Journal articles on the topic 'Cage systems'
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1
Hemsworth, Paul H. "Cage production and laying hen welfare." Animal Production Science 61, no. 10 (2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19609.
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Although many factors affect the welfare of hens housed in cage and non-cage systems, welfare issues in cage systems often involve behavioural restrictions, whereas many welfare issues in non-cage systems involve health and hygiene. This review considers and compares the welfare of laying hens in cages, both conventional and furnished cages, with that of hens in non-cage systems, so as to highlight the welfare implications, both positive and negative, of cage housing. Comparisons of housing systems, particularly in commercial settings, are complex because of potentially confounding differences in physical, climatic and social environments, genetics, nutrition and management. Furthermore, some of the confounding factors are inherent to some specific housing systems. Nevertheless, research in commercial and experimental settings has indicated that hens in conventional and furnished cages have lower (or similar), but not higher, levels of stress on the basis of glucocorticoid concentrations than do hens in non-cage systems. Furthermore, caged hens, generally, have lower mortality rates than do hens in non-cage systems. However, the behavioural repertoire of laying hens housed in conventional cages is clearly more compromised than that of hens in non-cage systems. In contrast to conventional cages, furnished cages may provide opportunities for positive emotional experiences arising from perching, dust-bathing, foraging and nesting in a nest box. Some have suggested that the problems with modern animal production is not that the animals are unable to perform certain behavioural opportunities, but that they are unable to fill the extra time available with limited behaviours when they have no need to find food, water or shelter. Environmental enrichment in which objects or situations are presented that act successfully, and with a foreseeable rewarding outcome for hens by also providing regular positive emotional experience, is likely to enhance hen welfare. Research on cage systems highlights the importance of the design of the housing system rather than just the housing system per se.
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Berthelsen, H., and L. T. Hansen. "The Effect of Hay on the Behaviour of Caged Rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)." Animal Welfare 8, no. 2 (May 1999): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600021485.
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AbstractTo examine the effect of hay on behaviour of caged rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, a study was carried out on 86 rabbits, kept in wire cages with no access to hay in one period and with access to hay in a second period. As the study was part of a larger experiment analysing the rabbits’ behaviour in two different cage systems, the rabbits were equally distributed across two systems: a system with conventional barren wire cages, and an enriched system with boxes and raised height at the back of the wire cages. The rabbits’ behaviour was recorded using direct scan sampling during the day and continuous registration based on video recording at night. When hay was available, the rabbits in both cage systems performed significantly less bar gnawing and excessive grooming. This applied especially to the rabbits kept in the conventional cage system which also showed a distinct decrease in their frequency of changing between different behaviours. This suggests that rabbits kept in cages where hay is available are less stressed than those kept in cages where it is not. Enrichment with hay should, therefore, be considered in attempts to improve the welfare of caged rabbits.
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Hubert, Shawna Marie, Morouj Al-Ajeeli, Christopher A. Bailey, and Giridhar Athrey. "The Role of Housing Environment and Dietary Protein Source on the Gut Microbiota of Chicken." Animals 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121085.
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The gut microbiota of chicken has received much attention due to its importance for bird health, food safety, and performance. In the United States, the impending transition to cage-free housing environments has raised many questions about its consequences for poultry health, productivity, and welfare. Therefore, we investigated how housing environments and feed composition affect the poultry gut microbiome. Such data is necessary to inform the design of production systems that promote health and food safety. In this study, we investigated the cecal microbiome of both caged and cage-free laying hens that were fed either an industry-standard soy-based versus a soy-free diet. Caged hens were housed in standard industry-style layer cages with one bird per cage, and cage-free hens were housed in a poultry barn with an outdoor enclosed yard with multiple hens per pen. Our study showed significant differences in the gut microbiota between cage-free and caged environments. Cage free housing generated higher diversity compared to caged housing. Furthermore, we observed a synergistic interaction of soy-based feed in cage-free housing, as the cage-free soy group showed the highest alpha diversity, whereas the caged-soy group showed the lowest diversity overall.
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Rodenburg, TB, FAM Tuyttens, K. de Reu, L. Herman, J. Zoons, and B. Sonck. "Welfare assessment of laying hens in furnished cages and non-cage systems: an on-farm comparison." Animal Welfare 17, no. 4 (November 2008): 363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860002786x.
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AbstractFrom 2012 onwards, all laying hens in Europe will need to be housed either in furnished cages or non-cage systems (aviaries or floor-housing systems). In terms of animal welfare, furnished cages and non-cage systems both have advantages and disadvantages. Data on direct comparisons between the two, however, are limited. The aim of this study was to carry out an on-farm comparison of laying hens’ welfare in furnished cages and non-cage systems. To meet this aim, six flocks of laying hens in furnished cages and seven flocks in non-cage systems (all without an outdoor run) were visited when hens were around 60 weeks of age and a number of measures were collected: behavioural observations, fearfulness, plumage and body condition, incidence of bone breaks, bone strength, TGI-score (or Animal Needs Index), dust levels and mortality. In non-cage systems, birds were found to be more active and made greater use of resources (scratching area, perches) than in furnished cages. These birds also had stronger bones and were less fearful than birds in furnished cages. On the other hand, birds in furnished cages had lower mortality rates, lower incidence of bone fractures and lower airborne dust concentrations. When all the welfare indicators were integrated into an overall welfare score, there were no significant differences between systems. These results indicate that furnished cages and non-cage systems have both strong and weak points in terms of their impact on animal welfare.
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Ismiyah, Elly. "Analysis of Operational Risk Management of Broiler Farms Closed House Systems." Journal Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik Engineering, Social Science, and Health International Conference (UMGESHIC) 1, no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/umgeshic.v1i2.3447.
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Broiler farming is one of the businesses that people are interested in, especially people in rural areas who still have sufficient land area to build a cage as a place for raising chickens. This is because chicken meat is a food commodity that is still in demand in every community. Running a business in the field of broiler farming certainly requires capital, although the required capital can be minimized by establishing a nucleus-plasma partnership with companies engaged in chicken farming. Of course, the breeders hope that from the effort they make, they get maximum profit with the various simulations that have been carried out. The cage is an important environmental factor in the maintenance of broiler chickens, because the cage is a place for chickens to live and move so that its comfort determines productivity results. The closed house maintenance system is a maintenance system with a closed cage concept where the microclimate in the cage is adjusted according to needs. The advantages of closed house cages are more capacity or population, chickens are protected from physical disturbances, weather, pollution, and disease. However, the closed house system also has drawbacks, especially in terms of investment and high operating expenses. This study will analyze operational risk management on closed house system farms with a case study of livestock in Lamongan Regency. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for mitigation actions that must be taken so that risks can be minimized. 3 (three) risks with the highest RPN value are the calculation of harvest yields does not match daily recordings. High chicken mortality at a time when harvesting IP is very far from expectations. Meanwhile, the proposed mitigation measures are to provide strict sanctions if fraud cases are found by certain persons, provide more counseling it would be better to provide knowledge to the caged chicks on how to better manage the cage, and to increase understanding of disease outbreaks for PPL and caged chicks to determine appropriate treatment actions
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van Staaveren, Nienke van, Caitlin Decina, Christine F. Baes, Tina M. Widowski, Olaf Berke, and Alexandra Harlander-Matauschek. "Housing and Management Practices on 33 Pullet Farms in Canada." Animals 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020049.
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Although Canada is one of the first to provide guidelines on pullet rearing in a new Code of Practice which came into effect in March 2017, little information is available about the housing and management of pullets on Canadian farms. We surveyed 99 pullet farmers and received useable responses from 33 pullet farmers (33.3% response rate) who took part in the Start Clean-Stay Clean™ program through their provincial egg boards across Canada during October–December 2017 as part of a larger study. Most flocks were housed in conventional cage systems (42.4%), followed by single-tier (33.3%) and multi-tier systems (24.2%). Flocks ranged from 1–19 weeks of age (average: 10.5 weeks of age) and were white- (58.1%) or brown-feathered (41.9%). In general, non-cage farmers met the new requirements set out in the Code of Practice for space, perches and litter provision during pullet rearing during this transitional period. Conventional caged flocks did not have opportunities for perching and foraging, but developing new methods to provide pullets with opportunities to perch and forage will become more important as the laying hen housing system transition from conventional cages to furnished cage and non-cage housing systems in Canada progresses. Additionally, clear litter management recommendations for farmers to ensure good litter quality are needed for non-cage housing systems.
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Nenadović, K., M. Vučinić, R. Turubatović, Z. Beckei, T. Gerić, and T. Ilić. "The effect of different housing systems on the welfare and the parasitological conditions of laying hens." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 73, no. 3 (November 9, 2022): 4493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.27585.
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In Serbia, by 2020, conventional cages will no longer be permitted and hens will be housed in furnished cages. The study was conducted during the winter season on four rearing systems of Lohman Brown hens. For welfare assessment were used indicators from the Welfare quality assessment protocol for poultry. All fecal samples for parasites were qualitatively and quantitatively examined. The results showed that each housing system had positive and negative aspects but overall, hens in cage systems had the highest prevalence of poor plumage condition (47 % and 39%). Hens in conventional cages had more skin lesions (27%) than birds in other systems. Keel bone deformation was the most present in the aviary system (56%) while comb pecking wound in a conventional cage (33%) and free-range system (50%). Hens in the non cage had the highest prevalence of foot pad disorders (32% and 40%). In furnished cages, problems occurred in hens are the lowest. Parasitological examination diagnosed four groups of endoparasites: Coccidia, Trichostrongylidae and Heterakis spp, and Capillaria spp, with a total prevalence of 64% (64/100) only in free-range system. Laying hens in cage systems have a higher expression of negative emotions in relation to the aviary and free-range system. Evidence of negative hens’ emotional condition in cage systems and negative physical condition across all housing systems, suggests that the welfare of modern hens in Serbia is impaired.
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Rodic, V., L. Peric, Z. Pavlovski, and N. Milosevic. "Competitiveness of table eggs from non-cage housing systems." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 1-2 (2010): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1002117r.
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Experiences of developed countries show that production costs in non-cage housing systems for layer hens are from 8 to 59%, and in organic production over 200% higher compared to production costs in the conventional cage system. Consequently, eggs deriving from non-cage systems can be competitive only provided that the consumers are willing to pay adequately higher price for eggs produced in said way. In this paper, 720 consumers were interviewed with aim to determine to what extent they are prepared to pay higher price for eggs deriving from non-cage systems. Obtained results show that over ? of consumers were willing to pay higher price for such eggs. This, however, was limited in majority of consumers (53%) to increase of price by up to 20%. This is enough to cover increased costs of production in the floor system, but not in case of free range system and organic production. Taking into consideration the fact that in EU, from year 2012, serious egg deficit can be expected due to the ban of housing of layers in battery cages, and that this deficit will probably be covered by supply from surrounding countries, it can be concluded that for certain number of producers transition to non-cage housing systems can be good business decision. For most of them, however, transition to so called enriched cages poses less risk, and in this production system they can expect premium price for egg with increase of production costs not exceeding 15%.
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Pal, Ranita, and Pratim Kumar Chattaraj. "Can the Fluxionality in Borospherene Influence the Confinement-Induced Bonding between Two Noble Gas Atoms?" Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 8683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248683.
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A density functional theory study is performed to determine the stability and bonding in the neon dimer inside the B30N30 fullerene cage, the fluxional B40 cage, and within non-fluxional cages such as B12N12 and C60. The nature of bonding in the Ne2 encapsulated B40 is compared with the that in other cages in an attempt to determine whether any possible alterations are brought about by the dynamical nature of the host cage apart from the associated confinement effects. The bonding analysis includes the natural bond order (NBO), Bader’s Atoms-in-Molecules electron density analysis (AIM), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), revealing the non-covalent nature of the interactions between the Ne atoms and that between the Ne and the cage atoms. The formation of all the Ne2@cage systems is thermochemically unfavourable, the least being that for the B30N30 cage, which can easily be made favourable at lower temperatures. The Ne-Ne distance is lowest in the smallest cage and increases as the cage size increase due to steric relaxation experienced by the dimer. The dynamical picture of the systems is investigated by performing ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using the atom-centred density matrix propagation (ADMP) technique, which shows the nature of the movement of the dimer inside the cages, and by the fact that since it moves as a single entity, a weak bonding force holds them together, apart from their proven kinetic stability.
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Laili, Ana Rohmatul, Ratna Damayanti, Boedi Setiawan, and Sri Hidanah. "Comparison of Broiler Performance in Closed House and Open House Systems in Trenggalek." Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/javest.v3.i1.2022.6-11.
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Background: According to the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, broiler meat production in 2020 decreased by 6.3% from the previous year. Several factors can influence chicken productivity, one of which is cage management. The cage has a vital role in success because the comfort of the cage will result in maximum chicken productivity. Aim: To compare the productivity of broiler chickens reared using Closed House and Open House cage systems in the same partnership based on the value of Feed Conversion Ratio, Mortality, and Index Performance. Methods: Data collection was carried out using the literature and observative methods, namely direct observation on two farms using a Closed House and an Open House cage system in Trenggalek Regency in April 2021. Results: A FCR value of Closed House system cages has an FCR value of 1.416, whereas the Open House system was 1.605. The mortality of broiler chickens reared in the Open House system was 842, and in the closed house system was 572. The index performance of broiler chickens raised in the Closed House system was 366.5, whereas in an Open House system, the index performance was 319.4. Conclusion: The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Mortality, and Index Performance Index (IP) value of broiler chickens reared in the Closed House system cage was higher than those in the Open House system cage.
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Kashyap, Ram P., Mahendra N. Deshpande, Dayanada Rajapaksa, Alan P. Marchand, and William H. Watson. "Strained tridecane cage systems." Journal of Chemical Crystallography 25, no. 9 (September 1995): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01667026.
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Yang, Liubin, Fang Yuan, Li Rong, Jinping Cai, Sendong Yang, Zijia Jia, and Shijun Li. "Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profile Analysis of Muscles Reveals Pathways and Biomarkers Involved in Flavor Differences between Caged and Cage-Free Chickens." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2022): 2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182890.
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The cage-free system has gained a lot of interest in recent years because it can offer chickens more freedom and is easier to manage compared with free-range rearing systems, but few studies have focused on the effect of the cage-free rearing system on meat quality and flavor. In this study, 44 Jianghan chickens were reared in caged or cage-free systems to explore the effect of different rearing systems on meat-eating quality. Sensory evaluation of cooked muscles showed that the leg muscle aroma, juiciness, and flavor intensity significantly improved by the cage-free rearing. The cage-free hens had significantly lower body weight, abdominal fat percentage, and meat fat content, but higher meat moisture content. The cage-free group had brighter breast muscle and redder leg muscle color 24 h after slaughter. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profile analysis of the leg muscle samples showed that the cage-free rearing changed biosynthesis pathways associated with glycogen metabolism, lipid and fatty acid biosynthesis and transport, muscle cellular type, and cellular components, which were related to raw meat quality. Different rearing systems also resulted in differences in glycolipid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and altered levels of intramuscular fat content and other flavor precursors. Pathways such as glycerolipid metabolism, adipocytokine signaling, and metabonomic pathways such as linoleic acid, glycerophospholipid, arginine, proline, and β-alanine metabolism may be responsible for the meat quality and flavor change.
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Tombuku, Anggella T., V. Rawung, M. Montong, and Z. Poli. "PENGARUH BERBAGAI MACAM RANSUM KOMERSIAL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM KANDANG YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP KUALITAS KARKAS AYAM PEDAGING." ZOOTEC 34 (June 4, 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.34.0.2014.4795.
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ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL RATIONS COMBINED WITH DIFFERENT CAGE SYSTEM ON CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILERS. The objective of this research was to determine carcass quality of broilers fed with three forms of commercial ration using 2 different cages. Total of 96 day old chicks were used in this study using four animals in each cage. Research was conducted using a completely randomized design divided into 3x2 patterns of treatment with 4 replications. Three forms of commercial ration (Factor A) consisted of A1 = Pokhpand Ration (CP 11 ); A2 = Cargill Ration (Avibro) and A3 = Sierad Ration (BSG 101). Two different cages (Factor B) consisted of B1 = Battery Cage ; B2 = Litter System. The results showed that three forms of commercial ration combined with two different cage systems give the same effect on carcass quality of broilers in terms of carcass percentage and abdominal fat weight. Litter system and animal slaughter at 6 weeks of age reduced the risk of breast blisters. Keywords: Rations, cage, broiler, carcass quality.
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Motes, James E., and Raymond J. Schatzer. "INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON FRESH-MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION COSTS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 664d—664. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.664d.
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Fresh market tomato cultivar and cultural trials are conducted yearly at the Oklahoma Vegetable Research Station near Tulsa. From 14 to 18 cultivars have been evaluated each season since 1985 comparing the Florida stake-and-weave and the wire mesh cage cultural systems. Results from 7 years of trials indicate caging produced 32% greater marketable yield than the stake-and-weave system. Percentage early yield was reduced with the cage system. Percentage of cull fruit was greater with the stake-and-weave system due to a higher incidence of fruit cracking. Average fruit size was not affected by cultural system. Cost of production analysis showed a lower cost of production with the cage system. The cage system is more capital intensive and the stake-and-weave system is more labor intensive. Undesirable factors in the use of cages are greater difficulty in picking the early fruit clusters, logistics in off-season storage of cages and the larger capital investment required for the cage system.
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Lebedeva, Maria A., Thomas W. Chamberlain, E. Stephen Davies, Bradley E. Thomas, Martin Schröder, and Andrei N. Khlobystov. "Tuning the interactions between electron spins in fullerene-based triad systems." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (February 5, 2014): 332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.31.
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A series of six fullerene–linker–fullerene triads have been prepared by the stepwise addition of the fullerene cages to bridging moieties thus allowing the systematic variation of fullerene cage (C60 or C70) and linker (oxalate, acetate or terephthalate) and enabling precise control over the inter-fullerene separation. The fullerene triads exhibit good solubility in common organic solvents, have linear geometries and are diastereomerically pure. Cyclic voltammetric measurements demonstrate the excellent electron accepting capacity of all triads, with up to 6 electrons taken up per molecule in the potential range between −2.3 and 0.2 V (vs Fc+/Fc). No significant electronic interactions between fullerene cages are observed in the ground state indicating that the individual properties of each C60 or C70 cage are retained within the triads. The electron–electron interactions in the electrochemically generated dianions of these triads, with one electron per fullerene cage were studied by EPR spectroscopy. The nature of electron–electron coupling observed at 77 K can be described as an equilibrium between doublet and triplet state biradicals which depends on the inter-fullerene spacing. The shorter oxalate-bridged triads exhibit stronger spin–spin coupling with triplet character, while in the longer terephthalate-bridged triads the intramolecular spin–spin coupling is significantly reduced.
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Yardım, Zeynep, and Mustafa Akşit. "Kafes Sistemi ve Yerleşim Sıklığının Yumurta Tavuklarının Performansı, Yumurta Kalitesi ve Yumurta Kabuğunun Mikrobiyal Yükü Üzerine Etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 11 (December 1, 2021): 2004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i11.2004-2012.4649.
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This study was carried out to determine the effects of two different cage systems (enriched and conventional) and low and high stocking densities on performance, egg quality and egg shell microorganisms. In study, two different genotypes were used to native (Atak-S) and foreign (Lohmann) hens occurred of 864 hens used. As the cage system, the battery type was used in the conventional system and the enriched cage type was used in the alternative system. The results indicated that genotype and cage system significantly affected egg production and egg mass in the laying period (18-76 weeks). It was determined that Lohmann genotype and conventional cages had significantly higher egg production and egg mass in this period. It was seen that hens consumed significantly higher feed in enriched cages than in conventional cages, and were significantly better feed conversion ratio in low stocking density compared to high stocking density. The effects of genotype and cages system on the quality characteristics of eggs were found to be significant, and it was determined quality characteristics of Lohmann eggs were better (especially eggshell quality. In addition, it was understood that the internal quality of the eggs in the conventional cages and the external quality characteristics of the eggs in the enriched system were positively affected. The total numbers of microorganisms were determined to be higher on shell of eggs from enriched cages than conventional cages. The total numbers of microorganisms were higher in enriched cage eggs compared to conventional cage eggs. However, stocking density was not a significant effect on the microbial load of the eggshell.
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Krohn, Thomas C., Axel Kornerup Hansen, and Nils Dragsted. "The impact of cage ventilation on rats housed in IVC systems." Laboratory Animals 37, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/00236770360563714.
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Today the use of individually ventilated cage systems (IVC systems) is common, especially for housing transgenic rodents. Typically, in each cage a ventilation rate of 40 to 50 air changes per hour is applied, but in some systems even up to 120 air changes per hour is applied. To reach this rate, the air is blown into the cage at a relatively high speed. However, at the animal's level most systems ventilate with an air speed of approximately 0.2 m/s. In the present paper, two studies were conducted, one analysing whether an air speed below 0.2 m/s or just above 0.5 m/s affects the rats, and another study analysing whether air changes of 50, 80 and 120 times per hour affect the rats. In both studies, monitoring of preferences as well as physiological parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure, was used to show the ability of the animals to register the different parameters and to avoid them if possible. Air speeds inside the cage of as high as 0.5 m/s could not be shown to affect the rats, while the number of air changes in each cage should be kept below 80 times per hour to avoid impacts on physiology (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). Also the rats prefer cages with air changes below 80 times per hour if they have the opportunity of choosing, as shown in the preference test.
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SLANINA, ZDENĚK, and TAHSIN J. CHOW. "He INCORPORATION INTO SMALL CAGE COMPOUNDS: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY." International Journal of Nanoscience 02, no. 04n05 (August 2003): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x03001346.
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Endohedral cage compounds have been considered as possible candidate species for molecular memories. One class of such endohedrals is represented by cage complexes with encapsulated He. They have been vigorously studied and recently He@C 20 H 20 has been prepared as the yet smallest member of the family. In this report, computations are carried out on three hypothetical endohedral systems: He@C 14 H 16 (iso-garudane and garudane cages), He@C 20, and compared with the available He@C 60 and He@C 20 H 20 species. Geometry optimizations are followed by computations of 3He NMR shifts — a useful tool for observation of He-encapsulates. The geometry optimizations can produce local energy minima for the endohedral systems, though He@C 14 H 16 must obviously be less likely than He@C 20 H 20 as they require a larger cage expansion. The computed 3He NMR shifts are quite sensitive to the cage environment. Kinetic stabilization of He-encapsulates is also discussed.
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Appleby, M. C. "Should Cages for Laying Hens Be Banned or Modified?" Animal Welfare 2, no. 1 (February 1993): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600015463.
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AbstractConventional cages for laying hens have many disadvantages for welfare and there have been widespread calls for them to be banned. However, they also have advantages: in particular, they house the birds in small groups. Modified designs intended to reduce the disadvantages while retaining the advantages have included the get-away cage (providing perches and other facilities for up to 60 birds), but these designs have not yet had much success. The Edinburgh project on modified cages has adopted a stage-by-stage, systematic approach to cage design. Recommendations include increased area and height compared to conventional cages, and inclusion of a perch, a nest box and a dust bath. Current trials combine all these features in designs with commercial potential One remaining welfare problem is restriction of locomotion, with associated effects on bone strength However, alternative, non-cage husbandry systems for laying hens also have welfare problems, including those associated with large group sizes, and these problems may be worse than those in modified cages. Probably most important is the risk of cannibalism - or the practice of beak trimming to prevent it. Rather than banning cages, it might be more appropriate for legislation to specify the facilities which should be provided for laying hens.In the current state of development of alternative systems, modifying cages for laying hens could on balance be more beneficial to welfare than banning them.
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Liu, Yisi, Ke Xu, Yihua Xu, Jinjie Liu, Jianyang Wu, and Zhisen Zhang. "HTR: An ultra-high speed algorithm for cage recognition of clathrate hydrates." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0044.
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Abstract Clathrate hydrates find diverse significant applications including but not limited to future energy resources, gas storage and transport, gas separation, water desalination, and refrigeration. Studies on the nucleation, growth, dissociation, and micro/nanoscale properties of clathrate hydrates that are of utmost importance for those applications are challenging by experiments but can be accessible by molecular simulations. By this method, however, identification of cage structures to extract useful insights is highly required. Herein, we introduce a hierarchical topology ring (HTR) algorithm to recognize cage structures with high efficiency and high accuracy. The HTR algorithm can identify all types of complete cages and is particularly optimized for hydrate identification in large-scale systems composed of millions of water molecules. Moreover, topological isomers of cages and n × guest@cage can be uniquely identified. Besides, we validate the use of HTR for the identification of cages of clathrate hydrates upon mechanical loads to failure.
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Yenice, G., O. Kaynar, M. Ileriturk, F. Hira, and A. Hayirli. "Quality of eggs in different production systems." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 34, No. 4 (September 5, 2016): 370–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/33/2016-cjfs.
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This experiment was carried out to compare morphological egg quality parameters, as well as lipid and protein profiles, of brown eggs laid by chickens reared under different production systems: cage, free-range, and family type. A total of 270 brown eggs were obtained from commercial poultry companies raising Lohmann Brown laying hens in a cage system and free-range unit as well as families possessing hens in their yards. The egg lipid and protein contents, as well as lipid and protein profile, varied among the production systems. However, eggs from the free-range system had similar characteristics to those from the cage system. Quality of eggs from the family type system was quite variable. In conclusion, egg quality can be affected by the production system.
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Hamilton, Stuart E., Silviya M. Gallo, Noah Krach, Chrisphine S. Nyamweya, John K. Okechi, Christopher M. Aura, Zachary Ogari, Paige M. Roberts, and Les Kaufman. "The use of unmanned aircraft systems and high-resolution satellite imagery to monitor tilapia fish-cage aquaculture expansion in Lake Victoria, Kenya." Bulletin of Marine Science 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2019.0063.
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Lake Victoria, the largest lake in the tropics, has a storied history that includes recent shifts in ecology due to a variety of point and nonpoint source anthropogenic impacts. Among the expanding industries contributing to environmental impacts (if not properly managed) is the recent and rapid expansion of cage aquaculture of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). As part of an effort to assess the ecological consequences of this new industry, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), very high-resolution satellite imagery, and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to map the tilapia fish cages in the Kenya portion of Lake Victoria, Africa. Understanding the impacts of the growth of commercial finfish cage culture within Lake Victoria requires a systems view which, through the use of UAS and satellite technologies, can provide spatial context and change detection. This synthesis of UAS, very high-resolution satellite imagery, and GIS has allowed for accurate and rapid mapping of inshore tilapia fish cages with high positional accuracy. The significance of these observations lies in the speed and detection accuracy in the methodology, allowing for rapid visualization and assessment of cage culture in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria. As of 2012, there were very few floating aquaculture finfish cages in the Kenyan portion of Lake Victoria. Using UAS, satellite, and GIS technologies, in 2018 the same portion of the lake was found to contain 4357 fish cages covering 62,132 m>2.
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Lipman, N. S., B. F. Corning, and MD Saifuddin. "Evaluation of isolator caging systems for protection of mice against challenge with mouse hepatitis virus." Laboratory Animals 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367793780810360.
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Two isolator caging systems were evaluated against challenge with MHV-Y, an enterotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus. The systems were similar in that they both used an identical shoebox cage equipped with a polycarbonate filter top incorporating a Reemay® filter. They differed in that one system supplied HEPA-filtered air through a grommet in the filter lid so that the cage was pressurized slightly. A rack holding 60 cages (30 front and back) was utilized. Thirty cages without filter tops housed one mouse each that had been infected orally with 19000 ID50 of MHV-Y and an uninfected cagemate. The remaining 30 cages, each housing 2 uninfected mice were divided into 3 groups of 10 cages. Group I cages (controls) had no filter top; Group II cages were equipped with filter tops; and Group III were equipped with filter tops and intracage HEPA-filtered air. The cages housing uninfected mice were interspersed between, above, below and behind cages housing infected mice. The uninfected mice were maintained in contact with the MHV-Y infected mice for 8 weeks. Transmission of MHV-Y was determined serologically by indirect ELISA. All mice housed within the Group I cages (control) seroconverted to MHV, while only 4 mice (2 cages) seroconverted in Group II, and no mice seroconverted in Group III
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LUZI, E., P. A. MARTINO, and M. VERGA. "Behaviour and production of fattening rabbits in colony cages, with and without environmental enrichment." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15089.
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In intensive rabbit husbandry systems animals are usually housed in 2 place-cages without any kind of environmental enrichment. This system may induce stress due to boredom. To reduce stress, both colony cages and the presence of something to gnaw inside the cage may be useful. The aim of this research was to test the effect of environmental enrichment (presence of a piece of wood inside the cage) on performance and health of fattening rabbits, i.e. presence of body injuries. This trial has been carried out in a commercial farm, located in Northern of Italy (Piemonte region), during the summer of year 2002. The ventilation and the photoperiod were under natural conditions. Animals were housed in colony cages (12 cages, 8 animals per cage; cage size: 50x120x40 cm; density: 0.750 cm2 per animal) in semi plain-air conditions. Animals' behaviour was video-recorded during 72 hours (24 hours for 3 days) at 55, 70 and 83 days of age. The video recording covered 48 rabbits for each treatment: environmental enrichment and control group. Animals were weighted at 55, 70, 85 days; the carcass weight and yield were also analysed. Daily weight gain (49.6±2.7g vs 46.18±5.6g) and weight at slaughtering (2973.18±34.09g vs 2834.68±34.45g, P<0.01) were heavier in enriched cages than in control groups. The carcass yield was not different between the groups (62.2%); no injuries were detected on the carcass surface during the slaughter processing on both the environmental and control groups. In the first period (55 days of age) the enriched rabbits were more active than the control ones; in detail, the behaviours lying and lying stretched were significandy lower (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). Furthermore, the enriched rabbits showed a trend to a better feeding activity, maybe linked to a total higher activity. In the second (70 days of age) and third period (83 days of age) the enriched rabbits showed higher feeding behaviour and caecotrophy levels (P<0.05). In the present research, the results show that to give rabbits a hanging wood from the cage ceiling may improve their biological functioning and increase their growth rate without deteriorate their health status. As regards the behaviour of rabbit caged, the results showed that the environmental enrichment might affect their behaviour and increase their welfare.
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Stover, Mitchel G., and Jason S. Villano. "Evaluation of Various IVC Systems According to Mouse Reproductive Performance and Husbandry and Environmental Parameters." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000079.
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IVC systems are marketed for improving the health and management of mouse colonies. The current study compared mouse reproductive performance and husbandry and environmental parameters among 3 high-density (HD) IVC rack systems (RS1, RS2, and RS3), which were present in separate but comparable rooms. Three breeding trios each of Swiss Webster (CFW) and BALB/c mice were placed in each rack (n = 36 female, n = 18 male). Reproductive indices were measured for 3 breeding cycles over 2 generations; indices included time to parturition, litter size and pup weight, survivability, and interbirth interval. Over 18 wk, personnel used scoring systems to evaluate each RS daily to every other week according to cage dirtiness, need for spot changing, ease of cage changing, daily health checks, and cage wash processing. Macroenvironmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity, noise, total particulate matter) were measured weekly over 14 wks. Microenvironmental parameters (temperature, relative humidity, NH3, CO2, O2) of 2 cages each of male and female CFW mice (4 mice/cage) on each RS were measured at 6 time points over 2 wks. RS1 had significantly smaller mean litter sizes of CFW mice (mean ± 1 SD, 6.5 ± 2.9 pups) as compared with both RS2 (9.5 ± 1.7 pups) and RS3 (9.3 ± 3.8 pups). RS1 scored as being significantly easier to process through the cage wash. RS2 had significantly lower room noise levels (46.0 ± 5.0 dBA) but higher humidity (58.6% ± 8.9%) as compared with both RS1 (43.7% ± 9.9%) and RS3 (46.0% ± 12.0%) over the 2-wk cycle, particularly at 8 and 12 d after cage change. In conclusion, in terms of mouse reproductive performance and husbandry and environmental parameters, each system had at least 1 advantage over the other 2. Therefore, various factors should be considered when choosing an IVC system for mice.
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Coghe, Frederik. "Efficiency of Different Cage Armour Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105064.
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Cage armour systems have been in use since the 1960s and are still being used extensively on many armoured vehicles up to this day to offer protection against mainly a number of RPG-7 shaped charge warheads. Nevertheless, many misunderstandings still exist up to this day as well as regarding their working principle as regarding their actual efficiency. This article will start by exploring the origins of the current cage armour systems and by explaining the working principle behind them. This will be followed by the development of a methodology to calculate the efficiency of different types of cage armour systems (slat, bar, net and inertial distributed weight systems) as a function of impact conditions for a specific RPG-7 shaped charge warhead. The results of the developed methodology will be compared to experimental results for four different cage armour systems, in order to validate the followed approach. It will then be applied to different cage armour systems in order to calculate their overall ballistic and mass efficiency as a function of the impact angle. The analysis will finally be refined taking into account the likely impact conditions for an RPG-7 shaped charge warhead, based on a simple trajectory model.
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Molnár, Szilvia, and László Szőllősi. "Sustainability and Quality Aspects of Different Table Egg Production Systems: A Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197884.
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Eggs are of considerable importance in feeding the population, as they are a relatively inexpensive and complex food source of very high biological value. The daily animal protein requirement for the human body can be covered with eggs in the cheapest way and with the lowest environmental impact. As animal welfare, as well as environmental and health awareness issues, become increasingly prominent in developed countries, consumer demand for eggs has also changed significantly in recent years, with an increasing number of consumers buying eggs produced in non-cage housing systems. In recent years, cage housing has been more frequently debated in EU member states. An initiative was launched in 2018 to end cage housing technologies and the sale of eggs produced in this way. However, in addition to animal welfare, a number of other factors need to be considered in relation to sustainable production. For this reason, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of the sustainability issues of various housing technologies, as well as quality factors affecting consumer health and egg consumption based on the relevant international references and databases. Although there is a growing demand for products produced in non-cage housing systems due to the increasing relevance of environmental protection, health awareness and animal welfare issues in Western societies, research has shown that non-caged production is not the best solution for environmentally, socially and economically sustainable egg production.
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Ahola, Leena, Tarja Koistinen, and Jaakko Mononen. "Sand Floor for Farmed Blue Foxes: Effects on Claws, Adrenal Cortex Function, Growth and Fur Properties." International Journal of Zoology 2009 (2009): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/563252.
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Farmed blue foxes (Vulpes lagopus) are traditionally housed on mesh floors where they are unable to perform certain species-specific behaviours, such as digging, which may compromise the animals' welfare. This study describes how a possibility to use in-cage sand floor affects welfare-related variables like growth of the claws, adrenal cortex function, and fur properties in juvenile blue foxes. The foxes (N=32) were housed in male-female sibling pairs in an outdoor fur animal shed in cage systems consisting of two traditional fox cages. For the eight male-female sibling pairs of the Control group, there was a mesh floor in both cages of each cage system, whereas for the eight pairs of the Sand group there was a mesh floor in one cage and a 30–40 cm deep earth floor in the other cage. The results show that sand floor is beneficial for the wearing of the claws of foxes. Furthermore, an early experience of sand floor may have positive effects on the foxes' fur development. The results, however, also suggest that there might appear welfare problems observed as disturbed claw growth and increased adrenal cortex activation if foxes that are once provided with clean and unfrozen sand floor are not allowed to enjoy this floor all the time.
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Seward, T., B. D. Harfmann, K. A. Esser, and E. A. Schroder. "Reinventing the wheel: comparison of two wheel cage styles for assessing mouse voluntary running activity." Journal of Applied Physiology 124, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00880.2017.
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Voluntary wheel cage assessment of mouse activity is commonly employed in exercise and behavioral research. Currently, no standardization for wheel cages exists resulting in an inability to compare results among data from different laboratories. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the distance run or average speed data differ depending on the use of two commonly used commercially available wheel cage systems. Two different wheel cages with structurally similar but functionally different wheels (electromechanical switch vs. magnetic switch) were compared side-by-side to measure wheel running data differences. Other variables, including enrichment and cage location, were also tested to assess potential impacts on the running wheel data. We found that cages with the electromechanical switch had greater inherent wheel resistance and consistently led to greater running distance per day and higher average running speed. Mice rapidly, within 1–2 days, adapted their running behavior to the type of experimental switch used, suggesting these running differences are more behavioral than due to intrinsic musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, or metabolic limits. The presence of enrichment or location of the cage had no detectable impact on voluntary wheel running. These results demonstrate that mice run differing amounts depending on the type of cage and switch mechanism used and thus investigators need to report wheel cage type/wheel resistance and use caution when interpreting distance/speed run across studies. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The results of this study highlight that mice will run different distances per day and average speed based on the inherent resistance present in the switch mechanism used to record data. Rapid changes in running behavior for the same mouse in the different cages demonstrate that a strong behavioral factor contributes to classic exercise outcomes in mice. Caution needs to be taken when interpreting mouse voluntary wheel running activity to include potential behavioral input and physiological parameters.
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Pan, Cheng-Tang, Che-Hsin Lin, Ya-Kang Huang, Jason S. C. Jang, Hsuan-Kai Lin, Che-Nan Kuo, De-Yao Lin, and Jacob C. Huang. "Design of Customize Interbody Fusion Cages of Ti64ELI with Gradient Porosity by Selective Laser Melting Process." Micromachines 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12030307.
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Intervertebral fusion surgery for spinal trauma, degeneration, and deformity correction is a major vertebral reconstruction operation. For most cages, the stiffness of the cage is high enough to cause stress concentration, leading to a stress shielding effect between the vertebral bones and the cages. The stress shielding effect affects the outcome after the reconstruction surgery, easily causing damage and leading to a higher risk of reoperation. A porous structure for the spinal fusion cage can effectively reduce the stiffness to obtain more comparative strength for the surrounding tissue. In this study, an intervertebral cage with a porous gradation structure was designed for Ti64ELI alloy powders bonded by the selective laser melting (SLM) process. The medical imaging software InVesalius and 3D surface reconstruction software Geomagic Studio 12 (Raindrop Geomagic Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA) were utilized to establish the vertebra model, and ANSYS Workbench 16 (Ansys Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) simulation software was used to simulate the stress and strain of the motions including vertical body-weighted compression, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation. The intervertebral cage with a hollow cylinder had porosity values of 80–70–60–70–80% (from center to both top side and bottom side) and had porosity values of 60–70–80 (from outside to inside). In addition, according to the contact areas between the vertebras and cages, the shape of the cages can be custom-designed. The cages underwent fatigue tests by following ASTM F2077-17. Then, mechanical property simulations of the cages were conducted for a comparison with the commercially available cages from three companies: Zimmer (Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA), Ulrich (Germany), and B. Braun (Germany). The results show that the stress and strain distribution of the cages are consistent with the ones of human bone, and show a uniform stress distribution, which can reduce stress concentration.
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Hosmane, Narayan S., and John A. Maguire. "Metallacarboranes of the C2B4-cage systems." Journal of Cluster Science 4, no. 4 (December 1993): 297–349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00703731.
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Li, Yeteng, Wenchao Li, Yongsheng Zhu, Gaobo He, Shuaijun Ma, and Jun Hong. "Dynamic Performance Analysis of Cage in Four-Point Contact Ball Bearing." Lubricants 10, no. 7 (July 11, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10070149.
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Due to the special structure of double-half inner rings, four-point contact ball bearings are prone to uneven forces in the inner raceway during movement, which affects the dynamic performance of the rolling element and cage, and even leads to cage sliding. Dynamic performance of the cage is an important factor affecting the working stability of bearings. In this paper, in order to grasp the operation law of the cage so as to guide the application of four-point contact ball bearings, the dynamic model of four-point contact ball bearings is established by the secondary development of Automatic Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS). The dynamic performance of the cage is analyzed and evaluated with the indexes of vortex radius ratio and vortex velocity deviation ratio of the cage centroid trajectory. The results show the following: the cage stability increases and then decreases to a certain degree with rotating speed-rise; it increases and then decreases with the increase in the pure axial load; under a combination of axial and radial load, the cage moves more smoothly with smaller radial force. Rotating speed has little effect on cage stability, while radial force has a great influence on cage stability, followed by axial load. In order to verify the simulation results, a test bench for rolling bearing cages is developed, and the accuracy of the simulation results is verified by the test results.
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Peric, L., N. Milosevic, N. Tolimir, and D. Zikic. "Results of egg production in different housing systems." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-1 (2007): 497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0701497p.
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The aim of this work was to present the production results of laying hens kept in different housing systems - conventional cages with different stocking densities, enriched cages or in houses with a range. The used hybrid was Shaver 579 (564 birds). The main production parameters were monitored: No. of laid eggs, laying percentage, mortality rate, feed intake, egg weight and number of culled eggs. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by t-test. Main production parameters in production of table eggs were significantly different depending on the housing system. The best results were realized in cage system with lower housing density, and the worst results in hens housed in floor system on free range.
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Ma, Mingyuan, Hong Zhang, Dong-Sheng Jeng, and Chien Ming Wang. "A Semi-Analytical Model for Studying Hydroelastic Behaviour of a Cylindrical Net Cage under Wave Action." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121445.
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In the present study, a semi-analytical model based on the small-amplitude wave theory is developed to describe the wave fields around a single gravity-type cylindrical open fish net cage. The cage may be submerged to different depths below the free-water surface. The fish cage net is modelled as a flexible porous membrane, and the deflection of the net chamber is expressed by the transverse vibration equation of strings. The velocity potential is expanded in the form of the Fourier–Bessel series and the unknown coefficients in these series are determined from matching the boundary conditions and the least squares method. The number of terms for the series solution to be used is determined from convergence studies. The model results exhibit significant hydroelastic characteristics of the net cages, including the distribution properties of wave surface, pressure drop at the net interface, structural deflection, and wave loading along the cage height. In addition, the relationships between wave forces on the net cage with hydrodynamic and structural parameters are also revealed. The findings presented herein should be useful to engineers who are designing fish cage systems.
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Hartcher, K. M., and B. Jones. "The welfare of layer hens in cage and cage-free housing systems." World's Poultry Science Journal 73, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 767–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933917000812.
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Mondin, Chiara, Samuele Trestini, Angela Trocino, and Guido Di Martino. "The Economics of Rabbit Farming: A Pilot Study on the Impact of Different Housing Systems." Animals 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 3040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113040.
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This research evaluates the economic sustainability of rabbit farms using different housing systems—bicellular (BI), conventional dual-purpose (DP) and enriched cages designed according to the World Rabbit Science Association guidelines (WRSA)—through a field-based study involving six farms over the course of five years. The cages were compared based on three productivity indices expressed in kg of produced live weight/m2 and on eight cost indices expressed in EUR/kg of produced live weight. The results showed that WRSA significantly reduced the productivity index per walkable cage area in buildings and cages, thanks to the longer platform area included in the cage compared to the other systems. Concerning cost indexes, total variable costs were not different among housing systems, whereas significant differences were observed within costs items. As for the feed costs, DP underperforms compared to BI or WRSA (1.15 vs. 1.02 and 0.99 EUR/kg produced live weight); for drugs costs, BI was less competitive compared to DP and WRSA (0.12 vs. 0.06 and 0.05 EUR /kg). In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, the economic results of farms that adopted housing systems designed to improve rabbit welfare, such as WRSA enriched systems, were economically sustainable and, comparable to conventional housing systems based on BI or DP cages, also provided a significant reduction in drug use in the tested farms. A comprehensive collection of data from more farms at a European level would be necessary to confirm these results on the economics of farms adopting alternative housing systems for rabbits.
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Mabu, Shingo, Lu Yu, Jin Zhou, Shinji Eto, and Kotaro Hirasawa. "A Double-Deck Elevator Systems Controller with Idle Cage Assignment Algorithm Using Genetic Network Programming." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 5 (July 20, 2010): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0487.
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So far, many studies on Double-Deck Elevator Systems (DDES) have been done for exploring more efficient algorithms to improve the system transportation capacity, especially in a heavy traffic mode. The main idea of these algorithms is to decrease the number of stops during a round trip by grouping the passengers with the same destination as much as possible. Unlike what occurs in this mode, where all cages almost always keep moving, there is the case, where some cages become idle in a light traffic mode. Therefore, how to dispatch these idle cages, which is seldom considered in the heavy traffic mode, becomes important when developing the controller of DDES. In this paper, we propose a DDES controller with idle cage assignment algorithm embedded using Genetic Network Programming (GNP) for a light traffic mode, which is based on a timer and event-driven hybrid model. To verify the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method, some experiments have been done under a special down-peak pattern where passengers emerge especially at the 7th floor. Simulation results show that the proposed method improves the performance compared with the case when the cage assignment algorithm is not employed and works better than six other heuristic methods in a light traffic mode.
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Lichovníková, M., and L. Zeman. "Effect of housing system on the calcium requirement of laying hens and on eggshell quality." Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 4 (April 4, 2008): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/375-cjas.
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The effects of housing systems on the calcium requirement for eggshell production, eggshell quality and on the breaking strength of the hen’s tibia were evaluated. Unenriched cages (UN) (24 laying hens), enriched cages (EN) (16 laying hens) and floor system (FS) (24 laying hens) were used in this experiment. The eggshell production of laying hens from 19 to 66 weeks of age was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in the cage systems (UN 39.6 g/hen/week and EN 39.2 g/hen/week) than it was in FS (35.0 g/hen/week). Consequently, the amount of calcium deposited in the eggshells (g/hen/week) was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in the cage systems (14.2 and 14.0 g/hen/week) than in FS (12.6 g/hen/week). Despite of the same calcium intake of the hens housed in EN and FS the eggshell thickness (0.39 and 0.38 mm, respectively) and eggshell strength (38.04 and 36.43 N respect.) were higher (<I>P</I> < 0.01 and <I>P</I> < 0.001 respectively) in EN. The tibia breaking strength was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in FS (156.6 N) in comparison with UN (92.7 N). The rate of calcium intake deposited in the eggshells was higher in the cage systems than in FS, namely by 1.7 to 8.9% depending on the age of laying hens. When determining the correct calcium requirements in the diets of laying hens, the housing system should be taken into account.
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Ketelaars, E. H., A. Arets, W. van der Hel, A. J. Wilbrink, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Effect of housing systems on the energy balance of laying hens." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i1.16869.
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In each of 2 experiments 192 medium large laying hens (Warren WSL), of 19 to 27 and 29 to 42 weeks old, respectively, were put in 2 respiration chambers in cages and on wire floor in the same environmental conditions. Production performance and utilization of energy were estimated. Feed conversion (feed intake in kg/eggs produced in kg) was slightly lower in the cage system as a result of a greater egg weight. Hens in cages had a greater growth rate. With about the same energy intake in experiment 1 and a lower in experiment 2 the better performance in cages can only be explained by a possibly slightly better utilization of the energy and in particular by a lower requirement of maintenance energy in cages. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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S.O., Ngodhe, Kerich E., and Kipkorir K. "Effects of Parasitism on the Production and Productivity of caged Oreochromis niloticus in Winam Gulf of L. Victoria." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 4, no. 4 (October 28, 2021): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-mwguyd8q.
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The general objective of this study was to assess the effects of parasitism on the production and productivity of caged Oreochromis niloticus in Winam Gulf of L. Victoria. With the need to increase food production through fish products amid overfishing and pollution stress in the lake, cage farming is seen to have the potential to bridge the fish supply and demand gap continues to widen. Cage culture is a new technology in the offing that needs to be explored to justify its potential. Fish parasites are always a threat in an enclosed culture system and because of this, it is necessary to assess their effects on fish condition factors before recommendation. It is because of this reason that a total of 480 caged Oreochromis niloticus were purchased and examined for parasites using the recommended procedures for parasitological analysis. The class Trematoda which included seven taxa were found to be the most common and prevalent parasites in cages of the Winam Gulf. This was attributed to the presence of piscivorous birds which are definitive hosts seen more often around the culture systems and also overstocking observed and reported during the study period which increases the spread and transmission of parasites from one fish to another. Despite the prevalence, infestation did not affect the fish condition factor in all the study areas as the majority of infected fish recorded between good and excellent body condition factors. This was due to low mean intensities recorded and a shorter period of exposure to parasitic infestation as most farmers were barely 3 years into the system. In conclusion, for the government to explore the blue economy and achieve the Vision 2030 and SDGs on food security and poverty reduction by 2030, efforts to promote commercial cage culture enterprises in the Winam Gulf must be bolstered, provided that cages are located in deep waters with low concentrations in specific areas and low stocking densities to avoid compromising the environment.
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Compton, Susan R., Felix R. Homberger, and Judy MacArthur Clark. "Microbiological Monitoring in Individually Ventilated Cage Systems." Lab Animal 33, no. 10 (November 2004): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban1104-36.
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Lolli, S., A. Hidalgo, C. Alamprese, V. Ferrante, and M. Rossi. "Layer performances, eggshell characteristics and bone strength in three different housing systems." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 29, no. 4 (2013): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1304591l.
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The aim of this study was to determine the effects of three different housing systems for laying hens (cages, barn and organic) on layer performances, eggshell characteristics and bone strength. In each system, the same strain of laying hens (Hyline Brown?) was housed in agreement with current European regulation and the hens were fed on the same level of nutrition (2800 ME). The study was conducted over one year period in three typical farms in the north of Italy, from the 18th to the 70th weeks of layers age. The number of eggs collected and laid on the floor were recorded weekly, as well as the mortality and the feed consumption. At 27, 30, 35, 43, 53 and 68 weeks of layers age, the weight and the shell characteristics of eggs from the different systems were analysed. Bone breaking strength and stiffness were determined by three point bending test. The percentage of deposition was generally higher in comparison to the standard production of Hyline hens, probably, due to a high management standard and to the production persistence. The results indicated a clear relationship between the percentage of cracked eggs and the strength characteristics of the shells, with organic eggs showing the highest shell thickness, the most resistant shell and consistently the less cracked eggs. Considering the changes that occur during the laying cycle, shell strength and thickness in non-cage eggs were highly affected by hen age, while they were much stable in cage eggs. Organic hens also showed the strongest humerous, while their tibiotarsus were as robust as those of cage hens.
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Waryanto, R. Zulkarnain, and D. Mahabror. "Automation design for lobster Floating Net Cage shifting from red tide in marine waters." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012009.
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Abstract Floating Net Cages are a medium for lobsters rearing and at certain times, red tide caused mortality for lobsters. One solution is to shift the floating net cages in marine waters to safe waters which are controlled using a microcontroller. Water quality monitoring will be input for the microcontroller to give orders to the mooring line extension station and to command the foot station to perform tasks according to the function of each station. Field observations of the use of water quality monitoring to indicate the threat of red tide to the floating net cage location, as an order for the microcontroller to carry out; literature study includes water quality monitoring and sensor systems; the command flow in the form of a chart in the form of step by step logic from input in the form of results from monitoring water quality to avoid the threat of red tide automatically; design the hardware and create the software in the form of a command flow chart. The result of automation design is presented in the chart form which is a flow of commands from input in the form of water quality monitoring results to the process of shifting the floating net cage to avoid the threat of red tide. Information about red tide in the floating net cage environment used as input for the microcontroller commanding an automatic mooring rope length increaser and automatic floating net cage legs. Two things that used designing of the automation of shifting floating net cages for lobster rearing from red tide in marine waters: identify the presence of red tide in seawater currents leading to floating net cages for lobster rearing and action process in shifting floating net cages by two tools.
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Kotha, Sambasivarao, and Mirtunjay Kumar Dipak. "Design and synthesis of novel bis-annulated caged polycycles via ring-closing metathesis: pushpakenediol." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (November 13, 2014): 2664–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.280.
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Intricate caged molecular frameworks are assembled by an atom economical process via a Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, a Claisen rearrangement, a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and an alkenyl Grignard addition. The introduction of olefinic moieties in the pentacycloundecane (PCUD) framework at appropriate positions followed by RCM led to the formation of novel heptacyclic cage systems.
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Skrbic, Zdenka, Milos Lukic, Veselin Petricevic, Snezana Bogosavljevic-Boskovic, Simeon Rakonjac, Vladimir Doskovic, and Natasa Tolimir. "The effect of space allowance in the cage and floor systems on feather condition and egg production." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 38, no. 2 (2022): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah2202125s.
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The egg production sector is in a transitional period with regard to the permitted housing systems, i.e. rearing in conventional cages under certain conditions to the complete ban of any form of cage system. The changes were caused by concern for the layer wellfare but with the expected effects on productivity as well. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of the floor space allowance in cage and non-cage housing systems on the feather score and egg production of laying hens of three ages, from the aspect of the regulated minimum and optimal space in the cage system (C) and the space provided in the extensive rearing system with hens in smaller groups in the facility (extensive indoor -EI). In order to determine the feather score, the body weight of the laying hens and the weight of the eggs, three groups of laying hens were formed: C4 (564 cm2 per hen, cage system), C3 (751 cm2 per hen, cage system) and EI ( 3000 cm2 per hen, extensive indoor). The feather score and body weight of laying hens were determined in three ages of hens (30, 40, 50 weeks), by individual assessment and measurement of all hens in the experiment. The hen-day egg production and egg weight were determined in the same weeks of laying age. In addition to the expected decrease in feather score with the age of hens, results indicated a significant interaction between age and space allowance per hen. Observed by individual body parts, as well as based on the overall feather score, the space allowance per hen exhibited a full, cumulative effect at 50 weeks of age. Based on the space allowance, it was possible to rank the overall feather score, with the laying hens with the most space having the best feather score. The effect of the space allowance on the body weight of the laying hens was manifested through the space available on the feeder, which resulted in the lowest (p<0.01) body weight values recorded in laying hens of the C4 group. Egg production was not significantly influenced by the space allowance per hen (p=0.069), but a connection between egg production and the housing system can be concluded. The average egg weight, in addition to the known effect of layer age, was the lowest (p<0.01) in the group with the least space allowance per hen.
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Driscoll, Frederick R., Meyer Nahon, and Rolf G. Lueck. "A Comparison of Ship-Mounted and Cage-Mounted Passive Heave Compensation Systems." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 122, no. 3 (January 29, 2000): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1287167.
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Tethered marine systems experience large tensile loads in their tether when operating in rough seas. Heave compensation systems can be used to reduce these loads and increase the safe operating sea states. In this work, a discrete representation of a passive heave compensator is developed and added to a finite-element model of a deep-sea ROV system to investigate the performance of ship-mounted and cage-mounted compensation systems. Numerical simulations are performed for operating depths ranging from 3280–16,400 ft (1000–5000 m) and a range of compensator stiffnesses. Both ship and cage-mounted systems reduced the natural frequencies, rms cage motion and rms tension, and extended the operating sea state of the ROV. During extreme seas, the cage-mounted compensator effectively eliminated all snap loads. However, the compensator’s characteristics must be carefully chosen because a poorly designed compensator can exacerbate operational problems. [S0892-7219(00)00903-1]
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Szabó, Virág. "THE ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF CAGE AND DEEP-LITTER SYSTEMS IN HUNGARY." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 4 (October 10, 2017): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5187.
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It is all the more difficult for the actors to hold their ground on the global market of caged egg production, that is why I believe it is important that the producers be able to judge their own competitivity, and bring their economic decisions based on this. However, the issue is raised whether the move towards alternative technologies indeed creates the opportunity of competitive management, so the aim of my research is the analysis of the economic relations of laying hen farms producing in different keeping technologies. There was no example in previous studies of a detailed economic comparison of the cage and deep-litter system from a national database in Hungary, so the cost-benefit analysis of these systems from Union accession to 2014 will lead to new scientific results.
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Liu, Hehe, Jiawen Qi, Qinglan Yang, Qian Tang, Jingjing Qi, Yanying Li, Jiwen Wang, Chunchun Han, and Liang Li. "Effects of Cage and Floor Rearing Systems on the Metabolic Components of the Uropygial Gland in Ducks." Animals 12, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12020214.
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Background: As a unique skin derivative of birds, the uropygial gland has a potential role in maintaining feather health and appearance. Cage-reared ducks usually have a worse feather condition than floor-reared ducks. We suspected that the metabolic components in the uropygial gland might play a vital role in their feather conditions. Methods: Herein, the uropygial glands of floor- and cage-reared ducks were weighed, and a nontargeted metabolic analysis was performed. Results: At 20 weeks of age, the relative weight of floor-reared duck uropygial glands was significantly higher than that of cage-reared ducks, indicating that the floor rearing system is better for inducing the development of uropygial glands. The nontargeted metabolic data revealed 1190 and 1149 differential metabolites under positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Among them, 49 differential metabolites were annotated between the two rearing systems. Three sulfur-containing amino acids, namely, 2-ketobutyric acid, L-aspartate-semialdehyde, and N-formyl-L-methionine, and some lipids, including inositol and sphingosine, might be responsible for the changes in plumage appearance among the various rearing conditions. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed the differences in the metabolic components of the uropygial gland in ducks reared under different rearing systems and found metabolic components to be possibly responsible for the poor feather condition of caged ducks.
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Uysal, Özgür Özmen. "Enronic Cage." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 15, no. 6-7 (August 2004): 1005–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2002.08.003.
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Wibowo, C. N. P., L. Sulmartiwi, and S. Andriyono. "Correlation Between Water Quality to Blood Glucose of Cantang Grouper (E. fuscoguttatus x E. lanceolatus) as an Indicator of Stress in Floating Net Cage." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1036, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012084.
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Abstract Cantang grouper is one of economical commodities in seawater and profitable in the resource fisheries sector. One of cultivation systems for Cantang Grouper is Floating Net Cage. Changes in water quality can cause stress in fish, can be seen in blood glucose value. This study aims to determine the correlation and water quality factors that influence to glucose level of kerapu cantang fish in floating net cage. This research was using a survey method with samples 10% of the population in 3 units of floating net cages with 4plots. The parameters are blood glucose of cantang grouper and water quality. Data analysis using SPSS ver.22 with linear regression test.The results showed water quality factors simultaneously has a strong correlation and influences to blood glucose of cantang grouper in floating net cage with linear equations Y = 1170,248 + 1639,818(X1) – 1010,567(X2) + 17,093(X3) – 39,998(X4) – 127,117(X5) + 23,691(X6) – 15,418(X7) + 0,257(X8) + 225,965(X9). Y = Glucose; X1 = NO2; X2 = NO3; X3 = NH3; X4 =Dissolved Oxygen; X5 = pH; X6 = Temperature; X7 = Salinity; X8 = Transparancy; X9 = Current. Therefore, current, pH, and dissolved oxygen are the influences to blood glucose of cantang grouper in floating net cage.