Academic literature on the topic 'Calcare cavernoso'

RÉSUMÉ Les terrasses de cryoplanation sont une forme fréquente et caractéristique dans le nord du Yukon. Plus de 1000 ont été identifiées dans les dolomies, les calcaires, les argilites et les quartzites de cette région. Situées sur des versants, elles dominent toujours des pediments. Elles ne sont jamais présentes sur des versants façonnés par l'érosion fluviale. Lagélifraction, lagélifluxion et le ruissellement aréolaire associés à l'existence de plaques de neige résiduelles paraissent être les processus les plus aptes à les façonner. À côté de ces processus, la dissolution des roches carbonatées joue un rôle secondaire. Plusieurs terrasses semblent avoir une origine structurale, d'autres seraient des fragments de pediments. Les repères chronologiques ne sont pas nombreux pour reconstituer les étapes de la morphogénèse du paysage dans lequel s'est inscrite la mise en place des terrasses. Néanmoins, au sud des monts Keele, la datation de concrétions prélevées dans les cavernes permet d'avancer l'hypothèse que quelques terrasses pourraient être pré-sangamoniennes et peut-être plus vieilles que 1,2 Ma. Les terrasses sont actuellement inactives à l'exception de quelques-unes situées dans les monts Richardson.

Almost 450 specimens of bryophytes, so far the largest collection of bryophytes ever made on the Cape Verde Islands, were collected in 1995 by the second author on the major islands of the archipelago. Twenty seven species (3 hepatics, 24 mosses) are reported as new to the Cape Verde Islands: Lejeunea ulicina (Tayl.) Gottsche et al., Riccia cavernosa Hoffm. emend. Raddi, Targionia hypophylla L., Barbula cf. consanguinea (Thwait. & Mitt.) Jaeg., Barbula unguiculata Hedw., Brachymenium exile (Dozy & Molk.) Bosch. & Lac., Bryoerythrophyllum ferruginascens (Stirt.) Giac., Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium (Tayl.) Zander, Bryum cellulare Hook., Chenia leptophylla (C. Müll.) Zander, Desmatodon bogosicus C. Müll., Didymodon australasiae (Hook. & Grev.) Zander, Didymodon maschalogena (Ren. & Card.) Broth. (Didymodon michiganensis [Steere] K. Saito), Didymodon vinealis (Brid.) Zander var. flaccidus (B.S.G.) Zander, Eurhynchium meridionale (B.S.G.) De Not., Eurhynchium speciosum (Brid.) Jur., Fissidens sciophyllus Mitt., F. bogosicus C. Müll., F. flaccidus Mitt., F. helictocaulos C. Müll., Gymnostomiella cf. vernicosa (Hook.) Fleisch., Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch., Hyophila involuta (Hook.) Jaeg., Orthotrichum diaphanum Brid., Tortula cuneifolia (With.) Turn., Tortula laevipila (Brid.) Schwaegr. and Weissia microstoma (Hedw.) C. Müll. The doubtful record of Marchantia paleacea Bertol. could be confirmed. Numerous species are recorded as new to single islands. Tortula pierrotii Biz. described from Tanzania has proved to be synyomous with Bryoerythrophyllum inaequalifolium. Didymodon maschalogena (Ren. & Card.) Broth. is an older name for Didymodon michiganensis (Steere) K. Saito. A study of types of species described as endemic to the Cape Verde Islands revealed that Barbula bolleana (C. Müll.) Broth. is an earlier name for Hydrogonium bolleanum (C. Müll.) Jaeg., Barbula elliottii Broth., Barbula kivuensis Leroy & P. de la Varde and Barbula madagassa Ren. & Card. are synonymous with the latter, Hyophila crenulata C. Müll. ex Dus. var. brevifolia Bizot is synonymous with Hyophila involuta (Hook.), Barbula sulcata Geh. is synonymous with B. convoluta Hedw. and Tortula subcaroliniana Bizot is synonymous with Tortula amphidiacea (C. Müll.) Broth. In addition to the so far unpublished results of recent collections, a complete survey of the bryophyte flora of the Cape Verde Islands is given. A hundred and sixty two species (2 species of hornworts, 36 species of hepatics and 124 species of mosses) are so far known from this archipelago.

Abstract BACKGROUND Lesion network mapping (LNM) is a method used to identify potential networks that can be ascribed to particular neurological functions/ deficits. LNM has yet to be implemented for large brain lesions such as tumors. OBJECTIVES: To apply LNM for potential identification of vulnerable epileptogenic networks in tumors causing medically-refractory epilepsy (MRE), compared with non-epileptogenic tumors. METHODS MRE and non-epileptogenic lesions were normalized to standard space for group analysis. These were used as a seed in high-resolution normative resting state fMRI, which was then transformed to t-maps and thresholded by t = 5.1; this corrected for multiple comparisons (Bonferroni corrections) across the whole brain at pcor < 0.05. The statistically-significant thresholded maps were binarized and summed connectivity maps were generated for both groups. This allowed computation of voxel-wise odds ratios (VORs) in order to identify voxels that were more likely associated with tumors that either did or did not result in MRE. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients were included. Eleven brain metastases with no history of seizures, M/F: 5/6, mean age 68.4+/-8.4 years, and 16 had MRE (10 low-grade glioma, 2 cavernoma, 3 “other”), M/F: 7:9, mean age 33.7 +/-12.2 years. Lesions causing MRE were preferentially located in the cingulate gyrus, calcarine fissure, parahippocampal gyrus and lateral temporal neocortex. The resting-state networks that were >1.5x likely to be connected with MRE lesions were the salience, executive control, and dorsal default mode networks. CONCLUSION In this proof of concept study, we have demonstrated that (1) in addition to stroke, tumors may also be amenable to LNM and (2) the underlying normative neural circuitry may in part explain the propensity of particular lesions toward development of MRE. This has ramifications in patient counseling and surgical management planning, as earlier surgery could be applied for lesions thought to be more prone to development of MRE.

Aim of this study is to define the groundwater flow of thermal area of Saturnia, through both chemical and isotope analyses. After a first detailed geological-geophysical survey and a quantification of the available groundwater resources, we analyzed several chemical compounds (Na, Ca, Mg, K, Chlorides, Sulfates, Nitrates, total alkalinity, Li, Sr, B, Fluorides, soluble Silica, free Carbon Dioxide, Sb, As, Se, H2S, Fe, Mn, Hg e Pb) and isotopes (2H; 3H, 3He, 4He, 13C, 18O, 86Sr, 87Sr). Excluding the uncertainties mainly related to a large repetition of measures over time, we concluded the following conclusions. Both Lithium and Boron high values and 87Sr/86Sr values highlighted that “Calcare Cavernoso” limestone geological formation constitutes the Saturnia thermal aquifer. Such samples showed both the same chemical characteristics and source area. Boron, Lithium, δ2H, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr show the Saturnia thermal aquifer is separated by those of Pitigliano (Latera- Bolsena thermal circuit) and Bagni San Filippo (Mt. Amiata thermal circuit). 18O, 3H e δ13C measured in samples coming from Saturnia thermal spring respectively indicate that water feeding the thermal aquifer infiltrate at 350-440 m a.s.l., that they are almost 30 years old, and finally they that are isolated regarding to external infiltration. Low value of R/Ra tends to exclude the influence of Earth mantle to the geothermal anomaly of Saturnia area. The high content in Selenium indicates a possible interaction between Saturnia spring water and those coming from the Saturnia well, with volcanic fluids. However, considering also the evidence of the separation between the Saturnia groundwater flow and those of neighboring thermal fields (Bolsena and Mt. Amiata), we hypothesized that only a exchange among these volcanic complexes and the source area of thermal water points exists, but not among these complex and Saturnia aquifer.

Karst is a three-dimensional landscape that occurs in soluble bedrock (typically limestone, marble, dolostone, gypsum or halite) and is defined by a solutionally weathered surface, a subsurface drainage system (where conduit-flow dominates), and underground openings and caves. Karst can host unique flora and subsurface fauna, as well as a wide range of other scientific, recreational and cultural values. Karst and potential karst areas underlie approximately 10% of British Columbia (BC), but the distribution and extent of this landscape has yet to be fully explored and delineated. Some of the most extensive and well-developed karst areas occur within the forestedlimestone areas of coastal BC, such as on Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, where numerous surface karst features and caves are known. Karst in the interior plateau regions of British Columbia is less well known, being in part covered by thick deposits of glacial materials. Alpine karst regions are most apparent in the Rocky Mountains where there are limestone plateaus, karst drainages and cave systems that have close connections to past and present glacial systems. Mapping of karst is a critical component for any land-use or resource development activity in all regions of British Columbia, as the environmental impacts on karst and its associated values are potentially significant. The regional distribution of karst in BC is not well mapped, with only an office-based reconnaissance karst potential map (1:250,000-scale) and a related database completed in 1999. A renewed effort should now be made to better map karst across British Columbia using digital bedrock mapping data released in 2017, combined with more recent satellite imagery and improved field knowledge.RÉSUMÉLe karst est un paysage tridimensionnel qui se présente dans le substrat rocheux soluble (généralement calcaire, marbre, dolomite, gypse ou halite) et est défini par une surface altérée par dissolution, un système de drainage souterrain (où l’écoulement par conduit domine) et des ouvertures et cavernes souterraines. Le karst peut abriter une flore et une faune souterraine unique, ainsi qu’une grande variété d’autres ressources scientifiques, de loisir et culturelles. Les zones karstiques et potentiellement karstiques constituent environ 10% de la surface de la Colombie-Britannique, mais la répartition et l’étendue de ce paysage n’a pas été complètement explorées et circonscrites. Certaines des zones karstiques les plus étendues et les mieux développées se trouvent dans les calcaires des zones calcaires boisées de la côte de la Colombie-Britannique, telles que l’île de Vancouver et l’archipel de Haida Gwaii, où l’on connaît de nombreuses caractéristiques karstiques de surface et des cavernes. Le karst des régions des plateaux intérieurs de la Colombie-Britannique est moins bien connu, étant en partie recouvert d’épais dépôts de matériaux glaciaires. Les régions karstiques alpines sont plus apparentes dans les montagnes Rocheuses où se trouvent des plateaux calcaires, des bassins de drainage karstiques et des systèmes de cavernes étroitement liés aux systèmes glaciaires passés et contemporains. La cartographie du karst est une constituante essentielle de toute activité d’utilisation du terrain ou de développement des ressources dans toutes les régions de la Colombie-Britannique, car les impacts environnementaux sur le karst et ses bénéfices associés sont potentiellement importants. La distribution régionale et les caractéristiques des karsts en Colombie-Britannique ne sont pas bien cartographiées, avec seulement une carte de reconnaissance du potentiel karstique établie par une étude de bureau (à l’échelle de 1/250 000) et une base de données associée, complétées en 1999. Il faut aujourd’hui améliorer la cartographie de karsts en Colombie-Britannique en utilisant les données numériques de cartographie du substrat rocheux publiées en 2017, combinées avec des images satellite plus récentes et à une meilleure connaissance du terrain.

Notifica-se a primeira ocorrência de Scelidodon e Tapirus para a mastofauna pleistocênica paranaense. O material é procedente de cavernas calcárias da localidade de Gramados, Município de Cerro Azul, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. O gênero Scelidodon foi reconhecido por um fragmento do dentário esquerdo onde está inserida a série molariforme completa. O gênero Tapirus está representado por um fragmento do dentário direito, no qual está implantado o M3. Estas ocorrências ampliam a lista de fauna para o Estado do Paraná, além de expandir a distribuição geográfica destes gêneros no Brasil. ABSTRACT Two Pleistocene mammals, Scelidodon and Tapirus, are reported at Paraná State, Southern Brazil for the first time. The specimens were obtained from calcareous caves located at Gramados, Cerro Azul City. The Scelidodon sp. is represented by a fragment of the middle portion of the left dentary with a complete molariform teeth series, and Tapirus sp. is represented by a fragment of the right dentary in which M3 is found inserted. These occurrences enlarge the Paraná paleomastofauna list and the brazilian geographical distribution of these genera. RÉSUMÉ Ce travail rapport la première occurrence, pour l’etat du Paraná, sud du Brésil, de deux mammifères du pléistocène, Scelidodon et Tapirus. Les exemplaires provienent des cavernes calcaires de Gramados, à la ville de Cerro Azul. Le genre Scelidodon est représenté par un fragment du dentaire gauche oú est implanté la serie complète des molaires. Le genre Tapirus est représenté par un fragment du dentaire droite oú est implanté le M3. Ces occurrences amplifient la liste de la faune de l’etat du Paraná, au-delà d’étendre la distribution geographique de ces genres.

L’acquifero della Montagnola Senese (conosciuto come “Luco”) codice regionale CIS 99MM030, è considerato un importante serbatoio idrico strategico della Toscana Meridionale. Questo studio ha consentito l’approfondimento delle conoscenze per una migliore caratterizzazione geometrico-strutturale, idrodinamica e idrochimica dell’acquifero e restituisce i risultati di un lavoro che ha l’obiettivo di realizzare un modello concettuale e un primo approccio al modello numerico di flusso in regime permanente ai fini della valutazione e gestione delle risorse idriche sotterranee valutando anche la sua vulnerabilità all’inquinamento. I nuovi dati relativi alla geometria dell’acquifero, costituito dalle formazioni carbonatiche del Calcare Cavernoso e della Breccia di Grotti, sono stati acquisiti attraverso sondaggi geoelettrici, tomografie geofisiche, stratigrafie di pozzi, una nuova perforazione profonda e confrontati con la cartografia geologica del continuum regionale. Ciò ha permesso di valutare la sua estensione, affiorante e non, pari a circa 166,3 Km2 a fronte di un’area di alimentazione pari a circa 91,6 Km2. L’intero complesso idrogeologico permeabile risulta avere uno spessore medio di circa 178 m. Per quanto riguarda la caratterizzazione idrodinamica dell’acquifero, necessaria alla descrizione dell’andamento spaziale e temporale della superficie piezometrica, si può affermare che, nonostante la disomogenea distribuzione spaziale dei punti di misura, sono state individuate due principali direzioni di flusso della falda idrica sotterranea: verso Sud (Piano di Rosia) e verso Nord-Ovest (Abbadia a Isola e Strove). Tale caratterizzazione sia dei flussi, sia dei parametrici idrodinamici, necessita di futuri approfondimenti con esecuzione di nuove indagini. La valutazione della ricarica dell’acquifero è stata affrontata con due metodologie: - La prima, una volta definita la superficie dell’aree di ricarica per infiltrazione, valutando indirettamente l’infiltrazione totale in relazione all’eccedenza idrica calcolata. Tale valutazione (dati medi del periodo 1967-2006) porta a stimare la ricarica media in oltre 21·106 m3/anno. - La seconda, basata sulle escursioni dei livelli piezometrici di falda misurati (Marzo 2009-Gennaio 2010), individua una risorsa dinamica che, in virtù di una porosità efficace ne del 8% (da letteratura tale complesso è caratterizzato da ne tra 5-10%), può essere valutata in circa 8,1·106 m3/anno a cui andrebbero sommati i circa 12·106 m3/anno di acqua che attualmente vengono prelevati dall’acquifero per un ammontare complessivo della risorsa annua pari a circa 20·106 m3. Pur con tutti i limiti connessi a tale tipo di valutazione, i risultati ottenuti, con i due criteri, sono in pieno accordo tra loro. Per quanto concerne la riserva idrica la sua valutazione è dell’ordine di 1,5·109 m3, vale a dire circa 100 volte superiore alla risorsa dinamica. Infine, se confrontiamo le valutazioni della risorsa rinnovabile con l’attuale domanda d’acqua ad uso idropotabile si nota che a fronte di una ricarica media pari circa 21·106 m3, i consumi ammontano a circa 11,7·106 m3, risulta quindi teoricamente possibile un ulteriore utilizzo della falda ospitata nell’acquifero della Montagnola Senese. Sulla base delle conoscenze acquisite è stato realizzato il modello concettuale dell’acquifero, base fondamentale della modellazione numerica. Il sistema acquifero è stato quindi rappresentato, per mezzo di un modello numerico tridimensionale ad elementi finiti (FEM), con l’utilizzo del codice numerico FEFLOW (Finite Element subsurface FLOW system), operando in regime permanente. I dati di input sono stati inseriti nel sistema attraverso l’assegnazione di condizioni ai limiti (Boundary Condition) di carico idraulico, di trasferimento di flussi, di emungimenti e delle proprietà dei materiali (Material Properties) come la permeabilità, la porosità e l’infiltrazione. I risultati finali hanno permesso di stimare i quantitativi d’acqua presenti all’interno dell’acquifero in studio mettendo in risalto l’importanza e il ruolo che ricopre l’infiltrazione meteorica che riesce a bilanciare gli emungimenti e a mantenere in equilibrio tutto il sistema. Data l’importanza strategica dell’acquifero, a completamento dello studio idrogeologico della Montagnola Senese, è stata effettuata anche la valutazione della sua vulnerabilità intrinseca all’inquinamento attraverso un metodo simiparametrico denominato SIPS. Questa metodologia originale, riconducibile ad un SINTACS semplificato, ha consentito, attraverso la stima di quattro parametri base, di valutare la vulnerabilità intrinseca del corpo idrico sotterraneo che per il 75% risulta essere compresa tra elevata e medio alta.
The Montagnola Senese aquifer (known as “Luco”) is an important and strategic water reserve in Southern Tuscany. With this study we have furthered our knowledge for the geometrical/structural, hydrodynamic and hydrochemical aquifer characterization and for the development of a conceptual model of it. In addition, this model provides the results of a work that aims to create a conceptual model and a first approach to the numerical model of flow in permanent regime for the evaluation and management of groundwater resources, while also assessing its vulnerability to pollution. New aquifer geometry data, represented by carbonate formation of Calcare Cavernoso and Breccia di Grotti, were acquired through geoelectrical surveys, geophysical tomography, borehole stratigraphy, a new deep borehole and compared with the geological mapping of Regione Toscana Continuum Map. This allowed to estimate the outcropping and non-outcropping aquifer extension (166,3 Km2), in respect of a feeding area of about 91,6 Km2. The entire permeable hydrogeological complex is found to have an average thickness of about 178 m. With regard to the hydrodynamic characterisation of the aquifer, which is necessary to describe the spatial and temporal trend of the piezometric surface, it can be stated that, despite the uneven spatial distribution of the measurement points, two main directions of underground water flow have been identified: southward (Piano di Rosia) and northwestward (Abbadia a Isola and Strove). This characterization of flows and hydrodynamic parameters needs further investigation in the future. The assessment of aquifer recharge was approached with two methodologies: - First one, evaluating the total infiltration in relation to the calculated water surplus infiltration, once the recharge area has been defined. This assessment (average data from 1967-2006) leads to estimate an average aquifer recharge of over 21·106 m3/year. - Second one, based on the excursion of the measured groundwater piezometric levels (March 2009-January 2010); it identifies a dynamic resource that, using an effective porosity (ne) of 8%, can be estimated at about 8,1·106 m3/year, to which should be added 12·106 m3/year of water that is currently withdrawn from the aquifer for a total amount of the annual hydric resource of about 20·106 m3. Even with all the limitations associated with this type of evaluation, the results obtained, with the two criteria, are in complete agreement with each other. As far as the water reserve is concerned, it is evaluated at around 1.5 billion m3, that is to say about 100 times greater than the dynamic resource. Comparing the renewable resource evaluations with current drinking water demand, we note that in the face of an average aquifer recharge of about 21·106 m3, water consumption is about 11,7·106 m3. Further utilisation of the aquifer hosted in the Montagnola Senese aquifer is therefore theoretically possible. Based on the knowledge gained, the conceptual model of the aquifer was created. The aquifer system has been represented using a three-dimensional finite element numerical model (FEM), by using FEFLOW (Finite Element subsurface FLOW system) numerical code, operating in permanent regime. Input data have been entered into the system by assigning boundary conditions at the hydraulic loading, at the water outflows and to the material properties such as permeability, porosity and infiltration. Final results made possible to estimate water quantities present in the aquifer, highlighting the importance and role played by meteoric infiltration in balancing the water outflows and keeping the system in balance. Given its strategic importance, to complete the hydrogeological study of Montagnola Senese aquifer, an assessment of its intrinsic vulnerability to pollution was also carried out using a simiparametric method called SIPS. This original methodology, which can be ascribable to a simplified SINTACS, made it possible, through the estimation of four basic parameters, to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the groundwater aquifer, which is for 75% high to medium-high.

Questa tesi riguarda un limitato areale dell’Elba orientale, posto tra il Camping Canapai e la località Alberone. Lo scopo della tesi è quello di descrivere l’assetto strutturale e la tettono-stratigrafia dell’area presa in esame, portando evidenze che confermino la geologia e la tettonica osservata in campagna con il più ampio contesto geologico-strutturale nel quale si trova l’Isola d’Elba. Inoltre, si è scelta di approfondire la natura diagenetica, ma anche tettonica, della Formazione del Calcare Cavernoso. È proposta una carta geologica in scala 1:5000 e una sezione geologica orientata W-SW/E-NE; in aggiunta, sono allegate fotografie e stereonet.

ABSTRACT Discoveries in the 1980s greatly expanded speleologists’ understanding of the role that hypogenic groundwater flow can play in developing caves at depth. Ascending groundwater charged with carbon dioxide and, especially, hydrogen sulfide can readily dissolve carbonate bedrock just below and above the water table. Sulfuric acid speleogenesis, in which anoxic, rising, sulfidic groundwater mixes with oxygenated cave atmosphere to form aggressive sulfuric acid (H2SO4) formed spectacular caves in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, USA. Cueva de Villa Luz in Mexico provides an aggressively active example of sulfuric acid speleogenesis processes, and the Frasassi Caves in Italy preserve the results of sulfuric acid speleogenesis in its upper levels while sulfidic groundwater currently enlarges cave passages in the lower levels. Many caves in east-central Nevada and western Utah (USA) are products of hypogenic speleogenesis and formed before the current topography fully developed. Wet climate during the late Neogene and Pleistocene brought extensive meteoric infiltration into the caves, and calcite speleothems (e.g., stalactites, stalagmites, shields) coat the walls and floors of the caves, concealing evidence of the earlier hypogenic stage. However, by studying the speleogenetic features in well-established sulfuric acid speleogenesis caves, evidence of hypogenic, probably sulfidic, speleogenesis in many Great Basin caves can be teased out. Compelling evidence of hypogenic speleogenesis in these caves include folia, mammillaries, bubble trails, cupolas, and metatyuyamunite. Sulfuric acid speleogenesis signs include hollow coralloid stalagmites, trays, gypsum crust, pseudoscallops, rills, and acid pool notches. Lehman Caves in Great Basin National Park is particularly informative because a low-permeability capstone protected about half of the cave from significant meteoric infiltration, preserving early speleogenetic features.