Relevant bibliographies by topics / CABLE ANCHORS

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'CABLE ANCHORS'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Mei, Kui Hua, Zhi Tao Lv, and Ji Wen Zhang. "The Static Test Study on Anchors of CFRP Cables." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.1635.

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The axial performance of CFRP is excellent, while the lateral compression strength and shear strength are low, thus they can’t be anchored by traditional anchors. A new type of adhesive anchor was designed and five experimental cables were fabricated and the static tests were carried out. In the tests, the tensile capacity, bond strength and pullout behavior of CFRP cables anchors filled with resin were discussed. The efficiency coefficients and the load-slip behaviors of the bond-type anchors and the uniformities of the stresses in the tendons were studied. Several conclusions are drawn which have become powerful evidences for using the bond-type anchors in the first cable stayed bridge with CFRP cables in China.
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Mancuso, Anthony, Francisca Belart, Ben Leshchinsky, Mark L. Russell, and James D. Kiser. "Behavior and assessment of mobile anchors in cable yarding systems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0269.

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Cable yarding systems transport logs hoisted off the ground by a system of cables and a carriage that moves along the cable. Ground anchors are used at the end points to maintain sufficient tension between the two ends points of the cable and keep it in the air during operation. Traditional anchoring methods employ tree stumps, but as shorter stand rotations result in younger weaker stumps and because of the inability to visually inspect root structures to calculate a stump’s anchoring capacity, alternative methods of anchoring are being used more frequently. In this paper, the capacity of an alternative anchoring method, known as equipment anchoring or mobile anchoring, is assessed for guyline and skyline applications. Some critical components that are observed to influence anchor capacity are equipment weight, slope, blade embedment, angle of cable pull, and soil type. An analytical design solution for mobile anchor capacity is compared with the results of over two dozen field tests to determine the effectiveness of predicting anchor capacity. In addition to estimating the capacity of mobile anchors, a relationship between skyline and guyline loading recorded on harvest operations is analyzed.
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Zheng, Xinlong, Yongqiang Ge, Zhifei Lu, Chen Cao, Peng Zhou, Shiqiang Li, and Jiawang Chen. "Study on Buried Depth Protection Index of Submarine Cable Based on Physical and Numerical Modeling." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020137.

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The buried depth of submarine cables is very important to avoid damage on the cable from dropping and dragging anchors. This study focused on the actual engineering needs of submarine power cable protection and laying construction. In order to investigate the buried depth protection index of submarine cable, physical model tests, theory analysis, and numerical simulations were conducted in this study. The effects of the bottoming velocity, dropping energy, and anchor mass on the anchor penetration depth were analyzed and investigated. The analytical model based on the impact and drag mechanism is presented to analyze the forces and energy on the anchor. The accuracy and reliable of the model test results are verified by the theory analysis and numerical simulation, indicating that the buried depth protection index of the submarine cable in the research area is recommended to be 3 m. The research results can provide guidance for operation of the submarine cable laying machine and submarine cable protection.
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Shan, Renliang, Shupeng Zhang, Pengcheng Huang, and Weijun Liu. "Research on Full-Section Anchor Cable and C-Shaped Tube Support System of Deep Layer Roadway." Geofluids 2021 (February 16, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5593601.

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Deep roadway deformation due to soft rock, rock dip, and horizontal tectonic stress is uneven and asymmetrical primarily in large loose zones. Traditional anchor support is influenced by the yield strength and shear strength of the anchors and has a limited prestress capacity or shear resistance. When the roadway roof is laminated rock or when the roadway passes through layered rock or rock interfaces, interlayer sliding commonly occurs, which can easily lead to anchor cables being sheared off. The tape tunnel in the Zhengling Mine passes through several rock strata and requires anchors to achieve a high shear resistance and prestress. To solve these problems, an anchor cable and C-shaped tube that can bear lateral shear forces were developed, and a full-section anchor cable and C-shaped tube support system were created based on extruded arch theory. Numerical results from FLAC3D show that the new scheme effectively controls surface convergence and plastic zone extension. Field tests have demonstrated that the amount of surface displacement was at least 42% smaller in the new support scheme. The extruded arch formed by the highly prestressed anchor cable and concrete spray layer can effectively control the bulking load within the loose zone, and the ACC effectively resists interlayer shear.
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Yin, Tao, Xingsong Sun, Yujie Wang, Yufei Zhao, Shuangjing Wang, Lipeng Liu, and Hongjie Chen. "Corrosion Characteristics of Anchor Cables in Electrolytic Corrosion Test and the Applicability of the Test Method in Study of Anchor Cable Corrosion." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695288.

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The selection of corrosion test method in the corrosion study of the prestressed anchors is an important issue. In this paper, the corrosion test of anchors was conducted with electrolytic corrosion test method. The corrosion characteristics of the anchor cables were examined. The effects of sodium chloride solution concentration, current, test time, and prestress level on corrosion were studied. The applicability of electrolytic corrosion method in anchor cable corrosion study is discussed subsequently. The results show that the corrosion of the anchor appears to be uniform corrosion. With the corrosion of the anchor, the central wire of the cable was basically not corroded, and the cross-sectional shape of the outer wire changes from a round to fan shape. The sodium chloride concentration and prestress level have no obvious effects on the corrosion of the anchor. The variation of test time does not affect the difference between the measured and theoretical calculated results, while a proper current in the electrolysis test may help reduce the difference. The measured corrosion rate fluctuates from −4% to 10% and tends to be higher compared with calculated results based on Faraday’s law. The study indicates that the electrolytic corrosion test is applicable in the anchor corrosion study.
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Yin, Tao, Xingsong Sun, Yujie Wang, Yufei Zhao, Shuangjing Wang, Lipeng Liu, and Hongjie Chen. "Corrosion Characteristics of Anchor Cables in Electrolytic Corrosion Test and the Applicability of the Test Method in Study of Anchor Cable Corrosion." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695288.

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The selection of corrosion test method in the corrosion study of the prestressed anchors is an important issue. In this paper, the corrosion test of anchors was conducted with electrolytic corrosion test method. The corrosion characteristics of the anchor cables were examined. The effects of sodium chloride solution concentration, current, test time, and prestress level on corrosion were studied. The applicability of electrolytic corrosion method in anchor cable corrosion study is discussed subsequently. The results show that the corrosion of the anchor appears to be uniform corrosion. With the corrosion of the anchor, the central wire of the cable was basically not corroded, and the cross-sectional shape of the outer wire changes from a round to fan shape. The sodium chloride concentration and prestress level have no obvious effects on the corrosion of the anchor. The variation of test time does not affect the difference between the measured and theoretical calculated results, while a proper current in the electrolysis test may help reduce the difference. The measured corrosion rate fluctuates from −4% to 10% and tends to be higher compared with calculated results based on Faraday’s law. The study indicates that the electrolytic corrosion test is applicable in the anchor corrosion study.
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Mancuso, Anthony, Francisca Belart, and Ben Leshchinsky. "Operative loading in cable yarding systems: field observations of static and dynamic tensions in mobile anchor systems." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, no. 11 (November 2018): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0219.

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Cable yarding systems are an effective means of facilitating harvesting operations in steep terrain, but require sufficient anchoring for safe performance. Design and safe operation often dictates that cable loading remain at a safe level, yet the actual loads incurred for anchoring systems, particularly for “mobile” or “equipment” anchors, are ill-quantified. Furthermore, these anchors are subject to loading that is rather dynamic in nature, realizing impulse loads from various operation occurrences, particularly breakout. This study describes the measured static and dynamic cable loads during yarding for 21 mobile anchor systems operated by eight different contractors during active logging operations. The mean dynamic loading observed for guyline and skyline anchors was 49% and 44% greater than static tensions, respectively. Maximum dynamic loads exceeded approximately double static tensions. In the observed tests, cable tensions were well below the cable elastic and endurance limits but did approach the allowable tension in some cases. Although the monitored cable loads in this study were all within a safe range, the observed dynamic loads are useful guidance when considering higher static loads and consequently higher dynamic loads that may be unsafe.
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Weber, Felix, and Hans Distl. "Damping Estimation from Free Decay Responses of Cables with MR Dampers." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/861954.

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This paper discusses the damping measurements on cables with real-time controlled MR dampers that were performed on a laboratory scale single strand cable and on cables of the Sutong Bridge, China. The control approach aims at producing amplitude and frequency independent cable damping which is confirmed by the tests. The experimentally obtained cable damping in comparison to the theoretical value due to optimal linear viscous damping reveals that support conditions of the cable anchors, force tracking errors in the actual MR damper force, energy spillover to higher modes, and excitation and sensor cables hanging on the stay cable must be taken into consideration for the interpretation of the identified cable damping values.
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Pi, Jin, Yu Fei Zhao, Rui Lang Cao, and Zhi Xin Jia. "Anchor Spacing Design of Pre-Stressed Tunnel Concrete Lining with Un-Bonded Annular Anchors for Songhua River Water Supply Project." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 505–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.505.

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At present, annular anchor pre-stressed tunnel Concrete lining is the main design method of poor -quality surrounding rocks, thin covering and high internal water pressure tunnel. Based on the contact of tendons and concrete, the annular anchor lining can be classified into bonded and un-bonded. Cable spacing is one of the key parameters in the design of the un-bonded annular anchors pre-stressed concrete lining. The optimal anchor spacing can not only meet the demand of the project, but also save the cost of construction. In this paper, the anchor spacing is studied in the design of pre-stressed tunnel concrete lining with un-bonded annular anchors for Songhua River water supply project. The equivalent load method and solid modeling method are combined in Flac3d 3D modeling. Numerical simulation of pre-stressed effects for different anchor spacing in tension and operation of the concrete lining were analyzed. The optimal anchor cable spacing is received, which is a reference for the design and construction of similar projects in the future.
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Rao, Dejun, Xiaoping Tang, Haining Li, and Yuhong Zhang. "Design of rotating cable anchors." Prestress Technology 8, no. 01 (2004): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59238/j.pt.2004.01.009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Mallin, Kenneth. "N. Hingley & Sons Limited - Black Country Anchor Smith and Chain Cable Maker : a study of the world's premier manufacturer of ships' anchors and cables in the period 1890-1918." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36367/.

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The principal objective of this dissertation is to position the firm of N Hingley & Sons Limited in its rightful place in the economic history of the Black Country and of Britain in the period 1890 to 1918. As an original contribution to knowledge of the subject, the study focuses on a modestly sized firm of ironmakers in the Black Country that achieved a position of almost total hegemony in the provision of anchors and ships cables to the navies and merchant fleets of the world. This was at a time when 90 per cent of all chain manufactured in Britain came from the Black Country and when the bulk of the ships of the world were constructed in British yards. The success of the firm was based on the solid foundation built by Noah Hingley in harnessing natural resources to a cooperative labour force under the direction of a paternalistic family of marked goodwill. Chapters two and three place the Hingley firm in the economic context of the times. Particular attention is given to how well the enterprise conforms to NrCloskey's analysis that in this period British industry did well and did all that could have been reasonably expected of it. Chapter four draws heavily on the Hingley archival material to establish an outline of the firm's trading activities during the period under review. This process is extended to the limits of the files in chapters five, six and seven. Chapter five examines the evolution from a family partnership to a closely held family company to a broadly held private company demonstrating the continuing ability of the Hingley family to adapt, developing an appropriate structure at each stage. Chapter six examines the basis of Hingleys' hegemonic position : the excellence of its wrought iron, its ability to fashion large diameter cable (up to 6"), and its state-of-the-art anchors. Chapter seven examines the form and development of Hingleys' highly efficient method of marketing. This was a method that ensured that the entirety of its production was always sold year on year and regardless of the fluctuations of business activity. Chapter eight is supplementary to chapter seven and examines Hingleys' greatest achievement. This was the firm's ability to create combinations of manufacturers and mini-cartels in order to capture the lion's share of the production of large diameter ships' cables and anchors for a selected list of firms. This was not a simple rigging of the market. Rather, it was a precondition of sustained high quality that provided a first class product at a fair price. The navies of the world benefited from this strategy. The provision of first class products allied to excellent marketing was the key to Hingleys status in the industry. Chapter nine, dealing with relations with governments, examines the growing levels of state control in the period under review. Beginning with the unstoppable momentum for social and political change, the emergence of the military-industrial complex world wide ensured a greater degree of involvement by the state in matters of business and commerce. In the latter stages of the chapter, the way in which the Board coped with the command economy of the Great War is examined in the context of the resilience of the firm in adapting to the economic and cultural changes of the first quarter of the current century. It was this ability that enabled it to trade on successfully for a further fifty years after the end of this story. My dissertation endeavours to show that Noah Hingley's firm was a fine example of solid achievement within the parameters of what was sensible and economically achievable in Britain at that time.
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Zandiyeh, A. R. K. "A theoretical and experimental investigation into statics and dynamics of chain cable lifters." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234268.

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Sauer, Devin James. "Structural and economic evaluation of self-anchored discontinuous hybrid cable bridges." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61293.

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The self-anchored discontinuous hybrid cable bridge (SDHCB) is a novel type of bridge system which has the potential to overcome many of the deficiencies of conventional cable bridge structures while preserving their advantages. To date, research on the system is extremely limited. Accordingly, this thesis examines the structural and economic attributes of the system, as well its constructability. These areas of research are vital in evaluating the utility of the system and in advancing its development. The structural attributes of SDHCBs were studied in this thesis using a systematic approach. First, the behaviour of each of the two basic cable types found in hybrid cable bridges was studied under a wide range of parameters. Then, starting with a bare model of a SDHCB, a series of analyses was performed while progressively expanding the model so that the influence of various parameters and bridge components could be isolated, and accurately assessed. The model parameters were further refined through a cost analysis. Thereafter, upon reaching a complete and detailed model, the influence of various structural parameters was re-assessed, the structural benefits of employing various supplemental design components were appraised, and the constructability of the system was addressed. This work is significant in that it has provided a highly generalized and robust model of a SDHCB. Using this model, it is possible to ascertain how various design parameters such as geometric factors, material properties, and loading conditions affect the structural behaviour, cost, and constructability of the system. Many insights were also obtained from this research which led to the formation of a recommended, universal, design space for the system. In addition, the practicality and adaptability of the system were demonstrated through the development of several innovative construction schemes which aim to reduce construction duration and costs through the creation of multiple work fronts and the elimination of large temporary works.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Balsys, Artūras. "Neskėtriojo dviejų tarpatramių kabamojo tilto elgsenos analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110623_163355-63567.

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Šiuolaikinių tiltų įstabios architektūrinės formos ir tiltų statybos vietos ne visada leidžia pritaikyti dažniausiai naudojamas konstrukcines schemas. Todėl inžinieriams tenka pasinaudoti retesniais, mažiau tyrinėtais tiltų konstrukciniais variantais. Pastaruoju metu pasaulyje, ypač Kinijoje, vėl pradėta naudoti kabamųjų tiltų atmaina – neskėtrieji kabamieji tiltai. Išaugęs tokių tiltų poreikis reikalauja išsamios neskėtriojo kabamojo tilto elgsenos ypatumų analizės. Nuodugniam šios konstrukcinės schemos analizės atlikimui suformuluojamas darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti neskėtriųjų tiltų pradinės analizės metodus, įvairių variantų vienpilonių neskėtriųjų tiltų elgseną veikiant statinei apkrovai. Šiam tikslui pasiekti keliami tokie uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti kabamųjų tiltų konstrukcijas, jų projektavimo bei elgsenos ypatumus. 2. Išanalizuoti kabamųjų tiltų analizės metodus, išskiriant neskėtriųjų tiltų skaičiavimo ypatumus. 3. Išanalizuoti vienpilonių neskėtriųjų plieno tiltų elgseną, veikiant simetrinei ir asimetrinei apkrovoms. 4. Kabamojo tilto pradinei formai stabilizuoti pritaikyti baigtinio lenkiamojo standžio elementus. 5. Parinkti neskėtriojo tilto racionalius komponuojamuosius parametrus ir įvertinti neskėtriųjų kabamųjų tiltų panaudojimo galimybes. Darbe taikomas kompiuterinis modeliavimas baigtinių elementų metodu, naudojantis MIDAS Civil programa. Apžvelgiami gauti rezultatai ir pateikiamos išvados bei pasiūlymai.
Wonderful shapes of modern bridges, especially pedestrian, and their construction sites not always let to adapt usual bridge structure. That’s why engineers have to use unusual and less researched structures. Recently in the world, especially in China, other suspended structure is being used – self-anchored suspension bridges. Recently grown popularity of these bridges requires comprehensive self-anchored bridge behavioral analysis. For an extensive analysis accomplishment the objective is stated – to examine initial analysis methods of self-anchored suspension bridges, behavior of various two-span self-anchored bridges subjected to static loading. To achieve this objective, following tasks are raised: 1. Review suspension bridge structures, their analysis and design peculiarities. 2. Analyze calculation methods of suspension bridges, including peculiarities of self-anchored bridge design. 3. Analyze behavior of steel two-span self-anchored suspension bridge subjected to symmetrical and asymmetrical loading. 4. Apply finite bending stiffness elements for main cables to stabilize primer shape. 5. Evaluate self-anchored suspension bridge technical-economic performance. Computer-aided design using finite element program MIDAS Civil is applied in this research. An overview of the results with conclusions and recommendations are presented.
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Rodrigo, Mor Armando. "Nueva metodología de la medida de descargas parciales en cables de alta tensión. Desarrollo de un sensor capacitivo de gran ancho de banda." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/16271.

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En la actualidad la medida de descargas parciales constituye una herramiento eficaz para el diagnóstico de fallos de aislamiento. La presente tesis está centrada en los diferentes métodos de ensayo de descargas parciales en cables de media y alta tensión. Principalmente se ha estudiado la influencia de los diferentes métodos de ensayo en la evaluación de la carga de los pulsos de descargas parciales en ensayos off-line (ensayos en lso que se saca el cable fuera de servicio). La tesis analiza las particularidades de los métodos convencionales, y de los nuevos métodos o métodos no convencionales. Los métodos convencionales, empleados desde los años 60 en laboratorios de alta tensión, emplean filtros paso-banda como herramienta para la evaluación de los pulsos de descargas parciales. Los métodos no convencionales emplean sensores con anchos de banda muy superiores a los métodos convencionales pues esto permite la localización de los pulsos por técnicas de reflectometría y el uso de herramientas matemáticas que ayudan a la identificación de los pulsos de descargas parciales. En esta tesis se proponen y comparan diferentes métodos de evaluación de carga para los métodos no convencionales, y se establecen los límites de la incertidumbre en dichas medidas en función del ancho de banda de los sensores y de la longitud de los pulsos de descargas parciales. La tesis aborda el análisis de los transformadores de corriente de alta frecuencia que comúnmente se emplean como sensores de descargas parciales para medidas acopladas por campo magnético, y el estudio de los sensores acoplados por campo eléctrico. La comparativa de ambos sensores permite extraer conclusiones acerca de los anchos de banda obtenidos, de la incertidumbre alcanzada para diferentes longitudes de pulso y métodos de evaluación de carga, y de la sensibilidad de los sistemas de medida que emplean estos sensores. Las medidas experimentales se han realizado empleando diferentes prototipos de sensores acoplados por
Rodrigo Mor, A. (2012). Nueva metodología de la medida de descargas parciales en cables de alta tensión. Desarrollo de un sensor capacitivo de gran ancho de banda [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16271
Palancia
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Roudný, Tomáš. "Statické řešení věžového vodojemu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265366.

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The work deals with design of load-bearing structure of watertower. The solution include design and assessment of all main parts of watertower according to ČSN EN 1992 in the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state (crack limitation).
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Otáhal, Ondřej. "Návrh předpjaté mostní konstrukce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226925.

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Diploma thesis deals with design of a road bridge over Husí potok in Hladké Životice. The supporting structure of the bridge is designed in three variants, one of which is selected variant post-tensioned slabs. To address the internal forces is used computing software Scia Engineer. In the structural analysis of the bridge structure is assessed at the ultimate limit state and serviceability by European standards – Eurocodes. For chosen variant is prepared drawing documentation and visualization.
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Kulla, Lukáš. "Statické zajištění zámku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240358.

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The aim of this final thesis was static protection for castle in Miroslavské Knínice. It was necessary to explore several respects and find signs of violation. Next analyze and propose suitable assurance of individual parts. Separe into the stages of construction and to consider the proposal in terms of ensuring the resistance of materials. Finally create a detailed documentation in the range suitable for performance. Based on engineering geology and visual survey was designed horizontal bracing prestressing cables at three levels. The first level "A" consists of a closed circuit of prestressed reinforced concrete passports, supplemented by the cross and construction of prestressed reinforced concrete passports. Next level "B,C" is used to secure the top of the building. Levels “B,C” are proposed using prestressed cable in spare cable channels.
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Kotík, Libor. "Konstrukce sila na cukr." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227611.

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The matter of this thesis is static design and examination of prestressed storage tank to 50000 tons of sugar. Computational model of the steel roof structure is processed and its effect on the silos. Loads is provided of sugar. Optimal design is performed and assessment ultimate and serviceability limit state reinforced concrete and prestressing horizontal silo wall including local load. Next, it is performed the design of a reinforced concrete of the plane bed and column and assessment at the ultimate limit state. The thesis is also drawing documentation, technical report and visualization of construction process. The aim of this work is to the design of the main components based on the required storage capacity tank, mechanical properties of the stored material and technical amenities.
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Štramberský, Martin. "Návrh předpjaté nádrže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226967.

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The matter of this diploma thesis is a static storage tank for petroleum substances, the study of a solution for appropriate shape of shell and its effort to dihedral for roofing, and the study of effect of the storage of inner roofs walls of the tank to the size of the internal forces. The internal walls are carried out by the method of finite elements in the engineering program Scia Engineering 2013 and on the basis of it, designing of the framing sections of the tank. There is a calculation part of the lower horizontal bias wreaths of the shell and internal supporting wall. All the components are assessed on the 1st limit state of the load-bearing capacity and the 2nd limit state of the application (emergence cracks, limiting voltage in the concrete and a prestressing steel). The existing external wall is assessed only on the marginal status load of carrying capacity. The part of diploma thesis is also drawing documentation, accompanying report and technical report. The goal of the diploma thesis was to design the tank without an occurrence of the cracks in the concrete so as the vertical wall was prestressing only in the horizontal direction and the optimal proposal roof tanks as an addition.
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Books on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Bergua, Alicia García. La anchura de la calle. México, D.F: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, Dirección General de Publicaciones, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Samset, Ivar. "Anchors, Spars and Intermediate Supports." In Winch and cable systems, 97–116. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3684-8_8.

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Jašarević, Ibrahim, Željko Tavas, Ivan Muhovec, and Braslav Nesrsta. "Instrumentation of rock bolts and cable anchors." In Rock Bolting, 481–97. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740507-49.

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Webb, Fern. "Case: assessing loose soils for tower cable anchors using electrical resistivity." In Engineering Geophysics, 191–94. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003184676-28.

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Zajic, J. "Stabilization of a high pit slope by means of huge cable anchors prepared in Czechoslovakia." In Rock Bolting, 613–15. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740507-62.

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Zhu, Yanfang, and Bing Xiong. "Research on Numerical Simulation Analysis and Engineering Application of Prestressed Anchor Cable Construction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 197–212. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_17.

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AbstractThe prestressed anchor cable can improve the overall stability of the rock and soil mass of the slope, thereby improving the mechanical properties of the rock and soil mass, and can better control the structural displacement, and achieve the purpose of reducing landslides, dangerous rocks and dangerous rocks. At the same time, the pre-stressed anchor cable construction is convenient, fast in progress, and economical, and has a broad application space. Based on the actual engineering background, this paper analyzes the key technologies in the construction process, and uses finite element software to conduct an overall numerical analysis of the soil after the use of prestressed anchor cables. It analyzes the impact of different slope top loads and finds that for non-prestressed anchor rods, the depth of action is limited, excessively increasing their length will not only cause difficulties in construction, but also have no practical significance. When prestress is applied, the horizontal displacement of the baffle is not uniform under the action of different prestress and slope top load, showing a twisting phenomenon. Along with the increase of the slope top load, the lateral pressure also increases, which causes the displacement of the baffle to decrease with the increase of the slope top load. The research in this paper will have certain guiding significance for the engineering application of prestressed anchor cables.
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Marchi, L., O. Mologni, S. Grigolato, and R. Cavalli. "Evaluation on the Stability of Tree Used as Anchors in Cable Yarding Operations: A Preliminary Test Based on Low-Cost MEMS Sensors." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 473–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39299-4_53.

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Peng, Chengming, Zhihui Peng, Jiaqi Li, and Junzheng Zhang. "Key Construction and Control Technology of Long Span Self-anchored Suspension Bridge with Cable Before Beam." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 163–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_14.

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AbstractShatian Bridge is a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 320 m. It is constructed by the overall construction technology of “cable before the beam”. The main cable is temporarily fixed through the temporary anchorage system, and the main beam construction is based on the main cable. After the main beam is hoisted and welded, the main cable is temporarily fixed, and the tensile force of the main cable is transferred to the main beam to complete the system conversion. The bridge adopts permanent-temporary combined with temporary anchorage, effectively saving the cost. The lifting of the stiffening beam adopts inverted lifting technology. For the area of the short sling in the middle of the span, a non-full-length joist is designed to solve the problem of main beam lifting in the area of the short sling. During the construction, the steel beam of the anchorage section and the auxiliary pier are temporarily consolidated. The temporary cable actively balances the tension of the main cable with clear stress, which is convenient for construction control. Temperature welds are set at both ends of the closure beam section, which not only makes room for the hoisting of the closure beam section but also avoids the structural safety problems caused by the temperature deformation of the steel beam. The slip control method of cable strands based on water bag weight ensures that the main cable does not slip during steel beam hoisting. The length of the sling is increased through the extension rod, and the horn-shaped guide device is added to avoid sling damage caused by the sling colliding with the conduit mouth. Generally speaking, the construction scheme of “cable before beam” adopted by the bridge is reasonable and feasible, which enriches the construction technology of self-anchored suspension bridges and can provide a reference for similar bridge construction in the future.
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Vogwell, Jeffrey, and Jose Maria Minguez. "Wire Cable Failures in Climbing Anchor Chocks." In Advances in Fracture and Damage Mechanics VI, 165–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-448-0.165.

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Zhou, Xiaofang, Shuaihua Ye, and Liting Luo. "Experimental analysis on corrosion resistance of extruded anchor type recoverable prestressed anchor cable." In Advances in Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Volume 1, 110–16. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003349563-17.

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Li, Hao, and Hui Cao. "Studies on the Relationship Between Anchor Force of Prestressed Anchor Cable and Nonlinear Vibration of Anchor Head." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 87–97. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3983-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Grabe, Jürgen, and Evelyn Heins. "Penetration of Ship Anchors and the Influence of Submarine Cables." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78314.

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Impacts by ship anchors are one of the main reasons for damage to submarine cables. Regulations meet this risk by defining a minimum permanent burial depth of submarine cables. The key parameters for the risk evaluation are the burial depth of the cable as well as the penetration depth of the anchor. In order to meet this risk sufficiently and to reduce the risk of submarine cable damage, the penetration process into the sea bed of the ship anchor has to be understood. Numerical simulations of the anchor penetration in sand are performed, in order to investigate the influence of anchor movement on submarine cables and to identify possible damage mechanisms.
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Dao, Duy A., and Jürgen Grabe. "Numerical Investigation of Ship Anchor Penetration in Cohesive Baltic Sea Soil." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80822.

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Abstract One of the main reasons for damage to embedded offshore infrastructure is anchor penetration. Sea cables, for example, are harmed either by direct anchor contact or by additional pressure caused by anchor dragging above the cable. A sufficient permanent burial depth is required to minimize the risk of failure due to anchor penetration. This work presents the numerical simulation of the penetration process of two ship anchors (HHP AC-14 and Spek) in cohesive soil of the Baltic Sea. The simulations are carried out using the Coupled Euler-Lagrange (CEL) method in Abaqus/Explicit. Baltic Sea silt, under undrained conditions, is modeled. For the creep, relaxation behavior, and velocity dependence of the soil, the visco-hypoplastic constitutive model, according to [1], is used. Soil parameters have been obtained by laboratory tests. A parametric study is conducted varying anchor type, mass, and velocity, which significantly influence penetration depth and penetration behavior.
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"Innovation and Practice of Cable-Pylon Anchorage Zone Using Group Aggregated Anchor System." In Structural Health Monitoring. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901311-36.

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Abstract: With the development of the cable-stayed bridge, the anchorage form on pylon of cable-stayed has been improved and innovated continuously, and the anchorage methods such as circumferential prestressed anchorage, steel anchor beam and steel anchor box have been gradually formed and developed, which further increases the span of cable-stayed bridge and meets the social needs of economic development and environmental integration. The group aggregated anchorage system between cable and pylon is a kind of anchorage form outside the pylon, which has the characteristics of clear force transmission, simple structure and high construction efficiency. It has been successfully applied in Chizhou Yangtze River Bridge for the first time. The main span of Chizhou Yangtze River Bridge is 828m, and the cable-stayed bridge with spatial cable plane of two towers is constructed. Six steel beams are deployed between tower legs to anchor 54 pairs of cables respectively. The steel beams and the concrete tower columns are effectively connected by prestressed anchors, shear nails and short steel bars, which could transfer the cable force to the tower column reliably. This kind of anchoring system has clear force transmission, which could reduce the tensile stress of concrete tower column and the risk of concrete cracking. Meanwhile, the steel beam could be constructed by the engineering manufacture and the field installation, which could reduce the working time at height, further the construction quality and safety could be controlled. Based on the construction of Chizhou Yangtze River Bridge, this paper mainly introduces the proposal, construction, key construction technology and engineering application effect of group aggregated anchorage system. The engineering practice proves that this new type of anchorage could not only meet the basic requirements of the intrinsic safety of the bridge, but integrate with the regional culture to create the beauty of natural harmony as well.
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Peng, Yuan-cheng. "Structural System Conception and Overall Design of a Mega Suspension Bridge with Four Main Cables." In IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.2081.

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<p>Hubei Yanji Yangtze River Bridge integrates the functions of expressway and urban road. It adopts the scheme of 1860 m double deck steel truss girder suspension bridge with a single span across navigable waters and fault zones. The bridge is close to the airport, and the height of the tower is limited due to the aviation height limit, so that the sag of the main cable is too small and the scale of the main cable is too large. To solve the above problems, a new suspension bridge structure system with four main cables with different sags is proposed. The main features of this system are: four main cables are symmetrically arranged on two sides, and two main cables on the same side adopt different sags. The truss girders are alternately suspended on two groups of main cables with different sags at intervals, and the main cables with different sags are staggered and anchored to ground anchors in front and back of the longitudinal direction. The new system reduces the scale of a single main cable, and has better wind stability. The midspan of lower main cable on the outside can be lowered below the bridge deck to increase the sag, which better solves the construction problem of the tower height limitation. Based on this system, the upper main cable span of the bridge is (550+1860+450) m, the midspan sag is 142.445 m, the lower main cable span is (510+1860+410) m, and the midspan sag is 153.345 m. The cable of the bridge adopts galvanized-aluminium alloy coated high-strength steel wire, the girder adopts Warren truss, the anchorage adopts replaceable prestressed anchorage system, the tower adopts gatehouse shape, and the foundation adopts bored piles.</p>
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Veie, Johannes, Simen Hellgren Holtberget, and Parthasarathi Jena. "Multi-span suspensions bridge on floating foundations – Concept overview." In IABSE Congress, Stockholm 2016: Challenges in Design and Construction of an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/stockholm.2016.1896.

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By combining well proven technology from suspension bridge engineering with offshore deep water technology it is found possible to realize a crossing for the 5 km wide and 550 meter deep Bjørnafjord in the western part of Norway. The proposed concept consists of a three span suspension bridge with two rock anchored towers on each side of the fjord, and two floating TLP (Tension Legged Platform) towers midfjord. The two side spans has a length of 1385 meters, the mid span has a length of 1325 meters, and the floaters are anchored at a depth of 550 meters and 450 meters utilizing a combination of suction and gravity anchors or possibly piled anchors. The floaters can be constructed with concrete or steel and two different shapes are looked upon. The superstructure consists of PPWS (Prefabricated Parallel Wire Strands) main cables, hangers and an aero-dynamical box girder. The effect of different configurations of connections and the introduction of a top tie cable to improve global behaviour in the vertical plane are addressed. Major challenges identified are related to ground conditions, environmental loadings, deep sea operations and maintenance and operation.
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Bakhoum, Mourad M. "Planning, Design and Construction Aspects of Rod El Farag Cable-Stayed Bridge over River Nile, Cairo, Egypt." In IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.2077.

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<p>The paper presents planning, design and construction aspects of the New Rod El Farag Cable Stayed Bridge over the River Nile in Cairo, Egypt (Tahya Masr Bridge). The Bridge is most recent Mega bridge and one of the most important bridges in Egypt. New Rod el Farag Cable-Stayed Bridge is considered as the widest Cable Stayed bridge in the world, with for a total width of 67.3 meters in the main span, and up to 85 meters in the side span (east approaches). The bridge includes 6 lanes of traffic in each direction, sidewalks (including glass sidewalks). The bridge has a steel-composite deck for the main span, steel-composite portion for the upper part of the pylons where the cables area anchored, and concrete for the bridges side spans approaches. The paper summarizes the codes, main loads, and the advantages of providing supports in the side spans for the final construction stages is briefly discussed. Two intermediate piers were introduced at the land side of each pylon to reduce the deformations in the pylon, bending moments in the pylon, stress variations in the cables due to live loads, and improve the load distribution characteristics of the bridge. In fact, these auxiliary piers serve as anchors for the cable-stayed bridge, and counterweights. They have considerable advantages on the stability during construction stage of the main span.</p>
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Salonga, Jason. "Steel Shark Fin Deck Anchors for Cable-Stayed Bridges: Form, Function, and Fabrication." In Structures Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484180.017.

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Pihl, Jesper, and Hyunsok Choi. "1915 Canakkale Bridge - Cable Structures." In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0392.

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<p>The world record 1915 Çanakkale suspension bridge has a 2023m main span and two suspended side spans each 770m long. Due to poor soil conditions at the shorelines, the two anchor blocks are located onshore by use of tie-down arrangements. The cable structures for the 1915 Canakkale bridge consist of main cables, anchorages, splay and tower saddles, cable clamps, tie-down arrangement and hangers. Each of the two main cables have a length of 4400m, a diameter of 869mm and are designed with a strength of 1960MPa which is state-of-the-art for suspension bridge main cables. The main cable strands are anchored in gravity-based anchor blocks in a compact splay arrangement. The saddles are designed with cast steel troughs and plated steel bodies and optimized to reduce quantities. Hangers are PPWS cables sheathed in HDPE and equipped with spherical bearings to ensure a long service life.</p><p>The paper will explain the innovative solutions that were developed for the cable structures of the world longest suspension bridge. The use of advanced global and local analyses models in the design of cable structures will be elaborated. The design philosophy that leads to a highly optimized design that reduces quantities, cost and carbon footprint is explained. Furthermore, the tie-down arrangement, the increased strength properties for both plated steel and cable steel, the dehumidification system and the introduction of spherical bearings at hangers will be explained in the paper.</p>
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Wang, Y. G., B. Q. Wang, L. M. Yang, J. Liu, X. L. Dong, and F. H. Zhou. "Experiments and Hydrodynamic Analysis of an Adaptive Arresting Net Device for Protecting Bridge Piers Against Ship Collisions." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54707.

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As the accident of a vessel impacting a bridge pier will result in serious disaster, such as bridge fall, ship sink and polluting environment, the technology and method have been investigated to prevent and protect bridges from vessel collisions. An adaptive arresting net crashworthy device has been developed for protecting non-navigable channel piers against ship collisions, which consists of mooring floating boats, mooring cable and mooring anchors, adaptive floating buckets, arresting net, triggering wire rope and constant resistant force cables. When a ship impacts the adaptive arresting net crashworthy device, first the head of the adaptive floating buckets will rise due to the floating force, then the arresting net fixed on the adaptive floating buckets captures and stops the ship. Enormous kinetic energy is consumed by a series of resistant force cables failure. The present paper presents the ship collision tests at full scale and hydrodynamic analysis of the adaptive arresting net crashworthy device. The ship collision tests has been conducted 6 times by a 1200DWT ship with different speed. The ship are prevented successfully. By using multi-body dynamics and rope dynamic theory, simulation model of the adaptive arresting net crashworthy device is established by hydrodynamic analysis software ANSYS-AQWA. It is found that the numerical simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental results.
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Cardoso, Cristiano Bernabé, Magno Almeida da Silva, João Marcelo Mussi Baptista, Janaína Barreto Santos, Sérgio Carlos Kupski, Otávio Caniçali, Matheus Rodrigues Resende, Daniel Costa, Danielle Rocha, and Marcos Vinícius Sampaio Santiago. "Challenges and Lessons Learned on the First Use of Tethered Bop in a Major Operator in Brazil, Including the Replacement of the Tension System Using the Rig Drilling String." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31859-ms.

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Abstract The use of the tethered BOP at Petrobras intends to enable the operation of Dynamically Positioned Rigs in shallow waters, allowing drilling or workover in wells in congested areas or subject to environmental restrictions due to corals or marine fauna. The BOP tethering technology also allows the use of newer generation rigs, whose BOPs are larger and heavier, in old wells not designed for such loads. ROV and surface images of the critical moments for the BOP tethering show the lessons learned in this operation, such as schematics and drawings of improvements implemented or suggested for future opportunities. During the operations, many opportunities for improvement were identified, such as: the ideal drilling schedule to launch the anchors with the Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessel (AHTS); the imprisonment of the cables by the cement of the surface casing in the mud line; the knots that occurred in the cable after replacing the tensioner system; the feasibility to use the rig drill string instead of an RSV to replace the tensioner; and the need of unlatching the BOP to replace the tensioner system, with suggestions to avoid this in the future. The challenges overcome in this operation allowed the development of new solutions and procedures for tethering the BOP, dispensing with the use of a RSV, and improving the contractor's initial procedure. The success of this system enables rig operations in several locations that are currently unfeasible, whether for plug & abandonment of old wells or for drilling new locations in shallow water. The first use of tethered BOP in association with real-time Riser Analysis in Brazil resulted in the reduction of the risk associated with an emergency disconnection, providing a larger operational window and a more accurate analysis of well structure fatigue.
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Reports on the topic "CABLE ANCHORS"

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Bjella, Kevin, Daniel Vandevort, and Sarah Kopczynski. Preliminary testing of expedient ground anchor solutions for guyed towers in remote cold regions : considerations for cold remote regions with limited tools. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47328.

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Ground anchors connected to guy wires for tower structures in cold climates suffer from frost heaving, which causes loss of wire tension and subsequent structural instability. It is necessary to understand what ground anchors are available to resist this tendency yet are still capable of expedient installation in remote areas. To that end, three metal, traditional ground-anchor types (arrowhead, bullet, and penetrating auger) and one novel polyvinyl chloride (PVC) T-post anchor were evaluated in frozen gravels and frozen silts at a research facility in Fairbanks, Alaska. Criteria included installation capability, failure loading, and removal ability. Additionally, expedient installation techniques for use in field conditions were also demonstrated. All three traditional ground anchors failed to penetrate frozen gravels. The penetrating auger also failed to penetrate frozen silts, but the arrowhead and bullet anchors did penetrate frozen silts with difficulty. The PVC anchor is capable of being installed only in a predrilled pilot hole. Under flexural load, the arrowhead anchor cable failed at 3686.72 lb, and the bullet anchor cable failed at 1753.44 lb. The PVC slid out of its hole at a direct-pull force of 1978.24 lb and failed under flexural stress at 202.32 lb.
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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Unusual features in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, part 2. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331505.

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The seabed of Halifax Harbour contains a number of features that can be classified into natural and anthropogenic features. Natural features are formed by nature and consist of bedforms such as sand waves, sedimentary furrows, boulder berms, moraines, pockmarks, etc. Anthropogenic features are those formed by human activity and include anchor marks, cables, shipwrecks, dredge spoils, bridge and dock remains. The anthropogenic imprint on the Harbour bottom is very dense, particularly in the inner Harbour, and makes the collection of natural unaffected samples difficult. This poster illustrates and describes anchor marks, gassy sediments, sedimentary furrows, pockmarks, the remnants of submarine net emplacements, vehicles dumped on the seabed, and an area of seafloor rich in glass bottles.
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Eamer, J. B. R., C. Greaves, and E. L. King. The science questions underpinning the potential for offshore wind turbines on Atlantic Canada's continental shelves. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331697.

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Offshore wind farms typically host tens to hundreds of turbines that are individually sited on foundations or anchored if floating. These are connected by inter-farm cables which feed into one or more marine-based substations, further feeding one or more shore-connected high-voltage cables - all infrastructure that requires knowledge of water depth, metocean conditions, and seabed/subsurface geology. With this industry set to establish itself on the continental shelf of Atlantic Canada, knowledge of the geological conditions from the seabed to tens of metres below will be essential for farm layout and foundation design. Thus, geoscience questions addressing regional geomorphology, Pleistocene glacial retreat and sea-level change, the characteristics of key individual stratigraphic layers, and the magnitude and patterns of sediment mobility are important. In Atlantic Canada, ongoing efforts to address these questions are using legacy data, but new data is required to further our understanding of the shallower portions of the shelf. Examples include: what is the distribution of buried tunnel valleys under offshore banks, and might their complex facies infill affect foundation conditions? How and where would the organic sediments, left by a coastal suite of landforms drowned during transgression, affect foundation or landfalling cable stability? How active is salt diapirism, and could it be considered a geohazard? Are demonstrated sediment mass failures also a risk? What is the current understanding of sediment mobility in shallow waters, and how does that affect infrastructure armouring/depth of burial? What is the variability of the geotechnical properties of our offshore sediments? What is the foundation suitability of offshore Tertiary semi-consolidated bedrock? To conclude, the initial scope of a developing regional foundation suitability model will be presented for the Eastern Scotian Shelf.
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Ebeling, Robert, Barry White, James Evans, Richard Haskins, and Ernest Miller. Corrosion induced loss of capacity of post-tensioned seven wire strand cable used in multistrand anchor systems installed at Corps projects. Information Technology Laboratory (U.S.), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/21664.

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Fader, G. B. J., R. O. Miller, and B. J. Todd. Unusual features in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada, Part 1. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331503.

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The seabed of Halifax Harbour contains a variety of features that can be classified into natural and anthropogenic features. Natural features are formed by nature and consist of bedforms such as sand waves, sedimentary furrows, boulder berms, moraines, pockmarks, etc. Anthropogenic features are those formed by human activity and include anchor marks, cables, shipwrecks, dredge spoils, bridge and dock remains, etc. The anthropogenic imprint on the Harbour bottom is very dense, particularly in the inner Harbour, and makes the collection of natural unaffected seabed samples difficult. This poster illustrates and describes boulder berms, dredged areas and spoils, spud can marks, mining pits, and enigmatic gravel circles.
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García Zaballos, Antonio, Pau Puig Gabarró, and Enrique Iglesias Rodriguez. Conectividad digital en Bolivia: análisis, brechas y plan de acción. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003998.

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n este documento se presenta un análisis sobre el estado de la conectividad digital en Bolivia y un plan de acción para cerrar la brecha existente con los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y los que integran la Organización para la Cooperación y del Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). También existe una gran brecha dentro del propio país, entre las regiones urbanas y densamente pobladas y las que son rurales, remotas o de difícil acceso. Uno de los principales problemas para el cierre de esta brecha es la falta de inversión en infraestructura en las zonas más alejadas. La cobertura de la red de transporte de fibra óptica solo llega a las regiones con una mayor densidad poblacional. Por lo tanto, los ciudadanos, instituciones y empresas alejados de esta infraestructura tienen un ancho de banda muy limitado. A esto se añade la falta de salida al mar, lo cual impide colocar cables submarinos y obliga a comprar el acceso a los servicios de conectividad internacional a través de otros países, situación que deriva en mayores precios. Asimismo, la falta de competencia constituye un obstáculo para el acceso a Internet de calidad. El documento destaca el trabajo del gobierno en materia de acceso universal y gestión de espectro, así como en la formulación del plan nacional de banda ancha. Estas herramientas han contribuido a mejorar las condiciones de acceso en el país. Finalmente, se incluye una estimación de la brecha de inversión en ALC en general y en Bolivia en particular, a lo cual se suma un plan de acción destinado a apoyar las acciones del gobierno para impulsar el acceso a la conectividad.
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