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Academic literature on the topic 'C2 EASA'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "C2 EASA"

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Bradley, Christopher. "Conics twinned with two special circles." Mathematical Gazette 96, no. 536 (July 2012): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200004472.

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Throughout the article we use areal (or barycentric) coordinates. The side lengths ofBC, CA, ABare denoted as usual bya, b, cand for brevity and ease of reading we writea2= p, b2= q, c2= r. The symmedian pointKthen has coordinates (a2, b2, c2) replaced by (p, q, r), it being the isogonal conjugate of the centroid, and the circumcentreOthen has coordinates (a2(b2+ c2− a2), b2(c2+ a2− b2), c2(a2+ b2− c2)) replaced by (p(q + r − p), q(r + p − q), r(p + q − r)). The construction of the triplicate ratio circle (also known as the Lemoine circle) and the Brocard circle is replicated but starting with the circumcentreOrather than the symmedian pointK. It is found that the triplicate ratio circle is then replaced by a conic cutting internally each side of ABC twice and having centreXthe midpoint ofOK. The Brocard circle is replaced by a conic passing throughOandKand also having centreXthe midpoint ofOK. These we define as the twin conics.
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Espinosa-Fuentes, Eduardo, Fredy Colpas-Castillo, Edgardo Meza-Fuentes, and Jorge Ropero. "An Easy Method to Prepare D3and C2-TATP Crystals." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 41, no. 4 (April 18, 2016): 713–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201500245.

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Perez-Cruet, Mick J., Dino Samartzis, and Richard G. Fessler. "Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy." Operative Neurosurgery 58, suppl_4 (April 1, 2006): ONS—355—ONS—359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000205285.20336.c2.

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Abstract Objective: The objective of this review article is to describe the authors' operative technique for performing anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. Methods: The authors reviewed their operative technique and experience to clearly detail the general methods utilized to safely and effectively perform anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion. Specific nuances peculiar to the authors' technique were identified and highlighted. Results: The operative technique for anterior cervical corpectomy, including nuances for enhancing ease or outcome of surgery, is described in detail. Drawings and photographs are included where appropriate to highlight specific aspects of the procedural technique. Conclusion: Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion is a well known technique that proceeds in a consistent and logical sequence of maneuvers. Specific technical nuances at various points enhance the ease and safety of the technique, as well as the completeness of the eventual result.
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Andrés, José M., Mar'ia A. Martínez, Rafael Pedrosa, and Alfonso Pérez-Encabo. "Easy preparation of enantiopure C2-symmetrical aminoalcohols derived from m-xylylene diamine." Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 5, no. 1 (January 1994): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4166(00)80484-x.

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Bendazzoli, Paolo, Fulvio Di Furia, Giulia Licini, and Giorgio Modena. "Enantioselective oxidation of thioethers1: An easy route to enantiopure C2 symmetrical bis-methylsulfinylbenzenes." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 18 (April 1993): 2975–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60497-5.

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Joly, Jean-Pierre, and Gerhard Schröder. "Easy synthesis of a new C2-symmetric diaza-crown ether from L-threonine." Tetrahedron Letters 38, no. 47 (November 1997): 8197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10254-4.

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Schnitchen, Csaba, Enikő Magyari, Béla Tóthmérész, István Grigorszky, and Mihály Braun. "Micropaleontological observations on a Sphagnum bog in East Carpathian region – testate amoebae (Rhizopoda: Testacea) and their potential use for reconstruction of micro- and macroclimatic changes." Hydrobiologia 506-509, no. 1-3 (2003): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:hydr.0000008553.82554.c2.

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Soeka, Y. S., and Sulistiani. "Bacillus subtilis C2 producing lipase isolated from bulk shrimp paste in Samarinda East Kalimantan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 572 (October 8, 2020): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/572/1/012007.

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Yip, King Yau, Siu Tung Lam, Kai Ham Yu, Wing Shing Chow, Jiayu Zeng, Kwing To Lai, and Swee K. Goh. "Drastic enhancement of the superconducting temperature in type-II Weyl semimetal candidate MoTe2 via biaxial strain." APL Materials 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 021111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0141112.

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A type-II Weyl semimetal candidate MoTe2, which superconducts at T c ∼0.1 K, is one of the promising candidates for realizing topological superconductivity. However, the exceedingly low T c is associated with a small upper critical field ( H c2), implying a fragile superconducting phase that only exists on a small region of the H– T phase diagram. Here, we describe a simple and versatile approach based on the differential thermal expansion between dissimilar materials to subject a thin single crystalline MoTe2 to biaxial strain. With this approach, we successfully enhance the T c of MoTe2 by fivefold and consequently expand the superconducting region on the H– T phase diagram significantly. To demonstrate the relative ease of studying the superconductivity in the biaxially strained MoTe2, we further present the magnetotransport data, enabling the study of the temperature-dependent H c2 and the anisotropy of the superconducting state, which would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a free-standing MoTe2. Our work shows that biaxial strain is an effective knob to tune the electronic properties of MoTe2. Due to the simplicity of our methodology to apply biaxial strain, we anticipate its direct applicability to a wider class of quantum materials.
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ANDRES, J. M., M. A. MARTINEZ, R. PEDROSA, and A. PEREZ-ENCABO. "ChemInform Abstract: Easy Preparation of Enantiopure C2-Symmetrical Amino Alcohols Derived from m-Xylylene Diamine." ChemInform 25, no. 22 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199422108.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C2 EASA"

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Almeida, Guilherme Barbosa de. "Dinâmica local de difeomorfismos tangentes à identidade em C e em C2." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/EABA-9GXNQB.

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Sistemas dinamicos discretos holomorfos em (C; 0) tangentes a identidade sao germes de difeomor smos locais da forma f(z) = z + ar+1zr+1 + ar+2zr+2 + ..., ar+1 6= 0; (1.1) onde r+1 é chamado de multiplicidade de f. O conjunto desses sistemas sera denotado por Di (C; 0) e chamaremos seus elementos simplesmente de difeomor smos tangentes a identidade. Denotamos por Di r+1(C; 0) o conjuntos dos difeomor smos tangentes a identidade com multiplicidade r + 1. O conjunto das series formais do tipo (1:1) s~ao os difeomor smos formais tangentes a identidade.
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Book chapters on the topic "C2 EASA"

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"Downwind‚ÄîThe Easy Direction." In Physics of Sailing, 11–37. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420073775-c2.

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Jing, Yijia. "History and Context of Public Administration in Mainland China." In Public Administration in East Asia, 33–53. CRC Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/ebk1420051902-c2.

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"2. Understanding East Asian Growth." In East Asian Development, 48–65. Harvard University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674726130.c2.

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"1. The Witte Kingdom in the Far East." In United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 1900–1914, 9–30. Harvard University Press, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674865433.c2.

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"1. Out of the East and into the South." In Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America, 11–48. Harvard University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674067578.c2.

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Conference papers on the topic "C2 EASA"

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Luo, Pan, Jonathan Harrist, Rabah Mesdour, and Nathan Stmichel. "Moving Gas Geochemical Analysis from Lab to Field by Advanced Gas Sensor for Onsite Fluid Characterization and Time-Lapse Monitoring." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204775-ms.

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Abstract Natural gas is sampled or produced throughout the lifespan of a field, including geochemical surface survey, mud gas logging, formation and well testing, and production. Detecting and measuring gas is a common practice in many upstream operations, providing gas composition and isotope data for multiple purposes, such as gas show, petroleum system analysis, fluid characterization, and production monitoring. Onsite gas analysis is usually conducted within a mud gas unit, which is operationally unavailable after drilling. Gas samples need be taken from the field and shipped back to laboratory for gas chromatography and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry analyses. Results take a considerable time and lack the resolution needed to fully characterize the heterogeneity and dynamics of fluids within the reservoir. We are developing and testing advanced sensing technology to move gas composition and isotope analyses to field for near real-time and onsite fluid characterization and monitoring. We have developed a novel QEPAS (quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy) sensor system, employing a single interband cascade laser, to measure concentrations of methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) in gas phase. The quartz fork detection module, laser driver, and interface are integrated as a small sensing box. The sensor, sample preparation enclosures and a computer are mounted in a rack as a gas analyzer prototype for the bench testing for oil industry application. Software is designed for monitoring sample preparation, collecting data, calibration and continuous reporting sample pressure and concentration data. The sensor achieved an ultimate detection limit of 90 ppb (parts per billion), 7 ppb and 3 ppm (parts per million) for C1, C2, and C3, respectively, for one second integration time. The detection limit for C2 made a record for QEPAS technique, and measuring C3 added a new capability to the technique. However, the linearity of the QEPAS sensing were previously reported in the range of 0 to 1000 ppm, which is mainly for trace gas detection. In the study, the prototype was separately tested on standard C1, C2, and C3 with different concentrations diluted in dry nitrogen (N2). Good linearity was obtained for all single components and the ranges of linearity were expanded to their typical concentrations (per cent, %) in natural gas samples from oil and gas fields. The testing on the C1-C2 mixtures confirms that accurate C1 and C2 concentrations in % level can be achieved by the prototype. The testing results on C1-C2-C3 mixtures demonstrate the capability of simultaneous detection of three hydrocarbon components and the probability to determine their precise concentrations by QEPAS sensing. This advancement of simultaneous measuring C1, C2 and C3 concentrations, with previously demonstrated capability for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and potential to analyze carbon isotopes (13C/12C), promotes QEPAS as a prominent optical technology for gas detection and chemical analysis. The capability of measuring multiple gas components and the advantages in small sensor size, high sensitivity, quick analysis, and continuous sensing (monitoring) open the way to use QEPAS technique for in-situ and real-time gas sensing in oil industry. The iterations of QEPAS sensor might be applied in geochemical survey, on-site fluid characterization, time-lapse monitoring of production, and gas linkage detection in the oil industry.
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Mizernaya, M., A. Miroshnikova, Y. Yeskaliyev, T. A. Oitseva, and O. N. Kuzmina. "STRUCTURAL POSITION, MAGMATISM AND MINERALISATION OF BAKYRCHIK ORE FIELD (KAZAKHSTAN)." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s04.058.

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The East Kazakhstan territory is the unique geologic province where a number of largescale non-ferrous and gold deposits are concentrated. Gold base metals (goldcontaining) type is represented by gold containing sulphide complex deposits. The Western Kalba zone is characterized as a gold-bearing structure of multi-stage development and long ore-preparation and ore-forming processes. At the first stage, in the conditions of the intercontinental sea basin (C1-2, C2), the donor carbon-terrigenous formation (Arkalyk, Bukon formations) is formed; in the formations of which the rejuvenation of primary gold occurs in C2-3 during establishment of shear zones and manifestation of regional metamorphism. Further, in the course of manifestation of collision-accretionary magmatism (the hypabyssal plagiogranite-granodiorite formation of the Kunushsky complex, C3) of fluidic-magmatogene activity and hydrothermal metasomatism there formed the concentrated mineralization of vein-disseminated, vein and stockwork types. The peculiarities of the formation of gold mineralization of the Bakyrchik ore field, as well as the influence of deep-lying intrusive rocks on the formation of ore bodies were studied and the results of these studies are presented in this article.
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Ge, Q. J., and L. Srinivasan. "C 2 Piecewise Bézier Harmonics for Motion Specifications of High-Speed Cam Mechanisms." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/mech-1173.

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Abstract This paper deals with the problem of specifying motions for high-speed cam mechanisms where reduction of vibration is a major concern, ft presents Bézier harmonic curves and C2 piecewise Bézier 3-harmonic curves for synthesizing cam-follower motions with low-harmonic content. As examples, these curves have been applied to the synthesis of Rise-Dwell-Return (RDR) cam motion program to demonstrate the flexibility and ease-of-use of the curves. It has also been shown that these curves have considerably lower harmonic contents than those of 3-4-5 polynomials at high frequencies. The results are useful for motion specifications of high-speed machinery including not only cam mechanisms but robot manipulators as well.
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Newbound, T. D., J. W. Beckenbach, and H. M. Al-Mutawa. "Identification and Clean-Up of Contaminants From Vaporized NGL CGT Fuel." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90031.

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This paper describes an analytical approach used to identify heavy natural gas liquid (NGL) fuel components and fuel conditioning solutions employed to prevent fouling of the vaporized fuel delivery systems. The discussion includes high pressure vaporized fuel sampling, isolation of C7+ and C14+ hydrocarbon fractions from NGL, and performance validation of fuel processing apparatus. Saudi Aramco operates more than 80 aeroderivative gas turbines (CGT’s), from four manufacturers, to drive crude oil pumps and generate electrical power on the East-West Pipeline that traverses the Arabian Peninsula. Since the pipeline was first commissioned in 1980, the CGT’s have been operated primarily on vaporized C2+ NGL. Although the properties of this C2+ NGL (such as density and heating value) are nearly identical to propane, its use as CGT fuel has presented challenges. Fuel system fouling resulted from the presence of heavy hydrocarbons including residual surface-active compounds derived primarily from corrosion inhibitors and intermittent crude oil carryover. This fouling consisted of hard, epoxy-like deposits coating all manifolds and fuel nozzle passages downstream of the vaporizers. The entire fleet suffered from increased operating and maintenance costs and reduced reliability from plugging of last-chance filters to blocked fuel nozzles. This led to temperature spreads in combustors and hot component damage. High temperature rated coalescing filters were applied successfully in three vaporized NGL fuel system configurations. One fuel system configuration that required even more stringent fuel conditioning was modified to reject approximately 15 percent (heavy ends fraction) of the NGL. Performance tests were conducted to measure the extent to which heavy ends were reduced in the modified fuel vaporizers. Analytical methods were developed to identify and measure heavy hydrocarbons at ppm concentrations. The actual fuel compositions determined analytically agreed with compositions predicted from process simulations.
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Mathews, Tanya Ann, Jairo Cortes, and Berna Hascakir. "Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Green Solvents for the Recovery of Heavy Oils." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209433-ms.

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Abstract Solvent injection recovery processes were introduced as a more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to Steam injection processes. However, BTX chemicals (Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene), commonly used for crude oil recovery due to their strong solvency and low asphaltene precipitation, are acutely toxic and harmful to the environment. These chemicals are easily soluble in water causing groundwater contamination. This paper evaluates the recovery efficiency of two green solvents, Limonene, and beta-pinene, on two samples of Californian heavy oil (C1 has an 874.8 cP viscosity and C2 has 178500 cP viscosity). On both C1 and C2, 5 core flood experiments were conducted, in total 10 experiments were run. CO2, limonene, and Beta-pinene were tested as solvents on both oils. Limonene and beta-pinene were both chosen due to their ready availability in the State of California. Both these solvents are plant-derived, non-toxic, and biodegradable. They also have much higher flash points than BTX solvents allowing for safer handling. They have been either injected as sole solvents or co-injected with CO2 during the experiments. Limonene and beta-pinene were injected at 2 mL/min while CO2 was injected at 2000 ml/min with a back pressure of 45-55 psi. Core packs were prepared by filling the pore space of Ottawa sand with 60% PV oil samples and 40% PV water by volume. Produced oil and water samples were collected every 20 min during the experiments. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA/DSC) were conducted on these samples to identify oil, water, and solvent percentages. Because CO2 is insoluble in these types of high viscosity crude oils, CO2 flooding resulted in immiscibility with almost no oil production. Since both limonene and beta-pinene are aromatic solvents, by sole limonene or beta-pinene injection miscible flooding was achieved. Limonene achieved 35 and 23 vol. % oil recovery from a total of 60% oil for C1 and C2 respectively while Pinene achieved 31 and 27 vol. %. Co-injections of green solvents with CO2 are expected to yield higher recovery due to the presence of two active drive mechanisms namely miscible and immiscible. Co-injection of limonene and CO2 provided the greatest recovery with 45 vol. %, however, recovery efficiencies of pinene and CO2 had comparable recoveries with that of pinene possibly due to phase trapping. Produced samples analysis showed that oil percentages in produced samples were higher for Limonene than Pinene. Our results indicated that limonene and beta-pinene are very promising solvents for heavy oil recovery. Because these solvents are citrus-based, they are both easy to handle and non-toxic. Hence, we believe that our study can be a breakthrough for many heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs all around the world.
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Goryachikh, Vadim, Fahad Alghamdi, and Abdulrahman Takrouni. "Compressor Computerized Performance Monitoring System CPMS." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204582-ms.

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Abstract Background information Natural gas liquid (NGL) production facilities, typically, utilize turbo-expander-brake compressor (TE) to generate cold for C2+ separation from the natural gas by isentropic expansion of feed stream and use energy absorbed by expansion to compress residue gas. Experience shows that during operational phase TE can exposed to operation outside of design window that may lead to machine integrity loss and consequent impact on production. At the same time, there is a lack of performance indicators that help operator to monitor operating window of the machine and proactively identify performance deterioration. For instance, TE brake compressor side is always equipped with anti-surge protection system, including surge deviation alarms and trip. However, there is often gap in monitoring deviation from stonewall region. At the same time, in some of the designs (2×50% machines) likelihood of running brake compressor in stonewall is high during one machine trip or train start-up, turndown operating modes. Also, typical compressor performance monitoring systems does not have enough dynamic parameters that may indicate machine process process performance deterioration proactively (real-time calculation of actual polytrophic efficiency, absorbed power etc.) and help operator to take action before catastrophic failure occurs. In addition, typical compressor monitoring systems are based on assumed composition and fixed compressibility factor and do not reflect actual compositions variations that may affect machine performance monitoring. To overcome issues highlighted above, Hawiyah NGL (HNGL) team has developed computerized monitoring and advisory system to monitor the performance of turbo-expander-brake compressor, proactively, identify potentially unsafe conditions or performance deterioration and advice operators on taking necessary actions to avoid unscheduled deferment of production. Computerized performance monitoring system has been implemented in HNGL DCS (Yokogawa) and utilized by control room operators on day-to-day basis. Real-time calculation, analysis and outputs produced by performance monitoring system allow operator to understand how current operating condition are far from danger zone. Proactive deviation alarms and guide messages produce by the system in case of deviation help operators to control machine from entering unsafe region. Actual polytrophic efficiency, adsorbed power calculations provide machine condition status and allow identifying long-term performance deterioration trends.
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JIANG, ZHONGCHENG, XIANFENG WANG, GUOPING DING, XIAOYU YAN, YANJUAN WANG, and YI YU. "DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION OF CFRP SHAFT BASED ON BACK-PROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK." In 3rd International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring for Railway System (IWSHM-RS 2021). Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/iwshm-rs2021/36025.

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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is a new type of optical sensor that is light in quality, small in volume, easy to achieve distributed measurement, and easy to embed. When FBG sensor technology is introduced to the damage detection of the CFRP shaft, the shortcomings of conventional damage detection technologies, including ultrasonic testing and radiographic testing, can be effectively overcome. Considering the working load, operating environment and life requirements of the CFRP shaft , combined with the relevant national and industry standards for composite material testing, Prepare three CFRP shaft with embedded fiber gratings (non-destructive CFRP shaft, single hole CFRP shaft , double hole CFRP shaft), the hole diameter is 1mm, and the layering of CFRP shaft is ([0 / 90 / 45 / 0 / 0 / 45 / -45 / 0 / -45 / 0 / 90 / 90 / 0 / -45 / 0 / -45 / 45 / 0 / 0 / 45 / 90 / 0 ]). FBG is embedded between 18 and 19 layers, pasted on the surface of CFRP shaft with 10 FBG sensors (named FBG1, FBG2... FBG10). The strain information of the CFRP shaft is obtained through fiber grating to obtain the deformation of the CFRP shaft under a three-point bending load. Each CFRP shaft is loaded 12 times (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3, D1, D2, D3). Through the BP neural network method, the mapping relationship between strain distribution and damage model was established. In the model, the FBG sensor measures the strain of the CFRP shaft and forms the input of the neural network. Combined with the damage situation of the composite material, the learning samples of the network formed. After learning and training, the neural network can damage recognition. To better verify the accuracy of the neural network to distinguish and identify the CFRP shaft non-destructive, single-hole, and double-hole damage patterns. The finite element analysis was used to simulate the damage of three CFRP shafts under the same experimental conditions, and extract the eigenvalues at the same position to form the input of the network, combined with the damage situation of the composite material, constitutes a learning sample of the network. The experiment shows that the CFRP shaft experiment based on BP neural network verifies the reliability of the CFRP shaft damage recognition method. The finite element analysis is used to extract the strain information of CFRP shaft measuring points with different damage modes. The damage position information and strain information were input into the BP neural network. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results, which verifies the accuracy of the BP neural network to distinguish the CFRP shaft non-destructive, single-hole, and doublehole damage patterns.
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Mukanov, Adil, and Asset Zhumadil. "Transition to New Reserves Reporting System in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Benefits." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207056-ms.

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Abstract The 74th step of "100 Concrete Step of Nation Plan" initiated by the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RoK) Nursultan Nazarbayev states that Kazakhstani reserves reporting system must be changed to the international standards. One of them actively proposed is the SPE-PRMS. Therefore, the main goal of the paper is to show challenges of the transition, discuss possible problems, their solution and, eventually, advantages for the companies. In the paper the main aspects of the current State Committee of Reserves (SCR) system or well-known as GKZ system inherited from the Soviet system and used in Kazakhstan are reported. Especially, we try to highlight the reserves categories of A, B, C1 and C2 and their impact on further field development in details. Also SPE-PRMS and SEC rules are shown in terms of differences and similarities with the current system. Importantly, authors demonstrate how the SPE-PRMS standards are wide-spread around the globe. Finally, details of planned shift, some recommendations and simplification of reporting process are exhibited. As the result of the study the following points are investigated. Firstly, what will be with reports just recently approved by the SCR. Especially, for the big fields whose preparation takes up to several years. Secondly, what the frequency is for the reporting. Thirdly, whether the reports will be handled through several approval stages or just submitted. Moreover, how close to SPE-PRMS the new system should be adopted taking into account Kazahstani realities and if the reports should be composed in English along with Russian, since the main purpose of the transition is to be clear and transparent for the foreign investors. Otherwise, unfamiliar language and big deviation from the well-known standards may ruin the efforts. Despite the complexity of these issues the benefits of the new system are obvious and there are several reasons. The main advantage is that the SPE-PRMS is all about economically recoverable reserves without any ties with fixed recovery factor. In addition, report is done in short time and less volume. Finally, if the norm of the report's submission without going to tedious approval process is accepted, that will ease work of the subsoil users’ because it accelerates further preparation of field development project. The study is done due to recent changes of the RoK subsoil usage regulations, where the requirement for reserves reporting system's transition to the new international standards is mentioned. However, the issue is not much highlighted in technical publications from the operating companies’ point of view. Thus, having experience with GKZ, SPE-PRMS and SEC systems the authors take this opportunity to show challenges and benefits of the decision.
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Mukanov, Adil, and Asset Zhumadil. "Transition to New Reserves Reporting System in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Benefits." In SPE Annual Caspian Technical Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207056-ms.

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Abstract:
Abstract The 74th step of "100 Concrete Step of Nation Plan" initiated by the first president of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RoK) Nursultan Nazarbayev states that Kazakhstani reserves reporting system must be changed to the international standards. One of them actively proposed is the SPE-PRMS. Therefore, the main goal of the paper is to show challenges of the transition, discuss possible problems, their solution and, eventually, advantages for the companies. In the paper the main aspects of the current State Committee of Reserves (SCR) system or well-known as GKZ system inherited from the Soviet system and used in Kazakhstan are reported. Especially, we try to highlight the reserves categories of A, B, C1 and C2 and their impact on further field development in details. Also SPE-PRMS and SEC rules are shown in terms of differences and similarities with the current system. Importantly, authors demonstrate how the SPE-PRMS standards are wide-spread around the globe. Finally, details of planned shift, some recommendations and simplification of reporting process are exhibited. As the result of the study the following points are investigated. Firstly, what will be with reports just recently approved by the SCR. Especially, for the big fields whose preparation takes up to several years. Secondly, what the frequency is for the reporting. Thirdly, whether the reports will be handled through several approval stages or just submitted. Moreover, how close to SPE-PRMS the new system should be adopted taking into account Kazahstani realities and if the reports should be composed in English along with Russian, since the main purpose of the transition is to be clear and transparent for the foreign investors. Otherwise, unfamiliar language and big deviation from the well-known standards may ruin the efforts. Despite the complexity of these issues the benefits of the new system are obvious and there are several reasons. The main advantage is that the SPE-PRMS is all about economically recoverable reserves without any ties with fixed recovery factor. In addition, report is done in short time and less volume. Finally, if the norm of the report's submission without going to tedious approval process is accepted, that will ease work of the subsoil users’ because it accelerates further preparation of field development project. The study is done due to recent changes of the RoK subsoil usage regulations, where the requirement for reserves reporting system's transition to the new international standards is mentioned. However, the issue is not much highlighted in technical publications from the operating companies’ point of view. Thus, having experience with GKZ, SPE-PRMS and SEC systems the authors take this opportunity to show challenges and benefits of the decision.
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