where signal transduction occurs and therefore may play an important role in vomeronasal transduction. In the second part of this thesis we have characterized in more detail the calcium activated currents in mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons using the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique in the presence of various intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. From the dose-response relation we determined that the Ca2+ concentration necessary to activate 50% of the maximal current was 1.4 µM at -100 mV and 0.6 µM at +100 mV. From ion selectivity experiments, we found that the current is carried by anions. Moreover, we demonstrated that some of the commonly used Cl- channel blockers, NFA and CaCCinh-A01, do inhibit the Ca2+-activated current in vomeronasal sensory neurons. Further studies with knockout mice for TMEM16A or TMEM16B will be necessary to establish the physiological role of these channels in vomeronasal transduction.
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Dirkse, Jason Lennart. "A preliminary study of the effect of calcium chloride highway anti-icer liquid on roadside trees in Leavenworth, Washington." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2006/j%5Fdirkse%5F042706.pdf.

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Moldrzyk, Jan. "Využití vedlejších energetických produktů a dalších druhotných surovin pro výrobu alfa sádry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226735.

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Thesis focus on the longterm research in an area of alpha gypsum production by non pressure method in chloride salt solutions production, which is researched by Institute od technology of building materials and components, Faculty of civil engineering for many years. The result of given research is non pressure equipment for alpha gypsum production. The scope of this research was to make a production of alpha gypsum more efficient through modification of the facility itself and through an optimalization of dehydration process. The scientific aim of this process was to compare an influence of dehydratation solutions of CaCl2, NaCl and KCl on the final product provided that molarity of solutions was at the same level.
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Girgin, Seref. "Crystallization of alpha-calcium sulphate hemihydrate by aqueous reaction of calcium chloride with sulphuric acid." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102980.

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The crystallization of alpha-calcium sulphate hemihydrate with simultaneous regeneration of HCl by controlling the reaction of H 2SO4 (2.6M-8M) with concentrated CaCl2 (1-3.5M) solution at 80°C was investigated. The research included 3 studies: (a) study of the kinetics and mechanism of CaSO4 dehydrate (DH) conversion to hemihydrate (HH) and anhydrite (AH) in variable composition CaCl2 -HCl media; (b) reactive crystallization of alpha-hemihydrate in a semi-batch reactor configuration following the LaMer Diagram concept; and (c) the study of crystal growth and metal uptake by seeded crystallization with and without the presence of several metal chloride salts. According to the first study, AH is the only stable phase in the range of electrolyte concentration and temperature investigated with DH and HH being either metastable or unstable. In the absence of CaCl2 and at 3M HCl concentration or higher DH converts directly to AH. Maintenance of 0.3M or higher CaCl2 concentration was found to render hemihydrate metastable hence making its production feasible. Solubility estimation of three CaSO4 phases with the aid of OLI Stream Analyser software helped to explain the observed phase transition sequence. SEM characterization further revealed the transition from DH to HH to be governed by the topochemical mechanism.
In the reactive crystallization study H2SO4 was the limiting reactant added to the CaCl2 solution up to 0.8 SO 4/Ca molar ratio. The nucleation and growth stages were successfully separated via supersaturation control achieved by regulated addition of the limiting reactant in multiple steps. This separation permitted the growth of the homogeneously nucleated crystals within the metastable zone to needle-shaped hexagonal crystals (acicular habit). Upon recycling (seeding) of the product further growth was achieved, producing crystals with 80 mum - volume based mean crystal diameter- or 100-120 mum length and 10-15 mum diameter. Growth of the seed crystals appeared to follow an agglomeration mechanism. However, in the presence of foreign metal cations (in particular divalent, Mg 2+, Fe2+, Ni2+ and trivalent, Al 3+, Fe3+) crystal growth was severely retarded via their apparent adsorption. Some of the metal cations, namely Na+, Ni2+, Al3+ were found to incorporate into the hemihydrate crystal structure to a variable extent from 0.3g/t for Na to 7g/t for Ni and 11g/t for Al. The chloride uptake was less than 10 ppm.
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Sharma, Aarushi. "HUMAN CLCA2 MODULATES THE CONDUCTANCE OF CALCIUM-ACTIVATED CHLORIDE CHANNELS BY REGULATION OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1252.

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Chloride channels play an essential role in the physiology of the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, and secretory glands. Their dysregulation underlies debilitating pathologies such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, and certain cancers. The CLCA (Chloride Channel Accessory) gene family is thought to determine severity of these diseases by modulating an unidentified Calcium-activated Chloride Channel (CaCC). Recent evidence indicates Ano1 to be the mediator of strong quintessential calcium-activated chloride current in several cell types. Ano1 is highly expressed in airway epithelium and downregulated in cystic fibrosis patients. Human CLCA2 is also expressed in epithelium of airways and mammary glands, and there it promotes calcium-activated chloride current. Hence, we hypothesized that CLCA2 modulates the conductance of Ano1. We tested this by introducing Ano1 and CLCA2 together or separately into HEK293 cells, which express endogenous Ano1 at a low level. Using whole-cell voltage clamp, we found that CLCA2 enhanced the conductance of the endogenous CaCC. This current was inhibited by a specific inhibitor of Ano1, tannic acid. CLCA2 also increased both the amplitude and the onset rate of the Ano1-mediated current. To determine the mechanism by which CLCA2 amplifies Ano1 mediated current, we used co-immunoprecipitation with or without a protein cross-linking agent and to test whether the interaction if any, was stable or transient, respectively. Neither any interaction, nor any change in Ano1 multimerization was found. We next tested whether CLCA2 enhanced Ano1 conductance by increasing its stability or surface localization. Surface-labelling the cells expressing Ano1 alone or both proteins with biotin, no difference in Ano1 level or surface expression was detected. Ano1 has recently been shown to be activated by intracellular calcium released from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores and by subsequent store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Therefore, we investigated whether CLCA2 could increase intracellular calcium levels. With Fluo-4 dye calcium imaging, we found that CLCA2 expression enhanced both ER calcium stores and SOCE upon exhaustion of intracellular stores, and the SOCE response could be abolished by a specific inhibitor of SOCE, BTP-2. This inhibitor also abolished CLCA2-induced chloride current, establishing that CLCA2 enhances CaCC via SOCE. Moreover, knockdown of CLCA2 in MCF10A cells, that naturally express both proteins, reduced both ER calcium stores and SOCE. Mutations that abolished the metalloprotease activity of CLCA2 or deleted the cytoplasmic tail had little effect on its enhancement of chloride current or intracellular calcium, suggesting that the uncleaved ectodomain was responsible for both effects of CLCA2. Since, the ectodomain is the most conserved region of the protein, we found that another member of the CLCA family, CLCA1, was also effective in enhancing intracellular calcium storage and SOCE. Co-immunoprecipitation studies further revealed that CLCA2 interacts in a ternary complex with mediators of SOCE, STIM1 and ORAI1. These results explain the CaCC-enhancing effects of CLCA family members and suggest a broader role in other calcium-dependent processes. Understanding the modulatory relationship between these molecules may lead to better therapies for airway diseases and Ano1-dependent cancers. Furthermore, the discovery that CLCA2 regulates intracellular calcium levels may explain its effects on cellular differentiation, stress response, and cell death.
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Rao, Kartik. "The electrochemical reduction of titanium oxides in molten calcium chloride." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501782.

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Gamble, Joanne M. "Field evaluation of calcium nitrite and chloride in Ohio prestressed concrete box beam bridge girders." Ohio : Ohio University, 1996. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178652761.

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Books on the topic "Calcium chloride"

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Majmundar, Hasmukhrai H. Mineral commodity report, calcium chloride. Sacramento, Calif: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1985.

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Majmundar, Hasmukhrai H. Mineral commodity report, calcium chloride. Sacramento, Calif: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1985.

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Garrett, Donald E. Handbook of lithium and natural calcium chloride. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

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Majmundar, Hasmukhrai H. Mineral commodity report -- Calcium chloride--: Part 1 compiled from the U.S Bureau of Mines publication, Minerals Yearbooks, 1980-1982. Sacramento, Calif: California Dept. of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1985.

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Hagle, Susan K. An assessment of chloride-associated, and other roadside tree damage, on the Selway Road, Nez Perce National Forest. Missoula, MT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, 2002.

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United States. Bureau of Mines. Calcium Chloride-Oxygen Leaching and Metals Recovery From an Arsenical Copper-Cobalt Concentrate. S.l: s.n, 1986.

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Spackman, David Gordon. Reactions of sugars in aqueous calcium chloride solutions: A study concerning the mechanism of aldoseketose isomerisation. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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M, Imamura, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Measurements of proton-induced production cross sections for ³⁶Cl from Ca and K. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.

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Fuller, Catherine Mary. Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2002.

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Mary, Fuller Catherine, ed. Calcium-activated chloride channels. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Calcium chloride"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Calcium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_1487.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Calcium Chloride." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 109. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1823.

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Gallos, George, and Charles W. Emala. "Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels." In Calcium Signaling In Airway Smooth Muscle Cells, 85–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01312-1_5.

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van Gorkom, Hans J., and Charles F. Yocum. "The Calcium and Chloride Cofactors." In Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, 307–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4254-x_14.

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Hüttner, W. "146 CaCl X 2Σ+ Calcium chloride." In Diamagnetic Diatomic Molecules. Part 1, 199. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69954-5_148.

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Mayer, Mark L., David G. Owen, and Jeffrey L. Barker. "Calcium-Dependent Chloride Currents in Vertebrate Central Neurons." In Chloride Channels and Carriers in Nerve, Muscle, and Glial Cells, 355–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9685-8_13.

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Song, Jianxun, Liwen Hu, Qiuyu Wang, Shuqiang Jiao, and Hongmin Zhu. "Activities of Titanium Ions in Molten Calcium Chloride." In 6th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 541–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093381.ch68.

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Song, Jianxun, Liwen Hu, Qiuyu Wang, Shuqiang Jiao, and Hongmin Zhu. "Activities of Titanium Ions in Molten Calcium Chloride." In 6th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 541–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48217-0_68.

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Maitra, Jaya, and Neena Singh. "Starch–Chitosan Blend Cross-Linked with Calcium Chloride." In Advances in Polymer Sciences and Technology, 133–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2568-7_13.

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Christen, Dines. "Molecular Constants of CaCl X 2Σ+ Calcium Chloride." In Molecular Constants Mostly from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Sub-Doppler Laser Spectroscopy, 368. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49199-7_110.

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Conference papers on the topic "Calcium chloride"

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Evans, Kenneth J., S. Daniel Day, Gabriel O. Ilevbare, Michael T. Whalen, Kenneth J. King, Gary A. Hust, Lana L. Wong, John C. Estill, and Rau´l B. Rebak. "Anodic Behavior of Alloy 22 in Calcium Chloride and in Calcium Chloride Plus Calcium Nitrate Brines." In ASME 2003 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2003-2140.

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Alloy 22 (UNS N60622) is a nickel-based alloy, which is extensively used in aggressive industrial applications, especially due to its resistance to localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in high chloride environments. The purpose of this work was to characterize the anodic behavior of Alloy 22 in concentrated calcium chloride (CaCl2) brines and to evaluate the inhibitive effect of nitrate, especially to localized corrosion. Standard electrochemical tests such as polarization resistance and cyclic polarization were used. Results show that the corrosion potential of Alloy 22 was approximately −360 mV in the silver-silver chloride (SSC) scale and independent of the tested temperature. Cyclic polarization tests showed that Alloy 22 was mainly susceptible to localized attack in 5 M CaCl2 at 75°C and higher temperatures. The addition of nitrate in a molar ratio of chloride to nitrate equal to 10 increased the onset of localized corrosion to approximately 105°C. The addition of nitrate to the solution also decreased the uniform corrosion rate and the passive current of the alloy.
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"Comparison of the Corrosion Potential of Calcium Chloride and a Calcium Nitrate Based on Non-Chloride Accelerator." In "SP-102: Corrosion, Concrete, & Chlorides". American Concrete Institute, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/1637.

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""Calcium Nitrate-Based, Non-Corrosive, Non-Chloride Accelerator"." In "SP-102: Corrosion, Concrete, & Chlorides". American Concrete Institute, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/1619.

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Sample-Lord, Kristin M., Gretchen L. Bohnhoff, and Shan Tong. "Diffusion of Calcium Chloride through Polymerized Bentonite." In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480434.020.

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"Calcium Chloride in Type V-Cement Concrete." In SP-131: Durability of Concrete--G.M. Idorn International Symposium. American Concrete Institute, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/1207.

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Quinnell, Josh A., Jane H. Davidson, and Jay Burch. "Liquid Calcium Chloride Solar Storage: Concept and Analysis." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90181.

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Aqueous calcium chloride has a number of potential advantages as a compact and long-term solar storage medium compared to sensibly heated water. The combination of sensible and chemical binding energy of the liquid desiccant provides higher energy densities and lower thermal losses, as well as a temperature lift during discharge via an absorption heat pump. Calcium chloride is an excellent choice among desiccant materials because it is relatively inexpensive, non-toxic, and environmentally safe. This paper provides an overview of its application for solar storage and presents a novel concept for storing the liquid desiccant in a single storage vessel. The storage system uses an internal heat exchanger to add and discharge thermal energy and to help manage the mass, momentum, and energy transfer in the tank. The feasibility of the proposed concept is demonstrated via a computational fluid dynamic study of heat and mass transfer in the system over a range of Rayleigh, Lewis, Prandtl, and buoyancy ratio numbers expected in practice.
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Coelho, Ana Rita F., Inês Carmo Luís, Ana Coelho Marques, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Diana Daccak, Carlos Galhano, Manuela Simões, et al. "Calcium Biofortification in Solanum tuberosum L.: Assessing the Influence of Calcium Nitrate and Calcium Chloride on Yield." In International Online Conference on Agriculture. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocag2023-15920.

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8

Partanen, Jatta, Peter Backman, Rainer Backman, and Mikko Hupa. "Formation of Calcium Chloride and Its Interaction With the Sand Particles During Fluidised Bed Combustion." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-156.

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Fluidised bed boilers are well suited to burning fuels that have diverse characteristics such as refuse-derived fuels and biofuels. These fuels often contain various amounts of chlorine. In many countries, the emissions of HCl from waste material combustion are regulated by stringent laws. In the fluidised bed combustion of sulphur-containing fuels, the addition of a Ca-based sorbent into the bed is a widely used method for controlling SO2 emission. In this work, the absorption of HCl with limestone was studied in the laboratory at high temperatures, 650–850°C, by using a special thermogravimetric apparatus (TGA). In addition to the absorption rates, special emphasis was placed on studying the effects of molten phase formation during chlorination. We have recently reported our first results on the interactions between the calcium chloride being formed and the quartz sand. We proposed a chemical mechanism for the formation of the calcium silicate coatings frequently found on the sand particles in fluidised beds. Here, the proposed mechanism in which calcium chloride acts as a crucial intermediate is more thoroughly discussed.
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Izadi, M., D. K. Aidun, P. Marzocca, and H. Lee. "The Experimental Investigation of Fouling Phenomenon in Heat Exchangers by Heat Transfer Resistance Monitoring (HTRM) Method." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12524.

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The aim of this paper is to describe a monitoring system for fouling phenomenon in tubular heat exchangers. This system is based on a physical model of the fouling resistance. A mathematical model of the fouling resistance is developed based on the applied thermal heat, the inside heat transfer coefficient, and geometrical characteristics of the heat exchanger under consideration. The resulting model is a function of measured quantities such as water and tube wall temperatures, fluid flow velocities, and some physical properties of the fluid flowing inside the tubes such as viscosity, conductivity, and density. An on-line fouling evaluation system was prepared and the heat transfer resistance for selected solutions was measured in real time by this system. The effect of concentration and chemical reactions on fouling is studied experimentally by using different contaminants such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and their mixture. Accelerated corrosion was observed for the calcium chloride-0.4g/l solution due to the presence of chlorine ions. This corrosion-fouling can be mitigated by adding sodium bicarbonate. However, calcium carbonate is formed as the result of the chemical reaction between calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate which activates two other fouling categories, particulate fouling and crystallization. The inside surface of the tube is analyzed by analytical microscopy after the experiment to investigate different fouling categories. Experimental results provide quantitative information of liquid-side fouling on heat transfer surfaces, and its effects on the thermal efficiency. Experimental data is significantly important for the design, and for formulating operating, and cleaning schedules of the equipment.
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Kornhauser, Alan A. "Aqua-Ammonia as an Environmentally Acceptable Low Temperature Brine." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62684.

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In many industrial processes, cooling with brines is preferable to cooling with an evaporating refrigerant. For medium and high temperatures (above about −35°C/−30°F), aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and methanol have typically been used. For very low temperatures (down to about −80°C/-110°F) halocarbon refrigerants methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have generally been used. In recent years, both methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have come under increasingly strict regulation because of their toxicity. While many plants continue to use these brines, most are searching for alternates. This study was begun in response to the needs of a plant that was replacing methylene chloride with aqueous calcium chloride. The high viscosity of the calcium chloride brine caused design and operational problems. The above-mentioned brines, as well as aqua-ammonia, polydimethylsiloxane, and d-limonene, were compared for cost, toxicity, flammability, environmental safety, and energy efficiency. The energy efficiency comparison included comparisons of heat transfer coefficient, mass flow rate, volume flow rate, frictional pressure drop, inertial pressure drop, and pumping power. The comparisons indicated that aqua-ammonia was the best choice as a replacement for methylene chloride and trichloroethylene in some temperature ranges.
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Reports on the topic "Calcium chloride"

1

Counts, T. Calcium/Thionyl Chloride Battery Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada165657.

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2

Peled, Emanuel. Advanced Calcium-Thionyl Chloride High-Power Battery. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada194401.

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Peled, Emanuel. Advanced Calcium-Thionyl Chloride High-Power Battery. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada229168.

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Blanchard, Jr., Thomas P. Electrochemical studies of calcium chloride-based molten salt systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/432887.

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Windisch, Charles F., and Curt A. Lavender. Raman spectroscopic studies of chemical speciation in calcium chloride melts. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967935.

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6

Vijay Sethi and M.P. Sharma. Corrosion Effects of Calcium Chloride Injection for Mercury Control on the Pollution Control Equipment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/993824.

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7

Weiss. PR-318-06701-R01 Predicting and Mitigating Salt Precipitation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010976.

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Brine solutions are often produced during gas storage operations, and when these solutions encounter changing temperature or pressure, salt can precipitate. This salt (NaCl) can impair productivity and may even result in abandonment of wells. Dilution with fresh water is the preferred method of mitigating the salt buildup. Existing salt deposits are dissolved with fresh water. Additionally, fresh water is used as a produced water diluent to reduce supersaturation with respect to NaCl. However, this can be expensive depending on the method of application, and as fresh water becomes scarcer, the method will become more expensive. A number of chemicals are reported to reduce or prevent salt deposition. Among them are ferrocyanide and some organic molecules such as nitrilotriacetic acid and nitrilotriacetamide (NTAm). These inhibitors are thought to prevent salt precipitation by crystal modification or by interfering with crystal growth. Their effectiveness, however, varies with their concentration and the chemistry of the brines. For example, ferrocyanide is a very effective salt inhibitor; however, at low pH or in the presence of large amounts of iron it decomposes rendering it ineffective. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2 where supersaturated solutions of NaCl are cooled to room temperature, the performance of both chemicals is reduced as the reservoir water increases in calcium and/or magnesium, eventually becoming ineffective. But even when precipitate is formed, both inhibitors affect the properties of the precipitate so that there is no caking with no tendency to form large crystals associated with sodium chloride scale. The questions concerning the environmental issues associated with ferrocyanide that arose during Phase I are addressed in this report.
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Cram, Jana, Mary Levandowski, Kaci Fitzgibbon, and Andrew Ray. Water resources summary for the Snake River and Jackson Lake Reservoir in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway: Preliminary analysis of 2016 data. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285179.

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This report summarizes discharge and water quality monitoring data for the Snake River and Jackson Lake reservoir levels in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway for calendar year 2016. Annual and long-term discharge summaries and an evaluation of chemical conditions relative to state and federal water quality standards are presented. These results are considered provisional, and may be subject to change. River Discharge: Hydrographs for the Snake River at Flagg Ranch, WY, and Moose, WY, exhibit a general pattern of high early summer flows and lower baseflows occurring in late summer and fall. During much of 2016, flows at the Flagg Ranch monitoring location were similar to the 25th percentile of daily flows at that site. Peak flows at Flagg Ranch were similar to average peak flow from 1983 to 2015 but occurred eleven days earlier in the year compared to the long-term average. Peak flows and daily flows at the Moose monitoring station were below the long-term average. Peak flows occurred four days later than the long-term average. During summer months, the unnatural hydro-graph at the Moose monitoring location exhibited signs of flow regulation associated with the management of Jackson Lake. Water Quality Monitoring in the Snake River: Water quality in the Snake River exhibited seasonal variability over the sampling period. Specifically, total iron peaked during high flows. In contrast, chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels were at their annual minimum during high flows. Jackson Lake Reservoir: Reservoir storage dynamics in Jackson Lake exhibit a pattern of spring filling associated with early snowmelt runoff reaching maximum storage in mid-summer (on or near July 1). During 2016, filling water levels and reservoir storage began to increase in Jackson Lake nearly two weeks earlier than the long-term average and coincident with increases in runoff-driven flows in the Snake River. Although peak storage in Jackson Lake was larger and occurred earlier than the long-term average, minimum storage levels were similar to the long-term average.
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Desbarats, A. J., and J. B. Percival. Hydrogeochemistry of mine tailings from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit, Oka, Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331256.

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Environmental impacts associated with the mining of carbonatite deposits are an emerging concern due to the demand for critical metals. This study investigates the chemistry of tailings seepage at the former Saint Lawrence Columbium mine near Oka, Québec, Canada, which produced pyrochlore concentrate and ferroniobium from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit. Its objectives are to characterize the mineralogy of the tailings and their pore water and effluent chemistries. Geochemical mass balance modeling, constrained by aqueous speciation modeling and mineralogy, is then used to identify reactions controlling the chemical evolution of pore water along its flow path through the tailings impoundment. The tailings are composed mainly of REE-enriched calcite (82 wt. %), biotite (12 wt. %) and fluorapatite (4 wt. %). Minor minerals include chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite and unrecovered pyrochlore. Secondary minerals include gypsum, barite and strontianite. Within the unsaturated zone, pore water chemistry is controlled by sulfide oxidation and calcite dissolution with acid neutralization. With increasing depth below the water table, pore water composition reflects gypsum dissolution followed by sulfate reduction and FeS precipitation driven by the oxidation of organic carbon in the tailings. Concomitantly, incongruent dissolution of biotite and chlorite releases K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ba and F, forming kaolinite and Ca-smectite. Cation exchange reactions further remove Ca from solution, increasing concentrations of Na and K. Fluoride concentrations reach 23 mg/L and 8 mg/L in tailings pore water and effluent, respectively. At a pH of 8.3, Mo is highly mobile and reaches an average concentration of 83 µg/L in tailings effluent. Although U also forms mobile complexes, concentrations do not exceed 16 µg/L due to the low solubility of its pyrochlore host. Adsorption and the low solubility of pyrochlore limit concentrations of Nb to less than 49 µg/L. Cerium, from calcite dissolution, is strongly adsorbed although it reaches concentrations (unfiltered) in excess of 1 mg/L and 100 µg/L in pore water and effluent, respectively. Mine tailings from carbonatite deposits are enriched in a variety of incompatible elements with mineral hosts of varying reactivity. Some of these elements, such as F and Mo, may represent contaminants of concern because of their mobility in alkaline tailings waters.
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Lavoie, D., V. Tremblay, and C. Rivard. Sandstone composition and diagenesis of the Paskapoo Formation and their significance for shallow groundwater aquifer in the Fox Creek area, west-central Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331923.

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The shallow aquifer in the Fox Creek area is hosted by the Paleocene Paskapoo Formation. The formation consists of fluvial deposits with channel-filled high-energy sandstone cutting through fine-grained, low energy overbank sediments. Three internal members are recognized, these members define three hydrostratigraphic units (two aquifers versus one aquitard). In fall 2022, three boreholes were drilled and cored. The succession is slightly dominated by sandstone with subordinate fine-grained sediments and thin coal intervals. The calcareous to non-calcareous sandstone is either tight and well compacted or porous, friable to unconsolidated. The litharenite is composed of quartz, various types of rock fragments, chert, and feldspars. Detrital carbonates can be abundant. The post-sedimentation history of the sandstone recorded cementation and dissolution events from near surface, through shallow burial and late tectonic exhumation. The events include early clay coatings on grains, dissolution of metastable minerals, cementation from calcite, kaolinite and minor chlorite and late near surface fault-controlled freshwater circulation and dissolution. The late event resulted in friable to unconsolidated sandstone intervals.
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