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Journal articles on the topic 'Cage hydrocarbons'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gordadze, G. N. "Geochemistry of cage hydrocarbons." Petroleum Chemistry 48, no. 4 (July 2008): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544108040014.

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2

Pillekamp, Marcus, Wasim Alachraf, Iris M. Oppel, and Gerald Dyker. "Cage Hydrocarbons Derived from Dibenzosuberenone." Journal of Organic Chemistry 74, no. 21 (November 6, 2009): 8355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo9018057.

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3

Leonova, M. V., M. Yu Skomorokhov, I. K. Moiseev, and Yu N. Klimochkin. "One-pot amination of cage hydrocarbons." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 51, no. 12 (December 2015): 1703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070428015120064.

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4

Klimochkin, Yu N., M. V. Leonova, and E. A. Ivleva. "Chemoselectivity of Nitroxylation of Cage Hydrocarbons." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 10 (October 2020): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107042802010005x.

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5

Deng, Yuan Wang, Wei Han, and Liang Yin. "Molecular Simulation of the Adsorption of Cold Start Hydrocarbons Emission from Diesel Engines in Zeolite." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.521.

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A better understanding of the adsorption behaviors of hydrocarbons on adsorbent would help trap the hydrocarbons emitted from diesel engines during cold start period more efficiently. In this paper, the adsorption behaviors of hydrocarbons in LTA zeolite was studied using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. The adsorption isotherms and mass clouds are obtained for both pure component and binary mixtures under certain temperatures. The adsorption isotherms reveal that the average loading of ethylene and propylene has the similar trend. Both of them increase with the increase of pressure and decrease significantly with the increase of temperature. The binary mixtures show competitive adsorption behavior. Propylene is adsorbed much more strongly than ethylene in LTA zeolite. The obtained mass clouds show that propylene distributes in both the α cage and β cage of the LTA zeolite, while ethylene distributes mainly in the β cage of the LTA zeolite.
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6

Samanta, Jayanta, and Ramalingam Natarajan. "Cofacial Organic Click Cage to Intercalate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Organic Letters 18, no. 14 (July 2016): 3394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01554.

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7

OLAH, G. A. "ChemInform Abstract: Carbocations and Electrophilic Reactions of Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199116303.

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8

Papavinasam, S., A. Doiron, T. Panneerselvam, and R. W. Revie. "Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Internal Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines." Corrosion 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3278419.

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Abstract Under certain conditions, hydrocarbons may alter the internal corrosion conditions of oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, the effects of hydrocarbons on corrosion have been predicted based on the type of emulsion (i.e., water-in-oil or oil-in-water), wettability (oil-wet, water-wet, or mixed-wet), and corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons. Laboratory methodologies have been developed to determine wettability and to identify the type of emulsion under pipeline operating conditions. Using these methodologies, the wettability and the type of emulsion have been determined for 14 hydrocarbons obtained from operating pipelines. The corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons also has been determined using rotating cage experiments.
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9

Levandovskiy, Igor A., Dmitry I. Sharapa, Tatyana V. Shamota, Vladimir N. Rodionov, and Tatyana E. Shubina. "Conformationally restricted GABA analogs: from rigid carbocycles to cage hydrocarbons." Future Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 2 (February 2011): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.10.287.

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10

YURCHENKO, A. G. "ChemInform Abstract: Fragmentation and Transannular Cyclization Routes to Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199116304.

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11

Sugiyama, Masafumi, Midori Akiyama, Yuki Yonezawa, Kenji Komaguchi, Masahiro Higashi, Kyoko Nozaki, and Takashi Okazoe. "Electron in a cube: Synthesis and characterization of perfluorocubane as an electron acceptor." Science 377, no. 6607 (August 12, 2022): 756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq0516.

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Fluorinated analogs of polyhedral hydrocarbons have been predicted to localize an electron within their cages upon reduction. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of perfluorocubane, a stable polyhedral fluorocarbon. The key to the successful synthesis was the efficient introduction of multiple fluorine atoms to cubane by liquid-phase reaction with fluorine gas. The solid-state structure of perfluorocubane was confirmed using x-ray crystallography, and its electron-accepting character was corroborated electrochemically and spectroscopically. The radical anion of perfluorocubane was examined by matrix-isolation electron spin resonance spectroscopy, which revealed that the unpaired electron accepted by perfluorocubane is located predominantly inside the cage.
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12

Milligan, P. J. M., A. Phillips, D. H. Molyneux, S. K. Subbarao, and G. B. White. "Differentiation of anopheles culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) sibling species by analysis of cuticular components." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 3 (September 1986): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015017.

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AbstractCuticular wax was extracted from adult females of Anopheles culicifacies Giles and analysed by gas liquid chromatography. The flies were taken from pure cage stocks of three sibling species: 56 individuals of species A, 43 of species B and 51 of species C. The three cytospecies were found to be significantly different in their cuticular hydrocarbon composition by a multivariate analysis of variance. Using discriminant analysis, each cytospecies was characterized by the amounts of C25-C33 hydrocarbons extracted from the cuticle, allowing criteria to be established for the identification of flies. By these criteria, specimens from stocks of known identity were allocated to the correct group with a high success rate. These results may reflect ecological differences among the sibling species.
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13

Zhang, Yuanbin, Lifeng Yang, Lingyao Wang, Xili Cui, and Huabin Xing. "Pillar iodination in functional boron cage hybrid supramolecular frameworks for high performance separation of light hydrocarbons." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 48 (2019): 27560–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta09928j.

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A novel ultramicroporous boron cage-hybrid supramolecular framework BSF-2 comprising cluster [B12H11I]2− pillars was designed for highly selective light hydrocarbon separation.
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14

Gunawan, Maria A., Jean-Cyrille Hierso, Didier Poinsot, Andrey A. Fokin, Natalie A. Fokina, Boryslav A. Tkachenko, and Peter R. Schreiner. "Diamondoids: functionalization and subsequent applications of perfectly defined molecular cage hydrocarbons." New J. Chem. 38, no. 1 (2014): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nj00535f.

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15

Sankaranarayanan, Anand, Sohan Lal, Reshmi Sasidharakurup, Irishi Namboothiri, Arindrajit Chowdhury, and Neeraj Kumbhakarna. "Droplet combustion studies on novel cage hydrocarbons using color-ratio pyrometry." Fuel 282 (December 2020): 118816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118816.

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16

Chow, Tahsin J., Chin-Chuan Wei, and Tung-Kung Wu. "Chemistry of Cage-shaped Hydrocarbons. The Oxidation of Heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 41, no. 6 (December 1994): 833–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.199400116.

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17

Whittle, Kevin J., Peter R. Mackie, and Harry K. Davis. "Shellfish tainting – a means of monitoring petroleum-contaminated effluents." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 103 (1995): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005972.

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SynopsisWater from the separation plant at Sullom Voe is discharged into the sea under agreed conditions from a diffuser situated to the north of Calback Ness, close to natural scallop (Pecten maximus) beds.As part of the arrangements to monitor potential effects of the discharge, Torry Research Station was asked to assess, for petroleum taint, shellfish which would be sampled at intervals from Sullom Voe. To avoid depletion of the natural shellfish beds, queen scallops (Chlamys opercularis) or scallops, whichever were available from other areas, were set out in cages suspended (or on the bottom) 100–1250 m eastwards of the outfall for a period, and then recovered, frozen, and assessed subsequently at the laboratory by a trained taste panel, and compared with the same species unexposed.The cages were laid on 10 occasions from March 1980 to February 1987. Initially, no petroleum taint was detected. In August 1980 and May 1981, a different flavour, but not recognisable as a petroleum taint, was detected at 800–1000 m from the outfall after three days exposure. In May 1982, 33% of the queen scallops in the cage on the bottom, 100 m south east of the diffuser, were dead after six days exposure, and taint was detected at the threshold level in shellfish in the cage at 300 m. In May 1983, taint and petroleum derived hydrocarbons were detected in the sample from the cage on the bottom, 100 m south east of the diffuser, after seven days exposure. In May 1984, taint was again detected at the bottom, 200 m south east of the outfall, after 10 days exposure.Enquiries established that the diffuser was not operating with maximum efficiency. Subsequently, monitoring revealed an improvement. Taint assessment proved to be a sensitive detector of petroleum contamination.
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18

Shorunov, S. V., M. A. Rudakova, M. E. Fil’kina, Yu V. Nelyubina, and M. V. Bermeshev. "Cage Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Based on Adducts of Norbornadiene-2,5 and Anthracene Derivatives." Petroleum Chemistry 59, S1 (December 2019): S88—S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544119130139.

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19

Chow, Tahsin J., Yung-Son Hon, Chung-Chi Jen, Shou-Shun Liu, Jyh-Haur Chern, and Kuan-Jiuh Lin. "Chemistry of cage-shaped hydrocarbons. Reactions of pentacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.010,14]tetradecane-4,11-diene." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 6 (1998): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a707846c.

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20

Chow, Tahsin J., Jeng-Kuo Yan, and Yuh-Liang Chen. "Regioselectivity in a benzophenone-mediated photo-substitution of some cage-shaped hydrocarbons." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 5, no. 11 (November 1992): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.610051102.

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21

Faust, Rüdiger. "Fullerene Model Compounds: Bowl-Shaped Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cyclophane-Based Cage Molecules." Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 34, no. 1314 (July 31, 1995): 1429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.199514291.

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22

Levandovskiy, Igor A., Dmitry I. Sharapa, Tatyana V. Shamota, Vladimir N. Rodionov, and Tatyana E. Shubina. "ChemInform Abstract: Conformationally Restricted GABA Analogues: From Rigid Carbocycles to Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 42, no. 34 (July 28, 2011): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201134232.

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23

McGlinchey, Michael J., and Henning Hopf. "Reciprocal polyhedra and the Euler relationship: cage hydrocarbons, C n H n and closo-boranes [B x H x ]2−." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 7 (February 18, 2011): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.7.30.

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The closo-boranes B x H x +2, or their corresponding anions [B x H x ]2− (where x = 5 through 12) and polycycloalkanes C n H n (where n represents even numbers from 6 through 20) exhibit a complementary relationship whereby the structures of the corresponding molecules, e.g., [B6H6]2− and C8H8 (cubane), are based on reciprocal polyhedra. The vertices in the closo-boranes correspond to faces in its polycyclic hydrocarbon counterpart and vice versa. The different bonding patterns in the two series are described. Several of these hydrocarbons (cubane, pentagonal dodecahedrane and the trigonal and pentagonal prismanes) are known while others still remain elusive. Synthetic routes to the currently known C n H n highly symmetrical polyhedral species are briefly summarized and potential routes to those currently unknown are discussed. Finally, the syntheses of the heavier element analogues of cubane and the prismanes are described.
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24

Mamedov, M. K., E. K. Nabieva, and R. A. Rasulova. "Synthesis of Esters from Cage-Like Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides, and Water." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 41, no. 7 (July 2005): 974–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11178-005-0279-7.

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25

Gunawan, Maria A., Jean-Cyrille Hierso, Didier Poinsot, Andrey A. Fokin, Natalie A. Fokina, Boryslav A. Tkachenko, and Peter R. Schreiner. "ChemInform Abstract: Diamondoids: Functionalization and Subsequent Applications of Perfectly Defined Molecular Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 45, no. 12 (March 6, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201412238.

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26

Omont, A., and H. F. Bettinger. "Intermediate-size fullerenes as degradation products of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Astronomy & Astrophysics 650 (June 2021): A193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140675.

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The high interstellar abundances of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their size distribution are the result of complex chemical processes implying dust, UV radiation, and the main gaseous components (H, C+, and O). These processes must explain the high abundance of relatively small PAHs in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) and imply the continuous formation of some PAHs that are small enough (number of carbon atoms NC < ~35–50) to be completely dehydrogenated by interstellar UV radiation. The carbon clusters Cn thus formed are constantly exposed to the absorption of ~10–13.6 eV UV photons, allowing isomerization and favoring the formation of the most stable isomers. They might tend to form irregular carbon cages. The frequent accretion of interstellar C+ ions could favor further cage isomerization, as is known in the laboratory for C60, possibly yielding most stable fullerenes, such as C40, C44, and C50. These fullerenes are expected to be very stable in the diffuse ISM because C2 ejection is not possible by single UV photon absorption, but could need rare two-photon absorption. It is possible that at least one of these fullerenes or its cation is as abundant as C60 or C60+ in the diffuse ISM, although this abundance is limited by the lack of observed matching features in observed mid-infrared spectra. B3LYP calculations of the visible spectrum for a number of fullerene isomers with 40 ≤NC ≤ 50 show that they generally have a few spectral bands in the visible range, with f-values in the range of a few 10−2. This could make such fullerenes interesting candidates for the carriers of some diffuse interstellar bands.
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27

Chow, Tahsin J., Chin-Chuan Wei, Tung-Kung Wu, Hans-Dieter Martin, and Bernhard Mayer. "Transannular Interactions in Polycyclic Hydrocarbons. The System of Cage-Shaped Hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9]tetradecane Derivatives." Journal of Organic Chemistry 60, no. 17 (September 1995): 5651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00122a055.

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28

Chow, Tahsin J., Yung-Son Hon, Chung-Chi Jen, Jyh-Haur Chern, and Kuan-Jiuh Lin. "Chemistry of cage-shaped hydrocarbons. Ring transformations on a tricyclo[5.2.1.0 4,10]decane system." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 13 (1999): 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a901536a.

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29

FAUST, R. "ChemInform Abstract: Fullerene Model Compounds: Bowl-Shaped Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cyclophane-Based Cage Molecules." ChemInform 26, no. 43 (August 17, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199543308.

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30

CHOW, T. J., Y. S. HON, C. C. JEN, S. S. LIU, J. H. CHERN, and K. J. LIN. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Cage-Shaped Hydrocarbons. Reactions of Pentacyclo [6.6.0.02,6.03,13.010,14] tetradecane-4,11-diene." ChemInform 29, no. 28 (June 21, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199828094.

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31

Zeynalov, Eldar, Asgar Huseynov, Elchin Huseynov, Nazilya Salmanova, Yaqub Nagiyev, and Narmin Abdurakhmanova. "Impact of As-Prepared and Purifıed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubeson the Liquid-Phase Aerobic Oxidatıon of Hydrocarbons." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 15, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht15.04.479.

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The article presents simple kinetic approaches to study the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) additives on the aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons and to propose real acceptable mechanisms of the process. The aerobic liquid phase low-temperature oxidation of ethylbenzene conducted in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes has been used as a model pattern. Kinetic analysis established the catalytic action associated with the presence of the iron compounds in inner channels of MWCNTs. These compounds are identified as ferric carbides provoking decomposition of the ethylbenzene hydroperoxide and thereby suppressing the competitive route of alky-peroxide radicals addition to the nanocarbon cage. Thus the reaction finally proceeds in the autocatalytic mode.Contradictory conclusions on the effect of CNTs on the oxidation chain processes existing in the literature are associated with the lack of control over nature and content of metal impurities in channels of nanotubes.
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32

Hafezi, Nema, James M. Holcroft, Karel J. Hartlieb, Edward J. Dale, Nicolaas A. Vermeulen, Charlotte L. Stern, Amy A. Sarjeant, and J. Fraser Stoddart. "Modulating the Binding of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Inside a Hexacationic Cage by Anion-π Interactions." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 2 (November 19, 2014): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201408400.

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33

Guerrero, Andrés, Rebeca Herrero, Esther Quintanilla, Juan Z. Dávalos, José-Luis M. Abboud, Pedro B. Coto, and Dieter Lenoir. "Single-Electron Self-Exchange between Cage Hydrocarbons and Their Radical Cations in the Gas Phase." ChemPhysChem 11, no. 3 (January 26, 2010): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200900824.

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34

Chow, Tahsin J., Yung-Son Hon, Chung-Chi Jen, Jyh-Haur Chern, and Kuan-Jiuh Lin. "ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Cage-Shaped Hydrocarbons. Ring Transformations on a Tricyclo[5.2.1.04,10]decane System." ChemInform 30, no. 47 (June 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199947110.

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35

Miyamoto, T., Z. Li, T. Kibushi, N. Yamasaki, and N. Kasai. "Use of soft hydrothermal processing to improve and recycle bedding for laboratory animals." Laboratory Animals 42, no. 4 (October 2008): 442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/la.2007.007065.

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Cage bedding for laboratory rodents can influence animal wellbeing and thus the experimental data. In addition, a large amount of used bedding containing excrement is discharged as medical waste from life science institutes and breeding companies. We developed a ground-breaking system to improve fresh bedding and recycle used bedding by applying a soft hydrothermal process with high-temperature and high-pressure dry steam. The system removes both harmful organic components and aromatic hydrocarbons that can affect animals’ metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the improved fresh bedding and the recycled used bedding treated by the system. The results showed that 68-99% of the predominant aromatic hydrocarbons were removed from fresh bedding treated at 0.35 MPa and 140°C for 120 min (‘improved bedding’). In addition, 59.4-99.0% of predominant harmful organic compounds derived from excrement were removed from used bedding treated at 0.45 MPa and 150°C for 60 min (‘recycled bedding’). The soft hydrothermal treatment increased the number of acidic functional groups on the bedding surface and gave it the high adsorptive efficiency of ammonia gas. Harmful substances such as microorganisms, heavy metals and pesticides decreased below the detection limit. The results clearly showed that the improved and recycled bedding is safer for laboratory rodents and has the potential to ameliorate conditions in primary and secondary enclosures (e.g. cages and animal rooms) used for maintaining laboratory animals. This process may be one of the most advanced techniques in providing an alternative to softwood and other bedding, economizing through the recycling of used bedding and reducing bedding waste from animal facilities.
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36

Pang, Jinbang. "Preparation of Novel 129Xe Nanoprobe and Its Application in Acupuncture Treatment of Refractory Peripheral Facial Paralysis with fMRI." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.3918.

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The NMR sensitivity of hyperpolarized 129Xe is much stronger than that of traditional proton, but single Xe has no targeting property. The Xe signal of new “cage” molecule can be obtained by combining it with molecular “cage,” which provides design ideas for the preparation of hyperpolarized 129Xe nanoprobes. A kind of nano material with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shell is synthesized, and its 129Xe loading, particle size and fluorescence properties are measured by Hyper-CEST. The material is injected into the vein of patients with refractory peripheral facial paralysis in the form of solution. The patients are all treated with acupuncture. AFNI software is used to compare the fMRI data of patients before and after treatment and healthy control group. The average diameter of the prepared nano particles is 130 nm, and the average Z potential of nano materials is 25 mV. The fluorescence effects of monomers and nano materials with the same concentration are compared. Nano materials can emit strong fluorescence, and the assembly of monomers can enhance the fluorescence intensity. The results of Hyper-CEST 129Xe magnetic resonance testing show that the nano materials have strong CEST signal at 208 ppm, which means that the nano materials are suitable to carry Xe molecules, thus forming hyperpolarized 129Xe molecular cages. The nanoprobe solution loaded with 129Xe is injected into the vein of patients with refractory peripheral facial paralysis. Before and after acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, there are obvious signal enhancement in posterior central gyrus, thalamus, paracentral lobe, cerebellum, superior temporal gyrus and other areas of the brain, because the activated brain areas of acupuncture and moxibustion have been significantly enlarged, which proves that nanoprobe + acupuncture treatment is helpful to the analysis of the central operation mechanism of refractory peripheral facial paralysis.
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37

Kabo, G. J., A. V. Blokhin, M. B. Charapennikau, A. G. Kabo, and V. M. Sevruk. "Thermodynamic properties of adamantane and the energy states of molecules in plastic crystals for some cage hydrocarbons." Thermochimica Acta 345, no. 2 (March 2000): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(99)00393-7.

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38

Denis, Pablo A., and Federico Iribarne. "Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and inversion barriers of curved conjugated systems inside the molecular cage ExCage6+." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 118, no. 11 (November 16, 2017): e25539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.25539.

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39

Hopf, Henning, Rainer Savinsky, Peter G. Jones, Ina Dix, and Birte Ahrens. "Cyclophanes, XLI. Cyclophanes as Precursors for Saturated and Unsaturated Cage Hydrocarbons – the Catalytic Hydrogenation of [2.2]Paracyclophane." Liebigs Annalen 1997, no. 7 (July 1997): 1499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jlac.199719970728.

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40

Naemura, Koichiro, Tohru Katoh, Rink\={o} Fukunaga, Hiroaki Chikamatsu, and Masao Nakazaki. "Preparation and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Tetracyclic Cage-shaped Hydrocarbons; [m.0]Triblattanes and [m.1]Triblattanes." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 58, no. 5 (May 1985): 1407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.58.1407.

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41

Dove, H., and M. Oliván. "The possible use of the alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) of plant cuticular wax as diet composition markers in sheep." BSAP Occasional Publication 34 (2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500042187.

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SummaryThe objective of the current study was to investigate the possible use of alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons) of plant waxes as diet composition markers in sheep. Twenty-four sheep (30 kg live weight) were housed in individual pens (n=16, “pen” sheep) or in metabolism crates (n=8, “crate” sheep) for the total collection of faeces. Once daily, sheep were fed 720 g DM of a two-component diet consisting of a roughage source (chaffed perennial ryegrass) and a high-quality supplement (unpelleted sunflower meal, SFM) in different proportions, 7:1, 6:2, 5:3 and 4:4 (4 pen sheep and 2 crate sheep/treatment). SFM was labelled with a solution of beeswax to provide an alkane/ alkene profile different from the chaff. Diet composition was estimated from C27, C29, C31 and C33 alkene concentrations in diet and faeces (total faeces or rectal grab samples), using the least-squares package ‘EatWhat’. Estimates were conducted with or without correction of faecal alkane concentrations for incomplete faecal recovery, calculated from the alkene intakes and faecal outputs in the crate sheep.Although the faecal alkene recoveries of alkenes were low, they did not differ between chain lengths for alkenes C27 to C33. Therefore in cage sheep, alkene-based estimates of SFM proportions, with or without faecal recovery correction, did not differ significantly from the proportions fed and were as accurate as earlier alkane-based estimates. In pen sheep, SFM proportions estimated from rectal grab samples were slightly but significantly over-estimated, regardless of whether or not recovery corrections were used. The over-estimates were not related to recovery corrections but to the small differences in concentrations between rectal grab samples from pen sheep and the total faeces from cage sheep. The lack of effect of recovery corrections does not mean they should be excluded from such calculations, as there may be situations in which there is an effect of carbon-chain length on alkene recovery. Use of recovery corrections also permits an estimate of whole-diet digestibility.The present results indicate that alkenes could be useful additional markers to the alkanes for estimating the proportion of two dietary components in diets offered to sheep.
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42

Jong, John, Hui Sin Goh, Steve McGiveron, and Jim Fitton. "A Case Study Of Natural Gas Hydrates (NGH) In Offshore NW Sabah: Identification, Shallow Geohazard Implication For Exploration Drilling, Extraction Challenges And Potential Energy Resource Estimation." Bulletin Of The Geological Society Of Malaysia 70, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm70202005.

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Natural gas hydrates (NGHs), sometimes referred to as “flammable ice”, are crystalline solids, consisting of hydrocarbon gases with low molecular weight, such as methane, ethane and propane, bound with water molecules within cage-like lattices. The water molecules and low molecular weight NGH lattices are stable within a specific range of temperatures and pressures, and the source of the gases can be biogenic or thermogenic in origin. NGHs are common in the upper hundreds of metres of sub-seafloor sediments on the continental margins at water depths greater than about 500 m. Seismic reflection profiles and wireline well logs are common indicators used to identify the presence of NGHs, which are often encountered during offshore deepwater exploration drilling. They may cause geohazards such as slope instability, expulsion of the seafloor, shallow water flows and shallow gas if the stability of penetrated NGHs is disturbed and starts to dissociate. Methane gas hydrates represent a significant potential energy resource, as illustrated in this case study from offshore NW Sabah and may represent one of the world’s largest reservoirs of carbon-based fuel, with some estimates suggest that the hydrocarbons bound in the form of NGHs may rival the total energy resources contained in other conventional hydrocarbon sources. Methane can be extracted from NGHs through three methods: depressurization, inhibitor injection and thermal stimulation. However, risk associated with NGHs extraction can contribute to environmental concerns such as global warming and a decrease in microbial communities associated with methane hydrate ecosystem. Presently, in many countries, national programs exist for the research and production of natural gas from NGH deposits. As a result, hundreds of deposits have been discovered, with a few hundred wells drilled and kilometres of NGH cores studied. Hence, in the future (pending improved gas price and extraction technology), methane gas hydrates could be a vast source of natural gas supply.
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43

Yashkin, S. N. "Equilibrium parameters of a liquid—vapor system and thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption of cyclic and cage hydrocarbons in squalane." Russian Chemical Bulletin 59, no. 11 (November 2010): 2026–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-010-0351-5.

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44

Das, Ankita, Imon Mandal, Ravindra Venkatramani, and Jyotishman Dasgupta. "Ultrafast photoactivation of C─H bonds inside water-soluble nanocages." Science Advances 5, no. 2 (February 2019): eaav4806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4806.

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Light energy absorbed by molecules can be harnessed to activate chemical bonds with extraordinary speed. However, excitation energy redistribution within various molecular degrees of freedom prohibits bond-selective chemistry. Inspired by enzymes, we devised a new photocatalytic scheme that preorganizes and polarizes target chemical bonds inside water-soluble cationic nanocavities to engineer selective functionalization. Specifically, we present a route to photoactivate weakly polarized sp3C─H bonds in water via host-guest charge transfer and control its reactivity with aerial O2. Electron-rich aromatic hydrocarbons self-organize inside redox complementary supramolecular cavities to form photoactivatable host-guest charge transfer complexes in water. An ultrafast C─H bond cleavage within ~10 to 400 ps is triggered by visible-light excitation, through a cage-assisted and solvent water–assisted proton-coupled electron transfer reaction. The confinement prolongs the lifetime of the carbon-centered radical to enable a facile yet selective reaction with molecular O2leading to photocatalytic turnover of oxidized products in water.
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45

Karpushenkava, Larisa S., Gennady J. Kabo, and Ala B. Bazyleva. "Structure, frequencies of normal vibrations, thermodynamic properties, and strain energies of the cage hydrocarbons CnHn in the ideal-gas state." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 913, no. 1-3 (November 2009): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theochem.2009.07.016.

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46

Bilyachenko, Alexey N., Victor N. Khrustalev, Anna Y. Zueva, Ekaterina M. Titova, Grigorii S. Astakhov, Yan V. Zubavichus, Pavel V. Dorovatovskii, et al. "A Novel Family of Cage-like (CuLi, CuNa, CuK)-phenylsilsesquioxane Complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activity." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 6205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196205.

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The first examples of metallasilsesquioxane complexes, including ligands of the 8-hydroxyquinoline family 1–9, were synthesized, and their structures were established by single crystal X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. Compounds 1–9 tend to form a type of sandwich-like cage of Cu4M2 nuclearity (M = Li, Na, K). Each complex includes two cisoid pentameric silsesquioxane ligands and two 8-hydroxyquinoline ligands. The latter coordinates the copper ions and corresponding alkaline metal ions (via the deprotonated oxygen site). A characteristic (size) of the alkaline metal ion and a variation of characteristics of nitrogen ligands (8-hydroxyquinoline vs. 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline vs. 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline vs. 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) are highly influential for the formation of the supramolecular structure of the complexes 3a, 5, and 7–9. The Cu6Na2-based compound 2 exhibits high catalytic activity towards the oxidation of (i) hydrocarbons by H2O2 activated with HNO3, and (ii) alcohols by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Studies of kinetics and their selectivity has led us to conclude that it is the hydroxyl radicals that play a crucial role in this process.
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Dartois, Emmanuel. "Infrared spectroscopy of clathrate hydrates for planetary science: the ethylene case." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504, no. 3 (April 22, 2021): 4369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1083.

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ABSTRACT Hydrocarbons are observed in the gas or solid phases of Solar system objects, including comets, Trans-Neptunian Objects, planets, and their moons. In the presence of water ice in these environments, hydrocarbons-bearing clathrate hydrates could form. In clathrate hydrates, guest molecules are trapped in crystalline water cages of different sizes, a phase used in models of planetary (sub-)surfaces or icy bodies such as comets. The phases in presence, the potential estimate of abundances of hydrocarbon species, and the spectroscopic behaviour of hydrocarbon species in the different phases must be recorded to provide reference spectra for the comparison with remote observations. We show in this study the specific encaged ethylene signatures, with bands similar in position, but shifted from the pure ethylene ice spectrum. They show a marked temperature dependence both in position and width. Some vibrational modes are activated in the infrared by interaction with the water ice cages.
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48

Huang, Pengfei, Haixia Kou, Xuemei Wang, Zheng Zhou, Xinzhen Du, and Xiaoquan Lu. "Porous cage-like hollow magnetic carbon-doped CoO nanocomposite as an advanced sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Talanta 227 (May 2021): 122149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122149.

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49

Farooq, Omar, S. Morteza F. Farnia, Maurice Stephenson, and George A. Olah. "Superacid-catalyzed near-quantitative isomerization of C4n+6H4n+12 (n = 1-3) polycyclic precursors to diamondoid cage hydrocarbons promoted by 1-haloadamantanes and sonication." Journal of Organic Chemistry 53, no. 12 (June 1988): 2840–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00247a035.

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50

Olah, George A., An Hsiang Wu, Omar Farooq, and G. K. Surya Prakash. "Synthetic methods and reactions. 135. Single-step reductive isomerization of unsaturated polycyclics to C4n+6H4n+12 diamondoid cage hydrocarbons with sodium borohydride/triflic acid." Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, no. 6 (March 1989): 1450–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00267a042.

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