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Journal articles on the topic 'C60'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Nampoothiri, Vinu M., Madhu Mohini, Bilal Ahmad Malla, Goutam Mondal, and Sujata Pandita. "Animal performance, and enteric methane, manure methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Murrah buffalo calves fed diets with different forage-to-concentrate ratios." Animal Production Science 60, no. 6 (2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17727.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary forage:concentrate ratios on growth performance and enteric and faecal greenhouse-gas emissions from growing buffalo calves. Fifteen Murrah male calves (bodyweight = 233.35 ± 30.92 kg; 8–12 months age) were randomly assigned to three dietary groups that were fed a mixture of berseem fodder, wheat straw and concentrate at the ratios of 20:60:20 (C20), 20:40:40 (C40) and 20:20:60 (C60) respectively, for 120 days. Enteric methane (CH4) production was estimated by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Faeces were stored for 12 weeks and CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from stored faeces were estimated every 14 days. Dry-matter intake, feed conversion efficiency and nitrogen retention were not affected (P > 0.05) but average daily gain and urinary nitrogen loss (g/day) were higher for C60 than the C20 diet (P < 0.05). Daily enteric CH4 emission (g/day) was not affected but CH4 yield (g/kg dry-matter intake) and energy loss through CH4 as a proportion of energy intake were lower for C60 than the C20 diet (P < 0.05). Faeces composition was not affected, and large variations of greenhouse-gas emissions were observed for first 10 days of storage. Methane emissions from stored faces were 1.28 ± 0.40, 1.94 ± 0.34 and 3.90 ± 0.27 mg/kg faeces per day for C20, C40 and C60 diets respectively, being higher for C60 than the C40 and C20 diets (P < 0.05). Methane-flux rate from faeces was greater for C60 than the C20 and C40 diets (0.75 vs 0.26 and 0.37 g/animal respectively; P < 0.05). Diet C60 increased N2O fluxes from stored faeces by 63% and 58% respectively, expressed in mg/kg faeces per day and mg/animal per day, compared with C20 diet (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary concentrate proportion of up to 60% in growing buffalo calf diets improved growth performance without increasing enteric CH4 emission, but CH4 and N2O production from faeces were increased. This work has provided information for gas emissions factors from open storage of faeces. More detailed studies on gaseous emissions from open lots on farms are required.

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2

Pradeep, T., and R. G. Cooks. "C60 inflation: production of C62, C64, …" International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 135, no. 2-3 (August 1994): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(94)04003-6.

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3

SANTIAGO, W. C., H. M. KROETZ, and A. T. BECK. "Reliability-based calibration of Brazilian structural design codes used in the design of concrete structures." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 12, no. 6 (December 2019): 1288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000600004.

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Abstract This paper presents a reliability-based calibration of partial safety factors for Brazilian codes used in the design of concrete structures. The work is based on reliability theory, which allows an explicit representation of the uncertainties involved in terms of resistances and loads. Regarding the resistances, this study considers beams with concrete of five classes (C20, C30, C40, C50 and C60), three ratios between base and effective depth (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75), three longitudinal reinforcement ratios (ρmin, 0.5% and ρmax) and three transverse reinforcement ratios ( A s s m i n, 5 . A s s m i n and A s s m a x). In terms of loads, this work considers seven ratios between live loads and permanent loads (qn/gn), and seven ratios between wind loads and permanent loads (wn/gn). The study also adopts a single value for the target reliability index (βtarget = 3.0). Results show that the optimized set of partial safety factors leads to more uniform reliability for different design situations and load combinations.

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4

ROCCO LAHR, FRANCISCO ANTONIO, VINICIUS BORGES DE MOURA AQUINO, FELIPE NASCIMENTO ARROYO, HERISSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS, SERGIO AUGUSTO MELLO SILVA, ANDERSON RENATO VOBORNIK WOLENSKI, CARLOS MAVIAEL DE CARVALHO, JOÃO PAULO BOFF ALMEIDA, and ANDRÉ LUIS CHRISTOFORO. "INFLUENCE OF STIFFNESS RELATED TO THE C40 STRENGTH CLASS OF THE HARDWOOD GROUP ESTABLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN STANDARD IN THE DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES." WOOD RESEARCH 66(4) 2021 66, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.4.582594.

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The Brazilian standard ABNT 7190 (1997) establishes the strength classes C20, C30, C40 and C60 for the proper framework of the different wood types in the group of hardwoods. Associated with the strength class, which is based on the compressive strength characteristic value parallel to the fibers (fc0,k), the standard stipulates the respective values representing the stiffness (Ec0), with 19500 MPa being the reference value for the class C40, essential variables in structural design. For being the C40 class is the one with the greatest amplitude (20 MPa), it is possible that the value 19500 MPa is not the best representation of stiffness. This work aimed to verify the representativeness the stiffness value established by the Brazilian standard for C40 wood. The result obtained from the average confidence interval indicates the value of 14110 MPa as being the most representative, which may imply structures that are supposedly more rigid than they really are.

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5

Thorp, C. L., A. R. G. Wylie, R. W. J. Steen, C. Shaw, and J. D. McEvoy. "Effects of incremental changes in forage: concentrate ratio on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations and products of rumen fermentation in fattening beef steers." Animal Science 71, no. 1 (April 2000): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054928.

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AbstractAs part of an investigation of factors responsible for a previously reported lower efficiency of carcass lean gain in steers offered grass silage diets, 16 Simmental × Friesian steers (515 (s.e. 6·4) kg) were offered perennial ryegrass silage ad libitum (C0) or silage plus rolled barley at 200 (C20), 400 (C40) or 600 (C60) g/kg total diet dry matter (DM). Barley-supplemented diets were intake-restricted to provide equal DM and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes to those offered C0. Eight steers were selected at random to determine the ME contents of the diets by open-circuit respiration calorimetry. The other eight steers were offered the same diets and were blood-sampled at 20- to 60-min intervals, for 10 h, to monitor changes in the concentrations of a number of nutritionally related plasma metabolites and hormones. Estimated ME intakes in these steers were 85·7, 83·1, 84·4 and 86·2 (s.e. 0·91) MJ/day from diets C0, C20, C40 and C60 respectively. Rumen-fistulated Hereford × Friesian steers provided 24-h rumen data for the same diets offered at equal amounts of ME per kg metabolic live weight.Mean 24-h plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were linearly and positively related (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001 respectively) and glucagon quadratically related (P < 0·05) to the proportion of barley in the diet. Plasma insulin increased after feeding on all diets but concentrations on diets C40 and C60 were significantly higher than those on C0 and C20 at all post-feeding sampling times up to 9 h after feeding. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations increased above pre-feeding levels following feeding of the higher barley diets (C40 and C60; P = 0·053) but remained unchanged in steers offered C0 and C20. Mean plasma concentrations of glucose were unaffected by diet but those of β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea were positively and negatively related respectively (both P < 0·001) to the proportion of barley in the diet. Plasma BOHB and urea concentrations also changed with time after feeding (P < 0·001). Amongst the rumen parameters measured (pH; ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportions) only the mean 24-h concentrations and proportions of butyrate were positively related to the proportion of barley in the diet (P = 0·051 and P < 0·05 respectively). All rumen parameters were affected by time after feeding (acetate, P < 0·01; others, P < 0·001) but there was no interaction between treatment and time for any parameter.

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6

Kato, Tatsuhisa. "Absorption and Emission Spectra for C60 Anions." Laser Chemistry 14, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1994): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/29769.

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Absorption spectra are detected for C60− and C602− produced electrolytically in solution at room temperature. Theoretical analysis of the spectrum of C60− by CNDO/S calculations gives an interpretation of the characteristic near-IR bands, the weak visible bands, and the strong bands in the UV region. The emission spectrum of C60− is a mirror image of the near-IR absorption band, and the detection of the emission reconfirms our original assignment of the absorption spectrum. The nature of the spectrum of C602− is characterized by a similar orbital picture to that of C60−. Further laser experiments of significance are proposed.

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7

Bai, Rui Ying, Ji Wei Cai, Ji Xu Wu, and Gong Lei Wei. "Influence of Air Content on the Compressive Strength of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1790.

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The influence of air content on compressive strength of C20，C30，C40 and C50 concrete was investigated in this paper. The result shows that this relationship varied with concrete strength grade. For C20~C40 concrete, the air content increases with addition of air entraining agent, while a maximum air content value appears for C50 concrete. The compressive strength of C20 decrease slightly with the air content, on the other hand, that of C40 significantly decreases relatively.

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8

Feng, Xiao Xin, Xue Li Xi, Ji Wei Cai, Hong Jun Chai, and Yu Zeng Song. "Investigation of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Prepared with Iron Mine Tailings." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.37.

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Concretes of C30 and C60 were prepared with iron mine tailings as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and with natural sand and common crushed stone separately. The drying shrinkage of concretes cured under the natural condition in the laboratory was tested. The results showed that whether C30 or C60 the drying shrinkage of concrete prepared with iron mine tailings was a little smaller than that of concrete with natural sand and common crushed stone. It was also found that whether the concrete with iron mine tailings or the concrete with natural sand and common crushed stone the drying shrinkage of C60 concrete was larger than that of C30 concrete.

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9

Rubio, A., J. A. Alonso, J. M. López, and M. J. Stott. "Surface plasmon excitations in C60, C60K and C60H clusters." Physica B: Condensed Matter 183, no. 3 (March 1993): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90035-5.

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10

Harismah, Kun, Mahmoud Mirzaei, Nahid Ghasemi, and Mohammad Nejati. "Non-Covalent Functionalisation of C30 Fullerene by Pyrrole-n-Carboxylic Acid (n=2, 3): Density Functional Theory Studies." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0233.

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AbstractFor functionalisation of a representative C30 fullerene nanostructure by pyrrole-n-carboxylic acid (PnCA; n=2, 3) their stabilities and properties were investigated based on density functional theory calculations. Parallel calculations were also done for C60 fullerene as evidence for comparing the results. Non-covalent interactions are considered to make the functionalised structures. In contrast with the spherical shape of C60, the shape of C30 fullerene is elliptical; therefore, the functionalisation processes were done for both axial and equatorial elliptical positions (AC30 and EC30). The results indicated that both the positions of C30 have almost equivalent chances to be functionalised by PnCA; but functionalisation by P2CA is slightly more favourable than P3CA, either for C60. The illustrated molecular orbitals’ distributions indicated that the direction of charge transfer could be considered from PnCA counterparts to fullerene counterparts. The molecular properties indicated more reactivity for C30 than for C60 fullerene. Finally, the atomic scale quadrupole coupling constants indicated different roles for N and O atoms of PnCA in the functionalised models.

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11

ERKOÇ, ŞAKIR, and LEMI TÜRKER. "STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOBALLS: C20, C60, AND C20@C60." International Journal of Modern Physics C 12, no. 09 (November 2001): 1391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183101002760.

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The structural stability of carbon nanoballs (fullerenes) C 20, C 60, and onion type C 20@ C 60 has been investigated by performing molecular-dynamics computer simulations. Calculations have been realized by using an empirical many-body potential energy function for carbon. It has been found that C 20 is relatively resistive to heat treatment, however, the onion type structure is relatively less strong against heat treatment. The electronic structure of the systems considered has been also studied by performing density functional theory type calculations.

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12

Arutyunyan, Rafael V., and Alexander V. Osadchy. "The Systems of Volume-Localized Electron Quantum Levels of Charged Fullerenes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (December 3, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7526869.

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The existence of a system of short-lived, discrete, volume-localized electron quantum levels in positively charged fullerenes is theoretically and numerically demonstrated using the example of fullerenes C60 and C20. Unlike experimentally and theoretically well-studied electron states localized in a thin surface layer, these electron states are due to the flat part of the Coulomb potential of a positively charged fullerene sphere. The energy width of the system of such discrete volume-localized levels depends on the charge and increases with increasing charge. For C60+1, the energy width is 0.16 a.u. and increases up to 0.9 a.u. for fullerene C60+10. Thus, the electrons captured on these discrete levels of fullerene form a sort of short-lived superheavy “nanoatom” or “nanoion,” in which the electrons are localized inside a positively charged spherical “nucleus” with an atomic mass of 240 a.u. for C20 and 720 a.u. for C60. Numerous published papers have demonstrated theoretically and experimentally the existence of metastable positively charged C60 fullerenes with a charge of +10 or more, which suggests the possibility of experimental observation of the considering system of volume-localized electronic states. In conclusion, questions are discussed and estimates are made of the possibility of generating coherent radiation at these transitions.

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13

Aghajamali, Alireza, and Amir Karton. "Comparative Study of Carbon Force Fields for the Simulation of Carbon Onions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 10 (2021): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch21172.

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We evaluate the performance of ten common carbon force fields for the interaction energies in double and triple layered carbon onions. In particular, we consider the C20@C60, C20@C80, C20@C180, C80@C240, C60@C240 and C240@C540 double-layer carbon onions and C60@C240@C540 and C80@C240@C540 triple-layered carbon onions. We consider the following carbon force fields: Tersoff, REBO-II, AIREBO, AIREBO-M, screened versions of Tersoff and REBO-II, LCBOP-I, 2015 and 2020 versions of ReaxFF, and the machine-learning GAP force field. We show that the ReaxFF force fields give the best performance for the interaction energies of the cabon onions relative to density functional theory interaction energies obtained at the PBE0-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. We proceed to use the ReaxFF-15 force field to explore the interaction energies in a giant ten-layered carbon onion with a C60 core and show that the interaction energy between the outer layer and the inner layers increases linearly with the number of layers in the carbon onion (with a squared correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.9996). This linear increase in the stabilization energy with each consecutive layer may have important thermodynamic consequences for describing the formation and growth of large carbon onions.

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14

Goedde, B., M. Waiblinger, P. Jakes, N. Weiden, K. P. Dinse, and A. Weidinger. "`Nitrogen doped' C60 dimers (N@C60–C60)." Chemical Physics Letters 334, no. 1-3 (February 2001): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01406-8.

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15

Kubozono, Yoshihiro, Hironobu Maeda, Yasuhiro Takabayashi, Koji Hiraoka, Takeshi Nakai, Setsuo Kashino, Shuichi Emura, Shigeyuki Ukita, and Toshiaki Sogabe. "Extractions of Y@C60, Ba@C60, La@C60, Ce@C60, Pr@C60, Nd@C60, and Gd@C60with Aniline." Journal of the American Chemical Society 118, no. 29 (January 1996): 6998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja9612460.

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16

Cai, Ji Wei, Si Jia Yan, Gong Lei Wei, Lu Wang, and Jin Jin Zhou. "Effects of Fly Ash and Granular Blast-Furnace Slag on Development Rate of Strength of Concrete." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.371.

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Fly ash (FA) and granular blast-furnace slag (GBFS) are usual mineral admixtures to conventional concrete, and their contents substituted for Portland cement definitely affect development rate of strength of concrete. C30 and C60 concrete samples with FA and/or GBFS were prepared to study the influence of substitution content of the mineral admixtures on 3 d, 7 d and 28 d strength. The results reveal that the development rate of strength in period from 3 d to 7 d gets slow with increasing content of mineral admixtures except for concrete with only GBFS less than 20%. In the case of substituting FA as the only mineral admixture for part of cement, the development rate of strength of C30 concrete in period from 7 d to 28 d keeps roughly constant even that of C60 concrete increases. When substituting mineral admixtures in the presence of GBFS for cement within experimental range, the development rate of strength in period from 7 d to 28 d gets fast with increasing substitution content. The enhancing effect of combining FA and GBFS occurs in period from 7 d to 28 d for both C30 and C60 concretes (FA+GBFS≤40%), even occurs in period from 3 d to 7 d for C60 concrete. Based on 7 d strength and the development rate, 28 d strength of concrete can be predicted accurately.

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17

Zimmerman, Paul A., and David M. Hercules. "Formation and Detection of Fullerene Metal Complexes Using Time-Of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 10 (October 1993): 1545–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934334651.

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We have found that metal/fullerene adduct ions of the C60 and C70 fullerenes can be formed with silver, gold, rhodium, and palladium by argon-ion bombardment of fullerenes deposited on a metal substrate, with the use of a Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-SIMS). The bis and tris metal/fullerene adducts formed include: Ag(C60)2+, AgC60C70+, Ag(C70)2+, Ag(C60)3+, Ag(C60)2C70+, AgC60(C70)2+, and Rh(C60)2+. In addition, the monomeric adducts AgC60+, AgC70+, AuC60+, AuC70+, RhC60+, RhC70+, and PdC60+ also have been detected. Samples prepared with a raw soot extract gave higher yields of metal/fullerene adducts in TOF-SIMS than those prepared with purified fullerenes. This result may indicate the presence of a matrix component in the raw soot which enhances the formation of fullerene metal adducts. Spectra obtained from the raw soot show peaks at every 24 daltons corresponding to even-numbered carbon clusters. These peaks occur as low as 600 daltons (C50) and as high as 3000 (C250).

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18

Barrie Peel, J. "Methoxy and Methoxide Adducts of Fullerene-60: Semiempirical Theoretical Studies." Australian Journal of Physics 49, no. 2 (1996): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph960435.

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Semi empirical molecular orbital calculations utilising the AM1 approximation with the MOPAC program have been used to suggest the likely stable isomeric structures of the smaller methoxylated adducts of C60, namely the anions C60(OMe)-n, n = 1,3,5,7, and the neutral species C60(OMe)n, n = 2,4,6. While the OMe species is expected to behave similarly to the F atom in respect of its electronegativity and electrophilicity, its greater size and asymmetric geometry influences the role of non-bonded interactions in determining the favoured configurations and relative chemical stabilities of the respective isomers of each structure. The 'string' model which describes the localised addition pattern observed in the case of the bromine adducts, C60Br2n, for n values up to 12, is also appropriate in describing the stable OMe and OMe- adducts of C60. The five-fold symmetric C60(OMe)-5 anion is of particular interest as it is revealed as the most stable species, in agreement with its observation as the most abundant species occurring in electrospray mass spectra. This suggests that metal salts of the general type M+C60L-5 may be isolable under appropriate experimental conditions.

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19

LU, JING, LIXIN GE, XINWEI ZHANG, and XIANGENG ZHAO. "ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ENDOHEDRAL Sr@C60, Ba@C60, Fe@C60 and Mn@C60." Modern Physics Letters B 13, no. 03n04 (February 10, 1999): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984999000130.

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Discrete-variational local density functional calculations on endoheral Sr @ C 60, Ba @ C 60, Fe @ C 60 and Mn @ C 60 are performed. The Sr (5s2) and Ba (6s2) atoms denote their two s valence electrons to the C 60 cage, described as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The Fe (3d64s2) and Mn (3d54s2) atom are in only +1 valence, rather small oxidation number. The electron affinities and ionization potentials of the four endohedral fullerenes are given.

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20

Khaled, Mazen M., Richard T. Carlin, Paul C. Trulove, Gareth R. Eaton, and Sandra S. Eaton. "Electrochemical Generation and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of C60-, C602-, and C603-." Journal of the American Chemical Society 116, no. 8 (April 1994): 3465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00087a037.

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21

SuzuKI, T., Q. LI, K. C. KHEMANI, F. WUDL, and O. ALMARSSON. "Systematic Inflation of Buckminsterfillerene C60: Synthesis of Diphenyl Fulleroids C61 to C66." Science 254, no. 5035 (November 22, 1991): 1186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.254.5035.1186.

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22

Diogo, Herm�nio P., Manuel E. Minas da Piedade, T. John S. Dennis, Jonathan P. Hare, Harold W. Kroto, Roger Taylor, and David R. M. Walton. "Enthalpies of formation of buckminsterfullerene (C60) and of the parent ions C60 +, C60 2+, C60 3+ and C60 ?" Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 89, no. 19 (1993): 3541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9938903541.

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23

Yao, Lei, Hong Zhen Kang, and Kai Wu Jia. "Experimental Study on Mixing Ratio of Concrete Adding Fly Ash and Slag Powder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1025.

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13 Groups of C20 concrete specimens and 11 groups of C60 concrete specimens adding different content of fly ash and slag powder, comparing with normal concrete specimens, were tested to analyze compressive strength and workability. The test results show: When adding fly ash only, equivalent replacing volume should not exceed 30%, and for lower strength concretes (such as C20) the adding volume should be lower than 30%, otherwise, the compressive strength was influenced greatly. When adding slag powder only, the replacing volume should increase to 40%, meanwhile the workability must be supervised. When adding fly ash and slag powder simultaneously, the adding volume should reach to 50%, and the ratio of fly ash to slag should be controlled. For C20 concrete the ratio of fly ash to slag powder should not exceed 10% and for C60 concrete the ratio should reach to 25%.

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24

Wang, J., G. Javahery, V. Baranov, and D. K. Bohme. "Reactions of C60•+, C602+ and C60•3+ with C2H2 and C2H4 in the gas phase: Polymerization initiated by C60•3+." Tetrahedron 52, no. 14 (April 1996): 5191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4020(96)00124-x.

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25

BelBruno, Joseph J. "COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF N@C60, P@C60, AND As@C60." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 10, no. 1 (April 15, 2002): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/fst-120002927.

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26

Wang, Musen, Run Gao, Marcia Franco, David B. Hannaway, Wencan Ke, Zitong Ding, Zhu Yu, and Xusheng Guo. "Effect of Mixing Alfalfa with Whole-Plant Corn in Different Proportions on Fermentation Characteristics and Bacterial Community of Silage." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020174.

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The influence of mixing alfalfa with whole-plant corn in different proportions on the fermentation characteristics and bacterial community of silage was investigated. Alfalfa and whole-plant corn, harvested at dry matter content of 276.47 and 328.43 g/kg fresh weight, accordingly, were chopped to approximately 2 cm and mixed at ratios of 100:0 (C0, control), 80:20 (C20), 60:40 (C40), 40:60 (C60), 20:80 (C80) and 0:100 (C100) on a fresh weight basis, respectively. Silos of each treatment were produced in triplicate and anaerobically fermented in darkness for 100 days at room temperature (20–21 °C). At silo opening, silage fermentation characteristics and bacterial composition and diversity were analyzed. The C0 silage was weakly preserved, evidenced by a low lactic acid concentration and a high value of pH, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, silage pH, acetic acid, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen level decreased, whereas the value of lactic acid and lactic acid to acetic acid ratio increased. The C40, C60, C80 and C100 silages’ Flieg score, used to evaluate the overall fermentation quality, was above 80 and higher than C0 (25) and C20 (61) silages. The C0 silage contained a complex bacterial community at the genus level, consisting mainly of Enterococcus (38.86%), Enterobacteria (20.61%), Rhizobium (8.45%), Lactobacillus (8.15%), Methylobacterium (5.54%) and Weissella (5.24%). As corn percentage increased from 0% to 40%, the relative abundance of desirable Lactobacillus increased and undesirable Rhizobium and Methylobacterium population reduced. With corn proportion in the mixture increasing from 0% to 40%, inclusion of corn to alfalfa at ensiling significantly improved silage fermentation quality and shifted the bacterial community for better silage preservation. Overall, high quality silage was produced when alfalfa was combined with at least 40% whole-plant corn on a fresh weight basis.

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27

Omont, A., and H. F. Bettinger. "Intermediate-size fullerenes as degradation products of interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons." Astronomy & Astrophysics 650 (June 2021): A193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140675.

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The high interstellar abundances of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their size distribution are the result of complex chemical processes implying dust, UV radiation, and the main gaseous components (H, C+, and O). These processes must explain the high abundance of relatively small PAHs in the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) and imply the continuous formation of some PAHs that are small enough (number of carbon atoms NC < ~35–50) to be completely dehydrogenated by interstellar UV radiation. The carbon clusters Cn thus formed are constantly exposed to the absorption of ~10–13.6 eV UV photons, allowing isomerization and favoring the formation of the most stable isomers. They might tend to form irregular carbon cages. The frequent accretion of interstellar C+ ions could favor further cage isomerization, as is known in the laboratory for C60, possibly yielding most stable fullerenes, such as C40, C44, and C50. These fullerenes are expected to be very stable in the diffuse ISM because C2 ejection is not possible by single UV photon absorption, but could need rare two-photon absorption. It is possible that at least one of these fullerenes or its cation is as abundant as C60 or C60+ in the diffuse ISM, although this abundance is limited by the lack of observed matching features in observed mid-infrared spectra. B3LYP calculations of the visible spectrum for a number of fullerene isomers with 40 ≤NC ≤ 50 show that they generally have a few spectral bands in the visible range, with f-values in the range of a few 10−2. This could make such fullerenes interesting candidates for the carriers of some diffuse interstellar bands.

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Rohmund, Frank, and Eleanor E. B. Campbell. "Charge transfer collisions between C602+ and C60." Chemical Physics Letters 245, no. 2-3 (October 1995): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(95)00960-c.

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29

Fink, D., A. Richter, B. Pietzak, and M. Doebeli. "C60+Ion Tracks in Condensed C60." Fullerene Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (May 1999): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641229909350296.

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30

Lu, Jing, Xinwei Zhang, and Xiangeng Zhao. "Electronic structures of endohedral N@C60, O@C60 and F@C60." Chemical Physics Letters 312, no. 2-4 (October 1999): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(99)00913-6.

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31

Lu, Jing, Xinwei Zhang, and Xiangeng Zhao. "Electronic structures of endohedral Ca@C60, Sc@C60 and Y@C60." Solid State Communications 110, no. 10 (May 1999): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-1098(99)00098-8.

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32

Li, Guiqin. "Tuning conductance in C60 devices: defective C60 and endohedral C60 complex." Applied Physics A 118, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8761-0.

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33

Hernández-Rojas, J., J. Bretón, J. M. Gomez Llorente, and D. J. Wales. "Global minima of (C60)nCa2+, (C60)nF− and (C60)nI− clusters." Chemical Physics Letters 410, no. 4-6 (July 2005): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2005.05.075.

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34

Zou, Yong Gang, Xiao Hui Ma, Quan Lin Shi, Guo Jun Liu, Qing Xue Sui, and Zhi Min Zhang. "Growth and High Pressure Investigation of (C₆₀)_n@SWNT." Advanced Materials Research 442 (January 2012): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.442.26.

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The (C60)n@SWNT (peapod) samples were prepared by vapor diffusion method. We performed the high pressure Raman measurements on the peapod samples by using a Mao-Bell type diamond anvil cell (DAC). In the In situ high pressure experiments, the peapod samples were exposed under UV laser line irradiation. The polymerization of C60 molecules in SWNT cave under both laser irradiation and pressure effects has been studied. The Raman spectra of the released samples from high pressure indicated that C60s form one-dimensional orthorhombic polymer. For the Raman measurements, two different excitation wavelengths were used, 325 nm laser and 830 nm laser.

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35

Zhou, Ming-kai, Zhan-ao Liu, and Xiao Chen. "Frost Durability and Strength of Concrete Prepared with Crushed Sand of Different Characteristics." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2580542.

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The influences of fines content, methylene blue (MB) value, and lithology of crushed sand (CS) on frost durability and strength of concrete were investigated, and the frost durability and strength of crushed sand concrete (CSC) and river sand concrete (RSC) were compared. The results show that inclusion of fines improves CSC compressive strength and reduces frost durability of C30 CSC when fines content reaches 10%, whereas it has little negative influence on frost durability of C60 CSC. Increasing MB value does not negatively affect compressive strength of C30 CSC but decreases compressive strength of C60 CSC and frost durability of CSC, and the reduction is more pronounced when MB value exceeds 1.0. Lithology has no prominent influence on frost durability and compressive strength of CSC within the lithologies (dolomite, limestone, granite, basalt, and quartz) studied. Though compressive strength of CSC is a little higher than RSC under equal water to cement ratio, frost durability of CSC is no better than RSC especially for C30 CSC, and air-entraining agent is suggested for enhancing frost durability of C30 CSC exposed to freezing environment.

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36

Miyazawa, Kun'ichi, Minoru Akaishi, Yusuke Kuwasaki, and Tadatomo Suga. "Characterizing high-pressure compressed C60 whiskers and C60 powder." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0023.

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Structural, mechanical, and electrical properties were examined for C60 whiskers, high-pressure sintered C60 whiskers, and C60 powder. A high density of dislocations was observed in the C60 whiskers, and the C60 whiskers with diameters of a few hundred nanometers were found to be flexible. Although both the specimens sintered under the same condition showed similar surface x-ray diffraction profiles with a strong accumulation of [110]tr orientation, the sintered C60 whiskers showed a higher micro-Vickers hardness and an electrical resistivity four orders of magnitude lower than that of the sintered C60 powder.

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37

Srivastava, Ambrish Kumar, Sarvesh Kumar Pandey, Anoop Kumar Pandey, and Neeraj Misra. "C60 as Electron Acceptor and Donor: A Comparative DFT Study of Li@C60 and F@C60." Australian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 12 (2018): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18391.

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Fullerene (C60) is a stable prototype system for a special class of nanomaterials. In this work, the smallest alkali metal (Li) and halogen (F) atoms were encapsulated in the C60 cage, and comparative quantum chemical calculations (QCCs) were performed on their various properties using a density functional theory approach. It was noted that the off-centre distance of Li is higher than that of F. The QCCs of the charge transfer to and from C60 were also analysed. Although charge transfer to and from the C60 cage takes place in both cases, Li@C60 becomes more polar than F@C60, suggesting a better electron-accepting nature of C60 than electron-donating behaviour. This fact is consistent with the natural bond orbital (NBO) charge on the trapped atoms and the dipole moment as well as the binding energy values of the encapsulated C60. Although the encapsulation of both atoms reduces the frontier orbital energy gap, the frontier orbital gap of Li@C60 is smaller than that of F@C60. More interestingly, the depression in the polarizability of Li@C60 is significantly large relative to that of F@C60. These findings also support the tendency of C60 to act as electron acceptor. This study provides some insights into the fundamental properties of C60 and should be helpful in designing new endofullerene complexes for a variety of applications.

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Miyazawa, Kun'ichi, Tadahiko Mashino, and Tadatomo Suga. "Structural characterization of the C60[C(COOC2H5)2] whiskers prepared by the liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation method." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 11 (November 2003): 2730–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0380.

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Fine whiskers of a C60 derivative, i.e., C60 monosubstituted by ethyl ester of malonic acid, C60[C(COOC2H5)2], were fabricated for the first time using a system of toluene with concentrated C60[C(COOC2H5)2] and isopropyl alcohol. The center-to-center distance of C60[C(COOC2H5)2] molecules along the close-packed direction of the C60[C(COOC2H5)2] whiskers was in the same range as that of the C60 nanowhiskers prepared by the same method. The C60[C(COOC2H5)2] whiskers were assumed to take body-centered tetragonal or hexagonal close-packed crystal structures. The C60[C(COOC2H5)2] whiskers showed a high density of stacking faults. The C60[C(COOC2H5)2] whiskers with the growth direction different from the C60 whiskers were observed.

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39

Chen, Xiao Bo, Jian Yin, and Wei Min Song. "Autogenous Volume Deformation and Creep Properties Analysis of C60 High Performance Concrete and C60 High Strength Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.364.

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Based on engineering practice, autogenous volume deformation and creep properties of C60 high performance concrete(C60 HPC) and C60 high strength concrete(C60 HSC) were evaluated in the study. The results showed that the cement partly-replaced with fly ash could significantly decrease the creep deformation, creep coefficient and creep degree. In comparison with C60 HSC, the creep coefficient and creep degree of C60 HPC were decreased 17.9％and15.8％ in 28 days, 22.9% and 21.0% in 270 days. For C60 HPC and C60 HSC at the same age, autogenous volume deformation of C60 HPC is greater than that of C60 HSC, but they were both less than 80×10-6 , and the autogenous volume deformation was basically completed in 7 days.

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40

Liu, Zhiwei, Yu Zou, Qingwen Zhang, Peijie Chen, Yu Liu, and Zhenyu Qian. "Distinct Binding Dynamics, Sites and Interactions of Fullerene and Fullerenols with Amyloid-β Peptides Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20082048.

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The pathology Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with the self-assembly of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides into β-sheet enriched fibrillar aggregates. A promising treatment strategy is focused on the inhibition of amyloid fibrillization of Aβ peptide. Fullerene C60 is proved to effectively inhibit Aβ fibrillation while the poor water-solubility restricts its use as a biomedicine agent. In this work, we examined the interaction of fullerene C60 and water-soluble fullerenol C60(OH)6/C60(OH)12 (C60 carrying 6/12 hydroxyl groups) with preformed Aβ40/42 protofibrils by multiple molecular dynamics simulations. We found that when binding to the Aβ42 protofibril, C60, C60(OH)6 and C60(OH)12 exhibit distinct binding dynamics, binding sites and peptide interaction. The increased number of hydroxyl groups C60 carries leads to slower binding dynamics and weaker binding strength. Binding free energy analysis demonstrates that the C60/C60(OH)6 molecule primarily binds to the C-terminal residues 31–41, whereas C60(OH)12 favors to bind to N-terminal residues 4–14. The hydrophobic interaction plays a critical role in the interplay between Aβ and all the three nanoparticles, and the π-stacking interaction gets weakened as C60 carries more hydroxyls. In addition, the C60(OH)6 molecule has high affinity to form hydrogen bonds with protein backbones. The binding behaviors of C60/C60(OH)6/C60(OH)12 to the Aβ40 protofibril resemble with those to Aβ42. Our work provides a detailed picture of fullerene/fullerenols binding to Aβ protofibril, and is helpful to understand the underlying inhibitory mechanism.

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41

Miyazawa, Kun'ichi, and Tadatomo Suga. "Transmission electron microscopy investigation of fullerene nanowhiskers and needle-like precipitates formed by using C60 and (η2-C60)Pt(PPh3)2." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 8 (August 2004): 2410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0304.

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Nanowhiskers and needle-like precipitates obtained by the liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method for the systems of isopropyl alcohol and toluene solutions of C60 and (η2-C60)Pt(PPh3)2 were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Morphology of the C60 precipitates was remarkably changed by the addition of (η2-C60)Pt(PPh3)2 in the C60 toluene solution, and capsular needle-like crystals of C60 were formed. C60 cages were found to be directly contacted along the growth axis of (η2-C60)Pt(PPh3)2 needle-like crystals.

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42

WANG, J., G. JAVAHERY, V. BARANOV, and D. K. BOHME. "ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of C60×+, C602+, and C60×3+ with C2H2 and C2H4 in the Gas Phase: Polymerization Initiated by C60×3+." ChemInform 27, no. 29 (August 5, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199629121.

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43

Zhang, Hao, Yanbang Li, and Liangbing Gan. "Selective Synthesis of [60]Fullerene Multiadducts through Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) Mediated Reactions." Synlett 29, no. 09 (February 27, 2018): 1167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591770.

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4-Methylpiperidine (MePi) reacts with C60 in the presence of DCC to form C60(MePi)4(DCC). The DCC moiety in the C60 derivative facilitates facile replacement reactions with thiols and phenols to form pentathiolyl derivatives C60(RS)5(H) and benzofuran-containing C60 derivatives such as C60(MePi)2(OC6H4), respectively.

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44

JIN, LIANJI, MIN ZHANG, ZHONGMIN SU, and LILI SHI. "THEORETICAL STUDY ON ENDOHEDRAL COMPLEXES C2H2–C60, C2H4–C60, AND C2H6–C60." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 07, no. 01 (February 2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633608003551.

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Three endohedral fullerenes C 2 H 2– C 60, C 2 H 4– C 60, and C 2 H 6– C 60 are investigated theoretically using density functional theory. Their electronic and structural properties are studied. The calculations suggest that the formations of these complexes are endothermic; the dopant and C 60 cage affect each other rarely except for the slight distortion of C 60 cage and compression of the hydrocarbon molecules. A small quantity of electron transfer from C 60 to the hydrocarbon molecule was also observed. Accordingly, C 60 could theoretically be a good container for some small hydrocarbon molecules.

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45

Lu, Jing, Xinwei Zhang, and Xiangeng Zhao. "Metal-cage hybridization in endohedral La@C60, Y@C60 and Sc@C60." Chemical Physics Letters 332, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01237-9.

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46

Kyzyma, O. A., L. A. Bulavin, V. L. Aksenov, T. V. Tropin, M. V. Avdeev, M. V. Korobov, S. V. Snegir, and L. Rosta. "Aggregation in C60/NMP, C60/NMP/water and C60/NMP/Toluene Mixtures." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 16, no. 5-6 (September 2008): 610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15363830802312982.

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47

Luo, Chuping, Liangbing Gan, Dejian Zhou, and Chunhui Huang. "Photoelectrochemical properties of a new C60 derivative: C60–glycine ester C60(C6H9NO4 )." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 93, no. 17 (1997): 3115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a702057k.

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48

Troyanov, Sergey I., Alexey A. Goryunkov, Eugenii I. Dorozhkin, Daria V. Ignat’eva, Nadezhda B. Tamm, Stanislav M. Avdoshenko, Ilya N. Ioffe, et al. "Higher trifluoromethylated derivatives of C60, C60(CF3)16 and C60(CF3)18." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 128, no. 5 (May 2007): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.01.008.

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49

Gao, Baoqing, Yao Feng, Xinmeng Chen, and Jie Zhang. "A new PLA–Tween composited drug-carrying C60–Fe3O4 multifunctional ultrasound contrast agent based on three kinds of lesions." RSC Advances 11, no. 49 (2021): 31015–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04936d.

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A PLA–Tween composited drug-carrying C60–Fe3O4 microbubble was designed and prepared. Using Fe3O4 as a targeting factor and C60 as a drug carrier, C60–Fe3O4–WF, C60–Fe3O4–NET and C60–Fe3O4–DOX targeted drug-loading complexes were obtained.

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50

Valdés, C., M. D. Carro, M. J. Ranilla, and J. S. González. "Effect of forage to concentrate ratio in complete diets offered to sheep on voluntary food intake and some digestive parameters." Animal Science 70, no. 1 (February 2000): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800051651.

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AbstractTwelve mature ewes were used to study the effect of forage: concentrate ratio in complete diets on voluntary intake and some digestive characteristics. Diets consisted of four combinations of chopped lucerne hay and a concentrate (390 g cracked barley grains, 440 g cracked maize grains and 170 g soya-bean meal per kg of concentrate) in the following proportions (fresh matter basis): 0·8:0·2 (C20), 0·6:0·4 (C40), 0·4:0·6 (C60) and 0·2:0·8 (C80). Diets were offered over two 42-day periods and, in each of them, three sheep received one of the four diets, with the restriction that no animal received the same diet in both periods. Chromium Ill-mordanted fibre was used as a marker to estimate passage rate of digest a and microbial nitrogen supply (MNS) was estimated from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The increase in the proportion of concentrate affected linearly (P< 0·05) the voluntary intake of food, the mean values being 36·8, 37·9, 36·3 and 30·0 g dry matter (DM) per kg live weight per day for C20, C40, C60 and C80 diets, respectively. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein increased linearly (P< 0·01) with the proportion of concentrate in the diet, whereas that of cellulose evolved auadratically (P< 0·05), reaching a minimum value in the C80 diet. Digestible OM intake was unaffected (P> 0·05) by the proportion of concentrate in the diet. Both particulate passage rate from the rumen and through the caecum and proximal colon decreased linearly (P< 0·05) as concentrate proportion in the diet increased. MNS (g/day) was not affected (P> 0·05) by the diet, whereas its efficiency (g/kg digestible OM intake) tended (P< 0·10) to increase with the proportion of concentrate in the diet.

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