Academic literature on the topic 'Cafeteria diets; breast-milk; obesity'

Susceptibility to dietary obesity was studied in Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats submitted to different high-energy diets. Experiment 1: female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed chow (n = 6) or a high-fat diet (n = 12) for 22 weeks. Experiment 2: Wistar rats were fed chow or a high-fat diet, and Sprague-Dawley rats were given chow, high-fat, sweet condensed milk, or cafeteria diets, for eight weeks (6 animals per group). Food intake and body weight were recorded weekly. Adipose tissue was collected from periovarian, mesenteric, and subcutaneous regions and adipocytes were isolated and measured. Both strains showed similar energy intake and body weight gain. Wistar rats reached greater final body fat contents than Sprague-Dawley rats, regardless of the type of diet. However, resistance to dietary obesity was found in 100% of cases in both experiments. None of the diets succeeded in increasing body fat accumulation when compared to control groups. All adipose tissue locations were equally unaffected, with periovarian fat cells being larger than those in mesenteric and subcutaneous regions in all the groups. In view of the strong resistance to obesity observed in rats, it should be important for researchers to transmit the difficulties of inducing dietary obesity in these animals, in order to prevent bias in science interpretation.

A high-fat diet (HFD) and obesity are risk factors for many diseases including breast cancer. This is particularly important with close to 40% of the current adult population being overweight or obese. Previous studies have implicated that Mediterranean diets (MDs) partially protect against breast cancer. However, to date, the links between diet and breast cancer progression are not well defined. Therefore, to begin to define and assess this, we used an isocaloric control diet (CD) and two HFDs enriched with either olive oil (OOBD, high in oleate, and unsaturated fatty acid in MDs) or a milk fat-based diet (MFBD, high in palmitate and myristate, saturated fatty acids in Western diets) in a mammary polyomavirus middle T antigen mouse model (MMTV-PyMT) of breast cancer. Our data demonstrate that neither MFBD or OOBD altered the growth of primary tumors in the MMTV-PyMT mice. The examination of lung metastases revealed that OOBD mice exhibited fewer surface nodules and smaller metastases when compared to MFBD and CD mice. These data suggest that different fatty acids found in different sources of HFDs may alter breast cancer metastasis.

AbstractThe goals of the present targeted review on maternal and child overweight and obesity were to: (i) understand the current situation in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) with regard to recent trends and context-specific risk factors; and (ii) building off this, identify entry points for leveraging existing undernutrition programmes to address overweight and obesity in LMIC. Trends reveal that overweight and obesity are a growing problem among women and children in LMIC; as in Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Zimbabwe, where the prevalence among urban women is approaching 50 %. Four promising entry points were identified: (i) the integration of overweight and obesity into national nutrition plans; (ii) food systems (integration of food and beverage marketing regulations into existing polices on the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and adoption of policies to promote healthy diets); (iii) education systems (integration of nutrition into school curricula with provision of high-quality foods through school feeding programmes); and (iv) health systems (counselling and social and behaviour change communication to improve maternal diet, appropriate gestational weight gain, and optimal infant and young child feeding practices). We conclude by presenting a step-by-step guide for programme officers and policy makers in LMIC with actionable objectives to address overweight and obesity.

The first 2 years of life have been recognized as a critical window for obesity prevention efforts. This period is characterized by rapid growth and development and, in a relatively short period of time, a child transitions from a purely milk-based diet to a more varied solid-food diet. Much learning about food and eating occurs during this critical window, and it is well-documented that early feeding and dietary exposures predict later food preferences, eating behaviors, and dietary patterns. The focus of this review will be on the earliest feeding experiences - breast- and formula-feeding - and the unique role of breastfeeding in shaping children's food preferences. Epidemiological data illustrate that children who were breastfed have healthier dietary patterns compared to children who were formula-fed, even after controlling for relevant sociodemographic characteristics associated with healthier dietary and lifestyle patterns. These dietary differences are underlined, in part, by early differences in the opportunities for flavor learning and preference development afforded by breast- versus formula-feeding. In particular, the flavors of the mothers' diet are transmitted from mother to child through the amniotic fluid and breastmilk. The flavors experienced in these mediums shape later food preferences and acceptance of the solid foods of the family and culture onto which the infant is weaned. All infants learn from flavor experiences in utero, but only breastfed infants receive the additional reinforcement and flavor learning provided by continued repeated exposure to a wide variety of flavors that occurs during breastfeeding. Given the numerous benefits of breastfeeding, promotion of breastfeeding during early infancy is an important focus for primary prevention efforts and should be combined with efforts to ensure that mothers consume healthy, varied diets during pregnancy and lactation, and expose their infants to a wide array of foods during weaning and solid-food feeding.

AbstractEpidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of breast-feeding on childhood obesity. Differences between human milk and infant milk formula (IMF) in dietary lipid structure may contribute to this effect. In our mouse model, feeding a diet containing large lipid droplets coated with phospholipids (PL) (Nuturis®; PL of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction origin) in early life protected against excessive body fat accumulation following a diet challenge in adult life. We now set out to determine the relevance of increased droplet size and/or MFGM lipid droplet coating to the observed anti-obesogenic effects in adult life. From day 16 to 42, male mouse pups were exposed to diets with small (S) or large (L) lipid droplets (0·3 v. 2·9 µm average mode diameter, respectively), either without MFGM or with MFGM coating around the lipid droplet, resulting in four groups: S (control diet), L, Scoating and Lcoating (Nuturis® IMF diet). Mice were subsequently challenged with a Western-style diet until dissection at postnatal day 98. A non-challenged group served as reference (REF). We repeatedly determined body composition between postnatal day 42 and 98. At day 98 plasma and gene expression measurements were performed. Only the Nuturis® IMF diet (Lcoating) in early life containing MFGM-coated large lipid droplets reduced body fat mass to a level comparable with the REF group. These data support the notion that the structural aspects of lipids in human milk, for example, both lipid droplet size as well as the MFGM coating, may contribute to its reported protective effect against obesity in later life.

Introduction. Children in rural areas face increased rates of obesity compared to their urban counterparts, and diet in early childhood may influence the development of diseases related to food intake. This study sought to determine current diet of children 0-23 months of age in rural Kansas. Methods. Medical students participating in summer rural clinical experiences offered the survey to caregivers of children 0-23 months, born at term as singletons without a specialized diet. Recruitment occurred at appointments over 6 weeks in primary care offices. The survey was in the style of a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire for infants with an image for estimating portion sizes. Diets were compared to guidelines set by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. Results. Of 44 participants in the study, there were 21 children aged 0-5 months, 7 aged 6-11 months, and 16 aged 12-23 months. Breastfeeding rates were nearly double reported national averages. All children in the 0 to 5 month age group met guidelines. None of the children 6 to 11 months or 12 to 23 months met guidelines. In the 6 to 11 month group, 4 consumed food in addition to breastmilk or formula (complementary foods). In the 12-23 month group, protein and dairy foods were lower than, and whole grains and vegetables were higher than, reported national averages respectively. Conclusions. Children may fall short of dietary recommendations due to the amounts and types of food complementary to breast milk received in the diet.

1559 Background: The public’s knowledge of cancer risk factors has rarely been studied in Ireland. An understanding of this can help inform cancer prevention programs. Methods: An online surveywas used to assess the public’s perception of cancer risk. Results: 525 people completed the survey. Mean age was 40yrs (range:18-74), 82% were female and 36% had college degrees. 81% were concerned about developing cancer, however 20% believed if cancer was in their family there was nothing they could do about personal cancer risk. 20% did not know that cancer risk increased with age, 27% believed that >50% of cancers are inherited, and 54% believed 10-20% of cancers are inherited. The top 5 risk factors listed by respondents were: smoking 85%, diet 74%, alcohol 44%, genetics 38%, and environment 31%. Only 32% were aware that obesity is a risk factor for cancer and 33% did not think the location of fat was important for cancer prevention. When given a list of potential behaviours relevant to cancer risk 33% believed wearing a tight bra and 49% believed a blow to the breast could increase cancer risk. 87% believed genetics ‘strongly’ increased risk, 85% stress, and 86% believed cell phones increased risk. 12% believed ‘luck’ was important in avoiding cancer, 35% thought ‘detox’ diets and 61% believed organic food reduced risk. Only 33% agreed with the statement that ‘frozen vegetables/fruit are as good as fresh’, 40% were unaware of the link between red meat and cancer. The following foods were thought to increase risk: cheese (29%), soy (9%), milk chocolate (30%), red wine (25%), and eggs (11%). Aerosol use (71%), cleaning agents (73%), smoking (99%), cooking methods (68%), processed meat (86%), food irradiation (77%), and genetically modified foods (81%) were believed to increased risk. The majority were aware that berries, green tea, garlic, brassica vegetables and physical activity of 30 minutes a day can reduce cancer risk. Conclusions: There is a sizable portion of the population who are misinformed about cancer risk. Most are aware of classic risk factors (e.g. smoking, poor diet). Many overestimate risk attributable to genetics, environment, stress, and underestimate age, obesity and sunlight. One in 5 believes lifetime risk of cancer is non-modifiable.

Abstract Introduction. The state of human health largely depends on environmental factors. Nutrition as one of them is important in the earliest stages of child development. By following the principles of rational nutrition, we provide the child the necessary components that determine its growth and development. By analyzing the relationship between nutrition and health three elements should be taken into account: selection of food, compliance with dietary guidelines and an assessment of the effects of nutrition. Aim. The research aimed at the assessment of nutritional status and dietary habits of children attending the nursery. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 92 healthy children aged 10-55 months attending two nurseries in the town of Sanok. In all the children, body mass and height were measured and the values obtained were related to the percentile charts. There was also an original questionnaire survey performed addressed to mothers of the children. It provided information on the diets of infants and introducing new complementary products to the diet of children in the first year of life. The results were compared with the nutritional standards for children fed both naturally and artificially. Results and conclusions. While assessing the nutritional status of children, it was found that incorrect body mass concerned often overweight and obesity. Mothers too early stopped breast-feeding and introduced formulas to the diet of children. The main food product that caused allergic symptoms of children was cow’s milk and its products. Most mothers preparing meals for the children used the prepared food products for infants. On the basis of the obtained results it can be concluded that the introduction of complementary food into the diet of infants in the majority did not meet current dietary recommendations in 2007. There is a need to take preventive measures carried out by medical personnel addressed to parents/carers on the proper nutrition of their children in the first years of life.

Abstract Breast milk composition varies with maternal factors including diet and confers health benefits to the neonate; however, the mechanisms mediating this protection remain incompletely understood. Our aim was to investigate the effects of supplementing a maternal high-fat/sucrose (HFS) diet with prebiotic oligofructose (OFS) on milk composition in rats and associations with offspring body composition and gut microbiota. Obese Sprague–Dawley dams consumed a control, HFS, HFS + OFS (10 % wt/wt) or HFS diet weight-matched to the HFS + OFS group (HFS-WM) during pregnancy and lactation. Pups were weaned onto a HFS diet on day 21. Milk was collected at weaning and analysed for protein, leptin and microRNA (miRNA) levels. Milk produced by HFS dams contained less protein than milk from lean controls which was normalised by OFS. Six miRNA (miR-222, miR-203a, miR-200a, miR-26a, miR-27a and miR-103) were differentially expressed in milk according to maternal diet. Milk leptin content was positively correlated with maternal body fat and faecal Enterobacteriaceae in male offspring at 24 weeks of age. Milk protein content was inversely associated with maternal body fat and body weight. miR-200a was positively associated with maternal body fat and Enterobacteriaceae in female offspring at 24 weeks of age. Correlations between milk protein and multiple milk miRNA and offspring body composition and gut microbiota differed by sex. Overall, our results suggest that obesogenic diets and prebiotic supplementation can alter the protein and miRNA levels in breast milk in rats and these milk components may explain, in part, the influence of these maternal diets on offspring body composition.

Abstract Objectives Ketogenic diet is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and low-carbohydrate diet that leads to nutritional ketosis and weight loss. Although ketogenic diet is safe in non-pregnant individuals, its safety in lactating mothers is unknown. Methods 24-year-old 18 weeks’ post-partum healthy non-diabetic woman complained of severe nausea, vomiting and diarrhea with associated abdominal pain, low back cramps & malaise. She reported intentional 25-pound weight loss by adhering to strict ketogenic diet as a health-conscious life style modification since recent childbirth. She exclusively breastfed her son. She had unremarkable pre, natal and postnatal care. Typical diet consisted of egg, bacon, cheese, meat, peppers, spinach, broccoli, carrot soups, chicken, salmon, peanut butter. Daily caloric intake was approximately 2200 Kcals/day. She was hemodynamically stable. Physical examination revealed dry mucous membranes, comfortable resting tachypnea, mild epigastric/right upper quadrant tenderness. Laboratory studies demonstrated compensated anion gap metabolic acidosis acidaemia, elevated beta-hydroxybutyric acid level (Figure 1) and ketonuria. She was managed conservatively with intravenous fluids, electrolyte repletion, and restarting carbohydrate diet. Results Lactation ketoacidosis is well described in post-partum lactating cattle. Few case reports in human exist. Most cases were precipitated by starvation, infection or nil per mouth status (table 1). It occurs by depletion of glycogen stores forcing the body into using gluconeogenesis as energy substrate for breast milk production. This is the first case report of life-threatening lactation ketoacidosis in setting of ketogenic diet with adequate number of calories, above 2000 kcal/day. Ketogenic diet is an alternative weight loss tool against obesity due to proven results of greater weight loss compared to other balanced diets. Studies that evaluated acid-base safety of patients on ketogenic diet demonstrated no significant metabolic derangement. Patients who ate plant-derived protein have lower mortality compared to those who ate animal-derived protein and fat. Postpartum mothers have increased pressure to lose weight gained during pregnancy and may easily resort to this method of rapid weight loss. Conclusions The index case may provide caution in lactating mothers on/or considering ketogenic diet. Healthcare professionals need to educate lactating mothers interested in weight loss. Funding Sources There are no funding sources. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

There is growing evidence that maternal obesity, maternal hyperglycemia or maternal intake of diets high in fat, sugar or total calories during pregnancy and lactation is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic diseases in the offspring. The majority of studies to date, however, have examined the impact of maternal overnutrition during the entire perinatal period. While a small number of studies have provided clues that the impact of exposure to nutritional excess before birth in comparison to exposure during the early postnatal period may not be equivalent, the results of these studies have been inconsistent. Therefore, the relative contribution of prenatal and postnatal nutritional environment to obesity risk in the offspring remains unclear. The central aim of this thesis was to investigate the separate contributions of exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet during the prenatal and suckling periods on the metabolic outcomes of the offspring, specifically body weight, fat mass and the expression of key adipogenic and lipogenic genes at weaning, in early adolescence and in young adulthood using a cross-fostering approach in a rat model. The results of this thesis demonstrated that exposure to a maternal cafeteria diet during the suckling period is more important for determining fat mass at weaning than exposure before birth. Importantly, this thesis provided considerable evidence to suggest that exposure to a nutritionally-balanced diet during the suckling period has the capacity to prevent the negative effects of exposure to a high-fat/high-sugar diet before birth. In addition, this thesis has demonstrated that the effects of being exposed to a high-fat/high-sugar diet during the perinatal period on offspring adiposity could be reversed/controlled by consuming a nutritionally-balanced diet post-weaning. The results of this thesis also demonstrated that the levels of total fat, saturated and trans fats and omega-6 polyunsatured fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) in the dams milk were directly related to their levels in the maternal diet, and were higher in dams consuming a cafeteria diet. This supported the hypothesis that altered fat content and fatty acid composition of the milk is likely to play an important role in mediating the effects of maternal cafeteria diets on offspring fat mass, and may well account for the higher adiposity at weaning in offspring suckled by cafeteria-diet fed dams. Exposure to a cafeteria diet during the suckling period also resulted in altered expression of key adipogenic and lipogenic genes in visceral and subcutaneous fat depots and an increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in females. Importantly, this thesis provided evidence of clear sex-differences in the relative impact of prenatal and postnatal nutritional exposures on adipocyte gene expression and the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in the offspring, suggesting that the timing of nutritional interventions aimed to re-program the offspring may be different in males and females. Overall, this thesis identifies the early postnatal period in rodents as a “critical window‟ for the programming of fat mass and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in the offspring, and has provided important insights into the mechanisms underlying the early origins of obesity.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2015