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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Lacombe, Olivier, Camille Parlangeau, Nicolas E. Beaudoin, and Khalid Amrouch. "Calcite Twin Formation, Measurement and Use as Stress–Strain Indicators: A Review of Progress over the Last Decade." Geosciences 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11110445.

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Mechanical twins are common microstructures in deformed calcite. Calcite twins have been used for a long time as indicators of stress/strain orientations and magnitudes. Developments during the last decade point toward significant improvements of existing techniques as well as new applications of calcite twin analysis in tectonic studies. This review summarises the recent progress in the understanding of twin formation, including nucleation and growth of twins, and discusses the concept of CRSS and its dependence on several factors such as strain, temperature and grain size. Classical and recent calcite twin measurement techniques are also presented and their pros and cons are discussed. The newly proposed inversion techniques allowing for the use of calcite twins as indicators of orientations and/or magnitudes of stress and strain are summarized. Benefits for tectonic studies are illustrated through the presentation of several applications, from the scale of the individual tectonic structure to the continental scale. The classical use of calcite twin morphology (e.g., thickness) as a straightforward geothermometer is critically discussed in the light of recent observations that thick twins do not always reflect deformation temperature above 170–200 °C. This review also presents how the age of twinning events in natural rocks can be constrained while individual twins cannot be dated yet. Finally, the review addresses the recent technical and conceptual progress in calcite twinning paleopiezometry, together with the promising combination of this paleopiezometer with mechanical analysis of fractures or stylolite roughness.

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2

Parlangeau, Camille, Alexandre Dimanov, Olivier Lacombe, Simon Hallais, and Jean-Marc Daniel. "Uniaxial compression of calcite single crystals at room temperature: insights into twinning activation and development." Solid Earth 10, no. 1 (February 7, 2019): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-307-2019.

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Abstract. E-twinning is a common plastic deformation mechanism in calcite deformed at low temperature. Strain rate, temperature and confining pressure have negligible effects on twinning activation which is mainly dependent on differential stress. The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) required for twinning activation is dependent on grain size and strain hardening. This CRSS value may obey the Hall–Petch relation, but due to sparse experimental data its actual evolution with grain size and strain still remains a matter of debate. In order to provide additional constraints on twinning activation and development, new mechanical tests were carried out at room temperature on unconfined single crystals of calcite, with different sizes and crystallographic orientations. Uniaxial deformation was performed at a controlled displacement rate, while the sample surface was monitored using optical microscopy and a high-resolution CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The retrieved macroscopic stress–strain behavior of the crystals was correlated with the surface observations of the deformation process. Results show (1) the onset of crystal plasticity with the activation of the first isolated mechanical twins during the strain hardening stage, and (2) the densification and thickening of twin lamellae during the steady-state flow stress stage. Such thickening of twin lamellae at room temperature emphasizes that calcite twin morphology is not controlled solely by temperature. The different values for the CRSS obtained for the activation of isolated twins and for the onset of twin densification and thickening raises questions regarding the appropriate value to be considered when using calcite twin data for stress inversion purposes.

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3

Rutter, Ernest, David Wallis, and Kamil Kosiorek. "Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction to Calcite-Twinning Paleopiezometry." Geosciences 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060222.

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Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to determine the orientation of mechanically twinned grains in Carrara marble experimentally deformed to a small strain (≤4%) at room temperature and at a moderate confining pressure (225 MPa). The thicknesses of deformation twins were mostly too small to permit determination of their orientation by EBSD but it proved possible to measure their orientations by calculating possible twin orientations from host grain orientation, then comparing calculated traces to the observed twin traces. The validity of the Turner & Weiss method for principal stress orientations was confirmed, particularly when based on calculation of resolved shear stress. Methods of paleopiezometry based on twinned volume fraction were rejected but a practical approach is explored based on twin density. However, although twin density correlates positively with resolved shear stress, there is intrinsic variability due to unconstrained variables such as non-uniform availability of twin nucleation sites around grain boundaries that imposes a limit on the achievable accuracy of this approach.

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4

Schuster, Roman, Gerlinde Habler, Erhard Schafler, and Rainer Abart. "Intragranular deformation mechanisms in calcite deformed by high-pressure torsion at room temperature." Mineralogy and Petrology 114, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00710-019-00690-y.

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AbstractPolycrystalline calcite was deformed to high strain at room-temperature and confining pressures of 1–4 GPa using high-pressure torsion. The high confining pressure suppresses brittle failure and allows for shear strains >100. The post-deformation microstructures show inter- and intragranular cataclastic deformation and a high density of mechanical e$$ \left\{01\overline{1}8\right\} $$011¯8 twins and deformation lamellae in highly strained porphyroclasts. The morphologies of the twins resemble twin morphologies that are typically associated with substantially higher deformation temperatures. Porphyroclasts oriented unfavorably for twinning frequently exhibit two types of deformation lamellae with characteristic crystallographic orientation relationships associated with calcite twins. The misorientation of the first deformation lamella type with respect to the host corresponds to the combination of one r$$ \left\{10\overline{1}4\right\} $$101¯4 twin operation and one specific f$$ \left\{01\overline{1}2\right\} $$011¯2 or e$$ \left\{01\overline{1}8\right\} $$011¯8 twin operation. Boundary sections of this lamella type often split into two separated segments, where one segment corresponds to an incoherent r$$ \left\{10\overline{1}4\right\} $$101¯4 twin boundary and the other to an f$$ \left\{01\overline{1}2\right\} $$011¯2 or e$$ \left\{01\overline{1}8\right\} $$011¯8 twin boundary. The misorientation of the second type of deformation lamellae corresponds to the combination of specific r$$ \left\{10\overline{1}4\right\} $$101¯4 and f$$ \left\{01\overline{1}2\right\} $$011¯2 twin operations. The boundary segments of this lamella type may also split into the constituent twin boundaries. Our results show that brittle failure can effectively be suppressed during room-temperature deformation of calcite to high strains if confining pressures in the GPa range are applied. At these conditions, the combination of successive twin operations produces hitherto unknown deformation lamellae.

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5

Pokroy, B., M. Kapon, F. Marin, N. Adir, and E. Zolotoyabko. "Protein-induced, previously unidentified twin form of calcite." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (April 25, 2007): 7337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608584104.

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Using single-crystal x-ray diffraction, we found a formerly unknown twin form in calcite crystals grown from solution to which a mollusc shell-derived 17-kDa protein, Caspartin, was added. This intracrystalline protein was extracted from the calcitic prisms of the Pinna nobilis shells. The observed twin form is characterized by the twinning plane of the (108)-type, which is in addition to the known four twin laws of calcite identified during 150 years of investigations. The established twin forms in calcite have twinning planes of the (001)-, (012)-, (104)-, and (018)-types. Our discovery provides additional evidence on the crucial role of biological macromolecules in biomineralization.

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6

Németh, Péter. "Diffraction Features from (101¯4) Calcite Twins Mimicking Crystallographic Ordering." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070720.

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During phase transitions the ordering of cations and/or anions along specific crystallographic directions can take place. As a result, extra reflections may occur in diffraction patterns, which can indicate cell doubling and the reduction of the crystallographic symmetry. However, similar features may also arise from twinning. Here the nanostructures of a glendonite, a calcite (CaCO3) pseudomorph after ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O), from Victoria Cave (Russia) were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This paper demonstrates the occurrence of extra reflections at positions halfway between the Bragg reflections of calcite in 0kl electron diffraction patterns and the doubling of d104 spacings (corresponding to 2∙3.03 Å) in high-resolution TEM images. Interestingly, these diffraction features match with the so-called carbonate c-type reflections, which are associated with Mg and Ca ordering, a phenomenon that cannot occur in pure calcite. TEM and crystallographic analysis suggests that, in fact, (101¯4) calcite twins and the orientation change of CO3 groups across the twin interface are responsible for the extra reflections.

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7

Ferrill, David A., Alan P. Morris, Mark A. Evans, Martin Burkhard, Richard H. Groshong, and Charles M. Onasch. "Calcite twin morphology: a low-temperature deformation geothermometer." Journal of Structural Geology 26, no. 8 (August 2004): 1521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.11.028.

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8

Yamaji, Atsushi. "How tightly does calcite e-twin constrain stress?" Journal of Structural Geology 72 (March 2015): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.01.008.

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9

Groshong, Richard H. "Origin and Application of the Twinned Calcite Strain Gauge." Geosciences 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11070296.

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This paper is a personal account of the origin and development of the twinned-calcite strain gauge, its experimental verification, and its relationship to stress analysis. The method allows the calculation of the three-dimensional deviatoric strain tensor based on five or more twin sets. A minimum of about 25 twin sets should provide a reasonably accurate result for the magnitude and orientation of the strain tensor. The opposite-signed strain axis orientation is the most accurately located. Where one strain axis is appreciably different from the other two, that axis is generally within about 10° of the correct value. Experiments confirm a magnitude accuracy of 1% strain over the range of 1–12% axial shortening and that samples with more than 40% negative expected values imply multiple or rotational deformations. If two deformations are at a high angle to one another, the strain calculated from the positive and negative expected values separately provides a good estimate of both deformations. Most stress analysis techniques do not provide useful magnitudes, although most provide a good estimate of the principal strain axis directions. Stress analysis based on the number of twin sets per grain provides a better than order-of-magnitude approximation to the differential stress magnitude in a constant strain rate experiment.

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10

Yamaji, Atsushi. "Generalized Hough transform for the stress inversion of calcite twin data." Journal of Structural Geology 80 (November 2015): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.08.001.

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11

Richards, R. Peter. "The Four Twin Laws of Calcite and How To Recognize Them." Rocks & Minerals 74, no. 5 (January 1999): 308–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529909602559.

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12

Laurent, Philippe. "Shear-sense determination on striated faults from e twin lamellae in calcite." Journal of Structural Geology 9, no. 5-6 (1987): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90144-1.

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13

Wall, F., M. J. Le Bas, and R. K. Srivastava. "Calcite and carbocernaite exsolution and cotectic textures in a Sr,REE-rich carbonatite dyke from Rajasthan, India." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 495–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.11.

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AbstractA carbonatite dyke from the Sarnu-Dandali alkaline complex, Rajasthan, India, contains a remarkable suite of rare earth, strontium-rich minerals with spectacular primary textures.Sr, Mn-rich calcite in the outer 5 mm of the dyke contains exsolved lamellae of carbocernaite, (Ca,Na)(Sr,Ce,Ba)(CO3)2, orientated parallel to its twin and cleavage planes. The amount of exsolved carbocernaite increases away from the dyke margin as the Sr content of the calcite increases to a maximum 13 wt.%. Sr levels as high as this in calcite have previously been recorded only in experimental work. The carbocernaite exsolution suggests that Sr-rich calcium carbonate can be a host for major amounts of REE in carbonatite magma.Separated by a sharp internal boundary, is a complex possibly cotectic intergrowth of carbocernaite and Sr-rich calcite with late Ca-rich strontianite (19 wt.% CaO). Other minerals in the dyke include baryte, pyrrhotite, alabandite, sphalerite and occasional bastnäsite-(La) and thorite. Bands of late britholite-(Ce) traverse the dyke.The host rock for the dyke is fenitized melanephelinite which is itself traversed by narrow, <1 mm, carbonatite veins beleived to predate the carbonatite dyke. Allanite, britholite-(Ce) and rare monazite-(Ce), developed at the boundary between the carbonatite dyke and the fenite, may have been produced by a reaction between the dyke and the wall rock, or may be related to the later britholite mineralisation.The textures and mineral compositions indicate primary crystallisation. They are unique amongst rare earth-rich carbonatites which are usually late-stage phenomena with signs of secondary alteration.Comparison with experimental data available for the calcite-strontianite system suggests conditions of 500°C and 2 kbar for coexisting Sr-rich calcite and Ca-rich strontianite. A smaller scale intergrowth of calcite containing only 2.9 wt.% SrO and coexisting Ca-strontianite may correspond to a further unmixing at 350°C and 2 kbar. Since no experimental data are available for a calcite-carbocernaitestrontianite system, mineral chemistries and the interpreted sequence of crystallisation have been used to construct a hypothetical phase diagram.

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14

Sakaguchi, Arito, Hide Sakaguchi, Makoto Hisada, Hiroshi Minagawa, Shingo Yoshida, and Masao Nakatani. "A new method for stress estimation of concrete structures using calcite twin piezometer." JAMSTEC Report of Research and Development 2009 (2009): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5918/jamstecr.2009.15.

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15

Nemcok, Michal, Dušan Kovác, and Richard J. Lisle. "A stress inversion procedure for polyphase calcite twin and fault/slip data sets." Journal of Structural Geology 21, no. 6 (June 1999): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(99)00053-x.

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16

Shan, Yehua, Jian Zheng, and Xinquan Liang. "Synthetic slip plane, a hybrid kind of calcite twin data in dynamic analysis." MethodsX 6 (2019): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.02.004.

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17

Burgin, Hugo B., Khalid Amrouch, Mojtaba Rajabi, David Kulikowski, and Simon P. Holford. "Determining paleo-structural environments through natural fracture and calcite twin analyses: a case study in the Otway Basin, Australia." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17099.

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The structural history of the Otway Basin has been widely studied; however, previous works have focussed on large kilometre scale, basin and seismic structures, or have over-simplified natural fracture analysis with an excessive focus on fracture strike direction and a disregard for 3D geometry, a crucial characteristic when considering states of stress responsible for natural fracture formation. In this paper, we combine techniques of natural fracture analysis and calcite twin stress inversion to investigate the meso (outcrop and borehole) and micro (crystal) scale evidence for structural environments that have contributed to basin evolution. Our results indicate that basin evolution during the post-Albian may be markedly more complex than the previously thought stages of late Cretaceous inversion, renewed rifting and long-lived mid-Eocene to recent compression, with evidence for up to six structural environments detected across the basin, including; NE–SW and NW–SE extension, NW–SE compression, a previously undetected regime of NE–SW compression, and two regimes of strike-slip activity. By constraining structural environments on the meso- and micro-scale we can deliver higher levels of detail into structural evolution, which in turn, provides better-quality insights into multiple petroleum system elements, including secondary migration pathways and trap formation. Our research also shows that the Otway Basin presents a suitable environment for additional micro-scale structural investigations through calcite twin analyses.

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18

Bruno, Marco, Francesco Roberto Massaro, Marco Rubbo, Mauro Prencipe, and Dino Aquilano. "(10.4), (01.8), (01.2), and (00.1) Twin Laws of Calcite (CaCO3): Equilibrium Geometry of the Twin Boundary Interfaces and Twinning Energy." Crystal Growth & Design 10, no. 7 (July 7, 2010): 3102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cg100233p.

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19

ROBERTS, DAVID, and KLAAS BOUKE ZWAAN. "Marble dykes emanating from marble layers in an amphibolite-facies, multiply-deformed carbonate succession, Troms, northern Norway." Geological Magazine 144, no. 5 (August 13, 2007): 883–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003810.

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In one of the higher nappes of the Caledonides of Troms, northern Norway, rare thin dykes of calcite marble lie subparallel to the axial surfaces of folds in multilayered marble beds. The dykes emanate from pure calcite marble layers mostly in or close to the hinge zones of these flat-lying, tight to sub-isoclinal, F3 folds. In many cases, they appear to penetrate along the axial surfaces of these same folds, and there is an up to 10° angular disparity between dyke orientation and axial surfaces. The dykes are considered to have originated, and been expelled, from parent calcite marble layers either at or shortly after the peak of amphibolite-facies metamorphism between the D2 and D3 deformation phases of the Scandian orogeny. The dykes display a dyke-parallel, dark grey to white, colour banding, the origin of which is uncertain at present. In thin-section, an equigranular texture is dominated by 2–3 mm, equant, unstrained, calcite grains with straight boundaries and low-T twin lamellae, denoting a late-stage recrystallization. A weak, oblique, calcite grain-shape orientation fabric curves into a dyke-parallel alignment along the finer-grained margins, reflecting the simple-shear deformation imposed on the host rock. Regarding the initiation of these marble dykes, it seems likely that a combination of P–T conditions and possibly partial melting processes was conducive to generating extreme ductility/superplasticity, at least locally, and that this led to the sudden expulsion of a partially molten carbonate aggregate which had momentarily attained a critical pressure and intruded preferentially along available, transient fractures prior to the imposition of the D3 simple-shear regime.

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20

Craddock, John P., Alex W. McKiernan, and Maarten J. de Wit. "Calcite twin analysis in syntectonic calcite, Cape Fold Belt, South Africa: Implications for fold and cleavage formation within a shallow thrust front." Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 7 (July 2007): 1100–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.03.013.

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21

Parlangeau, Camille, Alexandre Dimanov, and Simon Hallais. "In-Situ Evolution of Calcite Twinning during Uniaxial Compression of Carrara Marble at Room Temperature." Geosciences 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2022): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060233.

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Calcite twinning is a dominant deformation mechanism at low temperatures. It is often used to reconstruct paleostresses: orientations of the principal stress axes, stress ratios and differential stress. Despite numerous studies, on single crystals and aggregates, questions remain about the initiation and evolution of the twinning. In particular, the existence of a critical value for the activation of twin planes is debated. In this study, Carrara marble samples were uniaxially deformed at low temperature. The experiments were monitored in situ in an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and a deformation analysis was performed at regular intervals using image correlation. Image correlation analysis shows the link between the overconcentration of strains and the appearance of the first twinned planes. This is followed by a densification and a gradual thickening of the twin lamellae. Fracturing only appears in a third stage as a precursor to the collapse of the sample. The inversion, using the CSIT-2 technique, showed that the twinned planes are globally related to the applied macroscopic stress. The inversion allows one to retrieve the macroscopic stress tensor. Schmid factors were extracted from this analysis and correlated to the loading curves. For crystals of about 200 µm diameter, the threshold value is in between 6.75 and 8.25 MPa.

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22

Shan, Yehua, Jian Zheng, and Xinquan Liang. "Inversion of polyphase calcite twin data for deviatoric stress tensors: 1. A novel numerical approach." Journal of Structural Geology 128 (November 2019): 103873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103873.

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23

Ferrill, David A. "Calcite twin widths and intensities as metamorphic indicators in natural low-temperature deformation of limestone." Journal of Structural Geology 13, no. 6 (January 1991): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90029-i.

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24

Dietrich, V. J., E. Lagios, E. Reusser, V. Sakkas, E. Gartzos, and K. Kyriakopoulos. "The enigmatic Zerelia twin-lakes (Thessaly, Central Greece): two potential meteorite impact Craters." Solid Earth Discussions 5, no. 2 (September 3, 2013): 1511–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-5-1511-2013.

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Abstract. Two circular permanent lakes of 150 and 250 m diameter and 6–8 m depth to an unconsolidated muddy bottom occur 250 m apart from each other in the agricultural fields SW of the town of Almiros (Thessaly, central Greece). The age of the lakes is assumed to be Late Pliocene to Early Holocene with a minimum age of approx. 7000 yr BP. The abundant polymict, quartz-rich carbonate breccia and clasts with a clay rich matrix in the shallow embankments of the lakes show weak stratification but no volcanic structures. The carbonate clasts and particles often display spheroidal shapes and consist of calcite aggregates with feathery, arborescent, variolitic to micro-sparitic textures and spheroidal fabrics, recrystallized and deformed glass-shaped fragments, calcite globules in quartz; thus indications of possible carbonate melting, quenching and devitrification. The carbonatic matrix includes small xenomorphic phases, such as chromspinel, zircon with blurred granular and skeletal textures, skeletal rutile and ilmenite, which are interpreted as relicts of partial melting and quenching under high temperatures of 1240–1800 °C. Only a few quartz fragments exhibit indistinct planar fractures. In several cases they include exotic Al-Si- and sulfur bearing Fe-phases, < 1–10 μm as globules. The modeled "Residual Gravity" profiles through the lakes indicate negative gravity anomalies of bowl-type structures down to 150 m for the eastern lake and down to 250 m for the larger western lake. Several hypotheses can be drawn upon to explain the origin of these enigmatic twin-lakes: (a) Maar-type volcanic craters; (b) hydrothermal or CO2/hydrocarbon gas explosion craters; (c) and (d) doline holes due to karstification; or (e) small meteorite impact craters, the latter being a plausible explanation due to geologic, petrologic, and geophysical evidence. The morphology and dimensions of the lakes as well as the density contrast tomography of the bedrock favor a meteorite impact hypothesis of a projectile, which may has split into two fragments before reaching the surface.

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25

Piazolo, Sandra, David J. Prior, M. D. Holness, and Andreas O. Harstad. "Annealing in a Natural Laboratory: an EBSD and Cl Study of Calcite and Quartz Growth from Volumes of Rock Heated by a Nearby Melt Intrusion." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.333.

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Annealing is an important mechanism of microstructural modification both in rocks and metals. In order to relate directly changes in crystallographic orientation to migrating boundaries the researcher has the option to investigate either samples where the grain boundary motion can be directly tracked or a series of samples exhibiting successively higher degrees of annealing. Here we present results from rock samples collected from two well characterised contact aureoles (a volume of rock heated by the intrusion of a melt in its vicinity): One quartz sample in which patterns revealed by Cathodoluminescence (CL) indicate the movement of grain boundaries and a series of calcite samples of known temperature history. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to link the movement of grain, twin boundaries and substructures with the crystallographic orientation / misorientation of a respective boundary. Results from the quartz bearing rock show: (a) propagation of substructures and twin boundaries in swept areas both parallel and at an angle to the growth direction, (b) development of slightly different crystallographic orientations and new twin boundaries at both the growth interfaces and within the swept area, and (c) a gradual change in crystallographic orientation in the direction of growth. Observations are compatible with a growth mechanism where single atoms are attached and detached both at random and at preferential sites i.e. crystallographically controlled sites or kinks in boundary ledges. Strain fields caused by defects and/or trace element incorporation may facilitate nucleation sites for new crystallographic orientations at distinct growth interfaces but also at continuously migrating boundaries. Calcite samples show with increasing duration and temperature of annealing: (a) systematic decrease of the relative frequency of low angle grain boundaries (gbs), (b) decrease in lattice distortion within grains, (c) development of distinct subgrains with little internal lattice distortion, (d) change in lobateness of gbs and frequency of facet parallel gbs and (e) change in position of second phase particles. These observations point to an increasing influence of grain boundary anisotropy with increasing annealing temperature, while at the same time the influence of second phase particles and subtle driving-force variations decrease. This study illustrates the usefulness of using samples from natural laboratories and combining different analysis techniques in microprocess analysis.

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26

Yamaji, Atsushi. "Erratum to “How tightly does calcite e-twin constrain stress?” [J. Struct. Geol. 72 (2015) 83–95]." Journal of Structural Geology 80 (November 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.08.004.

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27

Lacombe, Olivier, Julien Malandain, Nadège Vilasi, Khalid Amrouch, and François Roure. "From paleostresses to paleoburial in fold–thrust belts: Preliminary results from calcite twin analysis in the Outer Albanides." Tectonophysics 475, no. 1 (September 2009): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.023.

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28

Zheng, Jian, and Yehua Shan. "Inversion of polyphase calcite-twin data for deviatoric stress tensors: 2. Application to the Huangling Dome, northern South China." Journal of Structural Geology 138 (September 2020): 104089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2020.104089.

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29

Lacombe, O., and P. Laurent. "Determination of deviatoric stress tensors based on inversion of calcite twin data from experimentally deformed monophase samples: preliminary results." Tectonophysics 255, no. 3-4 (April 1996): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00136-0.

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30

Köpping, Jonas, Mark Peternell, Dejan Prelević, and Daniel Rutte. "Cretaceous tectonic evolution of the Sava-Klepa Massif, Republic of North Macedonia – Results from calcite twin based automated paleostress analysis." Tectonophysics 758 (May 2019): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.03.010.

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31

Esmaeilian, Sara, Saeed Madanipour, Shahram Shaafieibafti, and Yasamin Ebrahimi. "Intercontinental response to variations in the Arabia-Eurasia Plate convergence, calcite e-twin evidence of the Kuhbanan Fault system, Central Iran." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 5 (May 2021): 1321–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-020-6262-5.

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32

Railsback, L. Bruce. "Control of crystal shape and size on formation of twin lamellae in calcite: Implications for deep burial diagenetic fabrics in limestones." Carbonates and Evaporites 8, no. 2 (September 1993): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175173.

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33

Tripathy, Vikash, and Dilip Saha. "Inversion of calcite twin data, paleostress reconstruction and multiphase weak deformation in cratonic interior – Evidence from the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin, India." Journal of Structural Geology 77 (August 2015): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.05.009.

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34

LACOMBE, OLIVIER, NICOLAS BELLAHSEN, and FRÉDÉRIC MOUTHEREAU. "Fracture patterns in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (Fars, Iran): constraints on early collisional tectonic history and role of basement faults." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (April 14, 2011): 940–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681100029x.

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AbstractPre-/early folding fracture patterns were recognized in several anticlines from three structural domains in the Simply Folded Belt of the Fars arc. These fracture sets were characterized in terms of opening mode and relative chronology and used to reconstruct the main compressional trends related to the early Zagros collisional history. The palaeostress reconstructions based on these fracture sets were further refined by combination with newly collected or already available fault-slip and calcite twin data. As an alternative to previous models of rigid block rotations or regional stress rotation, we propose that the complex pattern of pre-folding fractures and the contrasting palaeostress orientations through time in the different domains investigated are related to the presence of basement faults with N–S and WNW trends, above which basement and cover were variably coupled during stress build-up and early deformation of the Arabian margin. Beyond regional implications, this study draws attention to the need to carefully consider pre-existing fractures, possibly unrelated to folding, to build more realistic conceptual fold–fracture models.

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35

Parlangeau, Camille, Olivier Lacombe, Sylvie Schueller, and Jean-Marc Daniel. "Inversion of calcite twin data for paleostress orientations and magnitudes: A new technique tested and calibrated on numerically-generated and natural data." Tectonophysics 722 (January 2018): 462–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.023.

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36

Cheng, Huaigang, Xiaoxi Zhang, and Huiping Song. "Morphological Investigation of Calcium Carbonate during Ammonification-Carbonization Process of Low Concentration Calcium Solution." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/503696.

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Ultrafine calcium carbonate is a widely used cheap additive. The research is conducted in low degree supersaturation solution in order to study the polymorphic phases’ change and its factors of the calcium carbonate precipitate in the ammonification-carbonization process of the solution with calcium. Fine particles of calcium carbonate are made in the solution containing 0.015 mol/L of Ca2+. Over 98% of the calcium carbonate precipitate without ammonification resembles the morphology of calcite, while the introduction of ammonia can benefit the formation of vaterite. It was inferred that the main cause should be serious partial oversaturation or steric effects. Ammonia also helps to form the twin spherical calcium carbonate. However, particles formed in the process of ammonification-carbonization in solution with low concentration degree of calcium are not even with a scale of the particle diameter from 5 to 12 μm. Inorganic salts, alcohol, or organic acid salts have significant controlling effect on the particle diameter of calcium carbonate and can help to decrease the particle diameter to about 3 μm. Anionic surfactants can prevent the conglobation of calcium carbonate particles and shrink its diameter to 500 nm–1 μm.

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Masuda, Toshiaki, Tomoya Miyake, Nozomi Kimura, and Atsushi Okamoto. "Application of the microboudin method to palaeodifferential stress analysis of deformed impure marbles from Syros, Greece: Implications for grain-size and calcite-twin palaeopiezometers." Journal of Structural Geology 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.11.002.

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38

Laurent, Ph, H. Kern, and O. Lacombe. "Determination of deviatoric stress tensors based on inversion of calcite twin data from experimentally deformed monophase samples. Part II. Axial and triaxial stress experiments." Tectonophysics 327, no. 1-2 (November 2000): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00165-7.

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39

Rocher, M., O. Lacombe, J. Angelier, and H. W. Chen. "Mechanical twin sets in calcite as markers of recent collisional events in a fold-and-thrust belt: Evidence from the reefal limestones of southwestern Taiwan." Tectonics 15, no. 5 (October 1996): 984–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96tc00625.

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40

Kulikowski, David, and Khalid Amrouch. "Combining geophysical data and calcite twin stress inversion to refine the tectonic history of subsurface and offshore provinces: A case study on the Cooper-Eromanga Basin, Australia." Tectonics 36, no. 3 (March 2017): 515–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016tc004366.

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41

Jaya, Asri, and Osamu Nishikawa. "Paleostress reconstruction from calcite twin and fault–slip data using the multiple inverse method in the East Walanae fault zone: Implications for the Neogene contraction in South Sulawesi, Indonesia." Journal of Structural Geology 55 (October 2013): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2013.07.006.

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42

Kusachi, I., S. Kobayashi, Y. Takechi, Y. Nakamuta, T. Nagase, K. Yokoyama, K. Momma, R. Miyawaki, M. Shigeoka, and S. Matsubara. "Shimazakiite-4M and shimazakiite-4O, Ca2B2O5, two polytypes of a new mineral from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan." Mineralogical Magazine 77, no. 1 (February 2013): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2013.077.1.09.

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AbstractShimazakiite occurs as greyish white aggregates up to 3 mm in diameter. Two polytypes, shimazakiite-4M and shimazakiite-4O, have been identified, the former in nanometre-sized twin lamellae and the latter in micrometre-sized lamellae. Shimazakiite was discovered in an irregular vein in crystalline limestone near gehlenite-spurrite skarns at Fuka mine, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Associated minerals include takedaite, sibirskite, olshanskyite, parasibirskite, nifontovite, calcite and an uncharacterized hydrous calcium borate. The mineral is biaxial (–), with the following refractive indices (at 589 nm): α = 1.586(2), β = 1.650(2), γ = 1.667(2) and 2Vcalc = 53º [shimazakiite-4M]; and α = 1.584(2), β = 1.648(2), γ = 1.670(2) and 2Vcalc = 54.88º [shimazakiite-4O]. Quantitative electronmicroprobe analyses (means of 28 and 25 determinations) gave the empirical formulae Ca2B1.92O4.76(OH)0.24 and Ca2B1.92O4.76(OH)0.24 for shimazakiite-4M and shimazakiite-4O, respectively. The crystal structure refinements: P21/c, a = 3.5485(12), b = 6.352(2), c = 19.254(6) Å , β = 92.393(13)°, V = 433.6(3) Å3 [for shimazakiite-4M]; and P212121, a = 3.55645(8), b = 6.35194(15), c = 19.2534(5) Å , V = 434.941(18) Å3[for shimazakiite-4O], converged into R1 indices of 0.1273 and 0.0142, respectively. The crystal structure of shimazakiite consists of a layer containing B2O5 units (two near-coplanar triangular corner-sharing BO3 groups) and 6- and 7-coordinate Ca atoms. Different sequences in the c direction of four layers are observed in the polytypes. The five strongest lines in the powder-diffraction pattern [listed as d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 3.02(84)(022); 2.92(100)(10) 2.81(56)(104); 2.76(32)(113); 1.880(32)(11,12,126,118) [for shimazakiite-4M]; and 3.84(33)(014); 3.02(42)(022); 2.86(100)(104); 2.79(29)(113); 1.903(44)(126,118) [for shimazakiite-4O].

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Mirijam, Vrabec, Rogan Šmuc Nastja, and Vrabec Marko. "Calcite deformation twins in Pohorje marbles." Geologija 61, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2018.005.

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44

Lacombe, Olivier. "Calcite Deformation Twins: From Crystal Plasticity to Applications in Geosciences." Geosciences 12, no. 7 (July 17, 2022): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12070280.

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45

Côté, A. S., R. Darkins, and D. M. Duffy. "Deformation twinning and the role of amino acids and magnesium in calcite hardness from molecular simulation." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 31 (2015): 20178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp03370e.

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We employ classical molecular dynamics to calculate elastic properties and to model the nucleation and propagation of deformation twins in calcite, both as a pure crystal and with magnesium and aspartate inclusions.

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46

González-Casado, José M., and Carmen Garcı́a-Cuevas. "Calcite twins from microveins as indicators of deformation history." Journal of Structural Geology 21, no. 7 (July 1999): 875–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(99)00081-4.

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47

MAHER, HARMON D., KEI OGATA, and ALVAR BRAATHEN. "Cone-in-cone and beef mineralization associated with Triassic growth basin faulting and shallow shale diagenesis, Edgeøya, Svalbard." Geological Magazine 154, no. 2 (February 11, 2016): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756815000886.

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AbstractCone-in-cone (CIC) and beef (BF) carbonate lenses ornament detachment zone faults underlying Triassic growth basins on Edgeøya. Field relationships place CIC and BF growth as during early diagenesis and a transition from hydroplastic to a later brittle-style of faulting that is marked by coarser calcite veining. Deformation is constrained to have occurred at <300 m depth. Multiple models exist for CIC formation. For the Edgeøya example, textural analysis of thin-sections suggests that small tensile fractures and carbonate shell fragments nucleated development of calcite aggregates with CIC and BF morphology within unconsolidated to poorly consolidated sediment to form asymmetric antitaxial tensile aggregates subparallel to bedding and fault surfaces. The conical forms result from differential growth on stepped, cleavage-parallel faces of fibres facing host sediment, with preferential inclusion incorporation at inner corners. The preferred directions of calcite growth are attributed to local stresses and seepage flow associated with pore pressure gradients. Substantial framboidal pyrite in the sediments represents an early phase of microbially driven sulphate reduction, which may have induced calcite mineralization. The transition to brittle-style faulting was marked by development of deformation twins in CIC/BF fibres, and a transition to coarse, blocky calcite growth in relay arrays of steeply oriented microveins. This indicates local fault-related stresses substantially changed during shallow diagenesis and lithification, an evolution attributed to changing pore pressures, seepage forces and material moduli. Calcite mineralizations at Edgeøya track the very significant changes in mechanical properties and stress states that occur during synlithification deformation at very shallow crustal levels.

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48

Craddock, John P., Uwe Ring, and O. Adrian Pfiffner. "Deformation of the European Plate (58-0 Ma): Evidence from Calcite Twinning Strains." Geosciences 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12060254.

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We present a data set of calcite twinning strain results (n = 209 samples; 9919 measured calcite twins) from the internal Alpine nappes northwestward across the Alps and Alpine foreland to the older extensional margin along the Atlantic coast in Ireland. Along the coast of Northern Ireland, Cretaceous chalks and Tertiary basalts are cross-cut by calcite veins and offset by calcite-filled normal and strike-slip faults. Both Irish sample suites (n = 16 with four U-Pb vein calcite ages between 70–42 Ma) record a sub-horizontal SW-NE shortening strain with vertical extension and no strain overprint. This sub-horizontal shortening is parallel to the margin of the opening of the Atlantic Ocean (~58 Ma), and this penetrative fabric is only observed ~100 km inboard of the margin to the southeast. The younger, collisional Alpine orogen (~40 Ma) imparted a stress–strain regime dominated by SE-NW sub-horizontal shortening ~1200 km northwest from the Alps preserved in Mesozoic limestones and calcite veins (n = 32) in France, Germany and Britain. This layer-parallel shortening strain (−3.4%, 5% negative expected values) is preserved across the foreland in the plane of Alpine thrust shortening (SE-NW) along with numerous outcrop-scale contractional structures (i.e., folds, thrust faults). Calcite veins were observed in the Alpine foreland in numerous orientations and include both a SE-NW layer-parallel shortening fabric (n = 11) and a sub-vertical NE-SW vein-parallel shortening fabric (n = 4). Alpine foreland strains are compared with twinning strains from the frontal Jura Mountains (n = 9; layer-parallel shortening), the Molasse basin (n = 26; layer-parallel and layer-normal shortening), Pre-Alp nappes (n = 39; layer-parallel and layer-normal shortening), Helvetic and Penninic nappes (Penninic klippe; n = 46; layer-parallel and layer-normal shortening plus four striated U-Pb calcite vein ages ~24 Ma) and calcsilicates from the internal Tauern window (n = 4; layer-normal shortening). We provide a chronology of the stress–strain history of the European plate from 58 Ma through the Alpine orogen.

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Pfänder, Jörg, Blanka Sperner, and Lothar Ratschbacher. "Strain from calcite twins: the TWIST program and its application in the deformation analysis of Southern Germany." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 149, no. 3 (December 17, 1998): 345–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/149/1998/345.

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50

Kang, Seong-Seung, Jun-Mo Kim, and Bo-An Jang. "Paleostress fields from calcite twins in the Pyeongan Supergroup, South Korea." Island Arc 14, no. 2 (June 2005): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2005.00462.x.

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