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Academic literature on the topic 'Cage hydrocarbons'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

Gordadze, G. N. "Geochemistry of cage hydrocarbons." Petroleum Chemistry 48, no. 4 (July 2008): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0965544108040014.

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Pillekamp, Marcus, Wasim Alachraf, Iris M. Oppel, and Gerald Dyker. "Cage Hydrocarbons Derived from Dibenzosuberenone." Journal of Organic Chemistry 74, no. 21 (November 6, 2009): 8355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo9018057.

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Leonova, M. V., M. Yu Skomorokhov, I. K. Moiseev, and Yu N. Klimochkin. "One-pot amination of cage hydrocarbons." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 51, no. 12 (December 2015): 1703–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070428015120064.

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Klimochkin, Yu N., M. V. Leonova, and E. A. Ivleva. "Chemoselectivity of Nitroxylation of Cage Hydrocarbons." Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry 56, no. 10 (October 2020): 1702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107042802010005x.

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Deng, Yuan Wang, Wei Han, and Liang Yin. "Molecular Simulation of the Adsorption of Cold Start Hydrocarbons Emission from Diesel Engines in Zeolite." Advanced Materials Research 779-780 (September 2013): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.779-780.521.

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A better understanding of the adsorption behaviors of hydrocarbons on adsorbent would help trap the hydrocarbons emitted from diesel engines during cold start period more efficiently. In this paper, the adsorption behaviors of hydrocarbons in LTA zeolite was studied using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. The adsorption isotherms and mass clouds are obtained for both pure component and binary mixtures under certain temperatures. The adsorption isotherms reveal that the average loading of ethylene and propylene has the similar trend. Both of them increase with the increase of pressure and decrease significantly with the increase of temperature. The binary mixtures show competitive adsorption behavior. Propylene is adsorbed much more strongly than ethylene in LTA zeolite. The obtained mass clouds show that propylene distributes in both the α cage and β cage of the LTA zeolite, while ethylene distributes mainly in the β cage of the LTA zeolite.

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Samanta, Jayanta, and Ramalingam Natarajan. "Cofacial Organic Click Cage to Intercalate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons." Organic Letters 18, no. 14 (July 2016): 3394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01554.

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OLAH, G. A. "ChemInform Abstract: Carbocations and Electrophilic Reactions of Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199116303.

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Papavinasam, S., A. Doiron, T. Panneerselvam, and R. W. Revie. "Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Internal Corrosion of Oil and Gas Pipelines." Corrosion 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3278419.

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Abstract Under certain conditions, hydrocarbons may alter the internal corrosion conditions of oil and gas pipelines. In this paper, the effects of hydrocarbons on corrosion have been predicted based on the type of emulsion (i.e., water-in-oil or oil-in-water), wettability (oil-wet, water-wet, or mixed-wet), and corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons. Laboratory methodologies have been developed to determine wettability and to identify the type of emulsion under pipeline operating conditions. Using these methodologies, the wettability and the type of emulsion have been determined for 14 hydrocarbons obtained from operating pipelines. The corrosiveness of brine in the presence of hydrocarbons also has been determined using rotating cage experiments.

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Levandovskiy, Igor A., Dmitry I. Sharapa, Tatyana V. Shamota, Vladimir N. Rodionov, and Tatyana E. Shubina. "Conformationally restricted GABA analogs: from rigid carbocycles to cage hydrocarbons." Future Medicinal Chemistry 3, no. 2 (February 2011): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc.10.287.

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YURCHENKO, A. G. "ChemInform Abstract: Fragmentation and Transannular Cyclization Routes to Cage Hydrocarbons." ChemInform 22, no. 16 (August 23, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199116304.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

Ren, Chien-Tai. "Synthesis of Polycyclic "Cage" Molecules." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500575/.

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The synthesis of a novel, cage spiro-oxetane was carried out. Pentacyclo[5.4.0.0^2,6.0^3,10.0^5,9]undecane-8- one (PCUD-8-one) undergoes one-carbon homologation to a mixture of endo- and exo- PCUD-carboxaldehydes which then are converted into 8,8-bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD. The monotosylate obtained via reaction of 8,8- bis(hydroxymethyl)PCUD with tosyl chloride(1 equivalent) reacts with sodium hydride to afford the corresponding spiro-oxetane via intramolecular Williamson reaction. Six new substituted heptacyclo[6.6.0.0^2,6.0^3,13.0^4,11. 0^5,9.0^10,14]tetradecanes (HCTD) were synthesized. These compounds will be used as substrates in a photoelectron spectroscopic study. The ring-expansion reaction of PCUD-8-one with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of BF_3:OEt_2 was performed. The major product was converted into an alcohol, and the structure of the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate of this alcohol was elucidated by single crystal x-ray structural analysis.

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Ogawa, Kohei. "Synthesis and properties of novel hydrocarbons containing rigid cage frameworks." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144926.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11581号
工博第2527号
新制||工||1343(附属図書館)
23224
UT51-2005-D330
京都大学大学院工学研究科物質ｴﾈﾙｷﾞｰ化学専攻
(主査)教授小松紘一, 教授光藤武明, 教授大江浩一
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Rasmussen, Danne Rene, and danne@optusnet com au. "A Theoretical Approach to Molecular Design: Planar-Tetracoordinate Carbon." The Australian National University. Research School of Chemistry, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010702.115616.

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A number of novel hydrocarbon cage systems have been designed and characterized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2 and B3-LYP levels. In particular,equilibrium structures for five families of molecules, hemialkaplanes, hemispiroalkaplanes, alkaplanes, spiroalkaplanes and dimethanospiroalkaplanes, have been examined in detail with the aim of designing a saturated hydrocarbon with a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom and with a view to identifying appropriate synthetic targets. ¶ The hemialkaplanes and hemispiroalkaplanes are constructed from a spiropentane or neopentane subunit, respectively, which is capped by a cyclic hydrocarbon. The hemispiroalkaplanes are predicted to contain a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom possessing a lone pair of electrons. Protonation at this apical carbon atom is found to be highly favorable, resulting in a remarkably high basicity for a saturated hydrocarbon. The proton affinities of the hemispiroalkaplanes are calculated to be more than 1170 kJ mol[superscript -1] , even greater than those for the diamine "proton sponges". ¶ The alkaplanes and the spiroalkaplanes, which are constructed by bicapping a neopentane or spiropentane subunit, respectively, with a pair of cyclic hydrocarbons, show unprecedented flattening of a tetracoordinate carbon atom. Linking the spiroalkaplane caps with methano bridges gives the dimethanospiroalkaplanes, two of which, dimethanospirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane, achieve exact planarity at the central carbon atom. They are the first neutral saturated hydrocarbons predicted to contain an exactly planartetracoordinate carbon atom. This has been achieved through structural constraints alone. The electronic structure at the central carbon atom results in a highest occupied molecular orbital corresponding to a p-type lone pair. Consequently, the adiabatic ionization energies for octaplane, spirooctaplane and dimethanospirooctaplane (approximately 5 eV) are predicted to be similar to those of lithium and sodium - incredibly low for a saturated hydrocarbon. ¶ Some consideration has been given to likely pathways for unimolecular decomposition for all species. Predicted structures, heats of formation and strain energies for all the novel hydrocarbons are also detailed. Tetramethylhemispirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane are identified as the preferred synthetic targets.

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Andong, Omores Raissa. "Spatio-temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils in the vicinity of a petrochemical plant in Cape Town." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2432.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are an alarming group of organic substances for humans and environmental organisms due to their ubiquitous presence, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. They are semi-volatile substances which result from the fusion of carbon and hydrogen atoms and constitute a large group of compounds containing two to several aromatic rings in their molecule. Natural processes and several anthropogenic activities involving complete or incomplete combustion of organic substances such as coal, fossil fuel, tobacco and other thermal processes, generally result in the release of the PAHs into the environment. However, the fate of the PAHs is of great environmental concern due to their tendency to accumulate and their persistence in different environmental matrices and their toxicity. Animal studies have revealed that an excessive exposure to PAHs can be harmful. Evidence of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immune-suppressive effects has been reported in the literature. In the soil environment, they have the tendency to be absorbed by plants grown on soil being contaminated by the PAHs. It is, therefore, important to evaluate their occurrence levels in different environmental matrices such as soil concentrations.

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Davies, Christopher Paul Norman, A. Rozendaal, and B. V. Burger. "Hydrocarbon evolution of the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore South Africa : from source to reservoir." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4936.

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Thesis (PhD (Geology))--University of Stellenbosch, 1997.
1123 leaves printed on single pages, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-286. Includes bibliography, list of figures and tables and explanation of abbreviations used.
Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This first comprehensive study of the petroleum geochemistry of the Bredasdorp Basin, and the adjacent Southern Outeniqua Basin, documents the characteristic large number of hydrocarbon shows and the four regionally distinctive marine source rocks. Detailed correlation of reservoired hydrocarbons with source rock bitumens shows that two source rocks have expelled oil in commercial quantities and two others have expelled commercial quantities of wet gas/condensate. In contrast with earlier studies which indicated that thermal 'gradualism' prevailed, this study indicates that the post-rift thermal history of the basin is very complex. Post-rift cool-down is punctuated by periods of rapidly increasing heat flow resulting in much of the maturation being localised in time. These periods of increased heating coincide with regional plate tectonism. The associated thermal uplift and downwarp effects govern the periods of trap formation and control the hydrocarbon migration direction. Migration distances of these hydrocarbons are described and show inter alia that oil migrates no more than -7-10 km but gas migrates regionally. Two regional episodes of meteoric water flushing reduce sandstone cementation in palaeo-highs forming potential reservoirs at specific times. The unusually low salinity of remnants of this water in some sandstones help characterise these two main migration conduits. A highly detailed hydrocarbon correlation scheme derived from gas, light oil and biomarker data has been established which differentiates products of the four active source rocks and helps characterise the oil-oil, oil-source and source-source pairs. It is evident from these correlations that two periods of migration and reservoiring occurred at 50-60 Ma and 0-10 Ma. As a result, source-reservoir plays which characterise certain areas of the basin as predominantly oil or gas prone can be described. These correlations also highlight areas where mixtures of hydrocarbons are common and where some of the early reservoired oil has been displaced to new locations, constituting potential new exploration plays. Source rocks for some of the analysed hydrocarbons have yet to be found and may not even have been drilled to date. One such source rock appears to be located in the Southern Outeniqua Basin, making that area a potential target for further exploration. This study resolved the common heritage of the source rocks and reservoir sandstones which form part of the Outeniqua petroleum system. The hydrocarbon volumes available to this system show that by world standards it is indeed significant.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot aantal koolwaterstof voorkomste asook vier streekskenmerkende mariene brongesteentes word in hierdie eerste omvattende studie van die petroleumgeochemie van die Bredasdorp-kom en die aangrensende Suidelike Outeniqua-kom saamgevat. Gedetaileerde korrelasies van die opgegaarde koolwaterstowwe met brongesteente bitumen, dui daarop dat twee van die vier geidentifiseerde brongesteentes olie in kommersiele hoeveelhede uitgeset het. Die ander twee het kommersiele hoeveelhede nat gas-kondensaat uitgeset. In teenstelling met vroeer studies wat daarop gedui het dat termale 'gradualisme' voorgekom het, dui hierdie studie daarop dat die na-riftermale geskiedenis van die kom baie meer kompleks is. Verskeie periodes van versnelde toename in hittevloei het voorgekom in die na-rifse verkoeling. Dit het daartoe gelei dat veroudering plaaslik binne 'n beperkte tydsverloop plaasvind. Hierdie periodes van hittetoename stem ooreen met die regionale plaattektoniek. Die geassosieerde termiese opheffing en afwaartse vervormingseffek, beheer die totstandkoming van opvanggebiede en die migrasierigting van die koolwaterstowwe. Migrasie-afstande van die koolwaterstowwe word bespreek en wys inter alia daarop dat olie nie verder as -7-10 km beweeg nie, maar gasmigrasie vind regionaal plaas. Twee kort episodes van meteoriese wateruitsetting, het sandsteensementasie in palaeohoogsliggende gebiede verminder wat potensiele reservoirs gevorm het op spesifieke tye. Die ongewone lae soutvlakte van oorblyfsels van die water in sekere sandstene help om die twee vernaamste migrasieroetes te kenmerk. 'n Hoogs omvattende koolwaterstof-korrelasieskema wat van gas, ligte olie en biomerkerdata verkry is, is opgestel. Die skema het onderskei tussen produkte van die vier aktiewe brongesteentes en help om die olie-olie, olie-bron en bron-bron pare te karakteriseer. Dit is duidelik van die korrelasies dat twee periodes van migrasie en opgaring plaasgevind het ongeveer teen -50-60 Ma en 0-10 Ma. Gevolglik kan bronreservoir omskrywings wat sekere dele van die kom karakteriseer as grotendeels olie of gas-ontvanklik beskryf word. Hierdie korrelasies beklemtoon ook areas waar mengsels van koolwaterstowwe algemeen voorkom en waar sekere van die vroeer opgegaarde olie verplaas is na nuwe lokaliteite, wat nuwe eksplorasieteikens daarstel. Brongesteentes vir sekere van die ge-analiseerde koolwaterstowwe, moet nog gevind word en is tot op hede nog nie raakgeboor nie. Een so 'n brongesteente kom voor in die Suidelike Outeniqua-kom, wat daardie area 'n potenslele teiken vir verdere eksplorasie maak. Die studie het die gesamentlike oorsprong van die brongesteente en reservoirsandsteen, wat deel is van die Outeniqua Petroleumsisteem, geidentifseer. Die koolwaterstofvolumes wat beskikbaar is vir die sisteem wys dat, gemeet teen wêreldstandaarde, dit wel beduidend is.

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MacKay, Allison Ann. "Groundwater fate of aromatic hydrocarbons at industrial sites : a coal tar site case study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49984.

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Jeffery, Jared. "Hydrocarbons and Russian foreign policy in the post-communist era (1991-2008): A case study." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3784.

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This thesis aims to analyse the effect of hydrocarbons on Russian foreign policy in the post-communist period. In doing so it employs a constructivist meta-theory (actorstructure framework) and Susan Strange's approach to international political economy (IPE). The role of hydrocarbons in both the international political economy and Russia's domestic political economy is analysed. Thereafter a historical narrative outlining the affect of hydrocarbons on foreign policy from 1991-2008 is offered. There is also a brief focus on the role of Gazprom in Russian foreign policy. It is found that hydrocarbons affected Russian foreign policy through the impact they had on the state's ability to control the domestic political economy (which was diminished in the 1991-1999 period, but strengthened as international oil prices rose thereafter). Hydrocarbons, though a source of power, are also found to tie the Russian state to the interdependent international political economy of the globalised era. The analysis finds that the case supports the constructivist emphasis on the importance of understanding domestic issues when addressing the foreign policies of states. It also finds that the approaches used, Wendt's constructivism and Strange's IPE theory, work well in conjunction to illuminate foreign policy issues. A criticism of Strange's approach, however, is highlighted. She fails to give adequate attention to matters of geography in her model. This, it is argued, would be a fruitful endeavour for future IPE analysis, especially if addressed through the case of hydrocarbons in the IPE.

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Baiyegunhi, Christopher. "Sedimentary, geochemical and geophysical study of the Ecca group, Karoo supergroup and its hydrocarbon potential in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4881.

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The Ecca Group of Karoo Supergroup is a sedimentary rock sequence that deposited between the Late Carboniferous (Dwyka Group) and the Late Permian-Middle Triassic (Beaufort Group). The Ecca Group investigated in this study is situated in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and it comprises mainly of shales, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones. The Ecca Group sequence contains considerable carbon content and suitable thickness to make it an ideal target for shale gas exploration. Previous studies put more emphasis on the geology and stratigraphy of the Ecca Group, this study revised the stratigraphy, and put new insight on the petrography, depositional processes, sedimentary facies, provenance, paleoweathering, tectonic setting, subsidence rates and history, electrical resistivity, source rock characteristics and diagenesis of the potentially feasible sandstone and mudrock reservoir rocks of the Ecca Group. Based on the lithological features, sedimentary structures and facies characteristics, the stratigraphy of the Prince Albert, Whitehill, Collingham and Fort Brown Formations of the Ecca Group is now subdivided into two informal members each, i.e. Lower Member and Upper Member. Furthermore, the Ripon Formation is now subdivided into three informal members. Each member has been asigned a lithological name. The grain size parameters show that most of the Ecca Group sandstones are very fine to fine grained, poorly to moderately well sorted, mostly near-symmetrical and mesokurtic in grain-size distribution. The linear discriminant function analysis is dominantly indicative of turbidity current deposits under deep marine environment for Prince Albert, Whitehill and Collingham Formations, shallow marine environment for Ripon Formation, while the Fort Brown Formation is lacustrine-deltaic deposits. Modal composition analysis and petrography studies revealed that the detrital components of the sandstones are dominated by monocrystalline quartz, feldspar and lithic fragments. The sandstones are compositionally and texturally immature and can be classified as feldspathic wacke and lithic wacke. The provenance analysis revealed plutonic and metamorphic terrains as the main source rocks with minor debris derived from recycled sedimentary rocks. The detrital modal compositions of these sandstones are related to back arc to island and continental margin of tectonic setting. Based on the detailed sedimentological analyses of outcrop and borehole data, fourteen lithofacies were identified and seven facies associations (FAs) were recognised. The facies associations are: FA 1: Shale and mudstones intercalated with siltstones, FA 2: Carbonaceous shale, mudstone with subordinate chert and sandstone, FA 3: Mudstones rhythmite with thin bedded mudstone and lenticular siltstone, FA 4: Greyish medium bedded sandstone intercalated with laminated mudstone, FA 5: Dark-grey medium to thick bedded mudstone and siltstone, FA 6: Thin to medium bedded sandstone alternated with thin bedded carbonaceous mudstone, and FA 7: Varved mudstone rhythmite intercalated with siltstone and minor sandstone. Sedimentological characteristics of the identified facies associations indicate four deposition environments, namely, deep marine basin, turbidite, shallow marine and lacustrine environments, which constitute a gradually regression sequence as a result of sea-level dropping and shallowing of the basin during the developmental processes. Geochemical analysis of the Ecca mudrocks and sandstones revealed that the rocks are of quartzose sedimentary provenance, suggesting that they were derived from a cratonic interior or recycled orogen. The petrography and geochemistry of the sandstones indicated that the source areas are composed of plutonic and metamorphic rocks with a minor component from sedimentary rocks. The geochemical diagrams and indices of weathering suggested that the granitic source rocks underwent moderate to high degree of chemical weathering. The tectonic setting discrimination diagrams support passive continental margin setting of the provenance.

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Garrido, de las Heras Santiago, and Vega David Antón. "The Adaptation of the Normative to Regulate the Fracking Technique: the Spanish Case." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118682.

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The authors bring us a general approximation of the regulatory model related to hydrocarbon exploration and production activities in Spain. In this sense, the analysis is focused in the increased use of the hydraulic fracturing technique, better known as «fracking». In particular, the authors analyze the case of the refusal of some Spanish Autonomous Communities regarding the implementation of this technique and how the Central Government has faced that opposition.
Los autores nos brindan una aproximación general al modelo regulatorio de las actividades de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos en España. En ese sentido, centran su análisis en el uso, cada vez más extendido, de la técnica de la fractura hidráulica, más conocida como fracking. En particular, analizan el caso de la negativa de algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas respecto a la implementación de esta técnica y cómo ha afrontado el Gobierno Central dicha oposición.

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Awe, Adetunji Ajibola. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) iIn the Diep And Plankenburg Rivers and potential remediation using charred Vitis vinifera (GRAPE) leaf litter." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2983.

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Thesis (DPhil (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019
Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in freshwater systems may aggravate the water crisis currently being experienced in the Western Cape province of South Africa. However, there is dearth of data on the levels of PAHs, necessary for effective assessment of water quality as well as remediation strategies. This study therefore assessed levels of PAHs in two important freshwater systems in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The potential of grape leaf litter for PAH abatement was also investigated. A solid-phase extraction - gas chromatography - flame ionisation detection (SPE-GC-FID) method was developed to simultaneously determine the 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority PAHs in environmental samples. Levels of 16 US EPA priority PAHs were assessed in water, sediment and plants from seven selected sites on the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers. Seasonal variations of some water quality parameters and PAHs levels in water and sediment samples were determined from the selected sites. Activated carbons produced from Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter were utilised for PAH-remediation. The SPE-GC-FID method developed for the 16 US EPA priority PAHs determination gave acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.999). Instrument detection limits ranged between 0.02 and 0.04 µg/mL and instrument quantification limits of between 0.06 and 0.13 µg/mL. Recovery studies were also acceptable (70.35 - 100.83%) with the exception of naphthalene that had lower recoveries. The average ∑16 PAHs detected in water samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 73.90 to187.11 µg/L. The highest PAHs levels were detected in water samples from industrial areas of both rivers; chrysene (Chy) followed by benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) were the most abundant PAHs detected in water samples. Higher PAHs levels were detected in sediment samples relative to water samples; the average ∑16 PAHs detected in sediment samples at a given site, over a one-year period ranged from 6.048 to 39.656 µg/g. PAHs levels were also highest in sediment samples from industrial areas of the two rivers; benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) followed by benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF) were the most abundant PAHs detected in sediment samples. The average ∑16 PAHs detected in plant samples [Phragmites australis (common reed) and Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth)] at a given site, ranged between 62.11 and 226.72 µg/g. Highest levels of PAHs were therefore detected in plant samples, suggesting possible bioaccumulation of PAHs in plant tissues. The bioaccumulation of PAHs by the plants also indicates the phytoremediation potential of these plants for PAHs remediation. The levels of PAHs measured in water and sediment samples were subjected to probabilistic risk assessment to predict the possibility of regulatory values being exceeded. The average percentage exceedence of 63.26 and 42.81 were obtained for PAHs in water samples of the Diep and Plankenburg Rivers respectively, while the corresponding average percentage exceedence obtained for sediment samples were 63.71 and 77.20. Vitis vinifera (grape) leaf litter showed enormous prospect as precursor for activated carbon. The yield of activated carbons obtained from grape leaf litter ranged from 44.65 to 58.40% and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of up to 616.60 m2/g was obtained for activated carbons. The estimated adsorption capacities of the ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activated carbons for phenanthrene removal from aqueous solutions were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g respectively. The environmental samples analysed were heavily contaminated with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs and the probabilistic risk assessment suggested risks of the carcinogenic PAHs at the levels measured in the environment. Vitis vinifera leaf litter, showed enormous potential as renewable precursor for activated carbon production, capable of removing varied contaminants from wastewater.

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Books on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

1927-, Olah George A., and Schleyer, Paul von R., 1930-, eds. Cage hydrocarbons. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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1936-, Ōsawa Eiji, and Yonemitsu Osamu 1930-, eds. Carbocyclic cage compounds: Chemistry and applications. New York, N.Y: VCH, 1992.

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Birnstingl, J. Low-temperature thermal desorption: Hydrocarbon and PCB remediation case studies. London: CIRIA, 2000.

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Hogg, Judith Ann. A case-control study of chronic pancreatitis and hydrocarbon exposure. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1993.

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Continuous soil gas measurements: Worst case risk parameters. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013.

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E, Osawa, and Yonemitsu O, eds. Carbocyclic Cage Compounds: Chemistry and Applications. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Germany, 1992.

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C, Brown D., Gorsline D. S, Schweller W. J, and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Minerologists. Pacific Section., eds. Deep-marine sedimentation: Depositional models and case histories in hydrocarbon exploration & development. Los Angeles: The Pacific Section SEPM, 1990.

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Deep-marine sedimentation: Depositional models and case histories in hydrocarbon exploration & development. Bakersfield, CA: Pacific Section SEPM, The Society of Sedimentary Geology, 1990.

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Narr, Wayne, David S. Schechter, and Laird B. Thompson. Naturally Fractured Reservoir Characterization. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/9781613999615.

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Naturally fractured reservoirs present unique and specialized challenges to hydrocarbon extraction. Naturally Fractured Reservoir Characterization seeks to confront many of these challenges by providing an introduction to the engineering and geological character of naturally fractured reservoirs. The focus is on understanding fractures in a reservoir – how to determine whether fractures are important to hydrocarbon producibility, and if so, how to analyze the fracture system for the purpose of improved reservoir management. Topics discussed include the geological character of fracture systems, how to recognize and describe them, their effect on reservoir performance, how to distribute them in a reservoir model, and different approaches to flow simulation. A blend of engineering and geological data and tools are used to optimize our understanding of this class of reservoirs. Case histories of several naturally fractured reservoirs are presented to show that a range of strategies may be required to successfully address the complexity of this diverse class of reservoirs.

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Geophysical Exploration Technology Applications In Lithological And Stratigraphic Reservoirs. Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

Furmaga, Jakub, Kurt Kleinschmidt, and Kapil Sharma. "Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_144-1.

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Furmaga, Jakub, Kurt Kleinschmidt, and Kapil Sharma. "Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Hydrocarbons." In Critical Care Toxicology, 1951–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_144.

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Kuppusamy, Saranya, Naga Raju Maddela, Mallavarapu Megharaj, and Kadiyala Venkateswarlu. "Case Studies on Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons." In Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons, 225–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24035-6_9.

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Wood, A. P. "Personal Care Products." In Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, 3387–94. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_263.

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Rousseau, Isabelle. "The Dynamic of Latin American National Oil Companies’ Evolution Case Studies: Pemex and PdVSA." In States and Markets in Hydrocarbon Sectors, 122–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137434074_7.

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Kuntze, Kevin, Heinrich Eisenmann, Hans-Hermann Richnow, and Anko Fischer. "Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) for Evaluating Degradation of Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Field Case Studies." In Anaerobic Utilization of Hydrocarbons, Oils, and Lipids, 323–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50391-2_23.

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Kuntze, Kevin, Heinrich Eisenmann, Hans-Hermann Richnow, and Anko Fischer. "Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) for Evaluating Degradation of Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Field Case Studies." In Anaerobic Utilization of Hydrocarbons, Oils, and Lipids, 1–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33598-8_23-1.

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Das, Partha P., Tapan K. Paul, Shyamalee Gogoi, and Farhat Arifi. "Macromolecular Characterization of Petroleum Crude for Deeper Insights into Acute Flow Problems: A Case Study from Lakwa Oil Field, Assam, India." In Macromolecular Characterization of Hydrocarbons for Sustainable Future, 117–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6133-1_9.

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Johari, Shobha, and Ashwani Kumar. "Bioremediation of Wasteland Using Hydrocarbon Yielding Plant: A Case Study." In Bioenergy Crops, 246–65. New York: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003043522-14.

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Terterov, Marat, and Claudia Nocente. "The Question of ‘Security’ of Middle East Oil Supply Revisited: Domestic Crisis in a Middle East North African Oil Producer and Its Impact on International Markets — The Case of Libya." In States and Markets in Hydrocarbon Sectors, 144–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137434074_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

Shibahara, Masahiko, Tsubasa Shimizu, Nilson Kunioshi, and Hiroshi Takada. "Experimental Study on Fullerene Formation Process in Toluene Flame at Low Pressure Condition." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21122.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons generated in the combustion processes of fuel rich hydrocarbon flames are considered to be important precursors of soot that causes environmental pollution. On the other hand, in a combustion process under low pressure conditions, the generation of fullerenes which are one of large cage-shaped carbon clusters was reported. Combustion synthesis of fullerenes is expected to be one of the mass production methods of fullerenes and a premixed flame of toluene and oxygen is utilized in real mass production process of fullerenes. However, the fullerene formation mechanism from PAH in toluene and oxygen premixed flames has not been clarified yet. Therefore, in the present study, contents of PAH and fullerene in the total soot obtained from premixed flames of toluene and oxygen surrounded with premixed flame of methane and oxygen under various physical conditions were analyzed through gas and liquid chromatography. In the present study over 5 weight percent PAHs were found in the collected soot samples and 22 kinds of substances in PAHs can be specified by using the standard sample and 10 isometric structures of PAHs can be specified by using a gas chromatograph system. When the flame fluctuation was small because of low flow rate of the center and outer flames, the fullerene content in the soot sample increased and the PAH contents of lower molecular weight increased with the increase of the pressure in the chamber. When the flame fluctuation was relatively large because of high flow rate of the center and outer flames, the fullerene content in the soot sample had the maximum peak and the PAH contents of lower molecular weight were dramatically changed from those in the case with small flame fluctuation. Contents of C60 in the total fullerenes increased and those of C70 decreased with the increase of the pressure in the chamber.

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Roy, Ting, Kamel Ben Naceur, Manjinder Singh, Daniel Markel, Leonard Harp, Hifzi Ardic, Christian Wilkinson, and Indranil Roy. "Pioneering Industry's First Oil Degradable, Nano-Composite Formulations, for HPHT Temporary Sealing." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32118-ms.

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Abstract The Oil and Gas industry is continuously evolving and of late adopting novel and new technologies while transitioning to harness sustainable energies. To improve material efficiency and reduce overall carbon footprint, we have seen the evolution of brine dissolvable alloys, dissolvable PGA/composites, and of late dissolvable bulk-metallic-glass-composites and high-entropy alloys. The triggers for dissolution of these materials are often common downhole-fluids of an aqueous-nature. These materials undergo accelerated corrosion via anodic-dissolution or hydrolysis, facilitated by elevated downhole temperatures. While these technologies have matured over the last decade into readily available and economic offerings, our industry has lacked significant progress in materials which dissolve in hydrocarbons, while remaining unaffected by aqueous fluids. Motivated to bridge this technology gap, we have embarked on a project to pioneer an industry first oil-degradable metal-matrix nanocomposite. A focused application for this novel material, will be eliminating the use of wash pipes through intelligent use of a port-isolation temporary-seal, preventing communication from ID-to- OD during deployment in brine, while opening up on demand during production. This can be "Game Changing" for Operators, saving them rig-time and costs in the millions of dollars. A oneway ball-valve for deploying sand-screens using our oil-degradable ball as a temporary seal has been envisioned. The ball will seal against flow-ports when running-in-hole, precluding annular- to-tubular communication. Once screens are set, and the well tied-in to flow, produced oil will drive the sealing-ball away. The ball is retained in a cage to allow unrestricted production. In reality, this solution presents challenges. Production of solids, and asphaltenes often build up around the caged ball leading to restricted production, often needing costly intervention. The ideal scenario would be if the ball-seals can be removed by dissolution in the produced hydrocarbons. This will ensure unrestricted production, reduce the possibility of intervention and rig-time loss, all-in-all a step towards lowering our carbon-footprint.

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Ferguson, Helen A., S. A. Mehta, R. Gordon Moore, Nancy E. Okazawa, and Matthew G. Ursenbach. "Oxidation Characteristics of Light Hydrocarbons for Underbalanced Drilling Applications." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cae-29066.

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This investigation is directly relevant to various applications associated with the safety aspects of underbalanced drilling operations where de-oxygenated air may be co-injected with oil-based drilling fluid. However, de-oxygenated air often still contains up to 5% oxygen by volume. This residual oxygen can react with oil during the drilling process, thereby forming potentially hazardous oxidized hydrocarbons and compromising the safety of drilling operations. This article examines the conditions and processes by which oxidation reactions occur and may be helpful in reducing risk in drilling operations. This project characterizes the oxidation behaviour of several oils and a typical oil-based drilling fluid at atmospheric and elevated pressures using thermogravimetry (TG) and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Tests performed on mineral matrix (core) from the oil reservoirs showed no reactivity in both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. In an inert atmosphere, tests on all hydrocarbon samples showed only vapourization, no reactivity. In an oxidizing environment, the tests on hydrocarbons showed several oxidation regions. The presence of core had no effect on the behaviour of the hydrocarbons tested in an inert atmosphere but accelerated the higher temperature oxidation reactions of the oil samples. The oil-based drilling fluid exhibited the opposite effect — the presence of core material retarded the oxidation reactions. This is perhaps due to the presence of an oxygen scavenger reacting with oxygen containing clays present in the mineral matrix. In all tests performed on mixtures of hydrocarbon and core in oxidizing atmospheres, elevated pressures resulted in acceleration of the lower and higher temperature reaction regions.

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Orozco Cera, Eusebio Jose, and Felipe Romero Consuegra. "Regulatory Framework Effects in the Recovery Factor, A New Approach from the Competition Concentration Analysis O&G Sector, Comparative Case Norway and Colombia 2000-2016." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210348-ms.

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Abstract This study shows that measures to reduce concentration in hydrocarbon markets should be considered and added and regulatory options must be addressed to provide incentives and avoid and / or reduce the impact of the concentration on competitiveness deficiencies for the efficiency of recovery of oil fields in the long-run. The authors approach the theme of the curse of natural resources and the Regulatory Framework Effects in the Recovery Factor from the hydrocarbons and its economic incentives for Norway and Colombia with some of the particularities of Tax burden, Legal Framework and Structure of the Sector, addressing an analysis and comparison of measures of hydrocarbons market concentration for its Downstream, Midstream and Upstream of both countries emphasizing the particularities in the Regulation of access to the Pipeline System obtaining Results, Observations, Conclusions and Recommendations for Colombia, Norway and in general to economies exposed to hydrocarbon sectors with national state companies.

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Kaeng, Geovani Christopher, Kate Evans, Florence Bebb, and Rebecca Head. "Hydrocarbon Retention and the Case for Vertical Migration." In SPE Eastern Europe Subsurface Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208526-ms.

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Abstract Complex hydrocarbon charging and distribution in which reservoirs are filled by oil and gas phases with different densities and genetic types inter-fingering within the basin, are common phenomena, and often attributed to vertical migration. This paper discusses the factors that control vertical hydrocarbon migration and presents modelling of the hydrocarbon charging and entrapment history in a tertiary basin in Southeast Asia as a case study. According to the Young-Laplace flow theory of the secondary hydrocarbon migration mechanics, migration occurs in a state of capillary equilibrium in a flow regime dominated by buoyancy and capillary forces. In this study, the invasion percolation simulation algorithm, based on the Young-Laplace flow, was used. During the simulation, three-dimensional (3D) seismic data were used as the high-resolution base grid for migration to capture the effect of both structure and facies heterogeneities on fluid flow. A model of an unfaulted system was presented to make the case. In the study area there is inter-fingering between oil and gas across different formations; most oils are trapped in the deeper formation, oil and gas inter-fingering occurs in the middle formation, and the upper formation contains mostly gas. This arrangement is possible because of the interplay between the expelled fluid buoyancy and relatively weak intra-formational seals within the basin. The modeling results were then calibrated to known accumulations or fluid presence in wells. In a basin dominated by a vertical migration regime, hydrocarbons are prevented from travelling far from the kitchen, thus decreasing prospectivity away from the kitchen. Through a case study, this paper helps to understand the factors that influence hydrocarbon retention and migration that control fluid distribution within a basin. Eventually the study helps geologists to understand prospectivity risking related to hydrocarbon charging, which is one of the main risks in exploration especially in mature basins.

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Garcia, German, Hadrien Dumont, and Tunde Akindipe. "Application of Gravity-Assisted Wellbore Segregation to Wireline Sampling Operations. A Low Permeability Case Study." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206138-ms.

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Abstract A common challenge in exploration in the North Slope of Alaska is the formation evaluation of low-permeability formations when near-wellbore damage is caused by water-based muds (WBM). This study describes the novel application of existing technology to collect high-quality hydrocarbon samples efficiently in these challenging conditions. The concept was tested with a wireline formation tester in a well with severe formation damage caused by WBM. The procedure and hardware used are discussed and an example of the effectiveness of the proposed technique is shown. Due to the unfavorable mobility ratio, WBM filtrates tends to move preferentially while attempting oil sampling in low permeability rock leading to long station times during wireline formation testing operations. To overcome this challenge, a target sampling interval was subjected to high drawdown using a 3D radial probe to move the target phase closer to the wellbore. Once hydrocarbon was detected in the fluid analyzer, the 3D radial probe was retracted, and the string repositioned to cover the same interval with a straddle packer assembly. Straddle packers provide wellbore annular space for filtrate and hydrocarbon to segregate after the flow period is resumed. When hydrocarbons are again seen in the fluid analyzer, a simultaneous two-pump flow is used to collect them and discard the filtrate. The combination of 3D radial probe and straddle packer assists with displacing the mud filtrate, bringing the target hydrocarbons to the wellbore, and enables the collection of segregated samples with exceptional quality. After pumping at one sampling station using the 3D Radial probe, the maximum hydrocarbon fraction observed was 5%. When the straddle packer was positioned at the same interval, the fluid analyzer showed that the low velocity in the annular space between tool's mandrel and wellbore enabled hydrocarbon segregation from the filtrate due to the existing density contrast. When the hydrocarbon in the wellbore reached the straddle packer inlet, the lower pump was used to flow most of the filtrate in the down direction at high rate. Meanwhile, the hydrocarbon was "skimmed off" and placed in sample containers at a much lower rate using the upper pump. Laboratory results confirmed that the samples collected with the traditional sampling method contained 95% filtrate whereas the samples collected with our technique contained 90% hydrocarbon. Downhole fluid segregation using single-inlet, wireline straddle packer and dual-pump action has not been found in the literature. Recent developments in wireline formation testing use dual inlets in straddle packer modules to enable downhole segregation. We consider that the technique described here innovatively uses the capabilities of current formation testers to collect high-quality hydrocarbon samples in low permeability conditions. With minor adjustments, this technique can also be applied in gas or water sampling in wells drilled with oil-based muds.

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Roy, Ting, Kamel Ben Naceur, Manjinder Singh, Daniel Markel, Leonard Harp, Hifzi Ardic, Christian Wilkinson, and Indranil Roy. "Pioneering Oil-Degradable Nano-Composites for Deepwater Sand-Control Tools: To Preclude Annular-To-Tubular Communication During Deployment in Brine, and Degradation-To-Removal in Oil, Ensuing Production." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210130-ms.

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Abstract In the energy industry many applications and embodiments are envisioned, for temporary sealing to dissolvables where deployed tools may remove themselves without any intervention, and on demand. Triggers for dissolution are often common downhole fluids of an aqueous nature. Metals designed to undergo accelerated corrosion via anodic dissolution or hydrolysable polymers triggered by brackish water, flowback or produced, facilitated by elevated downhole temperatures, are common. However, there is not a single formulation with tailored properties, engineered to degrade in presence of oil. Here we present, industry's first oil degradable, nano-composite formulations, for HPHT temporary sealing. An application, as a one-way port plug or ball valve for deploying a sand screen using this novel technology will be ideal. The ball would seal against the flow-ports or nozzles when running in hole and circulating fluid through the screen to the toe and back up the annulus. Once the screens are set, and the well put on production, the oil will produce through the flow ports or nozzles, better known as inflow control devices or ICDs’ and drive the ball away. The ball is to be retained in a cage to allow unrestricted production. In reality, this solution however presents challenges. Production of solids, waxes and asphaltenes often gum up the ball in the cage and restrict production, often needing costly intervention. The ideal scenario will be if the ball seals can dissolve in produced hydrocarbons aka oil of varying API gravities. This will ensure unrestricted production, reduce possibility of intervention and rig time savings, all in all a step towards lowering our carbon footprint. To augment the patented answer product, a step change in adding sensing and intelligence, nano-particulates and/or sensors as unique-identifiers are accommodated in the composite bulk, as tracers, control-released during degradation. As these nano-particulates, flow-back with production to the surface, these tracers with a unique fingerprint, are identified as they pass-through an in-line detector identifying the nano-crystal. The detector, comprising a remote computing system configured to store and relay information relating to these tracers is under development. This industry first is a paradigm shift in remote-monitoring, alerting any end user, anywhere in the world, of selected downhole event triggers, without running any device in the well.

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Esther, Escobar. "Unlocked Shale gas: Latin-American potential. A case study of Mexico and Argentina Case Study." In SPE Hydrocarbon Economics and Evaluation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169852-ms.

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Khan, Mohammad Ibrahim, Harish Datir, Subhadeep Sarkar, and Bjarne Rafaelsen. "DECIPHERING LOW RESISTIVITY PAY TO DERISK A COMMERCIAL DISCOVERY: CASE STUDY FROM THE NORWEGIAN SEA." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0006.

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The Cretaceous Cape Vulture prospect (Norwegian Sea, Norway) consisted of three Cretaceous sand levels: Cape Vulture Lower, Main, and Upper. The prospect was drilled in 2017, targeting seismic amplitude anomalies that represented a combination of reservoir facies and hydrocarbons. As the first well (6608/10-17S) proved hydrocarbons down to base reservoir in Cape Vulture Main and Upper, an appraisal well with two sidetracks were planned and drilled to determine the reservoir development, pressure communication and oil-water contact. A good understanding of the lateral variation within the reservoir was of importance to the technical economical evaluation of the discovery. The appraisal wells planned for a comprehensive coring and logging program. The main objectives were to reduce the uncertainty of estimated in place volumes by establishing the depth of the hydrocarbon-water contact, prove lateral pressure communication within each reservoir level, reduce the uncertainty of lateral and vertical reservoir distribution and quality, reduce the uncertainty of hydrocarbon saturation and understand the relationship between seismic amplitude anomalies and subsurface properties / fluids. The logging program included triaxial resistivity, nuclear spectroscopy, electrical images, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) complementing triple combo, followed by formation pressure measurements, and fluid sampling. The presence of clay minerals in varying amounts within the reservoirs depresses the resistivity measurement and leads to underestimation of the hydrocarbon saturation when using conventional Archie’s equation - a common petrophysical challenge in such conditions. The hydrocarbon saturation is an important parameter when calculating reserves and estimating whether a discovery is of commercial value. Hence, reducing the uncertainty span on hydrocarbon saturation (total and effective) and estimating the net pay thickness is critical. Using core data and advanced down-hole measurements to optimize a resistivity-based saturation model can reduce the uncertainty of the saturation estimates. Here we document the petrophysical evaluation of the data acquired, assessing heterolithic low resistivity pay with wireline log measurements combined with core data. Focus on the coring strategy, recommendations on sampling intervals for the core analysis, and key logging measurement requirements. The results show substantial improvements in the understanding of the hydrocarbon saturation, ultimately increasing in-place volume estimates. The integrated analysis, including NMR measurements, helps to delineate the fluid contacts, further reducing the uncertainty on the recoverable net pay thickness. The core data validate the independent log-based laminated sand analysis. This illustrates how an integrated approach combining core measurements, logs, and formation testing provide an accurate evaluation of low resistivity pay reservoirs, reducing the uncertainty in the technical economical evaluation.

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Reports on the topic "Cage hydrocarbons"

Kevin Kenney, Kara G. Cafferty, Jacob J. Jacobson, Ian J Bonner, Garold L. Gresham, William A. Smith, David N. Thompson, Vicki S. Thompson, Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, and Neal Yancey. Feedstock Supply System Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels: Conversion Pathway: Biological Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbons The 2017 Design Case. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130548.

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Vaillancourt, P. D., and D. F. Sangster. Isotope and Hydrocarbon Studies of the Yava Sandstone - Lead Deposit, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia : a Progress Report. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/120359.

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Kevin L. Kenney, Kara G. Cafferty, Jacob J. Jacobson, Ian J. Bonner, Garold L. Gresham, J. Richard Hess, William A. Smith, et al. Feedstock Supply System Design and Economics for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels Conversion Pathway: Fast Pyrolysis and Hydrotreating Bio-Oil Pathway "The 2017 Design Case". Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1133890.

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Davis, Ryan E., Nicholas J. Grundl, Ling Tao, Mary J. Biddy, Eric C. Tan, Gregg T. Beckham, David Humbird, David N. Thompson, and Mohammad S. Roni. Process Design and Economics for the Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrocarbon Fuels and Coproducts: 2018 Biochemical Design Case Update; Biochemical Deconstruction and Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Products via Integrated Biorefinery Pathways. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483234.

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de Kemp, E. A., H. A. J. Russell, B. Brodaric, D. B. Snyder, M. J. Hillier, M. St-Onge, C. Harrison, et al. Initiating transformative geoscience practice at the Geological Survey of Canada: Canada in 3D. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331097.

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Application of 3D technologies to the wide range of Geosciences knowledge domains is well underway. These have been operationalized in workflows of the hydrocarbon sector for a half-century, and now in mining for over two decades. In Geosciences, algorithms, structured workflows and data integration strategies can support compelling Earth models, however challenges remain to meet the standards of geological plausibility required for most geoscientific studies. There is also missing links in the institutional information infrastructure supporting operational multi-scale 3D data and model development. Canada in 3D (C3D) is a vision and road map for transforming the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) work practice by leveraging emerging 3D technologies. Primarily the transformation from 2D geological mapping, to a well-structured 3D modelling practice that is both data-driven and knowledge-driven. It is tempting to imagine that advanced 3D computational methods, coupled with Artificial Intelligence and Big Data tools will automate the bulk of this process. To effectively apply these methods there is a need, however, for data to be in a well-organized, classified, georeferenced (3D) format embedded with key information, such as spatial-temporal relations, and earth process knowledge. Another key challenge for C3D is the relative infancy of 3D geoscience technologies for geological inference and 3D modelling using sparse and heterogeneous regional geoscience information, while preserving the insights and expertise of geoscientists maintaining scientific integrity of digital products. In most geological surveys, there remains considerable educational and operational challenges to achieve this balance of digital automation and expert knowledge. Emerging from the last two decades of research are more efficient workflows, transitioning from cumbersome, explicit (manual) to reproducible implicit semi-automated methods. They are characterized by integrated and iterative, forward and reverse geophysical modelling, coupled with stratigraphic and structural approaches. The full impact of research and development with these 3D tools, geophysical-geological integration and simulation approaches is perhaps unpredictable, but the expectation is that they will produce predictive, instructive models of Canada's geology that will be used to educate, prioritize and influence sustainable policy for stewarding our natural resources. On the horizon are 3D geological modelling methods spanning the gulf between local and frontier or green-fields, as well as deep crustal characterization. These are key components of mineral systems understanding, integrated and coupled hydrological modelling and energy transition applications, e.g. carbon sequestration, in-situ hydrogen mining, and geothermal exploration. Presented are some case study examples at a range of scales from our efforts in C3D.

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EGR Cooler Fouling Reduction: A New Method for Assessment in Early Engine Development Phase. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/022-01-0589.

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High pressure EGR provides NOx emission reduction even at low exhaust temperatures. To maintain a safe EGR system operation over a required lifetime, the EGR cooler fouling must not exceed an allowable level, even if the engine is operated under worst-case conditions. A reliable fouling simulation model represents a valuable tool in the engine development process, which validates operating and calibration strategies regarding fouling tendency, helping to avoid fouling issues in a late development phase close to series production. Long-chained hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas essentially impact the fouling layer formation. Therefore, a simulation model requires reliable input data especially regarding mass flow of long-chained hydrocarbons transported into the cooler. There is a huge number of different hydrocarbon species in the exhaust gas, but their individual concentration typically is very low, close to the detection limit of standard in-situ measurement equipment like GC-MS. Therefore, a new measurement and analysis approach has been developed, where the exhaust gas is guided to a metal foam collector, in which HC`s are deposited. The probe is then analyzed in a suited thermogravimetrical system (TGA) in nitrogen atmosphere, temperature range 25°C to 650°C. Analyzing the TGA curve, HC concentration data for 6 different boiling temperature ranges are obtained, provided to an adapted 1-d fouling simulation model. Using these data along with further input parameters like cooler geometry, gas temperature, pressure, flow, particle size distribution and coolant temperature, the simulation model has proven as a suitable tool to predict the fouling and identify engine settings for fouling reduction.

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