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WIBAUX, THOMAS, DANY-CLAUDE KONAN, DIDIER SNOECK, PATRICK JAGORET, and PHILIPPE BASTIDE. "STUDY OF TREE-TO-TREE YIELD VARIABILITY AMONG SEEDLING-BASED CACAO POPULATIONS IN AN INDUSTRIAL PLANTATION IN CÔTE D'IVOIRE." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 5 (July 25, 2017): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000345.
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SUMMARYIn Côte d'Ivoire, the world's largest cocoa producer, cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) is usually grown from seed. The genetics consist of a mix of amelonado, trinitario and selected hybrids. This mix of varieties generates high phenotypic variabilities, including variability in tree productivity, within cacao populations in both smallholder and industrial plantations. Tree-to-tree variability in yield has been reported in cacao breeding trials under different environmental conditions. However, it has never been considered a limiting factor for agronomical performance of seedling-based cacao plantations. Around 10 000 cacao trees from seven plots under different environmental conditions in a cacao plantation in Côte d'Ivoire were monitored for 2 years. Pod production of individual trees was recorded and annual average tree pod yields were assessed. High heterogeneity in cacao-tree yields was observed in all plots, with coefficients of variation ranging from 56 to 102%. The distribution of cacao-tree yields in each plot was positively skewed. Analysis of these distributions showed that unproductive trees represented a significant proportion of cacao tree populations (7%), and the 20% least productive trees accounted for 3% of production. The 20% most productive trees were responsible for 46% of the total pod production of a plot. This heterogeneity reflects a major imbalance in the agronomical performances of low- and high-yielding trees and also represents possible efficiency gaps in seedling-based cacao plantations, which could be overcome through innovative corrective strategies, opening new pathways for improvement of cacao-based cropping systems.
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Jadán, Oswaldo, Miguel Cifuentes, Bolier Torres, Daniela Selesi, Dario Veintimilla, and Sven Günter. "INFLUENCE OF TREE COVER ON DIVERSITY, CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND PRODUCTIVITY OF COCOA SYSTEMS IN THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 325, no. 325 (July 17, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2015.325.a31271.
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La production de cacao dans la région ama- zonienne de l’Équateur représente une source de revenus importante pour la popu- lation locale. Les systèmes de production de cacao varient entre forêt primaire enrichie, systèmes agroforestiers traditionnels et monoculture. Cette étude vise à évaluer la relation entre diversité spécifique, stocks de carbone, productivité agricole et utilisations potentielles des ressources forestières pour trois modes d’utilisation des terres dans la région amazonienne de l’Équateur : agrofo- resterie à dominante cacaoyère (AF Cacao), monoculture de cacao (Monoculture) etforêt primaire (FP). La connaissance et la quanti- fication des meilleurs compromis entre les différents services écosystémiques liés à la culture du cacao permettent de contri- buer à la conservation des forêts primaires et d’optimiser les revenus des populations locales. La richesse spécifique, la diver- sité bêta, les stocks de carbone (biomasse aérienne et souterraine, nécromasse et sols) et la production de cacao et de bois ont été déterminés pour chaque système de culture sur des parcelles de 1 600 m2 (n = 28). Nos résultats montrent que la diversité bêta, la richesse spécifique et les stocks de carbone sont significativement plus élevés dans les systèmes FP et AF Cacao, tandis que la pro- duction du cacao est 1,5 fois plus élevée en Monoculture que sur les parcelles en AF Cacao. Pour ces deux systèmes, la richesse spécifique, la diversité bêta et les stocks de carbone totaux sont corrélés négativement avec la productivité de cacao. Alors que nos résultats montrent que la monoculture de cacao est plus rentable pour les agriculteurs que l’AF Cacao, un système de rémunération monétaire de la déforestation évitée, basé sur les crédits carbone, pourrait représenter une stratégie viable pour encourager la mise en œuvre de systèmes AF Cacao, lesquels contribueraient aux efforts de conservation et d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique tout en permettant de maintenir une production commerciale de cacao dans la région.
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Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge R., Santos T. Leiva-Espinoza, and M. Catherine Aime. "The History of Cacao and Its Diseases in the Americas." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1604–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-20-0178-rvw.
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Cacao is a commodity crop from the tropics cultivated by about 6 million smallholder farmers. The tree, Theobroma cacao, originated in the Upper Amazon where it was domesticated ca. 5450 to 5300 B.P. From this center of origin, cacao was dispersed and cultivated in Mesoamerica as early as 3800 to 3000 B.P. After the European conquest of the Americas (the 1500s), cacao cultivation intensified in several loci, primarily Mesoamerica, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It was during the colonial period that cacao diseases began emerging as threats to production. One early example is the collapse of the cacao industry in Trinidad in the 1720s, attributed to an unknown disease referred to as the “blast”. Trinidad would resurface as a production center due to the discovery of the Trinitario genetic group, which is still widely used in breeding programs around the world. However, a resurgence of diseases like frosty pod rot during the republican period (the late 1800s and early 1900s) had profound impacts on other centers of Latin American production, especially in Venezuela and Ecuador, shifting the focus of cacao production southward, to Bahia, Brazil. Production in Bahia was, in turn, dramatically curtailed by the introduction of witches’ broom disease in the late 1980s. Today, most of the world’s cacao production occurs in West Africa and parts of Asia, where the primary Latin American diseases have not yet spread. In this review, we discuss the history of cacao cultivation in the Americas and how that history has been shaped by the emergence of diseases.
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N’Zi, Jean-Claude, Jean-Parfait Kouadio Brou, Alban Antoine Kacou M’Bo, Wenceslas Affessi, Henri Kouadio Kouassi, and Christophe Kouame. "Analysis of the Ricinodendron heudelotii × Theobroma cacao L. Interaction in Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Côte d’Ivoire." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010026.
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The objective of this study was to improve cacao (Theobroma cacao) production through its association with a woody species, such as Ricinodendron heudelotii, in western Côte d’Ivoire. To do this, a design of two transects (10 m and 20 m) was installed around the species in 5 localities (Buyo, Duekoué, Guéyo, San-Pedro, and Soubré). The diameter at the breast height of the tree, the height, the number of fruits, the above biomass, and its carbon stock were measured. Results showed morphological variability of R. heudelotii according to the localities. The presence of the species within cacao trees reduces the rate of pod rot, stabilizes the rate of pods eaten away, and increases the biomass production and the carbon storage of cacao trees. The distance between the two species had no impact on the vigor and the yield of cacao trees. However, cacao density in the 10 m line was reduced compared to that of the 20 m. Therefore, the integration of R. heudelotii into cacao agroforestry systems could improve cacao production. That is why the reduction of cacao density, as well as the use of more suitable varieties of cacao, should be considered for the sustainability of this system.
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Bantacut, Tajuddin, and Moh Riyan Pratama. "A Closed Model for Energy Independent Production System in Cacao Processing Industry." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 23, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aucft-2019-0014.
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Abstract The objective of this research was to assess energy independent and develop a model of closed system production process of cocoa butter and cocoa powder. Mass balance analysis and potential energy assessment of byproducts were used to develop the closed system of cacao processing industry. The results showed that cacao industry with 4,500 kg of cacao capacity per day has the potential energy of 14,561,290 k cal per day derived from the pod husk and bean shells. This potential energy meets the energy needs for the production process. This study explained that the cacao industry can be developed to be an energy independent industry by using the by-products for energy source.
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Marita, Jane M., José Luis Pires, W. Martin Aitken, and James Nienhuis. "Development and Utilization of a Core Collection in Theobroma cacao based on RAPD Marker-based Estimates of Genetic Distance." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 513C—513. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.513c.
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An increased need to understand the genetic relationships among cacao (Theobroma cacao) germplasm exists to identify cultivars that possess resistance to witches' broom disease (caused by Crinipellis perniciosa). Loss of production due to witches' broom disease in important cacao-growing areas, such as Bahia, Brazil, has generated a strong demand for disease-resistant varieties. Varieties based on single sources of resistance have been released; however, other genotypes are needed to enlarge the genetic diversity of cultivars in breeding programs. A core collection has been created to represent the range of genetic diversity available among the more than 600 cacao accessions at Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC). The cacao core facilitates access to the collection and is intended to enhance its use. This core collection was created from RAPD marker-based estimates of genetic distance among a subset of 270 accessions from the entire collection. The subset was sampled based on 1) witches' broom disease resistance data, 2) random sampling of the collection, and 3) random sampling of recently acquired accessions. Differences in RAPD marker frequencies were used to identify accessions in a witches' broom disease breeding program that contribute to the genetic diversity of the collection as a whole. In addition, differences in RAPD marker frequency allowed the comparison between accessions in the original collection and those acquired from new geographic regions that may expand the collection's genetic diversity.
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Nursalam, Nursalam, Kabul Budiman, Kabul Budiman, Campina Illa Prihantini, Hasbiadi Hasbiadi, and Masitah Masitah. "Efficiency Comparison of the Cacao Intercropping Farming in Kolaka Regency." AGRIEKONOMIKA 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2021): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/agriekonomika.v10i2.11090.
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The intercropping system is well-known for its extremely low risk of crop failure, its potential to overcome the risk of fluctuating product prices, and this system can save the production inputs. The study aims to compare the level of technical, allocative, and economic efficiency using the stochastic frontier production function model in the intercropping of cacao with annual crops with the pattern: cacao+coconut+patchouli; cacao+coconut+cashew; and cacao+coconut+banana. This research was conducted from March 2018 until April 2018 by determining the samples in the Kolaka Regency, which covered 17 sub-districts, taken from 3 sub-districts with purposive sampling. Each district was represented by 3 villages with purposive sampling. Each sub-district was represented by9 villages with total random samples of 270 respondents. The analysis used wasa technical, allocative, and economical efficiency analysis based on frontier analysis, with 270 respondents from 9 villages representing 3 sub-districts, using the random sampling method. The results discovered that the cacao intercropping farming system of cacao+coconut+patchouli had better technical, allocative, and economic efficiency values and was more feasible to cultivate compared to other patterns. The research results can be beneficial in developing cacao farmers’ performance relating to the annual intercropping crops. For academics, this research is expected to support the frontier production theory with the stochastic frontier efficiency model in cacao intercropping with annual crops.
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Ploetz, Randy C. "Cacao Diseases: Important Threats to Chocolate Production Worldwide." Phytopathology® 97, no. 12 (December 2007): 1634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-97-12-1634.
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Theobroma cacao, cacao, is an ancient, neotropical domesticate. It is now grown throughout the humid, lowland tropics and is the basis of a multibillion dollar confectionary trade. Diverse diseases impact production of the crop. They reduce yields by ca. 20%, but could cause far greater losses if certain highly damaging diseases were to become more widely distributed. Among the most potentially dangerous of these diseases are frosty pod, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, and witches' broom, caused by M. perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa). These two diseases occur only in the Western Hemisphere, and severe losses would follow their introduction to West Africa and Asia, where ca. 86% of all cacao production occurs. Elsewhere, Cacao swollen shoot virus and the damaging black pod agent, Phytophthora megakarya, are found in Western Africa; whereas vascular streak dieback, caused by Oncobasidium theobromae, is present only in Asia. Breeding programs are challenged by minimal resistance to some of the diseases. Progress that has been made is threatened by the “emergence” of other serious diseases, such as Ceratocystis wilt (Ceratocystis cacaofunesta). During this symposium, new insights are discussed on the biology, origins, pathology and phylogeny of the pathogens; as well as the biological, chemical and genetic management of the diseases that they cause.
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Romero Vergel, Angela Patricia, Anyela Valentina Camargo Rodriguez, Oscar Dario Ramirez, Paula Andrea Arenas Velilla, and Adriana Maria Gallego. "A Crop Modelling Strategy to Improve Cacao Quality and Productivity." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020157.
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Cacao production systems in Colombia are of high importance due to their direct impact in the social and economic development of smallholder farmers. Although Colombian cacao has the potential to be in the high value markets for fine flavour, the lack of expert support as well as the use of traditional, and often times sub-optimal technologies makes cacao production negligible. Traditionally, cacao harvest takes place at exactly the same time regardless of the geographic and climatic region where it is grown, the problem with this strategy is that cacao beans are often unripe or over matured and a combination of both will negatively affect the quality of the final cacao product. Since cacao fruit development can be considered as the result of a number of physiological and morphological processes that can be described by mathematical relationships even under uncontrolled environments. Environmental parameters that have more association with pod maturation speed should be taken into account to decide the appropriate time to harvest. In this context, crop models are useful tools to simulate and predict crop development over time and under multiple environmental conditions. Since harvesting at the right time can yield high quality cacao, we parameterised a crop model to predict the best time for harvest cacao fruits in Colombia. The cacao model uses weather variables such as temperature and solar radiation to simulate the growth rate of cocoa fruits from flowering to maturity. The model uses thermal time as an indicator of optimal maturity. This model can be used as a practical tool that supports cacao farmers in the production of high quality cacao which is usually paid at a higher price. When comparing simulated and observed data, our results showed an RRMSE of 7.2% for the yield prediction, while the simulated harvest date varied between +/−2 to 20 days depending on the temperature variations of the year between regions. This crop model contributed to understanding and predicting the phenology of cacao fruits for two key cultivars ICS95 y CCN51.
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Wijaya. M, Mohammad, Muhammad Wiharto, and Muhammad Anwar. "Cellulose Compound of Cacao Waste and Chemical Composition of Cacao Vinegar with GC-MS Method." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 2, no. 3 (January 3, 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v2i3.11974.
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<p>Potential of cacao resources at Indonesian is very dependent on the production of cacao produced by farmers and plantation availability. However, the cacao processing results are still not optimal to increase the cacao production. This is due to the disruption of pests and the number of cacao farmers over land functions for fast growing plants. Processing cacao produced cacao waste and with the use of pyrolysis technology is able to cope with the accumulation of plantation waste. This combustion results in liquid smoke of cacao (cacao vinegar) into distillate, charcoal. This study used pyrolysis temperature between 100-500 °C. The aim of this research is to analyze the cocoa waste and the results are cellulose content 17,27%, lignin 52,02% and hemicellulose 19,56%. The results of GC-MS analysis for cacao vinegar of Distric Wajo are acetic acid, n butane, methyl ester, propanoic acid, butanoic acid, cyclopenanone, 2 methyl pyridine, acetyloxy 2 propanone, butyrolactone, tetrahydro 2 furan methanol, 2,3 dimethyl 2 cyclopentene 1 on and Mequinol. The water content of the charcoal of cacao shell from Wajo district is 3.42%. The analysis results of the bound carbon content of activated charcoal of cacao shell is 54.45%. The EDS analysis for cacao shell from Wajo district resulted in C: 61.12%, O: 36.65%, Si: 0.59%, P: 1.48% and Al: 0.17%. Utilization of cocoa shell waste using pyrolysis technology can reduce carbon emissions to the environment. So that the development of everything can continue and the sustainability of forest remain sustainable.</p><p> </p>
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Vervuurt, W., M. A. Slingerland, A. A. Pronk, and L. G. J. Van Bussel. "Modelling greenhouse gas emissions of cacao production in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire." Agroforestry Systems 96, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00729-8.
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AbstractThe current expansion of cacao cultivation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire is associated with deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity loss and high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Global concerns about emissions that are associated with tropical commodity production are increasing. Consequently, there is a need to change the present cacao-growing practice into a more climate-friendly cultivation system. A more climate-friendly system causes lower GHG emissions, stores a high amount of carbon in its standing biomass and produces high cacao yields. GHG emissions and carbon stocks associated with the present cacao production, as assessed in 509 farmers’ fields, were estimated by using the Perennial GHG model and the Cool Farm Tool. On average, the production of 1 kg cacao beans is associated with an emission of 1.47 kg CO2e. Deforestation contributed largely to GHG emissions, while tree biomass and residue management contributed mainly to carbon storage. The collected data combined with the model simulations revealed that it is feasible to produce relatively high yields while at the same time storing a high amount of carbon in the standing biomass and causing low GHG emissions. The climate-friendliness of cacao production is strongly related to farm management, especially the number of shade trees and management of residues. Calculated emissions related to good agricultural practices were 2.29 kg CO2e per kg cacao beans. The higher emissions due to the use of more agro-inputs and other residue management practices such as recommended burning of residues for sanitary reasons were not compensated for by higher yields. This indicates a need to revisit recommended practices with respect to climate change mitigation objectives.
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Sari, Dewi Mulia, Anna Fariyanti, and Netti Tinaprilla. "Technical Efficiency Analysis of Smallholder Cacao Plantations in Lampung Province." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n1.2017.p31-40.
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<em>Low productivity is the main problem in smallholder cacao plantation. One effort to overcome the problem is through rehabilitation. The research aimed to (1) analyze the factors affecting cocoa bean production, (2) analyze technical efficiency level, and (3) analyze the factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder cacao plantation in Lampung Province. The research was conducted in Tanggamus and Pringsewu Regency, Lampung, from September to November 2015. A purposive sampling was used which obtained 32 samples of farmers as respondents from rehabilitated plantation with side-grafting technique and non-rehabilitated plantation, respectively. Data were analyzed using stochastic frontier analysis. The results indicated 4 factors affecting smallholders cacao production in Lampung Province, namely land, chemical fertilizer, family-labour, and rent-labour. Smallholder cacao plantation in Lampung Province was technically efficient (0.82) which affected by farmers’ age, farmers’ dependents, farmers group membership, and side-grafting application. Rehabilitated smallholder cacao plantation also showed higher level (ET=0.92) than non-rehabilitated one (ET=0.73). The research implicates on increasing smallholder cacao productivity in Lampung Province, especially the local government, to put more priorities in those factors significantly affecting smallholder cacao production, as well as to give support and facilitate plant rehabilitation program using side-grafting methods.</em>
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Murniati, Murniati, Sri Suharti, Irma Yeny, and Minarningsih Minarningsih. "Cacao-based Agroforestry in Conservation Forest Area: Farmer Participation, Main Commodities and Its Contribution to the Local Production and Economy." Forest and Society 6, no. 1 (February 5, 2022): 243–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v6i1.13991.
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Cacao-based agroforestry systems have been developed in the conservation forest area of Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park (WAR GFP). Previously, the forest areas were occupied by surrounding needy communities, causing land-use conflict and forest degradation. To resolve these problems, the conservation forest manager developed a conservation partnership program, giving farmers legal access to establish cacao agroforestry systems while improving forest conditions. This research aimed to study the farmers’ participation, main commodities of the cacao-based agroforestry system, and its contribution to the local production and economy. This research was conducted in 2018 and 2019. The field survey was used to characterize the agroforestry system practiced and a series of interviews with two respondent groups, stakeholders concerned with WAR GFP management (nine key informants), and cacao-based agroforestry farmers (61 respondents). The agroforestry systems were dominated by cacao trees mixed with other tree crops and forest trees with an average density of 1,169.3 ± 668.3 trees/ha. Community involvement in the agroforestry development has only reached "Placation" or level 5 of Arnstein's participation ranking, implying they are granted limited opportunities to participate in the agroforestry development. Cacao production was influenced by the cacao tree and the associated tree density. Optimal cacao production as much as 367.4 ± 357.9 kg/ha was achieved at 1,253 trees/ha of total tree density. Besides cocoa, there were 13 primary commodities, where some have contributed more than 40% to district production. Income gained from the agroforestry systems contributes significantly (75.63%) to total farmers’ income. It can fulfill households’ basic needs and has exceeded the poverty line at the national level. The cacao-based agroforestry development has become an alternative to resolve land use conflict in conservation forest areas characterized by land scarcity with a dense population
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Ballesteros Possú, William, Jorge Fernando Navia, and Jesus Geovanny Solarte. "Socio-economic characterization of the traditional cacao agroforestry system (Theobroma cacao L.)." Revista de Ciencias Agrícolas 38, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 17–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.213802.156.
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Cacao farmers face many challenges to increase yield while adjusting their farms to future environmental and socio-economic uncertainties. Improving the management practices of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) cultivation systems requires knowledge of their baseline and the determining factors affecting them. The main goal of this research was to characterize traditional cacao agroforestry systems of smallholder farmers in the Municipality of Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia. Using a semi-structured survey and a sample of 218 farmers, the socioeconomic characteristics of the cacao production system were analyzed. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) grouped and discriminated the cacao growers. The PCA formed five components representing 50.86% of the total variability, while the ACM grouped them into five factors explaining 29.82% of the variability. The cacao cultivation is a traditional activity of smallholder farmers with very low yields. The age of the farmers is over 50 years old, with despicable levels of education; there was no evidence of generational change. The study shows that the traditional cacao production system is not an attractive activity for young people or investors given its marginality and low economic projection. Timely strategies and subsequent early actions will be imperative to face the main environmental, socio-economic, and productive challenges, which will allow the cacao activity to be a source of well-being for cacao growers and the environment in the region.
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Malik, Afrizal, Widia Siska, Heppy Suci Wulanningtyas, Merlin K. Rumbarar, Adhe Poppy Wira Etikha, and Irma Susanti. "Potential land and technology recommendation for cacao in Papua, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 04008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130604008.
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Cacao is a primary commodity in the Keerom Regency, but production has been decreasing in recent years. Cacao cultivation on unsuitable land and without cutting-edge technology would impede efforts to increase its productivity. The study aimed to evaluate land suitability for cacao in Keerom Regency, Papua, and to suggest site-specific technologies. The study was carried out in the Keerom Regency of Papua in 2015. Land suitability assessment was carried out by matching data on land characteristics (climate, slope, soil type, and soil fertility) with land use requirements for cacao cultivation. The data was analyzed using geographic information systems. The result showed that 78.077 ha (8.60%) of the studied area were highly suitable for cacao cultivation, 123.645 ha (13.63%) was moderately suitable, and 389.603 ha (42.94%) was marginally suitable. About 316.082 ha (34,83%) of the studied area was classified as not-suitable. The recommendation technology for increasing cacao yields were fertilization, pruning, shade management, and individual terraces. Cultivation on suitable land and the application of technological innovations are expected to increase cacao production in Keerom Regency, Papua. The findings of this study could be used as a reference for policymakers to establish cacao development in the future.
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Yunindanova, Mercy Bientri, Dimas Rahadian Aji Muhammad, and Sigit Prabawa. "Peningkatan Kualitas dan Kuantitas Biji Kakao Melalui Intensifikasi Perawatan Kakao, Introduksi Alat Budidaya, dan Pengering Sistem Hybrid." Abdihaz: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian pada Masyarakat 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/abdihaz.v3i1.1512.
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Putat village, Patuk district, Gunung Kidul regency is one of cocoa production center in Yogjakarta. Cocoa bean products in this region have been marketed not only in Yogjakarta but also several areas in Indonesia. In order to support production continuity of cocoa bean productions, to date the farmers face obtacles in cacao plantation maintenance and cocoa beans drying. Thus, this activity aimed to increase quality and quantity of cocoa beans through maintenance intensifications of cacao and introduction of cacao cultivation equipments and cocoa beans drying hybrid system. Partner in this activities were Kelompok Tani Kakao Sido Dadi and cocoa dan chocolate production industry “Joglo Coklat” located in Patuk, Gunung Kidul, Yogjakarta. The activities were conducted in several stages including 1) basic data collection, 2) socialization of cacao plantation maintenance, 3) socialization of cocoa beans drying, 4) introduction of cultivation equipments, 5) contruction of drying chamber, 6) handover of equipment, and 7) evaluation of parnter response. The results of the activity indicated that the provision of information and the introduction of equipment for cacao plant maintenance activities had a positive impact on partners. From the questionnaires, the partners stated the benefits of this activity and the desire for sustainable activities. The introduction of maintenance equipment and cocoa beans drying made it easier for farmers to carry out cultivation, harvest and post-harvest activities of cocoa beans so would be able to improve the quality and quantity of cocoa beans.
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Rodríguez Valencia, Mariana. "The Practice of Co-Production through Biocultural Design: A Case Study among the Bribri People of Costa Rica and Panama." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 7120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177120.
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Research in co-production has given rise to a rich scientific literature in sustainability science. The processes by which co-production occurs are not well documented. Here, I present my work with the Bribri people to undertake a biocultural design project. Biocultural design is a process that begins with understanding participants’ aspirations to support their livelihoods. The process is collaborative, imagining ideas and executing products and services by drawing upon the capabilities of the participant’s biocultural heritage. In the Bribri territory, the biocultural heritage associated with cacao agroforestry systems is considered significant for Bribri livelihoods. Bribri people’s aspirations to grow cacao go beyond increasing cacao yields and include the respect for cultural teachings and social relationships. The participants of this project designed cacao value-added products (e.g., cacao jam, cacao butter) and services (e.g., showcase farm) by identifying viable ways to execute their ideas. Biocultural design offers a guide to co-imagine and co-execute ideas to solve specific problems and contributes to the practice of co-production by offering an approach that recognizes the value of science, while respecting the knowledge, aspirations and values of other actors.
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Parbuntari, Hesty, Yona Prestica, Rizki Gunawan, Meri Novia Nurman, and Fransiska Adella. "Preliminary Phytochemical Screening (Qualitative Analysis) of Cacao Leaves (Theobroma cacao L.)." EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA 19, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/eksakta/vol19-iss2/142.
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One of the important processes of cocoa plants growing is pruning. It aims to eliminate sick, broken, or the appearance of water buds disturbing the cacao production. The period of pruning is varios. The various periods of pruning lead to leave wide waste of leaves, stems, and twigs. Yet the waste would not been used to other activities, only a small portion of the waste used as natural fuel (stems and twigs) and cocoa leaves waste as animal feed. Phytochemicals naturally present in every part of plants range from leaves, stem bark, fruits to roots. Secondary metabolites are natural products from plants which include alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, sapponin compounds, etc. This study performed some phytochemical characterisations. It have confirmed that cacoa leaves consist some of bioactives compounds which are potential for furhter activities in pharmaceutical disease.
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Asmila, Asmila, Zainuddin Basri, Ramal Yusuf, and Hawalina Hawalina. "CALLUS INDUCTION OF CACAO CLONE SULAWESI 1 ON VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,4 -D AND COCONUT WATER VIA IN VITRO CULTURE." AGROLAND: The Agricultural Sciences Journal 4, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24077593.2017.v4.i1.9535.
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Cacao is one of important plantation crops grouped in the Sterculiaceae family. Sulawesi is the main area of cacao production and has a number of superior clones, such as Sulawesi 1 and Sulawesi 2. Based on data in 2012/2014 cacao production to consumption reached 174,000 tons, while in 2013/2014 was projected a deficit of 115,000 tonnes. Nonetheless, cacao agribusiness in Indonesia is still facing complex problems, among others gardener productivity is still low due to borer attacks cacao, the quality of products and the number is still low and still not optimal development of cacao products and providing superior amount of cacao seedlings. The primary problem of cacao production recently is low productivity. The main cause of low cacao productivity in Central Sulawesi is the use of inferior clones. To enhance cacao productivity, it is crucial to use cacao clones having high genetic potential via tissue culture or micropropagation techniques. The aim of this experiment was to assess the effect of different concentrations of 2,4-D and coconut water on the growth of cacao callus via in vitro culture. This experiment used Completely Randomozed Block Design in factorial patteren with treatments tested namely 2,4-D and coconut water concentrations. The concentrations of 2,4-D tested including 1 ppm, 2 ppm and 3 ppm, whilst coconut water concentrations tested consisting of 10%, 15% and 20%, and therefore there were 3 x 3 = 9 treatment combinations. Each treatment utilized 4 replications; and each unit combination used 5 explants (staminodia). Results of this experiment indicated that the addition of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 10% coconut water had a highly significant effect on the callus color 4 weeks after culture. The addition of 3 ppm 2,4-D in culture media showed a significant effect on callus color 4 weeks after culture, but had an insignificant effect on the callus formation, callus color 8 weeks after culture an callus texture. Supplementation of 20% coconut water had a significant effect on callus texture 8 weeks after culture, whilst the addition of 10% coconut water showed a significant effect on callus color 4 weeks after culture.
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Castañeda-Ccori, Jilmar, Anne-Gaël Bilhaut, Armelle Mazé, and Juan Fernández-Manjarrés. "Unveiling Cacao Agroforestry Sustainability through the Socio-Ecological Systems Diagnostic Framework: The Case of Four Amazonian Rural Communities in Ecuador." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155934.
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Cacao cultivation is rapidly increasing in Latin America under the influence of public policies and external markets. In Ecuador, the cultivated surface of high quality cacao trees has doubled in the last 50 years, creating great expectations in neighboring countries. Here, we investigated the social-ecological sustainability of cacao-based agroforestry systems in four rural Amazonian highlands communities in eastern Ecuador, close to the region where cacao was once domesticated. Kichwa- and Shuar-speaking groups were interviewed by adapting Ostrom’s institutional diagnostic framework for social-ecological systems. Through a set of specifically created indicator variables, we identified key interactions and outcomes to understand the fragility and the sustainability of those communities. The studied communities were fairly young, with land rights secured less than 30 years ago in most cases. Per-family surfaces were very restricted (typically one hectare) and plots were divided between cash producing crops and their own home food. The small production per household goes through a precarious commercialization by both intermediaries and cooperatives, making the cacao bean production merely sufficient for pocket money. Ties with specialist producers in one community close to the capital has promoted the use of native cacao lines. Elsewhere, improved varieties of high productivity are planted along native trees being commercialized indistinctly. The continuity of these communities currently depend on a reorganization of their demography with parts of the population working elsewhere, as cacao bean production alone will continue to be insufficient, and will compete with their food self-sufficiency.
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SCHNEIDEWIND, ULF, WIEBKE NIETHER, LAURA ARMENGOT, MONIKA SCHNEIDER, DANIELA SAUER, FELIX HEITKAMP, and GERHARD GEROLD. "CARBON STOCKS, LITTERFALL AND PRUNING RESIDUES IN MONOCULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY CACAO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 3 (May 6, 2018): 452–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971800011x.
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SUMMARYAgroforestry systems (AFS) can serve to decrease ecosystem carbon (C) losses caused by deforestation and inadequate soil management. Because of their shade tolerance, cacao plants are suitable to be grown in AFS, since they can be combined with other kinds of trees and shrubs. The potential for C sequestration in cacao farming systems depends on various factors, such as management practices, stand structure and plantation age. We compared conventionally and organically managed cacao monoculture systems (MCS) and AFS in Sara Ana (Bolivia) with respect to C stocks in plant biomass and to amounts of litterfall and pruning residues. The total aboveground C stocks of the AFS (26 Mg C ha−1) considerably exceeded those of the MCS (~7 Mg C ha−1), although the biomass of cacao trees was greater in the MCS compared to the AFS. Due to higher tree density, annual litterfall in the AFS (2.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1) substantially exceeded that in the MCS (1.2 Mg C ha−1 year−1). The amounts of C in pruning residues (2.6 Mg C ha−1 year−1 in MCS to 4.3 Mg C ha−1 year−1 in AFS) was more than twice those in the litterfall. Annual nitrogen (N) inputs to the soil through pruning residues of cacao and N-fixing trees were up to 10 times higher than the N inputs through external fertiliser application. We conclude that appropriate management of cacao AFS, involving the pruning of leguminous trees, will lead to increases in biomass, litter quantity and quality as well as soil C and N stocks. Thus, we recommend stimulating the expansion of well-managed AFS to improve soil fertility and enhance C sequestration in soils.
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Famuwagun, Idowu Babadele, and Samuel O. Agele. "Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.31.
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Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa
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Famuwagun, Idowu Babadele, and Samuel O. Agele. "Micro-Climate Conditions, Weed Diversity, Flowering and Yield of Young Cacao Plants as Affected by Shade Regimes." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 25, 2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-f18s7i.
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Experiments were conducted in 2015/2018 in two cacao plots established in 2012 and 2013 in Akure, Nigeria to investigate micro-climate conditions, weed densities, flowering and yield of cacao as affected by shade regimes. Established cacao plots under three plantain (Musa spp) shade regimes consisting of No-shade, Moderate and Dense shade were used. Air and soil temperature, relative humidity and Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR), weed population and species diversity, cacao flowering and pod production were measured. From the results, air and soil temperature measurements under No-shade plots had a significantly higher mean values (32°C) and soil (28°C) compared with moderately shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26.5°C] and densely shaded [air, 30°C and soil, 26°C] plots in2015 and 2016 measurements but under 2017 measurements, no significant difference in the soil temperature of the plots under dense shade, moderate and the no-shade which were ascribed to canopy close-up of the cacao that led to reduced transmitted light through the canopy to the understories species. The vigour of weeds under no-shade plots were significantly higher compared with dense and moderately shaded plots. In 2013 established cacao plot, flower production was higher significantly in no-shade compared with those in moderate and dense shaded cacao plots in 2015 and 2016 measurement. Pod production under No-shade were significantly higher compared with other treatments in 2016 and 2017. Cherelle wilt rate was higher in shaded plots compared with the no-shade plots. Pod yield parameters were significantly higher under No-shade plots compared with shaded treatments during the three years of data measurement. Air temperature between 30°C to 33.7°C during flowering and fruit/pod setting was found to have positive influence on bean yield in cacao. The study concluded that excessive shade decreases yield of cocoa, while increases in temperature and relative humidity boosts some physiological processes for pod production in Cocoa
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Edy, Nur, Margaret Angelia, Irwan Lakani, and Johanis Panggeso. "CURRENT STATUS ON CACAO DISEASE INCIDENCE IN CENTRAL SULAWESI." AGROLAND: The Agricultural Sciences Journal 6, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24077593.2019.v6.i1.13467.
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Central Sulawesi is largest of cocoa bean producer in Indonesia. However, cacao production constrained by important diseases. Currently, data about cacao been damage due to pathogen infection have not been updated. This study observed the incidence of major diseases in cacao plantations, included pod rot, canker, and vascular-streak dieback (VSD). The study was situated at the largest cacao plantation in Central Sulawesi, in Ampera, Berdikari, Bahagia, Ue Rani, and Sejahtera villages in Palolo District, Sigi Regency. The observation pronounced that the cacao trees in the study sites were infected by the pathogens of pod rot, canker, and VSD with different incidence levels. VSD was a disease with the highest incidence and distribution in the cacao plantations. Besides, this study also described the symptom of the disease.
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Nieves-Orduña, Helmuth Edisson, Markus Müller, Konstantin V. Krutovsky, and Oliver Gailing. "Geographic Patterns of Genetic Variation among Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Populations Based on Chloroplast Markers." Diversity 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060249.
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The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is native to the Amazon basin and widely cultivated in the tropics to produce seeds, the valuable raw material for the chocolate industry. Conservation of cacao genetic resources and their availability for breeding and production programs are vital for securing cacao supply. However, relatively little is still known about the phylogeographic structure of natural cacao populations. We studied the geographic distribution of cpDNA variation in different populations representing natural cacao stands, cacao farms in Ecuador, and breeding populations. We used six earlier published cacao chloroplast microsatellite markers to genotype 233 cacao samples. In total, 23 chloroplast haplotypes were identified. The highest variation of haplotypes was observed in western Amazonia including geographically restricted haplotypes. Two observed haplotypes were widespread across the Amazon basin suggesting long distance seed dispersal from west to east in Amazonia. Most cacao genetic groups identified earlier using nuclear SSRs are associated with specific chloroplast haplotypes. A single haplotype was common in selections representing cacao plantations in west Ecuador and reference Trinitario accessions. Our results can be used to determine the chloroplast diversity of accessions and in combination with phenotypic assessments can help to select geographically distinctive varieties for cacao breeding programs.
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López-Hernández, Martha del Pilar, Angelica Piedad Sandoval-Aldana, Jairo García-Lozano, and Jenifer Criollo-Nuñez. "Cacao materials (Theobroma cacao L.) from different production areas in Colombia: A morphological study." Trends in Horticulture 5, no. 1 (March 19, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/th.v5i1.1817.
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The characteristics of agricultural products are influenced by the ecosystem, from the perspective of biotic and abiotic factors, which produce in the plant physiological responses and in turn in the fruit unique physicochemical properties, which are the basis for designations of origin and strategies to add value to the product in the current market. In the present work, ten cocoa materials (Theobroma cacao L.) were selected for their outstanding productivity (FSV41, FLE3, FEAR5, FSA12, FEC2, SCC23, SCC80, SCC55, ICS95 and CCN51), which were established in the departments of Santander (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (931 m a.s.l.) and Huila (931 m a.s.l.). These were established in the departments of Santander (931 m a.s.l.), Huila (885 m a.s.l.) and Arauca (204 m a.s.l.), the main cocoa-producing areas in Colombia. For the evaluation of the physical characteristics of the collected materials, 21 quantitative descriptors were used to determine the physical variability of the fruit according to clone and place of collection. The data collected were analyzed by means of Pearson’s correlation matrix and principal component analysis, it was possible to identify those descriptors that contribute most to the variability among materials (ear index, diameter length ratio, seed weight and diameter, and fruit weight and length). In addition, it was possible to verify the effect of the place of harvest on the physical characteristics of the materials, high-lighting the importance of the adaptation study prior to the planting of the cocoa material, with the objective of guaranteeing a premium, productive and quality cocoa crop for the industry, which is competitive in the market.
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Orozco, María, and Susanne Thienhaus. "Efecto de la gallinaza en plantaciones de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en desarrollo." Agronomía Mesoamericana 8, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v8i1.24735.
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We studied the effect of the organic chicken manure on the growth and development of cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.), during their juvenile stage. The experiment was initiated in February, 1993, in three commercial plantations, 20 months old, located in the county of El Rama, Region V. During the following 14 months we carried out three application , comparing, the three levels of chicken manure (454 , 908 . and 1,362 g per tree and application) with mineral fertilizer (three applications , of 15-15-15fertilizers100 g per tree, plus one application of, urea 100 g per tree), and a check without any applications. A random complete bolck design was utilized and means were compared by, Duncan’s test and regression and correlation analyses were also made. The results showed that with the application of 1,362 g of chicken manure, a significatively higher effect over the initial production of cocoa, and an increase of the stalk diameter were observed. The applications of 454 and 908, of chicken manure resulted in production levels equal to those of the treatment with mineral fertilizers. In relation to plant height, we did not find statistical differences among treatments. The treatment without fertilizer , showed the smallest growth and lower production.
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Villason, Nelvin, and Dernie Olguera. "Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soils under Cacao Production System in Davao de Oro, Philippines." Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development 25, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53899/spjrd.v25i1.75.
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The study was conducted to understand the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils under cacao production system in Davao de Oro, Philippines. Eight (8) cacao farms were selected for detailed field characterization and sampling of soils for various nutrient analyses. Fertility status of each selected farm was determined by comparing the fertility properties of each soil with the critical nutrient level requirement for cacao. Results showed that most of the soils have a dark brown soil color in the upper horizons, and dark, yellowishbrown in the lower horizons. They range from moderately deep to very deep soil profile (19 to 150 cm), with very friable to extremely firm when moist, slightly sticky to very sticky, and slightly plastic to very plastic when soil consistence is wet. Lower elevations had shallow solum with high water table, resulting in the development of mottles and redoximorphic properties. The amount of clay ranged from 9 to 37%, with 18 to 40% for silt, and 30 to 68% for sand. Most of the cacao farms were intercropped with coconut, durian, lanzones, rubber, and banana. Most of the soils are moderate to slightly acidic, with pH values < 6.5 and CEC ranging from 10 to 34 meq/100g. Moreover, most of the areas have low organic matter (1.66%) except for the areas which continually applied organic matter during fertilization (4.60%). The amount of nitrogen (N) is optimum; however, phosphorus (P) was generally deficient in the soils of most cacao farms surveyed, while amount of potassium (K) ranges from 41.30 to 375.60 mg/kg.
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Zamzami, Zamzami, Rangga Alif Faresta, Sindi Nopita Agustina, Adi Septiawan, and Alan Maulana Karisma. "SMART CACAO DRYER BERBASIS HYBRID SEBAGAI ALAT PENGERING BIJI KAKAO PADA KELOMPOK TANI TUMBUH SUBUR." Pro Food 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2018): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/profood.v4i2.70.
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ABSTRACT
Lembah Sampage village, has cacao potential carried out by Tumbuh Subur farmer Group. The data from International Cacao Organizations (ICO) approximates cacao production in the world in 2017 will achieve 4,50 millions tons. Besides, cacao consumption will achieve 4,51 millions tons, so there will be deficit production approximately 10 thousands tons for a year. Cacao optimization is being such a challenge for this farmer group. Drainage problem has dominated in some farmer groups. Weather and climate change often disturb their productivity. Hence, they need dryer tool to solve their problems. Therefore, research is done to stake out prototype of the dryer tool based on hybrid by using electric energy and sun's rays, which is called Smart Cacao Dryer. This research is supposed to create dryer tool which is able to use without considering weather and climate change but it creates cacao seeds which is appropriate to Indonesia national standard. Methods used are designing, assembling, examining, socializing, mentoring, and evaluating the tool. Cacao seeds result dried by using smart cacao dryer showed the same result as Indonesia National standard. The increase of product efficiency showed by the kg on 3-4 day for 4 hours with 400 persentage with 93,5 reduction time.
Keywords: smart cacao dryer, cacao seeds, Tanah Subur Farmer group.
ABSTRAK
Desa Lembah Sempage memilki potensi kakao yang dikelola oleh Kelompok Tani Tumbuh Subur. Data International Cacao Organization (ICCO) memperkirakan produksi kakao dunia pada tahun 2017 akan mencapai 4,50 juta ton, sementara konsumsi akan mencapai 4,51 juta ton, sehingga akan terjadi defisit produksi sekitar 10 ribu ton per tahun. Pengoptimalan kakao menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi kelompok tani Tumbuh Subur, permasalahan pengeringan masih mendominasi di sebagian kelompok tani, perubahan cuaca, iklim sering menghambat produktivitas mereka. Sehingga dibutuhkan sebuah alat pengeringan yang mampu menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Untuk itu dilakukan penelitian untuk merancang prototipe alat pengering kakao berbasis hybrid, dengan penggunaan energy listrik dan sinar matahari yang diberi nama Smart Cacao Dryer. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan alat pengering yang mampu digunakan tanpa memperhatikan perubahan cuaca, iklim namun memiliki kualitas biji kakao yang sesuai dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan yaitu perancangan alat, perakitan alat, pengujian, sosialisasi, mentoring dan evaluasi.. Hasil biji kakao yang dikeringkan dengan menggunakan alat Smart Cacao Dryer menunjukan hasil yang sama dengan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Peningkatan efisiensi produk di tunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan kapasitas produksi dari 4 kg selama 3-4 hari menjadi 1 6 kg selama 4 jam dengan persentase 400% dengan pengurangan waktu 93,5%.
Kata Kunci : Smart Cacao Dryer, Biji Kakao, Kelompok Tani Tumbuh Subur,
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Hafif, Bariot. "Analysis of Agroecology and The Requirement of Supplemental Irrigation on Cacao Plants in Lampung." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n1.2017.p1-12.
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<p><em>One of the factors that affect the productivity of cacao plants is water availability. Water deficit will negatively affect the development of cacao flowers and beans. Water stress is reported as one of the causes of low productivity on plantation crops in Lampung Province. The study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of agroecology and supplemental irrigation required for growth and production of cacao in Lampung. The research was carried out in the District of Pesawaran, Tanggamus, East Lampung, and South Lampung, Lampung Province, from 2012 to 2015. The study was conducted with the survey method and literature study for the collection of the primary and secondary data, related to the characteristics of the land agroecology. Geographically, the main cacao growing areas in this region is divided into two regions, western region consist of Pesawaran and Tanggamus District and east region comprise of East Lampung and South Lampung District. Based on agroecological zones, the planting of cacao in both regions is in accordance with the recommendations of land use. However, land suitability analysis showed that some of the agroecological characteristics of land becomes a limiting factor for the growth and production of cacao, including soil pH < 5.5, low cations exchange capacity (CEC) (< 16 cmol(+)/kg), air humidity > 75%, and in some areas there is an erosion hazard. Another obstacle is the water deficit that occurs during 140 days within 1 year of cacao growth cycle that occurred in July until mid-November. There are two factors that can be applied to increase cacao productivity in Lampung province, i.e. (1) an improvement of cacao cultivation technology that can address the characteristics of agroecology as a limiting factor of growth, and (2) an application of a supplemental irrigation technology to avoid cacao from water stress. The requirement of supplemental irrigation is 340.5 mm in western region and 209.7 mm in eastern region of Lampung.</em></p>
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Heuveldop, J., H. W. Fassbender, L. Alpízar, G. Enríquez, and H. Fölster. "Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition." Agroforestry Systems 6, no. 1-3 (February 1988): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02344744.
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Gidoin, Cynthia, Jacques Avelino, Olivier Deheuvels, Christian Cilas, and Marie Ange Ngo Bieng. "Shade Tree Spatial Structure and Pod Production Explain Frosty Pod Rot Intensity in Cacao Agroforests, Costa Rica." Phytopathology® 104, no. 3 (March 2014): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-07-13-0216-r.
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Vegetation composition and plant spatial structure affect disease intensity through resource and microclimatic variation effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent effect and relative importance of host composition and plant spatial structure variables in explaining disease intensity at the plot scale. For that purpose, frosty pod rot intensity, a disease caused by Moniliophthora roreri on cacao pods, was monitored in 36 cacao agroforests in Costa Rica in order to assess the vegetation composition and spatial structure variables conducive to the disease. Hierarchical partitioning was used to identify the most causal factors. Firstly, pod production, cacao tree density and shade tree spatial structure had significant independent effects on disease intensity. In our case study, the amount of susceptible tissue was the most relevant host composition variable for explaining disease intensity by resource dilution. Indeed, cacao tree density probably affected disease intensity more by the creation of self-shading rather than by host dilution. Lastly, only regularly distributed forest trees, and not aggregated or randomly distributed forest trees, reduced disease intensity in comparison to plots with a low forest tree density. A regular spatial structure is probably crucial to the creation of moderate and uniform shade as recommended for frosty pod rot management. As pod production is an important service expected from these agroforests, shade tree spatial structure may be a lever for integrated management of frosty pod rot in cacao agroforests.
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Riedel, Judith, Nora Kägi, Laura Armengot, and Monika Schneider. "Effects of rehabilitation pruning and agroforestry on cacao tree development and yield in an older full-sun plantation." Experimental Agriculture 55, no. 6 (February 6, 2019): 849–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479718000431.
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AbstractOveraged full-sun cacao plantations and the need for sustainable production systems call for combining rehabilitation of plantations with the establishment of agroforestry. We tested the effect of drastic rehabilitation pruning of old cacao tree stock and the introduction of both high- and low-diversity agroforestry on survival, growth and yield of T. cacao in a commercial plantation in peninsular Malaysia over a period of 5 years. We further determined the incidence of pests and diseases of cacao pods and assessed the performance of the whole system for smallholder farmers, including yields of by-crops. Rehabilitation pruning negatively affected cacao tree development and short-term yield. No more effects of pruning on cacao yield were observed starting in the third year on in the monoculture and starting in the fourth year on in low-diversity agroforestry. We found similar cacao tree development and yield in the low-diversity agroforestry and a common practice monoculture, suggesting that the implementation of agroforestry is a commercially feasible strategy, due to additional income generated through timber production. Reduced cacao tree development and yield in the high-diversity agroforestry were compensated by additional harvests of cassava and banana compared to monoculture. Incidence of cocoa pod borer (Conopomorpha cramerella) was lower in the agroforestry systems, especially the high-diversity system, while the incidence of black pod disease (Phytophthora spp.) did not differ between agroforestry and monoculture. The findings highlight the potential of agroforestry to reconcile ecologically sustainable land use with natural, cost-effective pest management. While pruning needs to be done with timing and disease pressure in mind to minimize short-term yield losses, this measure proved to be a feasible strategy for establishing agroforestry on extant plantations.
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Rubiyo, Rubiyo, Nur Kholilatul Izzah, Indah Sulistiyorini, and Cici Tresniawati. "EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CACAO COLLECTED FROM KOLAKA, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, USING SSR MARKERS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v16n2.2015.p.71-78.
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Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.
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Rubiyo, Rubiyo, Nur Kholilatul Izzah, Indah Sulistiyorini, and Cici Tresniawati. "EVALUATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CACAO COLLECTED FROM KOLAKA, SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, USING SSR MARKERS." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v16n2.2015.pp.71-78.
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Kolaka, which is located in Southeast Sulawesi, has long been known as one of cacao production centers in Indonesia. Therefore, many different cacao germplasms can be found in this region. The study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity and relationships of 12 cacao genotypes collected from Kolaka. Genomic DNA was extracted by using a modified CTAB method. Meanwhile, genetic diversity was analyzed based on 16 SSR markers, which then separated by 6% non-denaturing polyacryl-amide gel electrophoresis. The result showed that all of those markers, 14 markers exhibited polymorphism and subsequently used for data analysis using NTSYS and PowerMarker program. About 70 different alleles were generated from 12 cacao genotypes analyzed with an average of 5 alleles per locus. Average value of polymorphism information content (PIC) resulted in this study was 0.59. The cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on the genetic similarity coefficient revealed that all cacao genotypes were separated into three major groups. The first group consisted of five cacao genotypes, the second one held four cacao genotypes, whereas the third group contained three genotypes. This result indicates that three genotypes that clustered separately from the others could be used as a good clonal candidate for cacao breeding program. The information resulted from this present study would be useful for future cacao breeding program, especially in efforts to release a new variety.
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Barnes, Jeffrey. "Where Chocolate Begins and Research Methods End: Understanding Kuna Cacao Consumption." Human Organization 72, no. 3 (August 14, 2013): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.72.3.p8n427vr86736814.
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Contrary to a recent deluge of scientific and popular publications, the island-dwelling Kuna people of Ailigandi, San Blas Panama do not consume large amounts of locally derived cacao beverages. This paper introduces new research on the actual consumption of Theobroma cacao among the people of Ailigandi. The chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao, is of great cultural importance for Kuna people, and its fruits are used within multiple contexts as an irreplaceable element of Kuna identity and cultural life. However, cacao cultivation has become dramatically more difficult because of the numerous fungal pathogens that attack the tree. Despite the constraints this has placed on local cacao production, recent studies suggest that Kuna people consume large amounts of local cacao. This research evaluates the livelihood strategies and dietetic intake of the Kuna in a cross-cultural context. Findings suggest that recent studies may have misunderstood the local reality in their depictions of the Kuna people of Ailigandi as prolific consumers of locally derived cacao. Using a methodology that incorporates a local nomenclature, I found that the actual consumption of locally grown cacao among Kuna people is negligible, notwithstanding the claims of researchers whose work is largely funded by an industrial chocolate manufacturer.
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Marelli, Jean-Philippe, David I. Guest, Bryan A. Bailey, Harry C. Evans, Judith K. Brown, Muhammad Junaid, Robert W. Barreto, Daniela O. Lisboa, and Alina S. Puig. "Chocolate Under Threat from Old and New Cacao Diseases." Phytopathology® 109, no. 8 (August 2019): 1331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-18-0477-rvw.
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Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon rain forest to new cultivation sites it encountered new pathogens. Two well-established diseases cause the greatest losses: black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, and witches’ broom of cacao, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa. Phytophthora megakarya causes the severest damage in the main cacao producing countries in West Africa, while P. palmivora causes significant losses globally. M. perniciosa is related to a sister basidiomycete species, M. roreri which causes frosty pod rot. These Moniliophthora species only occur in South and Central America, where they have significantly limited production since the beginnings of cacao cultivation. The basidiomycete Ceratobasidium theobromae causing vascular-streak dieback occurs only in South-East Asia and remains poorly understood. Cacao swollen shoot disease caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus is rapidly spreading in West Africa. This review presents contemporary research on the biology, taxonomy and genomics of what are often new-encounter pathogens, as well as the management of the diseases they cause.
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Peralta, J. G. B., F. B. Elegado, J. F. Simbahan, I. G. Pajares, and E. I. Dizon. "Microbial and metabolite profiles of spontaneous and adjunct-inoculated cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation." Food Research 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2021): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).526.
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The succession of the dominant microbial population during cacao fermentation with or without adjunct inoculation of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were monitored on a laboratory scale using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Yeasts and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) population throughout a five-day fermentation process showed no significant differences but the LAB population increased through adjunct inoculation. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) identification method showed the dominance of only Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the species used as the adjunct inoculum, which resulted in higher lactic acid production. On the other hand, Acetobacter spp. and Gluconobacter spp. were markedly observed in the spontaneously fermented set-up resulting in increased acetic acid production, significantly different (p>0.05) at three to five days of fermentation. LAB and yeast inoculation resulted in a more desirable temperature and pH of the fermenting mash which may result in better product quality.
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Henao Ramírez, Ana María, David Hernando Palacio Hajduk, and Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo. "Cost Analysis of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) Plant Propagation through the Somatic Embryogenesis Method." Bionatura 7, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.2.
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In vitro cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production via somatic embryogenesis (SE) is being implemented to mass propagate clonal plant material with the donor material’s prominent characteristics. Though it is an advanced technology, it is con-sidered expensive compared to other propagation techniques. This work focused on identifying the critical financial feasi-bility factors for the SE productive process. The process's costs were estimated, identifying factors influencing each la-boratory's standardized ES process. A Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) was performed to evaluate different variables upon increasing productive scale in a biofactory (commercial-scale production). The projected lot volume was 100,000 plantlets in solid media, considering the process flow from in vitro introduction to acclimation. A biofactory operational model was projected, establishing time and operator movements and identifying direct and indirect costs. Costs were defined by the standardized or integral method, with estimated and budgeted calculations to set the cost per plantlet. The identified cost components were culture medium (CM), indirect manufacturing costs (IMC), labor (direct and indirect) and operating expenses. Labor had the most significant share of the costs, at 53%, followed by operating expenses, at 30%, CM, at 12%, and IMC, at 5%. The MCS helped define that the variables with the highest impact on unit price were the embryos’ response in the germination-acclimation stage and the proliferation coefficient during the maturation stage. This projection yielded a figure of US $0.73 per plantlet. However, strategies to reduce this cost have been proposed. These strategies are mainly conducive to optimizing labor and implementing practices that increase multiplication. Keywords. Plant Tissue culture, Cost analysis, Large-scale production, Biofactory, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS)
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Oussou, Kouame Fulbert, Gamze Guclu, Hasim Kelebek, and Serkan Selli. "Elucidating the contribution of microorganisms to the spontaneous fermentation and the quality of Ivorian cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 14, no. 4 (September 1, 2022): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v14i4.1078.
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Cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans are among the most important ingredients in food and beverage industries. They are mainly produced in tropical and subtropical forests. Africa is the biggest producer of cacao bean providers in the world and the Ivory Coast remains the world leader with an estimated yearly production of 3 million tonnes. Cacao beans are used in many food items such as chocolate products, cocoa butter, confectionary products, iced drinks, cocoa powder, etc. The quality and organoleptic characteristics of these food products are strongly related to those of the cocoa beans obtained from different processing treatments. The pulps surrounding the cacao beans are rich in water, sugars, pectins, proteins, minerals, vitamins, citric acid, and phenolic compounds. Many different processing methods are utilized and fermentation is a crucial postharvest treatment having a great influence on the quality of cacao beans and their related products. Spontaneous fermentation is a common practice carried out by the cacao farmers in Ivory Coast. The microorganisms involved in this process are primarily the yeasts (anaerobic phase), which convert the pulps containing sugars into alcohol with a sporicidal temperature increase and then the lactic and acetic acid bacteria (aerobic phase) that produce lactic and acetic acids, respectively. The degradation of the substrates inside the cacao pulps results in the generation of aroma precursors and compounds. The goal of this review was to elucidate the factors affecting the spontaneous fermentation of Ivorian cacao beans and clarify the transformation of the raw material during fermentation.
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Rangel Mendoza, Jorge Alberto, and Amanda Silva Parra. "Agroforestry systems of Theobroma cacao L. affects soil and leaf litter quality." Colombia forestal 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14483/2256201x.16123.
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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Agroforestry systems (AFS) and non-AFS of Theobroma cacao L. on soil and leaf litter quality, during rainy (RS) and dry (DS) seasons in a tropical zone. The treatments were T. cacao crop (CC), Yopo forestry (Anadenanthera peregrina L.) Speg. (YF), Acacia forestry (Acacia mangium Willd.) (AF), Agroforestry system of T. cacao + Yopo forestry (CYF), Agroforestry system of T. cacao + Acacia forestry (CAF), arranged in random design in the field. Leaf litter production was highest in CC (0.79 and 0.73 ton.ha-1) during RS and DS, respectively. CC and AFS improved soil fertility, less Mg in CC; AFS leaf litter quality, CAF in DS and CYF in both seasons, less B and S in DS. AFS can be a solution in tropical zones to solve the problems of low soil fertility.
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Álvarez-Carrillo, Faver, Jairo Rojas-Molina, Jairo Rojas-Molina, Juan Carlos Suarez-Salazar, and Juan Carlos Suarez-Salazar. "Simulación de arreglos agroforestales de cacao como una estrategia de diagnóstico y planificación para productores." Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2013): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/rcta.vol13_num2_art:249.
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<p>En el trópico los sistemas agroforestales SAFs con cacao y café son los más comunes y cubren alrededor de 17,7 millones de hectáreas y aproximadamente el 70% de la producción de cacao proviene de pequeños agricultores. Como estrategia para la realización del diagnóstico en arreglos agroforestales con cacao se realizaron simulaciones con SExI-FS® para identificar las interacciones y proponer alternativas en el manejo de la estructura de los arreglos agroforestales, dando elementos claves a quienes toman decisiones para optimizar los sistemas de producción. Se evaluó la composición química del suelo y un diagnóstico de cada arreglo para obtener información para la simulación en SExI-FS®. Se encontraron variaciones en las cantidades de Ca, B y Cu debido a las prácticas de manejo de enmiendas. Los porcentajes de cobertura arbórea encontrados en cada arreglo agroforestal fueron bajos, siendo 10,8% para la finca El Salado y 6,3% para la finca El Palmar. En nuestro caso en el que la disponibilidad de nutrientes es un factor limitante, se hace necesario aumentar el nivel de sombra, ya que existe una correlación positiva entre la producción de cacao y luz, el nivel de cobertura se debe aumentar a un 30% que es el nivel ideal de sombra para cacao. La simulación con SExI-FS® nos sirve para implementar planes de manejo dentro de la plantación, como el mejoramiento del nivel de sombra, el manejo de las podas y el tipo de especies a utilizar. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Simulation arrangements cocoa agroforestry as a diagnosis and planning strategy for producers </strong></p><p>In tropical Latin America, agroforestry systems (AFSs) with cacao and coffee are the most common and cover about 17.7 million hectares; and about 70% of cacao production comes from small farmers. As a strategy for performing diagnosis in cacao agroforestry arrangements, simulations were made with SExI-FS® to identify interactions and propose alternative management for agroforestry arrangement structures, given the key elements for making decisions to optimize production systems. We evaluated the chemical composition of the soil and diagnosed each arrangement to obtain information for the SExI-FS® simulation. Variations in the amounts of Ca, B and Cu due to amended management practices were found. The percentages of tree cover found in each agroforestry arrangement were low, with 10.8% for the El Salado and 6.3% for the El Palmar. In our case, where nutrient availability is a limiting factor, it is necessary to increase the shade level since there is a positive correlation between the production of cacao and light; the coverage level should be increased to 30% for the ideal level of shade for cacao. The SExI-FS® simulation serves to implement management plans within plantations, such as improving the shade level, pruning management and type of species used. </p>
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Boza, Edward J., Juan Carlos Motamayor, Freddy M. Amores, Sergio Cedeño-Amador, Cecile L. Tondo, Donald S. Livingstone, Raymond J. Schnell, and Osman A. Gutiérrez. "Genetic Characterization of the Cacao Cultivar CCN 51: Its Impact and Significance on Global Cacao Improvement and Production." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 139, no. 2 (March 2014): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.139.2.219.
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Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important cash crop in tropical growing regions of the world and particularly for small cacao farmers. Over the past two decades, ‘CCN 51’ has become one of the most planted cultivars in Ecuador, mainly as a result of its high productivity and disease resistance. Intermixing of Nacional fine flavor Ecuadorian beans with beans of ‘CCN 51’ has become common practice, reducing overall bean quality and decreasing value. The primary goals of this study were to determine the genetic identity, structure, and allelic richness of ‘CCN 51’, its maternal origin and to compare ‘CCN 51’s’ agronomic characteristics against a composite group of Nacional cultivars. To investigate the complex genetic background of this cultivar, 70 simple sequence repeat loci were used. The high heterozygosity observed (56 of 70 loci) for ‘CCN 51’ is not characteristic of traditional Nacional cultivars. Comparison of agronomic characteristics between ‘CCN 51’ and several Nacional cultivars indicates significant differences in cacao dry bean weight, yield potential, production efficiency, percent healthy pods, and witches' broom [Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Phillips-Mora] disease incidence. Additionally, physical, chemical, and organoleptic characteristics suggest that ‘CCN 51’ is different from those of Nacional lineage. Based on population structure analysis, the predominant ancestries for ‘CCN 51’ are Iquitos (45.4%), Criollo (22.2%), and Amelonado (21.5%) genetic groups. A lesser proportion of its genome was accounted for by genetic groups Contamana (3.9%), Purús (2.5%), Marañon (2.1%), and Nacional (1.1%) admixtures. Results of phylogenetic analyses using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean yielding high bootstrap values strongly support the relatedness of ‘CCN 51’ with Iquitos, Criollo, and Amelonado genetic groups. Moreover, seven mitochondrial simple sequence repeat loci revealed that ‘CCN 51’ maternally inherited the ‘IMC 67’ cytotype. ‘CCN 51’ constitutes a valuable cacao genetic resource that is currently used not only in its country of origin, but also in many other national breeding and selection programs worldwide.
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Sari, Rika, Danny Saputra, Kurniatun Hairiah, Danaë Rozendaal, James Roshetko, and Meine van Noordwijk. "Gendered Species Preferences Link Tree Diversity and Carbon Stocks in Cacao Agroforest in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia." Land 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9040108.
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The degree to which the maintenance of carbon (C) stocks and tree diversity can be jointly achieved in production landscapes is debated. C stocks in forests are decreased by logging before tree diversity is affected, while C stocks in monoculture tree plantations increase, but diversity does not. Agroforestry can break this hysteresis pattern, relevant for policies in search of synergy. We compared total C stocks and tree diversity among degraded forest, complex cacao/fruit tree agroforests, simple shade-tree cacao agroforestry, monoculture cacao, and annual crops in the Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We evaluated farmer tree preferences and the utility value of the system for 40 farmers (male and female). The highest tree diversity (Shannon–Wiener H index 2.36) and C stocks (282 Mg C ha−1) were found in degraded forest, followed by cacao-based agroforestry systems (H index ranged from 0.58–0.93 with C stocks of 75–89 Mg ha−1). Male farmers selected timber and fruit tree species with economic benefits as shade trees, while female farmers preferred production for household needs (fruit trees and vegetables). Carbon stocks and tree diversity were positively related (R2 = 0.72). Adding data from across Indonesia (n = 102), agroforestry systems had an intermediate position between forest decline and reforestation responses. Maintaining agroforestry in the landscape allows aboveground C stocks up to 50 Mg ha−1 and reduces biodiversity loss. Agroforestry facilitates climate change mitigation and biodiversity goals to be addressed simultaneously in sustainable production landscapes.
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Scaccabarozzi, Daniela, Luis Castillo, Andrea Aromatisi, Lynne Milne, Adolfo Búllon Castillo, and Miriam Muñoz-Rojas. "Soil, Site, and Management Factors Affecting Cadmium Concentrations in Cacao-Growing Soils." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060806.
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Soil contamination by potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) such as Cadmium (Cd), is a major environmental concern because of its potential implications to human health. Cacao-based products have been identified as food sources with relatively high Cd contents. Here, we assessed Cd concentrations of cacao-growing soils in four major agricultural regions with contrasting climates in Peru, one of the main exporters of cacao products worldwide. At each study site (n = 40) a broad range of potential factors affecting Cd concentration in soils, i.e., site, soil and management, were evaluated. Concentrations of Cd ranged between 1.1–3.2 mg kg−1. Mean values per region were below 2.7 mg kg−1, usually established as upper-limit for non-polluted soils. Cadmium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in sites at higher elevations and in a temperate, drier climate. Cadmium correlated positively with pH (r = 0.57; p < 0.05) and was higher (p < 0.001) in alluvial sediments and Leptosols. Management factors (cacao variety, cultivation year, management practices) and agroecology did not affect Cd concentrations directly. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering a broad range of both natural and anthropogenic factors to evaluate Cd concentrations in cacao-growing soils and contribute to effective and sustainable cacao production by improving land management and planning.
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Ramirez, Joaquin Guillermo, Laura Osorno, and Nelson Walter Osorio. "Presence of mycorrhizal fungi and a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. in the rhizosphere of cacao in two agroecosystems and their effects on cacao seedling growth." Agronomía Colombiana 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/agron.colomb.v34n3.57950.
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In recent years the cultivation of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in Colombia has been growing up, resulting in the need to develop a sustainable production system. In this regard, ben eficial soil microorganisms are an alternative for improving plant productivity, but this requires knowledge of their ecology and functioning. This study had the objective of identify and quantify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. associated with the soil and rhizosphere of cacao plants in two agroecosystems, one of them was in a tropi cal dry forest (TDF) and the other in a tropical moist forest (TMF). In a second stage of the study, native strains of Glomus sp., Acaulospora sp., and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. were se lected and multiplied in the lab. Subsequently, the effectiveness of these strains to promote cacao seedling growth was tested in a greenhouse experiment. The results indicate that there was a significant (P<0.05) greater mycorrhizal colonization and diversity associated to the roots of cacao growing in agroeco systems of the tropical moist forest. However, not significant differences were detected regarding the presence of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. in the two agroecosystems. Otherwise, in the greenhouse experiments, the inoculation with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. was the only treatment that promoted the cacao seedling growth.
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Christian, Natalie, Edward Allen Herre, Luis C. Mejia, and Keith Clay. "Exposure to the leaf litter microbiome of healthy adults protects seedlings from pathogen damage." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 5, 2017): 20170641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0641.
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It is increasingly recognized that microbiota affect host health and physiology. However, it is unclear what factors shape microbiome community assembly in nature, and how microbiome assembly can be manipulated to improve host health. All plant leaves host foliar endophytic fungi, which make up a diverse, environmentally acquired fungal microbiota. Here, we experimentally manipulated assembly of the cacao tree ( Theobroma cacao ) fungal microbiome in nature and tested the effect of assembly outcome on host health. Using next-generation sequencing, as well as culture-based methods coupled with Sanger sequencing, we found that manipulating leaf litter exposure and location within the forest canopy significantly altered microbiome composition in cacao. Exposing cacao seedlings to leaf litter from healthy conspecific adults enriched the seedling microbiome with Colletotrichum tropicale , a fungal endophyte known to enhance pathogen resistance of cacao seedlings by upregulating host defensive pathways. As a result, seedlings exposed to healthy conspecific litter experienced reduced pathogen damage. Our results link processes that affect the assembly and composition of microbiome communities to their functional consequences for host success, and have broad implications for understanding plant–microbe interactions. Deliberate manipulation of the plant–fungal microbiome also has potentially important applications for cacao production and other agricultural systems in general.
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Iflijar, S. Wajizah, and Samadi. "Rumen metabolic activities of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 922, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/922/1/012038.
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Abstract Cacao pod husk is a potential tropical resources that is widely utilized as animal feed. The presented study aimed to investigate rumen metabolic activities of (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) at different concentration and incubation time. A completely randomized factorial was applied in this study consisting of two factors; lingzhi mushroom concentration (K1 = 7.5%; K2 = 15%) and incubation time (L1 = 15 d; L2 =30 d; L3 = 45 d) with 3 replicates. All samples of cacao pod husk were analyzed to determine NH3 concentration, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and gas production. Gas production was periodically collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12, 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation. The result of study indicated that there was significant interaction (P<0.01) between the concentration of G.lucidum and incubation time on NH3 concentration of rumen liquid. The highest concentration of NH3 was found at 7.5% G.lucidum concentration for 45 d incubation (14.70mM). G.lucidum concentration significantly affected (P<0.01) VFA concentration in which samples inoculated with the level of 7.5% G.lucidum was higher compared to that of 15% G.lucidum (125.16 mM vs 113.94 mM). This study concluded that cacao pod husk fermented with lingzhi mushroom at different concentration time influencing metabolic activities of the rumen.
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Beer, John. "Litter production and nutrient cycling in coffee (Coffea arabica) or cacao (Theobroma cacao) plantations with shade trees." Agroforestry Systems 7, no. 2 (October 1988): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00046846.
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Hendra, Hendra, Arif Wibowo, and Suryanti Suryanti. "Fungal Pathogens Associated with Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) Disease on Cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.41512.
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Cacao is one of the pre-eminent crops plantation with high economic value. Indonesia's cacao beans production is the third largest in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) is one of the important diseases of cacao which caused a decreased yield either in quantity or quality. The disease is caused by the basidiomycete fungus Ceratobasidium theobromae (syn. Oncobasidium theobromae). Spores are carried by wind to spread, infect young leaves and penetrate through natural openings and colonize xylem vessel which could inhibit the transportation system in the plant tissue. There are several fungal pathogens associated with VSD diseases on cacao. This research aimed to study the fungi associate with VSD diseases on cacao in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Survey and sampling were conducted in cacao plantations in regencies of Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo, Bantul and Sleman. The severity of VSD disease in the regencies of Gunungkidul and Kulon Progo were high, while in the regencies of Sleman and Bantul were moderate. Eighty eight fungal isolates were isolated from infected petiole and stem. The in vitro pathogenicity test screened 32 fungal isolates causing necrotic and chlorotic symptoms on young healthy cacao leaves with and without wounding. The first symptoms appeared at 8-12 days after inoculation and fungal mycelium could grow at 1−3 days after inoculation. Those isolates collected showed a high diversity of colony morphology. Lasiodiplodia sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. had been identified based on conidial morphology.