Relevant bibliographies by topics / C60

Academic literature on the topic 'C60'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "C60"

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Nampoothiri, Vinu M., Madhu Mohini, Bilal Ahmad Malla, Goutam Mondal, and Sujata Pandita. "Animal performance, and enteric methane, manure methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Murrah buffalo calves fed diets with different forage-to-concentrate ratios." Animal Production Science 60, no. 6 (2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17727.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary forage:concentrate ratios on growth performance and enteric and faecal greenhouse-gas emissions from growing buffalo calves. Fifteen Murrah male calves (bodyweight = 233.35 ± 30.92 kg; 8–12 months age) were randomly assigned to three dietary groups that were fed a mixture of berseem fodder, wheat straw and concentrate at the ratios of 20:60:20 (C20), 20:40:40 (C40) and 20:20:60 (C60) respectively, for 120 days. Enteric methane (CH4) production was estimated by the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Faeces were stored for 12 weeks and CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from stored faeces were estimated every 14 days. Dry-matter intake, feed conversion efficiency and nitrogen retention were not affected (P > 0.05) but average daily gain and urinary nitrogen loss (g/day) were higher for C60 than the C20 diet (P < 0.05). Daily enteric CH4 emission (g/day) was not affected but CH4 yield (g/kg dry-matter intake) and energy loss through CH4 as a proportion of energy intake were lower for C60 than the C20 diet (P < 0.05). Faeces composition was not affected, and large variations of greenhouse-gas emissions were observed for first 10 days of storage. Methane emissions from stored faces were 1.28 ± 0.40, 1.94 ± 0.34 and 3.90 ± 0.27 mg/kg faeces per day for C20, C40 and C60 diets respectively, being higher for C60 than the C40 and C20 diets (P < 0.05). Methane-flux rate from faeces was greater for C60 than the C20 and C40 diets (0.75 vs 0.26 and 0.37 g/animal respectively; P < 0.05). Diet C60 increased N2O fluxes from stored faeces by 63% and 58% respectively, expressed in mg/kg faeces per day and mg/animal per day, compared with C20 diet (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary concentrate proportion of up to 60% in growing buffalo calf diets improved growth performance without increasing enteric CH4 emission, but CH4 and N2O production from faeces were increased. This work has provided information for gas emissions factors from open storage of faeces. More detailed studies on gaseous emissions from open lots on farms are required.
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Pradeep, T., and R. G. Cooks. "C60 inflation: production of C62, C64, …" International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 135, no. 2-3 (August 1994): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(94)04003-6.

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SANTIAGO, W. C., H. M. KROETZ, and A. T. BECK. "Reliability-based calibration of Brazilian structural design codes used in the design of concrete structures." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 12, no. 6 (December 2019): 1288–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000600004.

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Abstract This paper presents a reliability-based calibration of partial safety factors for Brazilian codes used in the design of concrete structures. The work is based on reliability theory, which allows an explicit representation of the uncertainties involved in terms of resistances and loads. Regarding the resistances, this study considers beams with concrete of five classes (C20, C30, C40, C50 and C60), three ratios between base and effective depth (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75), three longitudinal reinforcement ratios (ρmin, 0.5% and ρmax) and three transverse reinforcement ratios ( A s s m i n, 5 . A s s m i n and A s s m a x). In terms of loads, this work considers seven ratios between live loads and permanent loads (qn/gn), and seven ratios between wind loads and permanent loads (wn/gn). The study also adopts a single value for the target reliability index (βtarget = 3.0). Results show that the optimized set of partial safety factors leads to more uniform reliability for different design situations and load combinations.
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ROCCO LAHR, FRANCISCO ANTONIO, VINICIUS BORGES DE MOURA AQUINO, FELIPE NASCIMENTO ARROYO, HERISSON FERREIRA DOS SANTOS, SERGIO AUGUSTO MELLO SILVA, ANDERSON RENATO VOBORNIK WOLENSKI, CARLOS MAVIAEL DE CARVALHO, JOÃO PAULO BOFF ALMEIDA, and ANDRÉ LUIS CHRISTOFORO. "INFLUENCE OF STIFFNESS RELATED TO THE C40 STRENGTH CLASS OF THE HARDWOOD GROUP ESTABLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN STANDARD IN THE DESIGN OF TIMBER STRUCTURES." WOOD RESEARCH 66(4) 2021 66, no. 4 (September 9, 2021): 582–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/66.4.582594.

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The Brazilian standard ABNT 7190 (1997) establishes the strength classes C20, C30, C40 and C60 for the proper framework of the different wood types in the group of hardwoods. Associated with the strength class, which is based on the compressive strength characteristic value parallel to the fibers (fc0,k), the standard stipulates the respective values representing the stiffness (Ec0), with 19500 MPa being the reference value for the class C40, essential variables in structural design. For being the C40 class is the one with the greatest amplitude (20 MPa), it is possible that the value 19500 MPa is not the best representation of stiffness. This work aimed to verify the representativeness the stiffness value established by the Brazilian standard for C40 wood. The result obtained from the average confidence interval indicates the value of 14110 MPa as being the most representative, which may imply structures that are supposedly more rigid than they really are.
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Thorp, C. L., A. R. G. Wylie, R. W. J. Steen, C. Shaw, and J. D. McEvoy. "Effects of incremental changes in forage: concentrate ratio on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations and products of rumen fermentation in fattening beef steers." Animal Science 71, no. 1 (April 2000): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800054928.

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AbstractAs part of an investigation of factors responsible for a previously reported lower efficiency of carcass lean gain in steers offered grass silage diets, 16 Simmental × Friesian steers (515 (s.e. 6·4) kg) were offered perennial ryegrass silage ad libitum (C0) or silage plus rolled barley at 200 (C20), 400 (C40) or 600 (C60) g/kg total diet dry matter (DM). Barley-supplemented diets were intake-restricted to provide equal DM and metabolizable energy (ME) intakes to those offered C0. Eight steers were selected at random to determine the ME contents of the diets by open-circuit respiration calorimetry. The other eight steers were offered the same diets and were blood-sampled at 20- to 60-min intervals, for 10 h, to monitor changes in the concentrations of a number of nutritionally related plasma metabolites and hormones. Estimated ME intakes in these steers were 85·7, 83·1, 84·4 and 86·2 (s.e. 0·91) MJ/day from diets C0, C20, C40 and C60 respectively. Rumen-fistulated Hereford × Friesian steers provided 24-h rumen data for the same diets offered at equal amounts of ME per kg metabolic live weight.Mean 24-h plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were linearly and positively related (P < 0·01 and P < 0·001 respectively) and glucagon quadratically related (P < 0·05) to the proportion of barley in the diet. Plasma insulin increased after feeding on all diets but concentrations on diets C40 and C60 were significantly higher than those on C0 and C20 at all post-feeding sampling times up to 9 h after feeding. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations increased above pre-feeding levels following feeding of the higher barley diets (C40 and C60; P = 0·053) but remained unchanged in steers offered C0 and C20. Mean plasma concentrations of glucose were unaffected by diet but those of β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea were positively and negatively related respectively (both P < 0·001) to the proportion of barley in the diet. Plasma BOHB and urea concentrations also changed with time after feeding (P < 0·001). Amongst the rumen parameters measured (pH; ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations and proportions) only the mean 24-h concentrations and proportions of butyrate were positively related to the proportion of barley in the diet (P = 0·051 and P < 0·05 respectively). All rumen parameters were affected by time after feeding (acetate, P < 0·01; others, P < 0·001) but there was no interaction between treatment and time for any parameter.
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Kato, Tatsuhisa. "Absorption and Emission Spectra for C60 Anions." Laser Chemistry 14, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1994): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/29769.

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Absorption spectra are detected for C60− and C602− produced electrolytically in solution at room temperature. Theoretical analysis of the spectrum of C60− by CNDO/S calculations gives an interpretation of the characteristic near-IR bands, the weak visible bands, and the strong bands in the UV region. The emission spectrum of C60− is a mirror image of the near-IR absorption band, and the detection of the emission reconfirms our original assignment of the absorption spectrum. The nature of the spectrum of C602− is characterized by a similar orbital picture to that of C60−. Further laser experiments of significance are proposed.
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Bai, Rui Ying, Ji Wei Cai, Ji Xu Wu, and Gong Lei Wei. "Influence of Air Content on the Compressive Strength of Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 1790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.1790.

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The influence of air content on compressive strength of C20，C30，C40 and C50 concrete was investigated in this paper. The result shows that this relationship varied with concrete strength grade. For C20~C40 concrete, the air content increases with addition of air entraining agent, while a maximum air content value appears for C50 concrete. The compressive strength of C20 decrease slightly with the air content, on the other hand, that of C40 significantly decreases relatively.
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Feng, Xiao Xin, Xue Li Xi, Ji Wei Cai, Hong Jun Chai, and Yu Zeng Song. "Investigation of Drying Shrinkage of Concrete Prepared with Iron Mine Tailings." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.37.

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Concretes of C30 and C60 were prepared with iron mine tailings as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and with natural sand and common crushed stone separately. The drying shrinkage of concretes cured under the natural condition in the laboratory was tested. The results showed that whether C30 or C60 the drying shrinkage of concrete prepared with iron mine tailings was a little smaller than that of concrete with natural sand and common crushed stone. It was also found that whether the concrete with iron mine tailings or the concrete with natural sand and common crushed stone the drying shrinkage of C60 concrete was larger than that of C30 concrete.
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Rubio, A., J. A. Alonso, J. M. López, and M. J. Stott. "Surface plasmon excitations in C60, C60K and C60H clusters." Physica B: Condensed Matter 183, no. 3 (March 1993): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90035-5.

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Harismah, Kun, Mahmoud Mirzaei, Nahid Ghasemi, and Mohammad Nejati. "Non-Covalent Functionalisation of C30 Fullerene by Pyrrole-n-Carboxylic Acid (n=2, 3): Density Functional Theory Studies." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 73, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2017-0233.

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AbstractFor functionalisation of a representative C30 fullerene nanostructure by pyrrole-n-carboxylic acid (PnCA; n=2, 3) their stabilities and properties were investigated based on density functional theory calculations. Parallel calculations were also done for C60 fullerene as evidence for comparing the results. Non-covalent interactions are considered to make the functionalised structures. In contrast with the spherical shape of C60, the shape of C30 fullerene is elliptical; therefore, the functionalisation processes were done for both axial and equatorial elliptical positions (AC30 and EC30). The results indicated that both the positions of C30 have almost equivalent chances to be functionalised by PnCA; but functionalisation by P2CA is slightly more favourable than P3CA, either for C60. The illustrated molecular orbitals’ distributions indicated that the direction of charge transfer could be considered from PnCA counterparts to fullerene counterparts. The molecular properties indicated more reactivity for C30 than for C60 fullerene. Finally, the atomic scale quadrupole coupling constants indicated different roles for N and O atoms of PnCA in the functionalised models.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C60"

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Cherigui, Abdelnacer. "Contribution à l'étude des propriétés électrochimiques des fullerènes (C60, C70, C60/C70) : application de C60Fx dans une batterie au lithium." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0160.

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Ce travail est consacre a l'etude des proprietes electrochimiques des electrodes composites a base de fullerenes (c#6#0, c#7#0 et le melange c#6#0/c#7#0). Deux milieux electrolytique differents sont utilises: electrolyte liquide organique et electrolyte polymere solide. L'oxydation du melange c#6#0/c#7#0 et du c70 pur en milieu liquide conduit probablement a la formation des composes du type c#6#0/c#7#0x#x et c#7#0x#x qui pourraient etre obtenus par un mecanisme de transfert de charge. Le taux d'insertion maximal theorique depend en particulier du type de l'anion (x#-). L'oxydation du c#6#0 pur ne presente aucun pic de courant anodique. Les methodes de caracterisation des produits d'insertion ne permettent pas a priori de confirmer les resultats obtenus electrochimiquement, ceci est du en grande partie a l'heterogeneite de l'electrode composite (c#6#0/poe/na). Dans le cas du c#7#0, la presence d'une couronne supplementaire d'hexagones a pour effet d'augmenter le caractere aromatique de la molecule et favoriser ainsi la delocalisation des electrons. Les especes anioniques de c#x#-#6#0 avec x>3, formees lors de la reduction cathodique des fullerenes se solubilisent au contact de l'electrolyte liquide ou solide. La reversibilite du systeme c#x#-#6#0/c#(#x#+#1#)#. #6#0 est profondement affectee par le choix de la nature du cation et de la limite de tension en polarisation cathodique. Dans la plupart des cas, le systeme est reversible dans une plage de tension comprise entre 1,5 v (cathodique) et 3 v (anodique), ce qui limite la quantite de l'espece cationique inseree dans le c#6#0. Les etudes cinetiques du c#6#0 en presence des cations alcalins montrent que le phenomene limitant la reaction d'insertion est la diffusion du cation m#+ dans le reseau cfc du c#6#0. Les performances des fullerenes fluores (c#6#0f#x) utilises comme electrode positive dans une batterie au lithium, sont faibles en comparaison avec le fluorure graphitique (cf#x). Ceci est probablement du au caractere covalent de la liaison c-f qui est plus marque dans c#6#0f#x. L'etude des proprietes electrochimiques des fullerenes purs ou modifies (c#6#0s#x, c#6#0h#x,), reste une voie de recherche tres prometteuse tant dans l'aspect fondamental qu'applique en particulier dans le stockage electrochimique de l'energie
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Clements, Andrew Franklin. "Photophysics of C60 Colloids." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265338.

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The goal of this dissertation is to study the photophysics of suspensions of colloidal C₆₀ particles to determine if their nonlinear optical (NLO) response is superior in any way to benchmark NLO materials such as molecular solutions of C₆₀ and carbon black suspensions (CBS). C₆₀ in molecular form is known to exhibit strong reverse saturable absorption (RSA) and it is posited that colloidal particles composed of many C₆₀ molecules would maintain some degree of RSA behavior upon association, although some quenching is to be expected. CBS is known to have an NLO response that is dominated by nonlinear scattering resulting from a phase change due to heating of the carbon black particles by absorbed energy. Colloidal C₆₀ particles that are many nanometers in diameter are similar to CBS, so it is posited that they would also have a nonlinear scattering mechanism contributing to their NLO response. Three samples of C₆₀ colloids are characterized by several techniques, along with two carbon black suspensions and one molecular solution of C₆₀. Transmission electron microscopy is used to determine morphology. Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy is used to determine the absorption spectrum and the relaxation kinetics of the first excited singlet state. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis is used to determine the absorption spectrum and the relaxation kinetics of the first excited triplet state. Z-scan is used to determine triplet-triplet absorption cross-sections. An experiment is performed to determine the percentage of the input energy that is transmitted, scattered, or absorbed by each sample. Computer modeling is performed to compare the experimental results to theory. Results show that all materials that exhibit nonlinear scattering have a constant extinction coefficient in the nonlinear regime, implying a characteristic size for the scattering centers that is independent of input energy. Quenching processes in C₆₀ colloids are found to be morphology dependent, with more crystalline structures resulting in stronger quenching and less RSA. C₆₀ colloids with stronger RSA are found to result in less nonlinear scattering than strongly quenched colloids. Highly crystalline C₆₀ colloids were shown to have a stronger NLO response than the benchmark materials at medium to high energies.
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Brocard, Frédéric. "Etude des propriétés de transport de couches minces de fullerènes C60 et C70." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20121.

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L'influence de l'intercalation spontanee et forcee des couches minces de fullerenes c#6#0 et c#7#0 sur leurs proprietes electriques est etudiee. La methode de depot des couches minces par evaporation thermique de poudres est presentee. La reversibilite de l'intercalation spontanee de l'oxygene atmospherique dans les couches est demontree. Le taux de dopage du c#6#0 par le potassium est relie avec la resistivite des echantillons. La diffusion du metal des contacts electriques dans les couches, stimulee par le champ electrique, est discutee comme une nouvelle voie de dopage electrochimique des fullerenes
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Leng, Faqiang. "Controlled synthesis and characterization of ru-fullerene nanostructures and their catalyticapllications." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0079/document.

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Le travail décrit dans cette thèse vise à produire des nanostructures bien ordonnées présentant une forte activité catalytique sur la base d’ensembles de nanoparticules de ruthénium et de fullerènes/fullerènes fonctionnalisés. Le Chapitre 1 présente une analyse bibliographique sur l’utilisation des fullerènes en catalyse hétérogène, en mettant en avant leurs propriétés particulières telles que la stabilité thermique, une grande capacité d'adsorption d'hydrogène et la capacité d’obtenir diverses coordinations. Le Chapitre 2 décrit la synthèse et la caractérisation de nanostructures Ru@C60 obtenues par la réaction de décomposition par au dihydrogène du complexe [Ru(COD)(COT)] en présence de C60. L'effet du solvant et des rapports de Ru/C60 utilisés durant la réaction ont été étudiés. Plusieurs caractérisations d’objets sphériques Ru@C60 et des calculs DFT nous permettent de proposer une voie pour leur formation. Le Chapitre 3 présente la préparation de nouveaux nano-assemblages obtenus à partir de [Ru(COD)(COT)] et de fullerènes fonctionnalisés en utilisant la même méthode décrite dans le chapitre 2. Tout d'abord la synthèse de fullerènes fonctionnalisés C66(COOH)12 est détaillée, puis la synthèse et la caractérisation des nanostructures Ru@C66(COOH)12 ont été étudiés. Le Chapitre 4 décrit l'utilisation de ces nanomatériaux en catalyse. Nous avons préparé trois Ru@fullerene: Ru@C60 dans du dichlorométhane, T-Ru@C60 dans le toluène et Ru@C66(COOH)12. Ensuite, l'activité catalytique et la sélectivité des catalyseurs préparés Ru@C60, T-Ru@C60 et Ru@C66(COOH)12 ont été étudiées pour l'hydrogénation du nitrobenzène et du cinnamaldéhyde. Des calculs DFT ont permis de rationaliser les résultats obtenus pour l'hydrogénation sélective de nitrobenzène sur Ru@C60
The work described in this thesis aims to produce well-ordered nanostructures presenting high catalytic activity, on the bases of the assembly of ruthenium nanoparticles and fullerene/functionalized fullerene. Chapter 1 provides a review on the use of fullerene and fullerene-based materials in heterogeneous catalysis, emphasizing their specific properties such as thermal stability, high capacity for hydrogen adsorption and the ability of various coordination modes. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis and characterization of Ru@C60 nanostructures produced by the decomposition reaction of [Ru(COD)(COT)] in the presence of C60. The effect of the solvent and ratios of Ru/C60 on the course of the reaction have been investigated. Several characterizations of spherical Ru@C60 objects and DFT calculations allow us to propose a pathway for their formation. Chapter 3 presents new nano-assembly preparation based on [Ru(COD)(COT)] and functionalized fullerene using the same method as they are described in chapter 2. First, the synthesis of functionalized fullerene C66(COOH)12 is detailed, and then the synthesis and characterization of Ru@C66(COOH)12 is studied. Chapter 4 describes the use of these nanomaterials in catalysis. We have prepared three Ru@fullerene catalysts, which are Ru@C60 in dichloromethane, T-Ru@C60 in toluene, and Ru@C66(COOH)12. Then, the catalytic activity and selectivity of the prepared catalyst Ru@C60, T-Ru@C60 and Ru@C66(COOH)12 are studied for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene and cinnamaldehyde. DFT calculations allow to rationalize the results obtained for the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over Ru@C60
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Zahab, Ahmed-Azmi. "Synthèse, caractérisation et études physiques des fullérènes C60 et C70 et de leurs dérivés." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20001.

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Nous avons mis au point un appareillage pour la synthese des fullerenes par la methode de l'arc electrique. Les fullerenes c60 et c70 sont caracterises par rmn, par spectroscopies de masse ir et raman. Nous decrivons aussi un dispositif de preparation de couches minces de fullerenes. Nous nous sommes interesses a l'origine de la largeur residuelle de la raie unique de resonance (rmn #1#3c) de c60. Le temps de relaxation tl de cette raie a ete aussi etudie en fonction de la temperature. Les systemes axc60 et axc60/c70 (a=rb, x et x:3) ont ete etudiees par rmn et raman. Le deplacement de la resonance dans ces systemes est interprete en termes de knight. Tl est interprete par la loi de korringa. Le deplacement du mode elastique de vibration (actif en raman) de la double liaison c=c a ete discute comme fonction du degre de transfert de charge entre le dopant et le c60
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Ye, Jin. "Solid-state studies on C60 solvates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461747.

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This thesis focuses on the thermodynamic and crystallographic characterization of C60 solvates formed with small organic molecules (CBr2(CH3)2, CBr2Cl2, CBr2H2, CBrCl2H and CBrClH2) Chapter I provides an introduction concerning the physical and chemical properties of fullerene C60 as well as the state of the art for solvates or co-crystals formed between C60 and organic materials. Chapter II provides information about experimental techniques and models used for the acquisition and analyses of experimental data. The analysis and discussion of the obtained results are presented in the following five chapters, one for each organic solvent under scrutiny. The last chapter is devoted to overall conclusions concerning the structural and thermodynamic common properties of the studied solvates. In Chapter III, the stable monoclinic solvate C60·2CBr2H2, has been structurally and thermodynamically characterized. It exhibits overall orientational order due to strong interactions between C60 and solvent host molecule. The orientational order is consistent with the stability found as well as with the high negative excess volume and a high desolvation enthalpy. Chapter IV deals with cubic co-crystals of C60·12CBr2(CH3)2, with C2v molecular symmetry. The cubic co-crystals are found to be unstable in air and transform spontaneously into hexagonal co-crystals C60·2CBr2(CH3)2, in which solvent molecules (orientationally disordered) are located close to the prismatic hexagonal voids of the structure. Chapter V describes the cubic co-crystals of C60·12CCl2Br2, also unstable in air. Co-crystals transform spontaneously into the hexagonal co-crystals C60·2CCl2Br2 (formed with negative excess volume) in which the solvent molecules (C2v symmetry) are orientationally disordered and are located close to the prismatic hexagonal voids. In Chapter VI, the in air stable solvate C60·2CBrCl2H is described. The solvent molecules, with C3v pseudo-symmetry (if one consider the halogen Br and Cl being interchangeable). The hexagonal solvate undergoes a transformation on heating to another solvate of lower stoichiometry C60·CBrCl2H with a monoclinic structure. Paradoxically, the measured desolvation enthalpies for both C60·2CBrCl2H and C60·CBrCl2H do not exceed the sublimation enthalpy of pure CBrCl2H. Chapter VII is devoted to the characterization of the monoclinic solvate C60·2CBrClH2. This low-temperature solvate transforms reversibly on heating to an hexagonal structure with the same stoichiometry. Both co-crystal structures form with a negative excess volume indicating strong intermolecular interactions between the C60 and CBrCl2H. This result is in clear contradiction to the determined desolvation enthalpy, clearly smaller than the sublimation enthalpies of the involved solvent. The last chapter VIII, put together overall experimental results in order to derive common properties for the different studied solvates. To do so, the results of this thesis are analyzed in combination with previous reported results for molecular solvates for which the solvent molecules have strong similarities to those studied in this work. Thus, we present a tentative overview of crystallographic and thermodynamic results obtained in the frame of a systematic investigation on C60:Solvent solvates. The results of this thesis represent an step forward in the direction of extending the current experimental knowledge of co-crystals of C60:Solvents. Moreover, the work makes a proposal in order to rationalize the structural properties of these solvates, which mainly consists of a prediction of the solvate volumes according to the van der Waals volumes of the involved chemical species.
El objetivo de esta tesis es la caracterización termodinámica y cristalográfica de solvatos de C60 formados con moléculas orgánicas de pequeño tamaño (CBr2(CH3)2, CBr2Cl2, CBr2H2, CBrCl2H y CBrClH2). En el capítulo I se realiza una introducción a las propiedades físicas y químicas del fulereno C60 así como una breve revisión de los trabajos que se han publicado de compuestos formados entre C60 y materiales orgánicos. Las técnicas experimentales empleadas para la adquisición de los datos juntamente con los modelos empleados para su análisis. El análisis y discusión de los resultados se presentan en los siguientes cinco capítulos, uno para cada uno de los sistemas binarios C60:disolvente analizados. En el último capítulo se presentan las conclusiones del trabajo estableciéndose un análisis de las propiedades estructurales y termodinámicas del conjunto de sistemas estudiados. En el capítulo III se ha caracterizado el solvatoC60· 2CBr2H2 de estructura monoclínica en el que tanto las moléculas de disolvente como el C60 presentan orden orientacional. La existencia de fuertes interacciones entre ambas moléculas genera un volumen de exceso negativo así como una elevada entalpía de desolvatación coherentes con la estabilidad del solvato. En el capítulo IV se ha caracterizado el solvato cúbico C60·12CBr2(CH3)2 que es inestable fuera de la solución y transforma espontáneamente en el solvato hexagonal C60·2CBr2(CH3)2en el que las molècules constituyentes están desordenadas orientacionalmente. Las moléculas de solvente ocupan los huecos intersticiales dejados por las moléculas de C60 en su empaquetamiento hexagonal. En el capítulo V se describen los solvatos formados entre el C60 y el disolvente CCl2Br2. Este sistema presenta 2 solvatos , C60·12CCl2Br2 de simetría cúbica inestable en aire y C60·2CCl2Br2 de simetría hexagonal formado con un volumen de exceso negativo. En el capítulo VI se describe el solvato estable C60·2CBrCl2H de simetría hexagonal en el que las moléculas de disolvente pueden simular una pseudo simetría C3v mediante el intercambio de los dos halógenos. Calentando este solvato este transforma en otro de más baja estequiometria C60·CBrCl2H también estable de estructura monoclínica. Paradójicamente, las entalpías de desolvatación de ambos solvatos no superan la entalpía de sublimación del disolvente puro. En el capítulo VI se describe el solvato estable C60·2CBrCl2H. Este solvato de simetría monoclínica transforma reversiblemente a alta temperatura a una fase hexagonal con la misma estequiometria. Ambas estructuras son formadas con volúmenes de exceso negativos lo que indica fuertes interacciones entre las moléculas de C60 y el disolvente. Por el contrario la entalpía de desolvatación no supera la entalpía de sublimación del disolvente. En el último capítulo se analizan los resultados experimentales obtenidos en los solvatos estudiados conjuntamente con resultados publicados previamente para solvatos formados con moléculas de características similares a las estudiadas en este trabajo. Esto permite establecer una serie de correlaciones termodinámicas y cristalográficas de mayor generalidad en este conjunto de solvatos. Los resultados de esta tesis representan una contribución en el estudio del comportamiento experimental de los co-cristales de C60: Disolventes. Además, el trabajo realiza una propuesta con el fin de racionalizar las propiedades estructurales de estos solvatos, que principalmente consiste en una predicción de los volúmenes de solvato de acuerdo con los volúmenes de van der Waals de las especies químicas involucradas.
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Biebersdorf, Andreas. "Photosensibilisierung von C60 durch halbleitende Nanokristalle." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-73423.

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Luzan, S. M., Y. O. Tsybin, and A. V. Talzyin. "In situ monitoring of C60 hydrogenation." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20618.

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Kinetics and pathways of C60 reaction with hydrogen gas were studied in a broad temperature interval and over extended periods of time. Specifically, hydrogenation was monitored in situ at high temperature and high hydrogen pressure conditions using gravimetric method. The shape of gravimetric curve was found to depend on hydrogena tion temperature: at 350-400ºC saturation of the sample weight was achieved, whereas at 420-440ºC the sample weight reached the maximum and decreased upon prolonged hydrogenation. The weight decrease is due to fullerene cage fragmentation with formation of light ydrocarbons evaporating from the sample. Hydrogenation products were studied by X-ray diffraction, APPI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Hydrogenation pathways (from C60H18 up to C60H56) and possible mechanisms of hydrogenation-induced fragmentation of fulleranes are discussed. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20618
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Al, Ma’Mari Fatma Ali Salim. "Emergent spin ordering at C60 interfaces." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15256/.

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This work is a pioneer study on the role played by molecular interfaces in altering the electronic states of non-ferromagnetic materials. Here, we consider diamagnetic copper and paramagnetic manganese and scandium, to overcome the Stoner criterion and make them magnetically ordered at room temperature. The mechanism is mediated by the charge transfer from the transition metal and hybridization with molecular carbon, creating new 3d-π that drastically modify the electron energy bands around the Fermi energy of both metal and molecule. This effect is achieved via interfaces between metallic thin films and C60 molecular layers. The emergent spin ordering arising in these systems is measured using magnetometry shows magnetically ordered behaviour at room temperature, but dependent on the thickness and continuity of the metallic layer. To determine how in the layered structure the emergent spin ordering is distributed, low-energy muon spin spectroscopy is utilised by studying the depolarization process of low-energy muons implanted in the sample. This technique indicates localised spin-ordered states at, and close to, the metallo-molecular interface. X-ray absorption spectroscopy provides an excellent tool for identifying the emergent spin ordering of specific elements within a sample. The change in the molecular orbitals of C60 due to charge transfer and 3d-π hybridization is evaluated based on this technique. The presence of spin ordering in a non-magnetic metallic host due to molecular charge transfer has a drastic effect not only on the magnetic but also on the transport properties of the system. The decisive role of the molecular interfaces in the physics of spin dependent scattering within a non-magnetic host has been demonstrated. Localised spin ordering leads to changes in the Kondo and weak localisation effects with applications in low temperature thermometry and quantum devices. It is found that there is an additional magnetic scattering that has a pronounced contribution when C60 molecules are embedded into the non-magnetic Cu and hence creates localised spins. The localised spin ordering that emerged at molecular interfaces is a new approach for novel generation of materials for future spintronics devices.
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Santos, Leandro Jose dos. "Síntese de derivados do fulereno-C60." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/SFSA-876VMR.

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Presently, C60 fullerene and its derivatives are of great importance in chemistry, mainly due to their physical properties and biological activities. One of the main problems related to C60 is its low solubility in the commonly used solvents, which limits its application. Aiming to study their physicochemical properties, 17 new C60 derivatives with appropriate solubility were synthesized in this work through a cyclopropranation reaction and functionalized with carbohydrates, pyridines, tetrazoles, and oxadiazole. Considering that the azole derivatives presented good solubility in organic solvents and aiming for a possible application of these compounds, two studies of their physico-chemical properties were performed: the investigation of the photosensibility of these derivatives in solution and the study of their electrochemical properties. The photosensibility for conversion of oxygen triplets into reactive oxygen species (ROS) was investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance. The results suggest that ROS were produced in an azole derivative solution under laser illumination. These derivatives, therefore, are potential photosensitizers and may have a topical use in photodynamic therapy. The analysis of the azole derivatives by cyclic voltammetry has shown that the electrochemical properties of the C60 sphere were not significantly altered by its functionalization. Therefore, these derivatives are promising candidates for the construction of a photovoltaic cell. The pyridinium salts and the synthesized tetrazole salts presented good solubility in DMSO and in a mixture of DMSO/H2O, which makes the future investigation of the biological and photophysical properties of their compounds possible. On the other hand, the insolubility of carbohydrate-containing fullerene derivatives is an obstacle to their practical application.
O fulereno C60 e seus derivados são de grande importância na química atual, principalmente devido às propriedades físicas e atividades biológicas relatadas para estes compostos. Um dos principais problemas relacionados ao C60 é a sua baixa solubilidade em solventes usuais, o que limita a aplicação deste composto. Visando sintetizar derivados fulerênicos com solubilidade adequada para estudar suas propriedades físico-químicas foram sintetizados neste trabalho, por meio da reação de ciclopropanação, 17 novos derivados do C60, funcionalizados com carboidratos, piridinas, tetrazóis e oxadiazol. Considerando que os derivados azólicos, apresentaram boa solubilidade em solventes orgânicos e, visando uma possível aplicação destes compostos, foram realizados dois estudos de suas propriedades físico-químicas: a investigação da fotossensibilidade destes derivados em solução e o estudo de suas propriedades eletroquímicas. A fotossensibilidade para a conversão de oxigênio tripleto em espécies reativas de oxigênio foi realizada por Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica. Os resultados sugerem que espécies reativas de oxigênio estão sendo produzidas nas soluções dos derivados azólicos, sob iluminação com laser. Com isso, estes derivados apresentaram-se como potenciais fotossensibilizadores, podendo ser utilizados para uso tópico em terapia fotodinâmica. A análise dos derivados azólicos por voltametria cíclica mostrou que a propriedade eletroquímica da esfera do C60 não foi alterada significativamente após sua funcionalização. Com isso pode-se considerar que estes derivados são promissores candidatos para construção de uma célula fotovoltaica. Os sais de piridínio e de tetrazol sintetizados, apresentaram boa solubilidade em DMSO e em uma mistura de DMSO/H2O o que torna possível avaliar futuramente as propriedades biológicas e fotofísicas destes compostos. Já a insolubilidade dos derivados fulerênicos contendo carboidratos representou um obstáculo para as suas aplicações práticas.
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Books on the topic "C60"

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Zhang, Peng. Synthesis, separation and identification of C60,C70 and higher fullerenes. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Djuro, Koruga, ed. Fullerene C60: History, physics, nanobiology, nanotechnology. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1993.

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Bleach, Mervyn. Honda C50, C70 & C90 owners workshop manual. Sparkford: Haynes, 1989.

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Bleach, Mervyn. Honda C50, C70 & C90 owner's workshop manual. Sparkford: Haynes, 1993.

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Bleach, Mervyn. Honda C50, C70 & C90 owners workshop manual. Yeovil: Haynes, 1985.

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Tibor, Braun. A káprázatos c60 molekula: Válogatott fejezetek a fullerénkutatásból. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1996.

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Bleach, Mervyn. Honda C50, C70 & C90 service and repair manual. Sparkford: Haynes, 1999.

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M, O'Brien M. C., ed. The Jahn-Teller effect in c60 and other icosahedral complexes. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1997.

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Chen, Judy Yih-Ching. Spin Chemistry of Guest@Host Systems: H2@C60 and Nitroxide@Octa Acid. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2012.

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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Chemical Physics ofFullerenes 10 (and 5) Years Later (1995 Varenna, Italy). The chemical physics of fullerenes 10 (and 5) years later: The far-reaching impact of the discovery of C60. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "C60"

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, N. Melnichenko-Koblyuk, et al. "[C60]." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44752-8_22.

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, N. Melnichenko-Koblyuk, et al. "[C60]." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-44752-8_23.

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Peroulis, Dimitrios, Prashant R. Waghmare, Sushanta K. Mitra, Supone Manakasettharn, J. Ashley Taylor, Tom N. Krupenkin, Wenguang Zhu, et al. "C60." In Encyclopedia of Nanotechnology, 363. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9751-4_100095.

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, V. Kuprysyuk, and I. Savysyuk. "C60∙2I2." In Structure Types. Part 9: Space Groups (148) R-3 - (141) I41/amd, 294. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02702-4_200.

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Pietzak, B., A. Weidinger, K. P. Dinse, and A. Hirsch. "Group V Endohedral Fullerenes: N@C60, N@C70, and P@C60." In Endofullerenes, 13–65. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9938-2_2.

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Ebbesen, T. W., K. Tanigaki, S. Kuroshima, H. Hiura, and H. Takahashi. "Photophysics of Fullerenes: C60 and C70." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 284–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84771-4_85.

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Huang, J., D. Ding, C. E. Klots, and R. N. Compton. "Ionization Processes in Fullerenes (C60/C70)." In Gaseous Dielectrics VII, 47–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1295-4_9.

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Heath, G. A., J. E. McGrady, and R. L. Martin. "Buckminsterfullerene and Its Electrogenerated Anions C60 1-. C60 2- and C60 3-." In Molecular Electrochemistry of Inorganic, Bioinorganic and Organometallic Compounds, 595–600. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1628-2_55.

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Valli, L., and D. M. Guldi. "Langmuir Blodgett Films of C60 and C60-Materials." In Fullerenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties, 327–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9902-3_11.

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Wood, R. A., M. H. Lewis, M. R. Lees, S. M. Bennington, M. G. Cain, and N. Kitamura. "C60 Fullerene Polymers." In Nanostructured Materials and Coatings for Biomedical and Sensor Applications, 239–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0157-1_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "C60"

1

Zhang, Zhanxing, Dadi Wang, Peixian Ye, Yuliang Li, Peiji Wu, and Daoben Zhu. "Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities in C60 and C70-Toluene Solutions." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.md1.

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C60 and C70 buckminsterfullerenes have attracted much attention in recent years because of their special structure. Recently, Blau et al[1] presented the first measurement of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in C60-benzene solutions using 50-psec pulses at 1.064 μm. Here, we report our studies of the third-order optical nonlinearity in C60 and C70-toluene solutions using 30-psec pulses at 0.532 μm, which emphsize on the measurements of the tensor element χ 1212 ( 3 ) .
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Kim, Dongho, Minyung Lee, Yung Doug Suh, and Seong Keun Kim. "Picosecond Transient Absorption and Time-resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of C60 and C70 in Solution." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1992.mc1.

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The recent developement of the production of C60 and other fullerenes in high yields made it possible to study the basic properties of the newly discovered molecules, employing various experimental techniques. The excited state photophysical properties of C60 and C70 have been investigated extensively, using time-resolved spectroscopy by many groups. In this study, we carried out transient absorption and fluorescence lifetime measurements on those molecules and present new experimental results which would provide useful information on understanding more fully the excited state properties of C60 and C70.
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Mishra, S. R., H. S. Rawat, Mukesh P. Joshi, S. C. Mehendale, and Kailash C. Rustagi. "Optical limiting in C60 and C70 solutions." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Zakya H. Kafafi. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.196132.

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Flom, Steven R., J. R. Lindle, R. G. S. Pong, F. J. Bartoli, and Z. H. Kafafi. "Fluence Dependent Dynamics Observed in the Resonant Third-Order Optical Response of C60 and C70 Films." In Nonlinear Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlo.1992.pd7.

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The fullerenes, C60 and C70, are molecules whose properties have been receiving increasing attention. Their high degree of symmetry and their three dimensional π—electron systems make them intriguing candidates for their potential nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. In order to investigate the resonant third—order optical response we have performed time resolved degenerate four—wave mixing (DFWM) experiments on films of pure C60 and pure C70 at 597 and 675 nm using an amplified ps laser system. The films were made by vapor deposition and characterized by FTIR and UV—Visible absorption spectroscopies.
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Bespalov, V. G., V. N. Krylov, D. I. Staselko, and A. Rebane. "Femtosecond dynamic holography in C60 solutions." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1998.ctui70.

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Fullerene molecules (C60, C70, C76) are known to posses unusual nonlinear optical response characteristics, which make them attractive for variety of applications, including optical limiters, recording media and switching devices [1-3]. These nonlinear properties are associated with the fullerene molecules having unique carbon-carbon single-and double bonds and combination of singlet- and triplet excited electronic states. Due to broad spectral range of the nonlinear response, fullerene-based materials may be used for recording of dynamic holograms from UV to near IR. In this paper we present results of experiments, where we study efficient self-diffraction from dynamic gratings recorded in C60 solution in orto-xylene using excitation with energetic 150-fs-duration pulses at 780 nm wavelength.
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Ji, W., S. H. Tang, G. Q. Xu, H. S. O. Chan, S. C. Ng, and W. W. Ng. "Nonlinear Optical Response of Fullerene-doped Polymethyl Methacrylate Films." In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.18.

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Recently fullerenes (a mixture of C60 and C70) have received considerable attention because these molecules possess strong nonlinear-optical behaviour. Both optical limiting response [1] and photorefractive properties [2] of C60-doped polymers have been observed. In this article, we report the observation of a large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility in fullerene-doped polymer thin films with nanosecond laser pulses and discuss the mechanism responsible for the observed nonlinear susceptibility.
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Safarov, Mahmadali M., Sharifmurod U. Umarzoda, and Golib N. Nematov. "Influence of external factors on the behavior of thermal conductivity of alloys for solar collectors." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-2-82-84.

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The article presents the results of an experimental study of the thermal con- ductivity of alloys for solar collectors. To measure the thermal conductivity of the studied alloys of the titanium, molybdenum, vanadium, etc. systems, taking into account their change in the con- centration of nanofillers of fullerenes C60 and C70. Samples in the form of tablets and a cylinder with an outer diameter of 15 mm, a height of 5 and 10 mm. Before the experiments, the samples were prepared by the pinning method with a certain concentration of fullerenes C60 and C70. The average size of the fraction for fullerenes is 50 nm.
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Bedrina, Marina E., Alexander A. Vasiliev, and Nikolay V. Egorov. "Analysis of fullerenes C60 and C80 for hydrogen storage." In 2014 Tenth International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ivesc.2014.6891952.

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9

McLean, D. G., M. G. Schmitt, M. Brant, R. L. Sutherland, and D. Brandelik. "Two and three photon absorption in C60/C70 solutions." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.fg5.

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We have performed nonlinear absorption measurements at 532 nm and 1064 nm in solutions of C60/C70 (95%/5%) in CCl4. Our nonlinear transmittance data at 532 nm agrees with the data reported in Ref. 1, where optical limiting was attributed to triplet-triplet absorption. Our data is observed to fit very well the expected behavior for two photon absorption at 532 nm. The measured β = 2.44 cm/ GW at a concentration of 0.020 mM. The 1064 nm nonlinear transmittance data fits a three photon rather than a two photon absorption dependence. The measured γ = 0.0347 cm3/GW2 at a concentration of 0.31 mM. This indicates a fifth order nonlinearity at 1064 nm, which was also observed in degenerate four wave mixing in a C60 film at comparable irradiances (1-10 GW/cm2).2
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10

Lane, P. A., and Joseph Shinar. "Photoluminescence and PL-detected magnetic resonance of C60 and C70." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Zakya H. Kafafi. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.196133.

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Reports on the topic "C60"

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Meilunas, R. J., R. P. Chang, S. Liu, and M. M. Kappes. Infrared and Raman Spectra of C60 and C70 Solid Films at Room Temperature. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada237880.

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Hruby, V., J. Monheiser, and J. Kolencik. A High Thrust Density, C60 Cluster, Ion Thruster. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada315723.

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Wang, X. K., T. G. Zhang, W. P. Lin, S. Liu, and G. K. Wong. Large Second-Harmonic Response of C60 Thin Films. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada248957.

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Wei, X., Z. V. Vardeny, D. Moses, V. I. Srdanov, and G. D. Stucky. Magneto-Optical Characterization of Excited States in C60. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251662.

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Rubin, Yves F. Total Synthesis of Buckminsterfullerene (C60) and Endohedral Metal Complexes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328578.

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Tam, Simon, Michelle E. DeRose, Mario E. Fajardo, Norihito Sogoshi, and Yoshiyasu Kato. High Resolution Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of C60 Molecules and Clusters in Parahydrogen Solids. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada408601.

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Lewis, Greyson R., William E. Bunting, Rajendra R. Zope, Brett I. Dunlap, and James C. Ellenbogen. Smooth Scaling of Valence Electronic Properties in Fullerenes: From One Carbon Atom, to C60, to Graphene. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586485.

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Zhang, Y., G. Edens, and M. J. Weaver. Potential-Dependent Surface Raman Spectroscopy of Buckminsterfullerene Films on Gold: Vibrational Characteristics of Anionic Versus Neutral C60. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada241800.

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Holcomb, H. P. Tank C6A solids. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/665917.

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Beadle, E. C10 SEC Preamplifier. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1157464.

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