Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cage hydrocarbons'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Cage hydrocarbons.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 40 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Cage hydrocarbons.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Ren, Chien-Tai. "Synthesis of Polycyclic "Cage" Molecules." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500575/.
Full textAbstract:
The synthesis of a novel, cage spiro-oxetane was carried out. Pentacyclo[5.4.0.0^2,6.0^3,10.0^5,9]undecane-8- one (PCUD-8-one) undergoes one-carbon homologation to a mixture of endo- and exo- PCUD-carboxaldehydes which then are converted into 8,8-bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD. The monotosylate obtained via reaction of 8,8- bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD with tosyl chloride(1 equivalent) reacts with sodium hydride to afford the corresponding spiro-oxetane via intramolecular Williamson reaction. Six new substituted heptacyclo[6.6.0.0^2,6.0^3,13.0^4,11. 0^5,9.0^10,14]tetradecanes (HCTD) were synthesized. These compounds will be used as substrates in a photoelectron spectroscopic study. The ring-expansion reaction of PCUD-8-one with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of BF_3:OEt_2 was performed. The major product was converted into an alcohol, and the structure of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate of this alcohol was elucidated by single crystal x-ray structural analysis.
2
Ogawa, Kohei. "Synthesis and properties of novel hydrocarbons containing rigid cage frameworks." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144926.
Full textAbstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11581号
工博第2527号
新制||工||1343(附属図書館)
23224
UT51-2005-D330
京都大学大学院工学研究科物質ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ化学専攻
(主査)教授 小松 紘一, 教授 光藤 武明, 教授 大江 浩一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
3
Rasmussen, Danne Rene, and danne@optusnet com au. "A Theoretical Approach to Molecular Design: Planar-Tetracoordinate Carbon." The Australian National University. Research School of Chemistry, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010702.115616.
Full textAbstract:
A number of novel hydrocarbon cage systems have been designed and characterized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2 and B3-LYP levels. In particular,equilibrium structures for five families of molecules, hemialkaplanes, hemispiroalkaplanes, alkaplanes, spiroalkaplanes and dimethanospiroalkaplanes, have been examined in detail with the aim of designing a saturated hydrocarbon with a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom and with a view to identifying appropriate synthetic targets.
¶
The hemialkaplanes and hemispiroalkaplanes are constructed from a spiropentane or neopentane subunit, respectively, which is capped by a cyclic hydrocarbon. The hemispiroalkaplanes are predicted to contain a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom possessing a lone pair of electrons. Protonation at this apical carbon atom is found to be highly favorable, resulting in a remarkably high basicity for a saturated hydrocarbon. The proton affinities of the hemispiroalkaplanes are calculated to be more than 1170 kJ mol[superscript -1] , even greater than those for the diamine "proton sponges".
¶
The alkaplanes and the spiroalkaplanes, which are constructed by bicapping a neopentane or spiropentane subunit, respectively, with a pair of cyclic hydrocarbons, show unprecedented flattening of a tetracoordinate carbon atom. Linking the spiroalkaplane caps with methano bridges gives the dimethanospiroalkaplanes, two of which, dimethanospirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane, achieve exact planarity at the central carbon atom. They are the first neutral saturated hydrocarbons predicted to contain an exactly planartetracoordinate carbon atom. This has been achieved through structural constraints alone. The electronic structure at the central carbon atom results in a highest occupied molecular orbital corresponding to a p-type lone pair. Consequently, the adiabatic ionization energies for octaplane, spirooctaplane and dimethanospirooctaplane (approximately 5 eV) are predicted to be similar to those of lithium and sodium - incredibly low for a saturated hydrocarbon.
¶
Some consideration has been given to likely pathways for unimolecular decomposition for all species. Predicted structures, heats of formation and strain energies for all the novel hydrocarbons are also detailed. Tetramethylhemispirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane are identified as the preferred synthetic targets.
4
Andong, Omores Raissa. "Spatio-temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils in the vicinity of a petrochemical plant in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2432.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an alarming group of organic substances for humans and environmental organisms due to their ubiquitous presence, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. They are semi-volatile substances which result from the fusion of carbon and hydrogen atoms and constitute a large group of compounds containing two to several aromatic rings in their molecule. Natural processes and several anthropogenic activities involving complete or incomplete combustion of organic substances such as coal, fossil fuel, tobacco and other thermal processes, generally result in the release of the PAHs into the environment. However, the fate of the PAHs is of great environmental concern due to their tendency to accumulate and their persistence in different environmental matrices and their toxicity. Animal studies have revealed that an excessive exposure to PAHs can be harmful. Evidence of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immune-suppressive effects has been reported in the literature. In the soil environment, they have the tendency to be absorbed by plants grown on soil being contaminated by the PAHs. It is, therefore, important to evaluate their occurrence levels in different environmental matrices such as soil concentrations.
5
Davies, Christopher Paul Norman, A. Rozendaal, and B. V. Burger. "Hydrocarbon evolution of the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa : from source to reservoir." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4936.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD (Geology))--University of Stellenbosch, 1997.1123 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-286. Includes bibliography, list of figures and tables and explanation of abbreviations used.
Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This first comprehensive study of the petroleum geochemistry of the Bredasdorp Basin, and the adjacent Southern Outeniqua Basin, documents the characteristic large number of hydrocarbon shows and the four regionally distinctive marine source rocks. Detailed correlation of reservoired hydrocarbons with source rock bitumens shows that two source rocks have expelled oil in commercial quantities and two others have expelled commercial quantities of wet gas/condensate. In contrast with earlier studies which indicated that thermal 'gradualism' prevailed, this study indicates that the post-rift thermal history of the basin is very complex. Post-rift cool-down is punctuated by periods of rapidly increasing heat flow resulting in much of the maturation being localised in time. These periods of increased heating coincide with regional plate tectonism. The associated thermal uplift and downwarp effects govern the periods of trap formation and control the hydrocarbon migration direction. Migration distances of these hydrocarbons are described and show inter alia that oil migrates no more than -7-10 km but gas migrates regionally. Two regional episodes of meteoric water flushing reduce sandstone cementation in palaeo-highs forming potential reservoirs at specific times. The unusually low salinity of remnants of this water in some sandstones help characterise these two main migration conduits. A highly detailed hydrocarbon correlation scheme derived from gas, light oil and biomarker data has been established which differentiates products of the four active source rocks and helps characterise the oil-oil, oil-source and source-source pairs. It is evident from these correlations that two periods of migration and reservoiring occurred at 50-60 Ma and 0-10 Ma. As a result, source-reservoir plays which characterise certain areas of the basin as predominantly oil or gas prone can be described. These correlations also highlight areas where mixtures of hydrocarbons are common and where some of the early reservoired oil has been displaced to new locations, constituting potential new exploration plays. Source rocks for some of the analysed hydrocarbons have yet to be found and may not even have been drilled to date. One such source rock appears to be located in the Southern Outeniqua Basin, making that area a potential target for further exploration. This study resolved the common heritage of the source rocks and reservoir sandstones which form part of the Outeniqua petroleum system. The hydrocarbon volumes available to this system show that by world standards it is indeed significant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot aantal koolwaterstof voorkomste asook vier streekskenmerkende mariene brongesteentes word in hierdie eerste omvattende studie van die petroleumgeochemie van die Bredasdorp-kom en die aangrensende Suidelike Outeniqua-kom saamgevat. Gedetaileerde korrelasies van die opgegaarde koolwaterstowwe met brongesteente bitumen, dui daarop dat twee van die vier geidentifiseerde brongesteentes olie in kommersiele hoeveelhede uitgeset het. Die ander twee het kommersiele hoeveelhede nat gas-kondensaat uitgeset. In teenstelling met vroeer studies wat daarop gedui het dat termale 'gradualisme' voorgekom het, dui hierdie studie daarop dat die na-riftermale geskiedenis van die kom baie meer kompleks is. Verskeie periodes van versnelde toename in hittevloei het voorgekom in die na-rifse verkoeling. Dit het daartoe gelei dat veroudering plaaslik binne 'n beperkte tydsverloop plaasvind. Hierdie periodes van hittetoename stem ooreen met die regionale plaattektoniek. Die geassosieerde termiese opheffing en afwaartse vervormingseffek, beheer die totstandkoming van opvanggebiede en die migrasierigting van die koolwaterstowwe. Migrasie-afstande van die koolwaterstowwe word bespreek en wys inter alia daarop dat olie nie verder as -7-10 km beweeg nie, maar gasmigrasie vind regionaal plaas. Twee kort episodes van meteoriese wateruitsetting, het sandsteensementasie in palaeohoogsliggende gebiede verminder wat potensiele reservoirs gevorm het op spesifieke tye. Die ongewone lae soutvlakte van oorblyfsels van die water in sekere sandstene help om die twee vernaamste migrasieroetes te kenmerk. 'n Hoogs omvattende koolwaterstof-korrelasieskema wat van gas, ligte olie en biomerkerdata verkry is, is opgestel. Die skema het onderskei tussen produkte van die vier aktiewe brongesteentes en help om die olie-olie, olie-bron en bron-bron pare te karakteriseer. Dit is duidelik van die korrelasies dat twee periodes van migrasie en opgaring plaasgevind het ongeveer teen -50-60 Ma en 0-10 Ma. Gevolglik kan bronreservoir omskrywings wat sekere dele van die kom karakteriseer as grotendeels olie of gas-ontvanklik beskryf word. Hierdie korrelasies beklemtoon ook areas waar mengsels van koolwaterstowwe algemeen voorkom en waar sekere van die vroeer opgegaarde olie verplaas is na nuwe lokaliteite, wat nuwe eksplorasieteikens daarstel. Brongesteentes vir sekere van die ge-analiseerde koolwaterstowwe, moet nog gevind word en is tot op hede nog nie raakgeboor nie. Een so 'n brongesteente kom voor in die Suidelike Outeniqua-kom, wat daardie area 'n potenslele teiken vir verdere eksplorasie maak. Die studie het die gesamentlike oorsprong van die brongesteente en reservoirsandsteen, wat deel is van die Outeniqua Petroleumsisteem, geidentifseer. Die koolwaterstofvolumes wat beskikbaar is vir die sisteem wys dat, gemeet teen wêreldstandaarde, dit wel beduidend is.
6
MacKay, Allison Ann. "Groundwater fate of aromatic hydrocarbons at industrial sites : a coal tar site case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49984.
Full text
7
Jeffery, Jared. "Hydrocarbons and Russian foreign policy in the post-communist era (1991-2008): A case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3784.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims to analyse the effect of hydrocarbons on Russian foreign policy in the post-communist period. In doing so it employs a constructivist meta-theory (actorstructure framework) and Susan Strange's approach to international political economy (IPE). The role of hydrocarbons in both the international political economy and Russia's domestic political economy is analysed. Thereafter a historical narrative outlining the affect of hydrocarbons on foreign policy from 1991-2008 is offered. There is also a brief focus on the role of Gazprom in Russian foreign policy. It is found that hydrocarbons affected Russian foreign policy through the impact they had on the state's ability to control the domestic political economy (which was diminished in the 1991-1999 period, but strengthened as international oil prices rose thereafter). Hydrocarbons, though a source of power, are also found to tie the Russian state to the interdependent international political economy of the globalised era. The analysis finds that the case supports the constructivist emphasis on the importance of understanding domestic issues when addressing the foreign policies of states. It also finds that the approaches used, Wendt's constructivism and Strange's IPE theory, work well in conjunction to illuminate foreign policy issues. A criticism of Strange's approach, however, is highlighted. She fails to give adequate attention to matters of geography in her model. This, it is argued, would be a fruitful endeavour for future IPE analysis, especially if addressed through the case of hydrocarbons in the IPE.
8
Baiyegunhi, Christopher. "Sedimentary, geochemical and geophysical study of the Ecca group, Karoo supergroup and its hydrocarbon potential in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4881.
Full textAbstract:
The Ecca Group of Karoo Supergroup is a sedimentary rock sequence that deposited between the Late Carboniferous (Dwyka Group) and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic (Beaufort Group). The Ecca Group investigated in this study is situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and it comprises mainly of shales, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. The Ecca Group sequence contains considerable carbon content and suitable thickness to make it an ideal target for shale gas exploration. Previous studies put more emphasis on the geology and stratigraphy of the Ecca Group, this study revised the stratigraphy, and put new insight on the petrography, depositional processes, sedimentary facies, provenance, paleoweathering, tectonic setting, subsidence rates and history, electrical resistivity, source rock characteristics and diagenesis of the potentially feasible sandstone and mudrock reservoir rocks of the Ecca Group. Based on the lithological features, sedimentary structures and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham and Fort Brown Formations of the Ecca Group is now subdivided into two informal members each, i.e. Lower Member and Upper Member. Furthermore, the Ripon Formation is now subdivided into three informal members. Each member has been asigned a lithological name. The grain size parameters show that most of the Ecca Group sandstones are very fine to fine grained, poorly to moderately well sorted, mostly near-symmetrical and mesokurtic in grain-size distribution. The linear discriminant function analysis is dominantly indicative of turbidity current deposits under deep marine environment for Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations, shallow marine environment for Ripon Formation, while the Fort Brown Formation is lacustrine-deltaic deposits. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies revealed that the detrital components of the sandstones are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones are compositionally and texturally immature and can be classified as feldspathic wacke and lithic wacke. The provenance analysis revealed plutonic and metamorphic terrains as the main source rocks with minor debris derived from recycled sedimentary rocks. The detrital modal compositions of these sandstones are related to back arc to island and continental margin of tectonic setting. Based on the detailed sedimentological analyses of outcrop and borehole data, fourteen lithofacies were identified and seven facies associations (FAs) were recognised. The facies associations are: FA 1: Shale and mudstones intercalated with siltstones, FA 2: Carbonaceous shale, mudstone with subordinate chert and sandstone, FA 3: Mudstones rhythmite with thin bedded mudstone and lenticular siltstone, FA 4: Greyish medium bedded sandstone intercalated with laminated mudstone, FA 5: Dark-grey medium to thick bedded mudstone and siltstone, FA 6: Thin to medium bedded sandstone alternated with thin bedded carbonaceous mudstone, and FA 7: Varved mudstone rhythmite intercalated with siltstone and minor sandstone. Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate four deposition environments, namely, deep marine basin, turbidite, shallow marine and lacustrine environments, which constitute a gradually regression sequence as a result of sea-level dropping and shallowing of the basin during the developmental processes. Geochemical analysis of the Ecca mudrocks and sandstones revealed that the rocks are of quartzose sedimentary provenance, suggesting that they were derived from a cratonic interior or recycled orogen. The petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones indicated that the source areas are composed of plutonic and metamorphic rocks with a minor component from sedimentary rocks. The geochemical diagrams and indices of weathering suggested that the granitic source rocks underwent moderate to high degree of chemical weathering. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams support passive continental margin setting of the provenance.
9
Garrido, de las Heras Santiago, and Vega David Antón. "The Adaptation of the Normative to Regulate the Fracking Technique: the Spanish Case." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118682.
Full textAbstract:
The authors bring us a general approximation of the regulatory model related to hydrocarbon exploration and production activities in Spain. In this sense, the analysis is focused in the increased use of the hydraulic fracturing technique, better known as «fracking». In particular, the authors analyze the case of the refusal of some Spanish Autonomous Communities regarding the implementation of this technique and how the Central Government has faced that opposition.Los autores nos brindan una aproximación general al modelo regulatorio de las actividades de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos en España. En ese sentido, centran su análisis en el uso, cada vez más extendido, de la técnica de la fractura hidráulica, más conocida como fracking. En particular, analizan el caso de la negativa de algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas respecto a la implementación de esta técnica y cómo ha afrontado el Gobierno Central dicha oposición.
10
Awe, Adetunji Ajibola. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) iIn the Diep And Plankenburg Rivers and potential remediation using charred Vitis vinifera (GRAPE) leaf litter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2983.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (DPhil (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in freshwater systems may aggravate the water crisis currently being experienced in the Western Cape province of South Africa. However, there is dearth of data on the levels of PAHs, necessary for effective assessment of water quality as well as remediation strategies. This study therefore assessed levels of PAHs in two important freshwater systems in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The potential of grape leaf litter for PAH abatement was also investigated. A solid-phase extraction - gas chromatography - flame ionisation detection (SPE-GC-FID) method was developed to simultaneously determine the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs in environmental samples. Levels of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were assessed in water, sediment and plants from seven selected sites on the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers. Seasonal variations of some water quality parameters and PAHs levels in water and sediment samples were determined from the selected sites. Activated carbons produced from Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter were utilised for PAH-remediation. The SPE-GC-FID method developed for the 16 US EPA priority PAHs determination gave acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.999). Instrument detection limits ranged between 0.02 and 0.04 µg/mL and instrument quantification limits of between 0.06 and 0.13 µg/mL. Recovery studies were also acceptable (70.35 - 100.83%) with the exception of naphthalene that had lower recoveries. The average ∑16 PAHs detected in water samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 73.90 to187.11 µg/L. The highest PAHs levels were detected in water samples from industrial areas of both rivers; chrysene (Chy) followed by benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) were the most abundant PAHs detected in water samples. Higher PAHs levels were detected in sediment samples relative to water samples; the average ∑16 PAHs detected in sediment samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 6.048 to 39.656 µg/g. PAHs levels were also highest in sediment samples from industrial areas of the two rivers; benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) followed by benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) were the most abundant PAHs detected in sediment samples. The average ∑16 PAHs detected in plant samples [Phragmites australis (common reed) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)] at a given site, ranged between 62.11 and 226.72 µg/g. Highest levels of PAHs were therefore detected in plant samples, suggesting possible bioaccumulation of PAHs in plant tissues. The bioaccumulation of PAHs by the plants also indicates the phytoremediation potential of these plants for PAHs remediation. The levels of PAHs measured in water and sediment samples were subjected to probabilistic risk assessment to predict the possibility of regulatory values being exceeded. The average percentage exceedence of 63.26 and 42.81 were obtained for PAHs in water samples of the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers respectively, while the corresponding average percentage exceedence obtained for sediment samples were 63.71 and 77.20. Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter showed enormous prospect as precursor for activated carbon. The yield of activated carbons obtained from grape leaf litter ranged from 44.65 to 58.40% and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of up to 616.60 m2/g was obtained for activated carbons. The estimated adsorption capacities of the ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activated carbons for phenanthrene removal from aqueous solutions were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g respectively. The environmental samples analysed were heavily contaminated with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs and the probabilistic risk assessment suggested risks of the carcinogenic PAHs at the levels measured in the environment. Vitis vinifera leaf litter, showed enormous potential as renewable precursor for activated carbon production, capable of removing varied contaminants from wastewater.
11
Alegbeleye, Oluwadara Oluwaseun. "Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water using indigenous microbes of Diep- and Plankenburg Rivers, Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninisula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2011.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of PAH degrading microorganisms in two river systems in the Western Cape, South Africa, and their ability to degrade two PAH compounds (acenaphthene and fluorene). A total of 19 bacterial isolates were obtained from the Diep- and Plankenburg Rivers. These microorganisms were first identified phenotypically on various selective and general media (such as nutrient agar, Eosine Methylene Blue and Mannitol Salts Agar), followed by staining and biochemical testing, followed by molecular identification using 16S rRNA and PCR. The isolates were then tested for acenaphthene and fluorene degradation first at flask scale and then in a Stirred Tank Bioreactor at varying temperatures (25ºC, 30ºC, 35ºC, 37ºC, 38ºC, 40ºC and 45ºC). All experiments were run without the addition of supplements, bulking agents, biosurfactants or any other form of biostimulants. Four of the 19 isolated microorganisms were identified as acenaphthene and fluorene degrading isolates. Three of the four microorganisms identified as PAH degrading isolates were Gram negative isolates. Results showed that Raoultella ornithinolytica, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus megaterium and Aeromonas hydrophila efficiently degraded fluorene (99.90%, 97.90%, 98.40% and 99.50%) and acenaphthene (98.60%, 95.70%, 90.20% and 99.90%) at 37ºC, 37ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC, respectively. The degradation of fluorene was found to be more efficient and rapid compared to that of acenaphthene and degradation at Stirred Tank Bioreactor scale was more efficient for all treatments. Throughout the biodegradation experiments, there was an exponential increase in microbial plate counts ranging from 5 x 104 to 9 x 108 CFU/ml. The increase in plate count was observed to correlate with the efficient degradation temperature profiles and percentages. The PAH degrading microorganisms isolated during this study significantly reduced the concentrations of acenaphthene and fluorene and can be used on a larger, commercial scale to bioremediate PAH contaminated river systems. Other factors that influence the optimal expression of biodegradative potential of microorganisms other than temperature and substrate (nutrient) availability, such as pH, moisture and salinity will be investigated in future studies, as well as the factors contributing to the higher fluorene degradation compared to acenaphthene. Furthermore, the structure and toxicity of the by-products and intermediates produced during microbial metabolism of acenaphthene and fluorene should be investigated in further studies.
12
Raithatha, Bansri Gitesh. "The sealing potential of volcanic rocks in hydrocarbon systems : a case study from the Rosebank Field." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11978/.
Full textAbstract:
Hydrocarbon exploration in frontier regions has resulted in a series of discoveries within intra- and sub-volcanic basins along the NE Atlantic margin. The majority of these basins are blanketed by varying thicknesses of subaerial lavas and volcaniclastic sequences that form the Paleogene-aged North Atlantic Igneous Province. During Exploratory drilling in 2004, the 213/27-1Z well encountered two oil and gas accumulation with a total pay thickness of 52 metres, within the Late Palaeocene-Early Eocene aged Colsay Member sandstones within the Rosebank Field. These hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir intervals comprise numerous fluvial clastic sequences that are inter-layered between sub-aerially erupted basaltic lavas and volcaniclastic sediments. This discovery gave rise to a new hydrocarbon play concept. In this study, the sealing potential of the volcanic and volcaniclastic sequences is investigated using multi-scale subsurface datasets (with a particular emphasis on the value of high resolution borehole image logs; FMI) and field analogues from the Faroe Islands. Through the combined use of wireline logs (Bivariate cross-plots) and high resolution FMI images, the volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in the Rosebank Volcanic Formations (RVFs) were characterised, and a detailed volcanic stratigraphic section of the RVFs was constructed, to understand how these lithologies vary vertically and laterally between wells. Bivariate cross-plots (photoelectric factor versus bulk density) indicates that there are two distinct compositions of lava flows: (a) Lava Type I is characteristic of the Rosebank Lower Volcanics, and has a higher Iron/Magnesium variety, suggesting that it was emplaced during the initial phase of volcanism; and, (b) Lava Type II is characteristic in the Upper and Lower Rosebank Middle Volcanics (RMV_U and RMV_L) and the Rosebank Upper Volcanics, and is depleted in Iron and Magnesium. The FMI images revealed that the RVFs comprise a diverse and complex suite of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (e.g. pillow lavas, hyaloclastite, sub-aerial lavas and inter-basaltic rocks), some of which exhibit complex diagenetic overprints produced during post-volcanic process. Detailed interpretation of FMI images and integration with wireline logs showed that the ratio of volcanic, volcaniclastic and siliciclastic rocks varied between studied wells, for example the southernmost wells in Rosebank Main (205/1-1, 213/26-1, 213/26-1z and 213/27-1Z) comprise 57-62% sub-aerially erupted pahoehoe lava, ~25% volcaniclastic rocks, and ~15% siliciclastic rocks, while the wells in northern Rosebank Main (213/27-4 and 213/27-2) comprise ~35% sub-aerially erupted lava, ~50% volcaniclastic rocks, and ~20% siliciclastic rocks. These ratios indicate that the sub-aerially erupted lavas are thinning to the North of the field. Fractures interpreted in the volcanic rocks in the RVFs mainly occur in the more brittle units, for example, in the massive cores of sub-aerially erupted lava flows. Fractures distribution in the RVFs is strongly controlled by the type of lithology (e.g. simple lava flow, pillow lava, hyaloclastite etc.), their thickness and the degree of secondary degradation and alteration they have undergone. In comparison to the Colsay reservoir intervals, the RVFs are more brittle and highly fractured and thus much more prone to fracturing during drilling. Their sealing potential decreases from southern Rosebank Main to northern Rosebank Main, predominantly because the RVFs are much thinner to the North, and contain large, connected fractures. The inter-layering between volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks in southern Rosebank Main acts as an efficient vertical seal because the volcaniclastics tend to be clay-rich and do not fracture as easily. In terms of sealing potential, all the RVFs except RMV_U are low risk seals, suggesting that in some parts of the field, particularly in the northern most part of Rosebank Main, the Colsay 1 and 2 reservoir intervals may be connected. Evidence of faulting in the RVFs is infrequent in the FMI images, although where inferred, they tend to occur at contacts between lava and volcaniclastic rocks, usually at the transitional interface between the Colsay reservoir intervals and the RVFs. Similarly, faults were interpreted in the Ocean Bottom Node (OBN) seismic data, although they are generally small and discontinuous. It is therefore predicted that if faults are present in Rosebank, they are likely to be low-strain with minimal displacement. Integration of field analogues from the Faroe Islands with the subsurface datasets (FMI and recovered core) suggests that the majority of the fractures interpreted from the FMI images, and any possible faults within the RVFs, are likely to be sealing. Vein infill at the studied outcrops indicate that cementation rates were low, and therefore many fractures were still potential conduits. In Rosebank, however, due to high cementation rates, most of the fractures are completely healed. This also provides a significant clue on hydrocarbon migration within the Colsay reservoirs. It is evident that none of the fractures or the volcanic rocks recovered either through full core recovery, or side-wall cores, have any hydrocarbon shows, and therefore, the fractures present in the RVFs are likely to have been completely filled, during hydrocarbon migration into the Colsay reservoirs. It is therefore suggested that, hydrocarbons laterally migrated into the Colsay sands from the sands in the Flett Basin, and because the fractures in the RVFs did not act as conduits for fluid flow, the hydrocarbons were successfully trapped within their respective reservoirs.
13
Nosike, Livinus. "Relationship between tectonics and vertical hydrocarbon leakage : a case study of the deep offshore Niger Delta." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4042.
Full textAbstract:
Le Delta du Niger a été utilisé comme un cas d’étude pour les relations en offshore profond entre tectonique, surpression et migration verticale des fluides. L’intérêt a été porté sur la partie Est du Delta du Niger, couvrant le bloc OML130/OPL246, où le déplacement des niveaux de décollement donne des structures de type « toe-thrust ». L’approche utilisée intègre l’interprétation sismique, les analyses de surpression, l’analogue de terrain des grès d’Annot (dépôts turbiditiques marins profonds situés dans la partie externe de la chaîne alpine externe) et la modélisation structurale. Les indices de migration au niveau du fond marin du Delta du Niger ont été classifiés. Ils sont liés à des conduits structuraux et à des couches sédimentaires intermédiaires. La nature de ces fuites, leur apparition au toit d’horizons, ainsi que leur contenu géochimique ont permis une première datation de génération de surpression dans les réservoirs et dans les niveaux argileux très profonds. Avec les données de puits (pressions in-situ, températures, rivés de COT et Rock Eval de la roche mère) et avec les horizons interprétés sur les marqueurs sismiques régionaux, la modélisation du bassin a conduit à une mise en relation entre mouvements de raccourcissement tectonique, enfouissements, générations d’hydrocarbures, piégeages et des pertes éventuelles. Le modèle conceptuel « layer-by-layer » de dissipation de pression de fluides est proposé pour expliquer le rôle des failles chevauchantes dans les compartimentations verticales et latérales des surpressions, et pour comprendre comment les roches de couverture sont faillées par ces chevauchements puis plissées. La conséquence est deux types de fuites majeures à l’échelle régionale : à travers les failles chevauchantes ou à l’aplomb des anticlinaux. Le contrôle de rétention à l’échelle du réservoir se fait par les autres types de fuites le long des failles d’extrados, par capillarité ou par perméabilité. Les simulations en laboratoire de compaction et décompaction ont permis de mieux contraindre les variations de perméabilité en fonction des contraintes, et d’évaluer les mécanismes d’écoulement dans les zones de failles synsédimentaires affectant les réservoirs turbiditiques. Il a été montré, avec des cas pratiques, que le taux et la quantité d’écoulement des fluides à travers ces failles peuvent être modélisés. Cette étude montre que la tectonique gravitaire amène une création d’espace d’accommodation dans les synclinaux et la génération et la transmission de surpressions vers les flancs des anticlinaux, instaurant alors une migration verticale d’hydrocarbures. Ce constat a des conséquences sur le piégeage des hydrocarbures dans les « toe-thrusts », d’autant plus lorsque la tectonique est encore active et qu’elle se fait par épisodes. Ainsi, ce travail a conduit à une amélioration des méthodes d’évaluation de rétention des hydrocarbures, mettant en lumière l’inadaptabilité d’utilisation des contraintes régionales aux réservoirs locaux dans le cas de subsidences différentielles ou d’enfouissements inhomogènes. Cette amélioration est possible grâce à une méthode intégrée. Elle consiste à identifier et à prendre en compte (1) les types de scellements stratigraphiques et structuraux, (2) les types de systèmes dynamiques en raccourcissement contrôlés par les étapes de déformation : fuite à l’ouverture de failles pendant le chevauchement actif et surpression au niveau des anticlinaux à cause du scellement des failles inactives, (3) la chronologie des systèmes pétroliers entre la maturation de roche mère, la génération de surpression et le chargement des hydrocarbures par rapport au moment de la compartimentation/structuration du réservoir et (4) la combinaison des facteurs de perméabilité, de capillarité et de composition des zones de failles pour évaluer l’écoulement statique et dynamique dans les zones de failles à l’échelle de ces réservoirs. Cette méthode intégrée permet une meilleure prédiction des pièges d’hydrocarbures et limite le risque dans ces structures complexes de chevauchements en surpression dans le deep offshoreThe Niger Delta was used as a case study in the investigation of the relationship between tectonics, consequent pressure build-up, and vertical fluid leakage in the deep offshore. The attention was focused on the eastern part of the Niger Delta, covering the OML130/OPL246 block, where the detachment translates to distal toe-thrusts. An integrated approach, using seismic interpretation, geopressure analyses, field analogue (The Annot Sandstone – external alpine deep marine turbiditic deposits) and structural modelling, was adopted. The seabed leakage features in the Niger Delta case study were classified and linked to structural conduits and intermediate sedimentary carrier bodies. The nature of the leakage types and their emplacement on ancient seabeds, as well as their geochemical content, helped in the preliminary analyses of the timing of overpressure generation in the reservoirs and deeper shaly levels. With present day well data (in-situ pressure, temperature, derived source rock TOC and Rock Eval), and with the horizons interpreted from seismic markers tied to the regional chronostratigraphy, further basin modelling related the tectonic shortening and burial to hydrocarbon generation, trapping and eventual leakages. A conceptual layer-by-layer fluid pressure dissipation model is proposed to explain the role of thrust faults in vertical and lateral geopressure compartmentalisation, and how major lithological seals are offset by these thrusts and later folded. This results in major up-thrust fault and anticlinal leakages, which are the major leakage processes at regional scale. Other types of leakages, including migration laterally along the crestal collapse faults, capillarity and permeability within fault zones, are emphasised for estimating the retention at reservoir scale. Laboratory simulation of compaction and decompaction was used to better constrain the permeability variation with changing stress conditions and the flow mechanisms in the syn-sedimentary fault zones affecting such turbiditic reservoirs. It has been shown, with practical cases, that the rate and amount of leakages through these faults can be modelled. The work has shown that the creation of local synclinal accommodation space, high overpressure generation and weak anticlinal uplift relate gravity controlled tectonics to vertical hydrocarbon leakage. This has a consequence on the hydrocarbon trapping at toe-thrusts, especially as the tectonic events are still active and episodic. A proper evaluation of these major thrusts and the secondary crestal collapse faults was carried out. This helped in the improvement of seal evaluation methods, highlighting the inadaptability of the use of regional stress trends for local reservoirs in cases of differential subsidence or inhomogeneous burial. The improvement was made possible by the use of an integrated evaluation approach. This identifies and takes into account (1) the stratigraphic and structural seal types, (2) the stage of deformation controlling the dynamic system: active thrust faults leaking due to fault opening and inactive faults where pressure may be building up within the related anticlines, which propagated above thrust tips, (3) timing of the petroleum system – source rock maturation, overpressure generation and hydrocarbon charging with respect to reservoir compartmentalisation/trap formation and (4) the combination of factors such as permeability, capillarity and fault zone composition in constraining static and dynamic fluid flow in fault zones affecting these reservoirs. This integrated approach was found to be better for predicting the nature of the hydrocarbon traps at the problematic overpressured toe-thrust prospects in this deep offshore zone
14
MAGALHAES, DULCE. "Determinação de compostos orgânicos em material particulado emitido em queimadas de cana de açúcar." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11363.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11246.pdf: 3725307 bytes, checksum: a030a8c41a665ad1a01941e5275544f5 (MD5)
Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
15
Pickering, Helen J. "Offshore zone management, the model and the corporate role : the case of the hydrocarbon industry on the UKCS." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568211.
Full text
16
Casabianca, Davide. "High-pressure/high temperature hydrocarbon plays : a rock mechanics approach for seal capacity evaluation from North Sea case studies." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407815.
Full text
17
Chow, Marilynn. "Analysis of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and a truncated form (AHR C[upper case symbol for greek Delta]Δ553) in cancer cells." Scholarly Commons, 2011. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/793.
Full textAbstract:
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated bHLH-PAS protein that binds its partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), in the nucleus to initiate the expression of proteins involved with detoxification. Published work suggests cross-talk between both proteins and cellular pathways involving the transcription factors, HIF -1 , ER, and NFKB, whose activity is typically upregulated in cancer. This thesis focuses on using a truncated form of AhR, AhR CΔ553, which is thought to act as a dominant-negative to sequester Arnt from its other binding partners. To test this hypothesis, we transfected HeLa cells with AhR CΔ553 fused to pEGFP or a vector under a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Stable cell lines expressing pEGFP-AhR CΔ553 have been generated and confirmed to have nuclear localization. We were also interested in confirming endogenous localization patterns of AhR and Arnt to study the role of p23 in the nuclear translocation of AhR. While we were successful in showing AhR translocating to the nucleus in treated MCF-7 cells, we couldn't clearly see nuclear AhR in Hepalclc7 cells, the cell line with knockdown levels of p23. To compare DNA damage generated in Jm·kat and Hepalclc7 cells, we looked for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and quantified DNA damage after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and some of its derivatives. Hepalclc7 cells were prone to a wide variety of DNA damage, but Jurkat cells did not appear to undergo damage specifically through ROS production. Finally, we wanted to confirm apoptosis in HeLa cells after being cocultured with Trichomonas vaginalis. The G3 lab strain was more aggressive than Tl , but Parp, and apoptotic marker, was not observed in HeLa cells, suggesting that experimental conditions need to be further optimized.
18
Ryu, Changsu. "Sequence stratigraphic controls of hydrocarbon reservoir architecture case study of Late Permian (Guadalupian) Queen Formation, Means Field, Andrews County, Texas /." Texas A&M University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/530.
Full text
19
Perreault, Thomas. "Conflicts over gas and its governance: The case of the Guaraní of Tarija, Bolivia." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79485.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo examina el desarrollo del gas natural y sus implicacionespara las comunidades indígenas guaraníes, en el sudeste deBolivia. Durante la década de 1990, el gobierno boliviano llevó acabo una serie de medidas neoliberales encaminadas a facilitar laexportación de hidrocarburos y a atraer la inversión internacionalpara la explotación del gas y el petróleo. Las protestas sobre elmanejo y la distribución de los beneficios derivados del gas naturalcontribuyeron directamente a la elección de Evo Morales, el primerpresidente indígena de Bolivia. Sin embargo, y a pesar del discursoindigenista de Morales y sus partidarios, la producción del gas haperjudicado a los grupos indígenas de los llanos del este, quienesson impactados directamente por las actividades extractivas. Esteartículo examina el caso de los guaraníes de la Tierra Comunitariade Origen (TCO) Itika Guasu, en el departamento de Tarija,donde se encuentra el ‘megacampo’ de gas Margarita de Repsol.Se propone que la explotación del gas en territorio guaraní ha sidocaracterizado por una carencia de consulta previa y participaciónreal de las poblaciones afectadas.This article examines the implications of natural gas developmentfor Guaraní indigenous communities in southeastern Bolivia. Duringthe 1990s, the Bolivian government enacted a series of neoliberalreforms designed to attract international investment for natural gasand petroleum exploitation and to facilitate the export of hydrocarbons.Protests over the management and distribution of the benefitsderived from natural gas contributed diretly to the election of EvoMorales, Bolivia´s first indigenous president. Nevertheless, anddespite the pro-indigenous discourse of Morales and his MAS (Movementto Socialism) party, gas production has had negative effectsfor indigenous peoples in Bolivia´s Chaco region, who are directlyimpacted by extractive activities. This article examines the case ofthe Guaraní people of the Tierra Comunitaria de Orígen (OriginaryCommunal Land, TCO) Itika Guasu, in Tarija department, whereRepsol´s Margarita ´mega-field´ is located. It is argued here thatgas exploitation in Guaraní territory has been conducted withoutadequate prior consultation or meaningful participation of thepopulations affected.
20
Nonekuone, Jolomi. "Model for marketing liquefied petroleum gas in Nigeria: Warri as a case study / Nonekuone Jolomi." Master's thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4165.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the huge national energy resources, many Nigerians do not have access to high
quality, modern energy services. For those with access, energy supply lacks reliability,
especially in the case of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Hence this research considers the
possibility of enhancing the household use of LPG. It analyzes the factors affecting the
current demand and supply. Salient features of the LPG supply and distribution system
were also discussed.
On the basis of the existing situation, barriers of increasing LPG use, in particular, the
problems regarding affordability, priCing, government poliCies, safety, transportation and
distribution were analyzed and identified statistically using the chi-square statistical
method as a tool.
Finally, on the basis of the challenges identified, suggestions and recommendations were
made regarding the policies through which the problems could be overcome. Furthermore,
a model was developed and tested for an effective marketing strategy of LPG in Warri
Nigeria.
iiThesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
21
Tfouni, Silvia Amelia Verdiani. "Estudo do efeito do processamento na contaminação de cana-de-açucar e derivados por hidrocarbonetos policiclicos aromaticos." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254996.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Maria Cecilia de Figueiredo ToledoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T13:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tfouni_SilviaAmeliaVerdiani_D.pdf: 392240 bytes, checksum: 6b63e5c3f72ce75847b3087c1e16bbe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Doutorado
Ciência de Alimentos
Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
22
Sarzalejo, de Bauduhin Sabrina 1955. "Integration of borehole and seismic data to unravel complex stratigraphy : case studies from the Mannville Group, western Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115696.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the stratigraphic architecture of geologically complex reservoirs, such as the heavy oil deposits of Western Canada, is essential to achieve an efficient hydrocarbon recovery. Borehole and 3-D seismic data were integrated to define the stratigraphic architecture and generate 3-dimensional geological models of the Mannville Group in Saskatchewan. The Mannville is a stratigraphically complex unit formed of fluvial to marine deposits. Two areas in west-central and southern Saskatchewan were examined in this study. In west-central Saskatchewan, the area corresponds to a stratigraphically controlled heavy oil reservoir with production from the undifferentiated Dina-Cummings Members of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville Group. The southern area, although non-prospective for hydrocarbons, shares many similarities with time-equivalent strata in areas of heavy oil production. Seismic sequence stratigraphic principles together with log signatures permitted the subdivision of the Mannville into different packages. An initial geological model was generated integrating seismic and well-log data Multiattribute analysis and neural networks were used to generate a pseudo-lithology or gamma-ray volume. The incorporation of borehole core data to the model and the subsequent integration with the lithological prediction were crucial to capture the distribution of reservoir and non-reservoir deposits in the study area. The ability to visualize the 3-D seismic data in a variety of ways, including arbitrary lines and stratal or horizon slicing techniques helped the definition of stratigraphic features such as channels and scroll bars that affect fluid flow in hydrocarbon producing areas. Small-scale heterogeneities in the reservoir were not resolved due to the resolution of the seismic data. Although not undertaken in this study, the resulting stratigraphic framework could be used to help construct a static reservoir model. Because of the small size of the 3-D seismic surveys, horizontal slices through the data volume generally imaged only small portions of the paleogeomorphologic features thought to be present in this area. As such, it was only through the integration of datasets that the geological models were established.
23
Hulsey, Josiah D. "Applying modern interpretation techniques to old hydrocarbon fields to find new reserves: A case study in the onshore Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2160.
Full textAbstract:
This study shows how the use of modern geological investigative techniques can reopen old, “drained” hydrocarbon fields. Specifically, it looks at the White Castle Field in South Louisiana. This field has pay sections ranging from late Oligocene to late Miocene. The late Oligocene package is underexplored and understudied and contains 3 primary reservoirs (Cib Haz (CH), MW, and MR). This study established the depositional history of these reservoirs. During most of the late Oligocene, the White Castle Salt Dome was located in a minibasin on the continental slope. The CH and MW deposited in this minibasin. The CH is an amalgamation of slumped shelfal limestones, sandstones, and shales deposited during a lowstand systems tract (LST). The MW comprises a shelf-edge delta that is part of a LST. The MR is an incised valley fill located in the continental shelf that was deposited during LST after the minibasin was filled.
24
Murchek, Jacob T. "Pre-Stack Seismic Inversion and Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) Attributes as Hydrocarbon Indicators in Carbonate Rocks: A Case Study from the Illinois Basin." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1620214269732212.
Full text
25
LEITE, Thiago Ouverney. "Desenvolvimento inicial de Ricinus communis L. com substratos de torta de mamona e cascalho de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1888.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-18T18:46:18Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
2015 - Thiago Ouverney Leite.pdf: 2936509 bytes, checksum: 0a40b1e1174dbb571b9a0bf187862eb9 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T18:46:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Thiago Ouverney Leite.pdf: 2936509 bytes, checksum: 0a40b1e1174dbb571b9a0bf187862eb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25
CAPES
Petrobras
CNPq
FAPERJ
The drill cuttings is a residue of the oil industry produced during the drilling of onshore and offshore wells. Their mineralogical characteristics depend on the geological formation present along the perforation. Upon reaching the surface, it is impregnated with drilling fluid used during the process. The use of this waste in soils has been discussed as it has limitations per se (e.g. high content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) as a consequence of the drilling process (e.g. Ba, Na and hydrocarbons - HTP). The purpose of this study was to investigate the decrease of salinity after the application of gravel with castor cake to the substrate and using the castor bean BRS- 149 cv. Nordestina, as plant indicator, to infer about limitations on the combined use of these wastes. Pots were used (8 dm3) with proportional doses of gravel (control, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 Mg ha-1) associated with castor cake (control, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 Mg ha-1) in a factorial design with three replications for 97 days after planting (DAP). Improvements were observed in the morphological development of castor bean plants, with the application of 60 Mg ha-1 gravel associated with 16 Mg ha-1 of castor cake. However, the dose of 60 mg ha-1 of gravel caused stress due to accumulation of Na in leaves, the same for the 45 mg h-1 dose. The best ratio of gravel and pie in this respect was of 15 and 32 mg h-1, respectively. After the initial cultivation of castor bean plants, it was found that the application of 30 Mg ha-1 of gravel was sufficiently capable to neutralizing the toxic Al3+; raising the pH to values around 6.5 and thus making the nutrients more avalilable to the crop. Also, there was a marked HTP decomposition (above 92%) from the substrate metabolical microbiological increase, with the pie addition. It was therefore concluded that the use of gravel must follow specific guidelines especially due to salinity, to avoid possible impacts caused to the environmental and the crop (castor bean).
O cascalho de perfura??o ? um res?duo da ind?stria do petr?leo produzido durante a perfura??o de po?os terrestres e mar?timas, cujas caracter?sticas mineral?gicas dependem da forma??o geol?gica presente ao longo da perfura??o. Ao chegar ? superf?cie, se encontra impregnado com fluido de perfura??o utilizado durante o processo. O uso deste res?duo no solo tem sido discutido com frequ?ncia por apresentar limita??es de ordem qu?mica, tanto de origem geol?gica (e.g. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) como provenientes do fluido de perfura??o (e.g. Ba, Na e Hidrocarbonetos - HTP). A proposta deste trabalho foi de averiguar a ameniza??o da salinidade ocasionada pela aplica??o de cascalho, adicionando torta de mamona ao substrato e utilizando a mamoneira BRS-149, cv. Nordestina, como planta indicadora, buscando orientar e inferir limita??es no uso conjunto destes res?duos. Foram utilizados vasos com capacidade de 8 dm3, utilizando doses proporcionais de cascalho (controle, 5, 15, 30, 45 e 60 Mg ha-1) associado a doses de torta de mamona (controle, 2, 4, 8, 16 e 32 Mg ha-1) em fatorial com tr?s repeti??es durante 97 dias ap?s plantio (DAP). Foram observadas melhorias no desenvolvimento morfol?gico da mamoneira, com a aplica??o de 60 Mg ha-1 de cascalho associado ? 16 Mg ha-1 de torta de mamona. Contudo, a dose de 60 Mg ha-1 de cascalho causou estresse por apresentar ac?mulo de Na nas folhas, o mesmo com a dose de 45 Mg ha-1, onde a melhor rela??o, de cascalho e torta, neste contexto, foi de 15 e 32 Mg ha-1, respectivamente. No que tange a melhoria do solo ap?s o cultivo inicial de mamona, foi constatado que a aplica??o de 30 Mg ha-1 de cascalho foi suficientemente capaz de neutralizar o Al3+ t?xico, na eleva??o do pH em torno de 6,5, e assim disponibilizando nutrientes para a cultura. Tamb?m verificou-se decomposi??o acentuada de HTP (acima de 92%) proveniente do metabolismo microbiol?gico no substrato, auxiliada pela adi??o de torta. Concluiu-se ent?o que o emprego do cascalho em solo deve seguir orienta??es espec?ficas e ponderadas, no que tange principalmente ? salinidade, para que n?o haja preju?zo ambiental e ? cultura da mamona.
26
Silva, Flavio Soares. "Influência da queima da palha de cana de açúcar na constituição do material particulado atmosférico (MP2,5 e MP10) e as suas implicações potenciais sobre a saúde humana /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105693.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Mary Rosa Rodrigues de MarchiBanca: Christine Laure Marie Bourote
Banca: Annibal Duarte Pereira Netto
Banca: Nilva Ré Poppi
Banca: Roma Tauler
Resumo: No Brasil, a queima da cana de açúcar é utilizada para facilitar a colheita, mas este procedimento causa grande poluição ambiental devido a quantidade de fuligem lançada na atmosfera. O material particulado (MP) emitido contém inúmeros contaminantes, tais como: hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) e elementos. A cidade de Araraquara/SP possui cerca de 200.000 habitantes e é cercada por plantações de cana de açúcar, sendo que a prática de queimada é constante no período da safra (abril-novembro, todos os anos). Neste trabalho, determinou-se a concentração elementar e de HPAs em MP na cidade de Araraquara durante o período da safra (S) e da entre safra (E) da cana de açúcar. Foram coletadas 60 amostras (E) e 220 amostras (S) para a análise de HPAs, e 10 amostras (E) e 10 amostras (S) para a análise elementar. As amostras foram coletadas utilizando um amostrador dicotômico (vazão: 10 L min-1, 24 h) com filtros de PTFE (37 mm, 2 μm de tamanho de poro). Para a análise de HPAs, dez filtros de PTFE contendo o MP foram extraídos em banho de ultrassom com acetona/n-hexano (1:1 v/v), sendo que as análises foram efetuadas por HPLC/FLD. A análise elementar foi efetuada por fluorescência de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF), sem tratamento prévio das amostras. A concentração mediana de HPAs totais foi de 1,9 ng m-3 (E) e 6,2 ng m-3 (S). A concentração mediana de benzo[a]pireno, HPA considerado carcinogênico, foi de 0,026 ng m-3 e 0,15 ng m-3 para os períodos de E e S, respectivamente. O risco potencial de câncer associado à exposição a HPAs por inalação, foi estimado com base na concentração de benzo[a]pireno equivalente (BaPeq), onde a toxicidade de uma mistura de HPAs é definida pela concentração de cada substância multiplicada pelo seu fator de equivalência de toxicidade relativa (FET). Os valores medianos encontrados para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In Brazil, the sugar cane crops are burned to facilitate the harvesting, this procedure causes environmental pollution from the large amounts of soot that are released into the atmosphere. This particulate matter (MP) contains numerous contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. The city of Araraquara, located at central area from São Paulo State, has around 200,000 inhabitants and is surrounded by sugarcane plantations (46,994 ha of total cultivated area, in the harvest 2008/2009). In this study, PAHs concentrations and elemental composition in the MP were determined in Araraquara city during the sugarcane harvesting (HV) and non-harvesting (NHV) seasons. 60 samples were collected during the NHV and 220 samples during the HV seasons for the analysis of PAHs. 10 samples were collected during the NHV and 10 samples during the HV season for the analysis of Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Fe, Sr, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Al, S and Cl. The samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler (10 L min-1, 24 h) with PTFE filters. Ten filters sets were extracted (ultrasonic bath with hexane/acetone (1:1 v/v)) and analyzed by HPLC/FLD for the analysis of PAHs. Information concerning the bulk elemental concentration was provided by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The median concentration for total PAHs was 1.9 ng m-3 (NHV) and 6.2 ng m-3 (HV). Benzo[a]pyrene median concentration was 0.026 ng m-3 and 0.15 ng m-3 for the NHV and HV seasons, respectively. The potential cancer risk associated to inhalation exposure was estimated based on the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalence (BaPeq), where the overall toxicity of a PAH mixture is defined by the concentration of each compound multiplied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
27
Silva, Flavio Soares [UNESP]. "Influência da queima da palha de cana de açúcar na constituição do material particulado atmosférico (MP2,5 e MP10) e as suas implicações potenciais sobre a saúde humana." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105693.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2011-02-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:46:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
silva_fs_dr_araiq.pdf: 2849421 bytes, checksum: 9c4094e5d741a2f65f25f770fedc84be (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
No Brasil, a queima da cana de açúcar é utilizada para facilitar a colheita, mas este procedimento causa grande poluição ambiental devido a quantidade de fuligem lançada na atmosfera. O material particulado (MP) emitido contém inúmeros contaminantes, tais como: hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) e elementos. A cidade de Araraquara/SP possui cerca de 200.000 habitantes e é cercada por plantações de cana de açúcar, sendo que a prática de queimada é constante no período da safra (abril-novembro, todos os anos). Neste trabalho, determinou-se a concentração elementar e de HPAs em MP na cidade de Araraquara durante o período da safra (S) e da entre safra (E) da cana de açúcar. Foram coletadas 60 amostras (E) e 220 amostras (S) para a análise de HPAs, e 10 amostras (E) e 10 amostras (S) para a análise elementar. As amostras foram coletadas utilizando um amostrador dicotômico (vazão: 10 L min-1, 24 h) com filtros de PTFE (37 mm, 2 μm de tamanho de poro). Para a análise de HPAs, dez filtros de PTFE contendo o MP foram extraídos em banho de ultrassom com acetona/n-hexano (1:1 v/v), sendo que as análises foram efetuadas por HPLC/FLD. A análise elementar foi efetuada por fluorescência de raios X por energia dispersiva (EDXRF), sem tratamento prévio das amostras. A concentração mediana de HPAs totais foi de 1,9 ng m-3 (E) e 6,2 ng m-3 (S). A concentração mediana de benzo[a]pireno, HPA considerado carcinogênico, foi de 0,026 ng m-3 e 0,15 ng m-3 para os períodos de E e S, respectivamente. O risco potencial de câncer associado à exposição a HPAs por inalação, foi estimado com base na concentração de benzo[a]pireno equivalente (BaPeq), onde a toxicidade de uma mistura de HPAs é definida pela concentração de cada substância multiplicada pelo seu fator de equivalência de toxicidade relativa (FET). Os valores medianos encontrados para...
In Brazil, the sugar cane crops are burned to facilitate the harvesting, this procedure causes environmental pollution from the large amounts of soot that are released into the atmosphere. This particulate matter (MP) contains numerous contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals. The city of Araraquara, located at central area from São Paulo State, has around 200,000 inhabitants and is surrounded by sugarcane plantations (46,994 ha of total cultivated area, in the harvest 2008/2009). In this study, PAHs concentrations and elemental composition in the MP were determined in Araraquara city during the sugarcane harvesting (HV) and non-harvesting (NHV) seasons. 60 samples were collected during the NHV and 220 samples during the HV seasons for the analysis of PAHs. 10 samples were collected during the NHV and 10 samples during the HV season for the analysis of Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Fe, Sr, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Sb, Al, S and Cl. The samples were collected using a dichotomous sampler (10 L min-1, 24 h) with PTFE filters. Ten filters sets were extracted (ultrasonic bath with hexane/acetone (1:1 v/v)) and analyzed by HPLC/FLD for the analysis of PAHs. Information concerning the bulk elemental concentration was provided by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). The median concentration for total PAHs was 1.9 ng m-3 (NHV) and 6.2 ng m-3 (HV). Benzo[a]pyrene median concentration was 0.026 ng m-3 and 0.15 ng m-3 for the NHV and HV seasons, respectively. The potential cancer risk associated to inhalation exposure was estimated based on the benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalence (BaPeq), where the overall toxicity of a PAH mixture is defined by the concentration of each compound multiplied... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
28
Alzien, Salahadein Ahmed [Verfasser], Rafig [Akademischer Betreuer] Azzam, and Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Weiß. "Rehabilitation of sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbon by using sustainable remediation approach in lower and middle-income countries : Libya as a case study / Salahadein Ahmed Alzien ; Rafig Azzam, Holger Weiß." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1189672022/34.
Full text
29
Le, Maître Johann. "Développement de la spectrométrie de masse à ultra- haute résolution associée à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique pour la caractérisation de coupes pétrolières lourdes. structural analysis of heavy oil fractions afterr hydrodenitrogenation by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry Structural analysis of neutral nitrogen compounds refractory to the hydrodenitrogenation process of heavy oil fractions by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry Chemical characterization of 15 biocrudes obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of industrially cultivated wild micro algae Chemical characterization with different analytical techniques, a way to understand the process: Case of the paraffinic base oil production line Exploring complex mixtures by cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry – Application towards Petroleum. Simulation and modeling of Collision Cross Section for structural elucidation of heavy oil fraction by ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Using polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds mixture as calibration standard Characterization of sulfoxides compounds in dimeric distribution of heavy oil fractions by positive-ion electrospray ionization FTICR mass spectrometry Structural analysis of Petroporphyrins from asphaltene by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cyclic ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with atmospheric solid analysis probe for the molecular characterization of combustion particulate matter. Structural study of analogues of Titan’s haze by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR051.
Full textAbstract:
L'évolution des réserves de pétrole implique l'utilisation en raffinerie de pétroles bruts non conventionnels, bien souvent plus lourds et donc difficiles à caractériser. Les produits pétroliers sont en effet des mélanges chimiques extrêmement complexes. La partie légère et volatile peut être analysée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC/MS), permettant l'identification des composés par l'utilisation de mesures de masses précises et de modèles de fragmentation. Cependant ces techniques sont inadaptées à l'analyse des fractions lourdes. Dans la pratique, la caractérisation des mélanges les plus complexes implique l'utilisation de spectromètres de masse à ultra-haute résolution généralement par analyse directe sans séparation chromatographique. La technique de référence est aujourd’hui la spectrométrie de masse à transformée de Fourier par résonance cyclotronique des ions (FTICR). Grâce à une résolution supérieure à 106 et à une précision de mesure de masse inférieure à 0,1 ppm, cet instrument permet de séparer toutes les espèces présentes dans un produit pétrolier et d'attribuer à chaque valeur de m/z une composition élémentaire unique. Ceci permet d'obtenir très facilement des cartes moléculaires qui peuvent être présentées graphiquement en utilisant le diagramme de Kendrick, le diagramme de van Krevelen ou le nombre d'insaturations (DBE) en fonction du nombre de carbones. Ce travail de thèse a permis grâce à la caractérisation moléculaire de produits pétroliers (Vacuum Gas Oil, Pétroles Bruts, Matériel Interfacial, Asphaltènes et Bio-Oil…) d'aborder la complexité de leur traitement dans l’outil de raffinage. Des protocoles d'analyses des échantillons ont été développés, à l'aide de différentes sources d'ionisation à pression atmosphérique (ESI, APCI et APPI) ainsi que par désorption/ionisation laser (LDI) sur le spectromètre de masse FTICR 12T. Les informations sur le contenu isomérique des produits pétroliers ont ensuite été déterminées grâce à l'apport de la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique (IMS)The evolution of oil reserves requires the use in refineries of unconventional crude oils, which are often heavier and therefore difficult to characterize. Petroleum products are in fact extremely complex chemical mixtures. The light and volatile part can be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), allowing the identification of compounds by using precise mass measurements and fragmentation models. However, these techniques are inappropriate for the analysis of heavy fractions. In practice, the characterization of the most complex mixtures involves the use of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers generally by direct analysis without chromatographic separation. The reference technique today is Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR). With a resolution of more than 106 and a mass measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 ppm, this instrument can separate all the species present in a petroleum product and assign a unique elemental composition to each m/z value. This makes it very easy to obtain molecular maps that can be presented graphically using the Kendrick diagram, the van Krevelen diagram or the number of unsaturations (DBE) as a function of the number of carbons. This thesis work has allowed thanks to the molecular characterization of petroleum products (Vacuum Gas Oil, Crude Oil, Interfacial Material, Asphaltenes and Bio-Oil...) addressing the complexity of their treatment in the refining tool. Protocols for sample analysis have been developed, using different sources of ionization at atmospheric pressure (ESI, APCI and APPI) as well as laser desorption/ionization (LDI) on the FTICR 12T mass spectrometer. Information on the isomeric content of petroleum products was then determined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)
30
李燿如. "The synthesis and Chemical Properties of Cage-shaped Polypentacyclic Hydrocarbons." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90968417447382435074.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
化學學系
83
The highly symmetrical structure of heptacyclo [6.6.O.O2,6.O3,13.O4,11. O5,9.O10,14] tetradecane 6 (HCTD) is a typical cage compound, prepared in one step by coupling two units of norbornadiene through the mediation of certain transition metals. Selective cleavage of two C-C bonds would yield a polyquinane with a folded geometry (cisoid fused) which might be used for synthesis of of dodecahedrane 5. On the other hand, HCTD is composed of a rigid, compact structure. Synthesizing of its derivative with a highly strained double bond is of our interest. The estimated olefin strain energycompound 50 is 68.55 kcal/mole. Knowing the difficulty of synthesis, we attempted to trap compound 50 for the evidence of its existance. Transannular reactions for a series of ketones and olefinic derivatives of HCTD 6 have been investigated. The two functional groups of 31(a-e) exibited a long range electronic interaction. Reduction of ketoiodine 39 with triethyl phosphite produced iodide 58, which is provided as a example for such effects.
31
Rasmussen, Danne Rene. "A Theoretical Approach to Molecular Design: Planar-Tetracoordinate Carbon." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/48020.
Full textAbstract:
A number of novel hydrocarbon cage systems have been designed and characterized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2 and B3-LYP levels. In particular,equilibrium structures for five families of molecules, hemialkaplanes, hemispiroalkaplanes, alkaplanes, spiroalkaplanes and dimethanospiroalkaplanes, have been examined in detail with the aim of designing a saturated hydrocarbon with a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom and with a view to identifying appropriate synthetic targets. ¶ ... ¶ Some consideration has been given to likely pathways for unimolecular decomposition for all species. Predicted structures, heats of formation and strain energies for all the novel hydrocarbons are also detailed. Tetramethylhemispirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane are identified as the preferred synthetic targets.
32
Chen, Chong-Yow, and 陳重佑. "Chemistry of Cage-shaped Hydrocarbon Derivatives." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75497945290348897086.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
化學研究所
85
We synthesized the dimer of cage compounds by the start materical, diolcage 12. And we discussed the interaction of n andπby theoretical calculation. Weconnected different donor and accepted choromophor with cage compound.And we discussed electron transfer by theoretical calculation.
33
Zvinowanda, Grace. "Characterisation and bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated soils: a case of Murowa Diamonds mine." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22641.
Full textAbstract:
Microbial biodegradation methods of hydrocarbon contaminated soils that can occur through
biodegradation, bio augmentation, bio stimulation, and phytoremediation, have gained
significant interest in recent years when compared to the conventional methods.
The study was designed to explore the influence of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination on
physicochemical and microbial characteristics of soils as well as determining the possibility
of hydrocarbon biodegradation using biostimulation. The process involved soil
characterisation and modification of nitrogen and phosphorus content to stimulate naturally
adapting microorganisms. Characterisation process determined that hydrocarbon
contamination of Murowa soils introduced hydrophobicity to the naturally wettable sandy
loam soils. Naturally adapting microbial species capable of degrading hydrocarbons
identified using Direct microscopy, Gram and Melzer’s iodine staining included
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Serratia marcescens, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Streptomyces
Staphylococcus, Penicillium and yeasts. The N: P nutrient ratio and moisture levels were
identified as potential limiting factors and hence experiments focused on manipulation of N: P nutrients to stimulate the identified hydrocarbon degrading organisms (bio stimulation).
Hydrocarbons were identified by solvent extraction using hexane and gas chromatography.
These included decane, undecane, hexadecanal, 2-ethylcridine, octadecane and 1-iodo.
Soils weighing 10kgs with hydrocarbons levels of about 265mg/kg were subjected to eight
(8) treatments with seven (7) different combinations of N (6000-12000mgN): P (600-
3000mgP) concentration ranges including the control. Nitrogen The moisture was adjusted
and tilling for aeration was done on a weekly basis. Changes in Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
(TPH), C: N: P ratio, microbial mass and pH were evaluated over 111 consecutive days. The
optimum N:P ratio was the determined to 2:1 molar ratio in form of 6000mgN:3000mgP.
TPH concentration was reduced by 73% from the initial concentration within the first 74
days. Beyond 74 days there were no significant changes in the TPH concentration and this
was attributed to the presence of more complex insoluble hydrocarbons which needed more
time and an additional bio surfactant to complete mineralization. The conclusion was that a combination of natural attenuation and biostimulation methods can
be used to bioremediate Murowa hydrocarbon contaminated soils using the 2:1 molar ratio of
whatCollege of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)
34
Chung, Cho-hung, and 鍾卓宏. "Case Study on Soil Remediation Site of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/746v7k.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
環境工程與科學系所
106
For the construction of a gas station, the main pollution boundary is soil, the maximum concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil is 11,400mg / Kg, which is 11.4 times of the soil control standard value of 1,000 mg / kg; the first stage is soil gas (SVE) and Air Sparging method (AS) and other physical remediation method, followed by the surfactant flushing (surfactant flushing) with the extraction process (P&T), the site pollution to improve the standard below the standard The And according to the pilot test results for the site of the SVE, AS and P & T and other remediation facilities set up, and according to the interface agent pilot test in the bottle test and column test results, that the best row volume and removal And to continuously monitor the measurement of the relevant equipment during the remediation period to assess the effectiveness of the removal of the pollutants and to adjust the operating parameters of the units in a timely manner to maximize the benefits.
35
Godefroy, Susan Jessica. "The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and mutagenicity of the residue from cane burning and vehicle emissions." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5834.
Full textAbstract:
Polycyclic (or polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are environmental pollutants produced during the incomplete
combustion of organic matter. Since many of these compounds
have been shown to be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic, an
investigation was initiated into determining the PAH
content and mutagenicity of the ash that remains after
sugar cane crop burning, and the soot deposited on toll
booths by vehicle exhaust emissions.
Due to the large amount of sugar cane farming in the Natal
coastal region and that the favoured method of disposing
unwanted leafy trash is crop burning, concern was expressed
as to the nature of the residue that is formed. PAHs have
been identified in the residues from combusted wood and
straw and, due to their intrinsic similarity to sugar cane,
it was considered that the burning of sugar cane could
generate PAHs.
It is well documented that vehicle exhaust emissions
exhibit mutagenic properties and PAHs have been identified
as the major contributors of this observed mutagenicity.
Since a toll plaza is an area of high traffic density, it
was considered to be an ideal location for an investigation
into the build-up of particles emitted by the passing
vehicles, and to study to what extent the operators are
exposed to harmful compounds. In addition, this sample
acted as a control, since the detection of PAHs and
mutagenic activity in the soot would be an indication that
the correct experimental techniques were being employed.
Samples were collected on site. The sugar cane ash was
collected off a field immediately after burning had taken
place, and the soot was collected either by scraping the
toll booth walls and surrounding areas or by wiping the
surfaces with cotton wool swabs. The organic portion of the
samples was separated from the inorganic and carbonaceous
substances by extraction into a suitable solvent; the use
of both acetone and dichloromethane was investigated. The
extracts were divided into two portions - one was used for
the analysis of PAHs and the other for determining
mutagenic activity. Analysis for PAHs involved subjecting
the extracts to a sample clean-up routine and the use of a
number of analytical techniques to characterise the
components. The mutagenic properties of the samples were
investigated by means of two bacterial mutagenicity tests:
the Salmonella typhimurium assay (the Ames test) and a new
commercially available test kit, the SOS Chromotest.
A number of PARs were identified in the extracts by means
of reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) with both ultraviolet and fluorescence detection,
the latter being the more sensitive method. Mutagenic
activity was detected for both samples in the Ames test and
for the toll booth soot in the SOS Chromotest, and this
observed mutagenicity was attributed to the presence of the
PAHs.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.
36
Kuo, Hao-An, and 郭皓安. "Assessment of health effect-potential for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals on PM2.5 from a fugitive source-A case study of coking coal." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/nx3hjp.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
107
Coal stockpile is typical in industries, as the emission of particulate matter from this particular source is of increasing concern. The International Cancer Research Center has listed PM2.5 as a human primary carcinogen, considered that PM2.5 is often accompanied by harmful substances such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, coking coal was employed in lab experiments for investigating the associated fugitive PM emission. The PM2.5 concentrations were analyzed by Dichotomous Sampler, followed by the analyses of the concentrations of PAHs and selected heavy metals on the surfaces of PM. The objective of this study was to assess the health effect potential of various groups including different ages, sexes, and exposure pathways. The details of the purposes contain: 1. To understand the fugitive PM2.5 concentration from this source and the associated PAHs and heavy metal concentration; 2. To explore the exposure and cancer effect potential of males and females with different ages; 3. To explore the non-cancer effect potential of males and femals with different ages; 4. To study the species distriubtions of PAHs and heavy metals on the fugitive PM2.5 and critical influencing factors of the health effect potential; and 5. To compare the results with those from another type of coal stockpile. The results showed that As has relatively higher concentrations than those of PAHs and other heavy metals on fugitive PM2.5 from coke stockpiling. Both cancer and non-cancer effect potentials were elevated for males than for females. The childs possessed higher health effect potentials in different scenarios. Inhalation is a more important exposure pathway than digestion. The Inhalation cancer effect potential was mainly contributed by Cr(VI) and the digestion cancer effect potential was mainly contributed by As, whereas As affected the results of the non-cancer effect potential. In comparison of the reuslts between coking and fuel coals, it was found that the trends of the health effect potentials of two types of coals were similar. The cancer effect potentials by inhalation was higher for inhalaintg the fugitive PM2.5 by coking coal stockpiling; however, the threats were elevated when digestion was considered as the main exposure pathway. Overall, the potentials for negative human health effects caused by the PM2.5 by coke coal stockpiling were lower than those of fule coal.
37
Yang, Tsun-Chung, and 楊尊忠. "A Study of the Relationship between Hydrocarbon Potential vs Organic Material and Maturity in Petroleum System: a case study from NW Australia." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34191850165934738741.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
應用地質研究所
93
Due to the needs of petroleum exploration, the petroleum system exploration method is developed by combining petroleum geology, geophysics exploration and applied organic geochemistry. Organic geochemistry studies the kerogen type, organic richness and thermal maturation of the source rock. Various experiments such as Rock-Eval pyrolysis, total organic carbon detection, vitrinite reflectance measurement and maceral composition analysis are performed to provide the needed information for exploration. This research discussed the relationship of material characteristics and thermal maturity versus hydrocarbon potential from the viewpoint of applied organic geochemistry. We chose well-drilled chip samples from NW Australia to proceed four analytic experiments including maceral composition analysis, elemental analysis, vitrinite reflectance measurement and Rock-Eval pyrolysis. According to our data, the hydrocarbon potential of the study area could be assessed. Meanwhile, the relationship of material characteristics and thermal maturity versus hydrocarbon potential could be testified. Furthermore, in order to offer a contrast of hydrocarbon potential assessment and compare the feasibility of applied organic geochemistry between well-drilled chip samples and outcropped coal samples, we also collected some coal samples from the Western Foothill Belt of Taiwan to proceed the same experiments. The results of the study show that the study area in Australia possessed some oil/gas potential. However, more detailed hydrocarbon potential assessment in this area will still be needed in the future.
38
Maleta, Chimango. "The case for alternative sources of liquid fuels & petro-chemicals and the development of regional hydrocarbons infrastructure in the SADC, with a focus on Malawi." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22222.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Com. (Development Theory and Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Economic and Business Sciences, 2016.Energy security, particularly liquid fuels, is a vital economic goal for both developed and developing nations.As a region, SADC has large coal, oil and gas reserves,and land for potential crop production for biofuels, yet access to liquid fuels is still a major constraint to economic and social development. Some coal is utilised in the region for petrochemical industries, power generation, and for heating. Crude oil reserves are largely exported due to the lack of refineries and pipelines in the region. Whilst biofuels production is in its infancy. This paper explores the challenges and opportunitiesthe SADC region faces in developing refining capacity and in investing in new CTL/GTL facilities as well as liquid fuels from renewable energy resources. A primary focus will be on Malawi and her neighbouring states, as a case study.
MT2017
39
Muthwa, Ntandoyenkosi Brian. "An overview of the occurrence, evaluation and remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in South Africa: case studies of contamination from filling stations in Gauteng." Thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/31071.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, 2020Petroleum hydrocarbon compounds are processed into many products including diesel, petrol, paraffin and lubricants. These products are used by ordinary South Africans on a daily basis as they go about their lives. However, some petroleum hydrocarbon compounds, like benzene, used as ingredients in the manufacturing of petrol, are known carcinogens and may increase the risk of cancers, such as lung, skin and bladder cancers (Konečnýet al., 2003, World Health Organisation, 2010, Kpone et al., 2015andIffis et al., 2017),or are otherwise hazardous and may compromise human and ecological health(Chilcott, 2007). Urbanisation and economic growth have significantly accelerated motorisation in South Africa. Van der Post (2017) reports that at the end of February 2017theSouth African electronic National Administration Traffic Information System (eNatis) had a total of 12 027 860 registered vehicles. Of these, approximately 4.6 million were registered in Gauteng, 1.9 million in the Western Cape and 1.6 million in KwaZulu-Natal. Each of these 12 million vehicles uses either diesel or petrol as fuel. Because of the carcinogenic petroleum hydrocarbon compounds contained in and used in the manufacture of diesel and petrol, the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 classifies diesel and petrol as dangerous goods, for which authorisation must be granted by a competent authority for their handling and storage (Government of the Republic of South Africa, 1998). Despite the legislation in place, accidental releases of diesel and petrol may occur during storage, handling and transportation. The accidental releases may be due to leaking storage tanks, spillages during vehicle refuelling, tank overfills, pipeline leakages and bulk fuel tanker road accidents. Accidental releases may result in petroleum hydrocarbon contamination of environmental receptors like soil, surface water, groundwater and air. Human exposure to contaminated receptors may lead to cancer or an otherwise comprised health including narcosis, rapid unconsciousness, chemical pneumonitis, eye and respiratory system irritation, aplastic anaemia, reduced resistance to infections, a variety of dermatitic conditions and neurological disorders (Chilcott, 2007;Sellappa et al., 2010 &World Health Organisation, 2010)
CK2021
40
PARKINSON, MATTHEW RAMCHARAN. "Established and suspected risk factors for breast cancer: A case-control study in Vancouver, BC and Kingston, ON." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/6650.
Full textAbstract:
More than half of all cases of breast cancer occur among women without any known risk factors. More research is needed on suspected risk factors in order to refine current breast cancer screening tools. The objectives of this thesis were: to determine the breast cancer risk associated with known risk factors (ethnicity, family history, breast biopsy, age at menarche, age at first birth, alcohol, HRT, and BMI), suspected risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke exposure, smoked/grilled foods, and NSAID use), and to examine the above associations according to tumour receptor status, histologic grade, and menopausal status, with potential confounders also considered. This thesis project was conducted within the framework of the Molecular Epidemiology of Breast Cancer study, a case-control study of women in Vancouver, BC and Kingston, ON, with 1140 cases and 1169 controls recruited from 2005-2010. Information was collected from a detailed questionnaire.
Cases and controls were similar in terms of age at menarche, age at first birth, smoking history, second-hand smoke exposure, lifetime smoked/grilled food consumption, HRT, and BMI. Among cases, there were significantly less Europeans and more Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino subjects compared to controls. Cases were more likely to have a first degree relative with breast cancer, as well as a previous benign breast biopsy. Alcohol consumption and past NSAID usage was higher among controls. The level of education completed was higher among controls. Cases were also more likely to be postmenopausal.
Family history was associated with breast cancer risk (OR=1.59, CI=1.30-1.94), as was BMI (OR=1.28, CI=1.05-1.58 for overweight and OR=2.28, CI=1.35-3.86 for obese class II). Second-hand smoke was also found to be associated with breast cancer risk (OR=1.42, CI=1.02-1.97 for individuals with a less than 10 pack-year smoking history). Due to reduced sample size with stratification and marginally significant results, it is not possible to draw definitive conclusions regarding pathology sub-types.
In summary, these results provide support for the association between several risk factors and breast cancer risk. More research is needed to ascertain how receptor status, histologic grade, and menopausal status affect these associations.Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2011-08-15 19:43:06.689