Journal articles: 'C02 reduction'

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HILLEMAN, BETTE. "Industry Considers C02 Reduction Methods." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 26 (June 30, 1997): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n026.p030.

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Grisdanurak, Nurak, Benjamart Nuntaitawegon, Gerald Kinger, and Hannelore Vinek. "NO Reduction by Carbon Monoxide Over Cobalt on ZeoliteBeta." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50183.

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This study focused on the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) by carbon monoxide (CO) over cobalt supported on zeolite beta (CoIBEA) with and without the presence of oxygen or water. The Co/BEA catalyst with 2.6% metal loading was prepared by solid state ion exchange from freshly synthesized HBEA and CoCl2'6H20. The adsorption behavior of NO on CoIBEA investigated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) revealed two peaks for NO at 100 and 260°C indicating that there were at least two adsorption modes. The desorption of CO completed near 200°C along with a small amount of C02. The activity of ColBEA catalyst for NO reduction by CO was lower than 20% at 100-300°C but higher than 50% at 400-500°C with the maximum conversion of 60% at 500°C. Products were selectively N2 and C02. However, the activity in the presenceof oxygen was low due to the more favorable reaction between CO and 02 to form C02. The catalytic activity in the presence of water was also low but higher than that in the presence of oxygen. Keywords: NO reduction by CO, cobalt on zeolite beta, and solid state ion exchange.

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Sison, Girlie Naomi N., Arnie R. De Leon, and Janir T. Datukan. "Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analysis of Novel Polynuclear Rhenium(I) Complexes of the Form [Re(CO)3Cl]n[tppq] (n = 1, 2, 3, or 4; tppq = 2,3,1,8-tetra-2-Pyridylpyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxalineJ." KIMIKA 23 (March 1, 2010): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v23i1.55-63.

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A number of transition metal complexes have been investigated as potential electrocatalystsfor C02 reduction. Among these are rhenium monometallic complexes, which have shownunique activity towards C02 reduction. Further development of multimetallic systems,capable of storing multiple equivalents of electrons has shown some potential in increasingthe selectivity of the C02 conversion processes toward highly reduced products. This studyreports the synthesis and characterization of novel polynuclear rhenium(I) complexes whererhenium is incorporated to the bridging ligand tppq (2,3,7,8-tetra-2-pyridylpyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline), which is capable of attaching up to four metal centers. The resultingcomplexes were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques (infrared, UV-Vis,emission) and cyclic voltammetry. The results suggest that the synthetic procedure adoptedwas successful.

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IKEDA, Hiroyasu, Tsuyoshi SAITO, and Kohei OKABE. "Comprehensive risk assessment including risk reduction effects during the use of robot nursing care devices." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2021 (2021): 1P1—C02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2021.1p1-c02.

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Maruya, Eiji, Etsuo Sakai, Masashi Osaki, Masahiro Kato, and Masaki Daimon. "Material Design of Cement for Increased Waste Usage and Reduction of C02 Emissions." Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, no. 1 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jjsmcwm.20.1.

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Brunnengräber, Achim. "Prima Klima mit dem Markt?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 39, no. 156 (September 1, 2009): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v39i156.422.

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Climate change is a profound crisis of society and of the capitalist mode of production. Nevertheless, hegemonic forms of the regulation of the crisis emerge which correspond to neoliberal political concepts. Primarily economic and 'flexible' instruments, such as Emission Trading (ET), the Clean Development Mechanism (COM) and Joint Implementation ar) are to counteract the trend. In climate policy these mechanisms are the result of diplomatic negotiations, technicalcontrol optimism and a political-economic strategy which follows a 'win-win' logic. The mechanisms are constructed in a 'flexible' form, so that within the framework of a skilful C02 bookkeeping balance-sheet the reductions appear to take place, when in absolute terms no reduction at all has in fact occurred.

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Noetzel, David M., Michele Ricard, and Bobby Holder. "Low Dosage Control of Sunflower Beetle Larvae with 3 Pyrethroids, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.299.

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Abstract The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field near Ada, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 25 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The low concentrations of insecticide applied were obtained by serial dilution using clean containers. No additional sticker or emulsifiers were used. Application was with a handheld C02 sprayer at 40 psi, using 17 gal/acre of total material. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were taken on the same 10 plants in each plot. Percent reduction was calculated and treated statistically as indicated in the table.

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Heber, U., J. Viil, S. Neimanis, T. Mimura, and K. J. Dietz. "Photoinhibitory Damage to Chloroplasts under Phosphate Deficiency and Alleviation of Deficiency and Damage by Photorespiratory Reactions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1989): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-5-629.

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Abstract Effects of Pi deficiency on photosynthesis ot isolated spinach chloroplasts were examined. The following observations were made: (1) Chloroplasts isolated in Pi-free media evolved oxygen in the light in the absence of added Pi until acid-extractable Pi in the chloroplasts had decreased to 1 to 2.5 m M . This Pi was unavailable for photophosphorylation as shown by the inability of the chloroplasts to respond by oxygen evolution to the addition of PGA. In the state of Pi-deficiency, stromal ATP to A DP ratios were in the light close to or below ratios observed in the dark. In the presence of 2 mᴍ PGA, addition of 20 μm Pi was insufficient to increase ATP to ADP ratios, but sufficient for appreciable oxygen evolution. (2) More Pi was available for oxygen evolution of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts at low levels of C02 than at high levels. This was due mainly to the suppression of oxygenation of RuBP by high C02 levels which prevented formation of phosphoglycolate and the subsequent release of Pi into the chloroplast stroma. (3) More oxygen was produced by phosphate-deficient chloroplasts at a low light intensity than at a high light intensity. This was due to increased availability of endogenous Pi under low light and to photoinhibition of the chloroplasts by high light. The main product of photosynthesis of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts in the presence of a high bicarbonate concentration was starch, and the main soluble product was PGA. (4) After phosphate-deficient chloroplasts had ceased to evolve oxygen in the light, they be came photosensitive. Part of the loss of the capacity for oxygen evolution is attributed to leakage of PGA, but the main reason for loss of function is photoinactivation of electron transport. Both photosystems of the electron transport chain were damaged by light. (5) Protection against photoinactivation was provided by coupled electron transport. Photo inactivation of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts was less extensive in the presence of low C02 concentrations which permitted oxygenation of RuBP than at high CO2 concentrations. Electron transport to C02 and other physiological electron acceptors and to the herbicide methylviologen was also protective. However, electron transport to oxygen in the Mehler reaction failed to provide appreciable protection against high light intensities, because oxygen reduction is slow and reactive oxygen species produced in the light contribute to photoinactivation.

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Noetzel, David M., Michele Ricard, and Carlyle Holen. "Barley Thrips Control—Trial 1, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.194.

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Abstract Plots were located in a commercial field near Crookston, Minn. Plots were 10 × 30 ft, arranged ir a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and a fina volume of 25 gal/acre. The stage of the barley at application time (11 Jul) was early heading. Pretreatment counts were taken on a 20 stem/plot sample. Posttreatment counts were taken 10 days after treatment. A total count consisted of adults plus nymphs, and percent reduction/plot was calculated. Percent control was transformed and then compared. Yields were taken from 3 sq. yards and adjusted for moisture before comparison.

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Brunke, E. G., C. Labuschagne, F. Slemr, R. Ebinghaus, and H. Kock. "ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY MEASUREMENTS AT CAPE POINT, SOUTH AFRICA." Clean Air Journal 18, no. 1 (June 3, 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2010/18/1.7082.

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Over the 1995-2009 period the gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations have decreased by about 0.04 ng m-3 yr-1 -at Cape Point (CPT). A reduction of the same magnitude is indicated by measurements during intermittent ship cruises, implying a homogeneous distribution of GEM concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and a 30% reduction of its atmospheric burden. Almost all GEM measurements in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) point to a substantial decrease but the trends are inhomogeneous, most likely due to a variable source distribution. However, measurements in the NH during ship cruises suggest a trend of similar magnitude. A decrease in the total atmospheric GEM burden by about 30% is inconsistent with the current mercury budgets. The most probable explanation for this is subsiding re-emissions from the legacy of large past emissions. High-resolution data since 2007 revealed depletion (DES) as well as pollution events (PEs). Both types are embedded in air masses ranging from marine background to continental. The DES observed at Cape Point are a local phenomenon (<100 km) and are the first mercury depletion events reported outside the Polar Regions. In contrast to polar DES, the DES at CPT are not accompanied by concurrent O3 depletion. They mostly appear at wind speeds < 10 m s-1 and their predominating occurrence between 11 and 18 hours suggests a photochemical destruction mechanism which could not be explained yet. GEM correlates with CO, C02, and CH4 during most PES at CPT (GEM levels > 1.3 ng m-3) and with 222Rn during about half the events. Most of the observed GEM/CO emission ratios are within the range bracketed by values reported for biomass burning and industrial/urban emissions, thus suggesting a mixture of both. No significant differences of GEM/CO and GEM/C02 could be found between different source regions defined by backward trajectories. This implies that exceptionally high emissions ascribed to the Gauteng region in global mercury inventories are overestimated.

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WOJCIECHOWSKI, Krzysztof, Jerzy MERKISZ, Paweł FUĆ, Joanna TOMANKIEWICZ, Rafał ZYBAŁA, Juliusz LESZCZYŃSKI, Piotr LIJEWSKI, and Paweł NIERODA. "Prototypical thermoelectric generator for waste heat conversion from combustion engines." Combustion Engines 154, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116986.

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The work presents experimental results of performance tests and theoretical calculations for the thermoelectric generator TEG fitted in the exhaust system of a 1.3 dm3 JTD engine. Benchmark studies were carried out to analyze the performance of the thermoelectric modules and total TEG efficiency. Additionally the investigation of combustion engine’s power drop casued by exhaust gasesflow resistance is presented. The detailed studies were performed using a new prototype of the thermoelectric generator TEG equipped with 24 BiTe/SbTe modules with the total nominal power of 168 W. The prototypical device generates maximal power of200 Wfor the exhaus gases massflow rate of 170 kg-h-1 and temperature of280 oC. Power drop caused by the flow resistance of gases ranges between 15 and 35 mbarfor mass flow rate 100-180 kg-h-1. We predict that the application of the new thermoelectric materials recently developed at AGH would increase the TEG power by up to 1 kW, would allow the increase of the powertrain system efficiency by about 5 %, and a corresponding reduction of C02 emission.

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Roper, MM, GW Marschke, and NA Smith. "Nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) in soils following wheat straw retention: effects of straw management." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 2 (1989): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890241.

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The effects of stubble management practices on straw decomposition (C02 production) and nitrogenase activity C2H2 reduction) were examined in situ on a black earth (pH 7.4, clay content 51%)) near Gunnedah in the wheat-belt of New South Walcs. Straw treatments were: (1) mulching (bladeploughed) or surface cultivation (scarification), (2) burning and cultivation, (3) no-tillage, and (4) incorporation (disc-ploughed). In 1979, the straw was mulched on the surface in treatment 1. When moisture was applied, preliminary measurements (1 980) showed that nitrogenase activity was highest in the incorporated treatment with less in the surface mulched and no-tillage treatments respectively. There was only a small amount of activity in the burnt treatment due to some straw remaining. In a longer-term study in 1985 and 1986 straw in treatment 1 was lightly mixed near the soil surface by scarification. Following moisture application, nitrogenase activity was significantly higher in the scarified treatment than in the incorporated treatment, indicating that depth of mixing of straw with soil was important. Nitrogenase activity in the no-tillage treatment was similar to that in the incorporated treatment, and there was substantially less activity in the burnt treatment. Production of CO2 was similar in the straw-retained treatments, but significantly lower in the burnt treatment. In a series of short-term assays throughout 1985, microbial activity from January to May 1985 decreased with falling soil temperature. With the increase in temperature from July to November 1985, there was no corresponding increase in activity. Despite changes in microbial activity throughout the year, there was little change in the numbers of N2-fixing bacteria in the 14-month period from February 1985 to March 1986, indicating stability in the potential for N2 fixation. Although surface-cultivation (scarification) of straw is apparently the most favourable for free-living N2 fixation, other factors such as erosion and disease control need to be considered in deciding which straw management practice is to be adopted.

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Anderson, John R., and Arne C. Nilssen. "Do reindeer aggregate on snow patches to reduce harassment by parasitic flies or to thermoregulate?" Rangifer 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.1.1369.

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During warm, sunny days (Max. temp. 22 °C to 25 °C) C02-baited traps operated at sites on and off snow patches (SP's) in subarctic Norway caught significantly fewer culicids, simuliids and tabanids on snow in both 1985 and 1987. However, for overnight catches (18.30 - 07.30 h) there was no significant difference in the number of culicids caught on versus off SP's. Analysis of videotapes taken in 1987 showed that defensive anti-fly behaviors of reindeer on and off SP's remained low (< 1/4 min) throughout the day. Based on reindeer anti-fly behaviors, harassment was greatest from 10.30 to 12.30 h (Norwegian Standard Time), but reindeer continued to aggregate on SP's while anti-fly behaviors were lowest (13.30 to 20.00 h). Groups of > 150 animals often occupied the entire surface of a snow patch. At the fly densities and climatic conditions encountered it seemed apparent that reindeer intermittently used SP's primarily to thermoregulate following periods of foraging. Almost all reindeer remained on SP's from 11.00 to 12.30 h, but at other times between 08.00 and 19 00 h about half the herd (ca. 800 animals) foraged for about an hour while the other half aggregated on SP's. However, by 20.00 h, during the cooler period when trap catches of mosquitoes were increasing, almost all reindeer had moved off SP's. The small decreases in anti-fly defensive behaviors observed for reindeer on SP's versus animals foraging in snow-free areas indicated that their presence on SP's may have resulted in a minor, coincidental reduction in harassment. Significantly more tabanids were caught during the morning trapping period than at other times, and significantly more mosquitoes were caught during the evening/overnight trapping period than at other times.

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HILEMAN, BETTE. "C02 EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS: Global pact calls for nonbinding cuts." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 20 (May 18, 1992): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n020.p004.

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Kavanaugh, A., X. Baraliakos, S. Gao, W. Chen, K. Sweet, S. D. Chakravarty, Q. Song, M. Shawi, F. Behrens, and P. Rahman. "POS0969 GENETIC AND MOLECULAR DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN AXIAL PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS AND ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 791.2–792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1500.

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BackgroundPsoriatic arthritis (PsA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) represent the prototypical spondyloarthritides. PsA patients may also suffer from axial disease (axPsA). Despite overlapping symptoms, axPsA and AS may be distinct disorders with differing clinical manifestations, genetic associations, and radiographic findings.1 These disorders also respond differently to immunomodulatory therapies such as anti-interleukin (IL)-23 inhibitors. While guselkumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-23p19 subunit, improved symptoms of axPsA,2 risankizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-23p19 subunit, did not show improvement in the primary endpoint of proportion of AS patients achieving an Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society 40% (ASAS40) response at week (W) 12.3ObjectivesTo understand molecular distinctions between axPsA and AS to differentiate these diseases and guide treatment choice.MethodsWhole blood and serum samples were collected from consenting patients in the NCT03162796/NCT0315828 studies of guselkumab in PsA and the NCT02437162/NCT02438787 studies of ustekinumab in AS. axPsA patients were investigator-verified as having magnetic resonance imaging- or pelvic x-ray-confirmed sacroiliitis at screening (locally read). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes were determined by RNA sequencing, limited to Caucasian patients to reduce genetic variability,4 and select serum cytokine levels were analyzed alongside samples from healthy individuals. Differential prevalence of HLA alleles in axPsA versus AS was determined using a Fisher’s Exact test. Statistical significance of differential baseline serum cytokine expression among axPsA versus non-axPsA versus AS patients, and of guselkumab effect on serum cytokine reduction versus placebo among axPsA and non-axPsA patients, were determined with a generalized linear model performed on log2-transformed data. Biomarker data from guselkumab every-4-weeks and every-8-weeks treatment arms were pooled.ResultsAmong the 186/234 Caucasian axPsA/AS patients with available data, 34%/15% were female, 70%/14% used methotrexate at baseline, mean serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were 2.8/2.4 mg/dL and mean Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores were 6.4/7.5, respectively. Aside from race, baseline demographics and disease characteristics were representative of the overall population. The prevalence of class I HLA allele -B27, -C01, and -C02 carriers was significantly lower in axPsA than AS patients (30.7% versus 92.3%, p<0.001; 5.9% versus 31.6%, p<0.001; and 28.0% versus 62.0%, p<0.001, respectively), while the prevalence of HLA-C06 was significantly higher in axPsA than AS populations (36.0% versus 8.6%, p<0.001). Baseline serum levels of IL-17A and IL-17F were significantly higher in axPsA (N=71) than in AS (N=58) patients (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Comparable IL-17A/F expression was seen for axPsA and non-axPsA (N=229) patients (both p=not significant). Significant and comparable reductions from baseline in serum IL-17A/F in axPsA and non-axPsA patients were seen with guselkumab treatment (axPsA N=41, non-axPsA N=160) versus placebo (axPsA N=30, non-axPsA N=69) at W4/24 (all p<0.05).ConclusionAdults with axPsA and AS exhibit different genetic risk factors and serum IL-17 levels, supporting the concept of distinct disorders. Guselkumab demonstrated significant pharmacodynamic effects in axPsA patients that aligned with such effects in non-axPsA patients, consistent with observed clinical improvement.2References[1]Feld et al. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14(6):363-371.[2]Mease et al. Lancet Rheumatol. 2021;3(10)E715-E723.[3]Baeten et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(9):1295-1302.[4]Buchkovich et al. Genome Med. 2017;9(86).Disclosure of InterestsArthur Kavanaugh Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, BMS, Genentech, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB, Xenofon Baraliakos Consultant of: AbbVie, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB, Grant/research support from: AbbVie, MSD, and Novartis, Sheng Gao Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, Warner Chen Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, Kristen Sweet Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, Soumya D Chakravarty Employee of: Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, Qingxuan Song Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, May Shawi Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, and may own stock or stock options in Johnson & Johnson, Frank Behrens Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Genzyme, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Genzyme, Gilead, Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, and UCB, Grant/research support from: Celgene, Chugai, Janssen, Pfizer, and Roche, Proton Rahman Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, Grant/research support from: Janssen, research grants from Janssen and Novartis

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Gadea, J., F. García-Vázquez, and C. Matás. "292CHANGES IN MEMBRANE SULFHYDRYL STATUS OF BOAR SPERMATOZOA BY FREEZING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, no. 2 (2004): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab292.

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The processes of cooling and freezing/thawing produce physical and chemical stresses on the sperm membrane that reduce the viability and fertilizing capacities. The cold shock and freezing of spermatozoa are associated with an oxidative stress, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (Chatterjee et al., 2001, Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60, 498–506) and with a significant reduction of the GSH content (Gadea et al., in press). In the processes of capacitation, fertilization and freezing, qualitative and quantitative changes in protein membrane composition occurs, including changes in distribution of sulphydryl groups on the sperm membrane. The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in the sulfhydryl groups of proteins from the sperm surface after cooling and freezing procedures as a marker of membrane changes. Ejaculate-rich fractions from three mature Pietrain boars were diluted in Beltsville Thaw Solution (BTS) extender and cooled to 15°C over 2h (control). Thereafter sperm were centrifuged and diluted in lactose/egg-yolk extender cooled to 5°C over 2h and later frozen with glycerol and equex by classic methodology (Westendorf et al., 1975, Dtsch. Tierärztl. Wschr. 82, 261–267). Sperm parameters were measured in extended semen (control) at 0, 1 and 2h after cold shock at 5°C and after freezing-thawing. The structure of the sperm membrane was evaluated with carboxyfluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide (DCF) (Harrison and Vickers, 1990, J. Reprod. Fert. 88, 343–352), and the sulfhydryl status of proteins from spermatozoa surface are evaluated with fluorescent-staining 5-iodoacetamidofluoresceine (5-IAF) and by acrosome integrity (normal apical ridge, NAR). Some seminal parameters to evaluate functionality such as motility (MOT), forward progressive motility (FPM, 0–5), and mitochondria activity with Rhodamine 123(MIT) were also evaluated. Data from 11 freezing batches were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. When ANOVA revealed a significant effect, values were compared by the Tukey test. The freezing process significantly affected all the sperm parameters studied. Motility was negatively affected from the onset of cooling to 5°C. However, DCF, NAR and 5-IAF were only affected after freezing process. Mitochondria activity decreased in the last period of the cooling procedure (2h) and it was lower after freezing. An inverse significant relation was found between 5-IAF and motility, viability, NAR and mitochondria functionality (P<0.01). These results show that freezing damage produces an alteration in the structure of the sperm membranes (DCF, NAR, 5-IAF) and sperm functionality (motility and mitochondrial). However, only motility (MOT and FPM) was affected by cold shock when lactose/egg-yolk extender was used. Previous studies of cold shock with no cryo-protective medium (BTS) showed a marked effect on sulphydryl membrane characteristics (Marco and Gadea, 2003). These preliminary results in the use of 5-IAF in boar semen showed that freezing produces an alteration in the structure of the sperm membranes, which could be detected by simple fluorescent staining. This research was supported by grant AGL 2000-0485-C02-01.

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Li, Lixia, Gaoxiang Ji, Wenjie Guan, Fang Qian, Hao Li, Guangqin Cai, and Xiaoming Wu. "Genome-Wide Identification and Variation Analysis of JAZ Family Reveals BnaJAZ8.C03 Involved in the Resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica napus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 12862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232112862.

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Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae led to a significant decrease in the yield and quality of Brassica napus, one of the most important oil crops in the world. JAZ proteins are an essential repressor of jasmonates (JAs) signaling cascades, which have been reported to regulate the resistance to P. brassicae in B. napus. In this study, we identified 51, 25 and 26 JAZ proteins in B. napus, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis displayed that the notedJAZ proteins were divided into six groups. The JAZ proteins clustered in the same group shared a similar motif composition and distribution order. The 51 BnaJAZs were not evenly assigned on seventeen chromosomes in B. napus, except for A04 and C07. The BnaJAZs of the AtJAZ7/AtJAZ8 group presented themselves to be significantly up-regulated after inoculation by P. brassicae. Variation analysis in a population with a specific resistance performance in P. brassicae displayed a 64 bp translocation in BnaC03T0663300ZS (BnaJAZ8.C03, homologous to AtJAZ8) with an 8% reduction in the disease index on average. Through protein–protein interaction analysis, 65 genes were identified that might be involved in JAZ8 regulation of resistance to P. brassicae in B. napus, which provided new clues for understanding the resistance mechanism to P. brassicae.

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Saavedra, M. D., R. Romar, H. González-Márquez, Y. Ducolomb, R. Fierro, M. Avilés, and M. Betancourt. "182 CHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF ZONA PELLUCIDA-FREE OOCYTES PROVOKES FULL CORTICAL REACTION: AN APPROACH TO STUDY CORTICAL GRANULE-DERIVED PROTEINS IN PIGS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab182.

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The cortical reaction is a mechanism that prevents polyspermy by cortical granule content being released into the periviteline space, modifying the zona pellucida (ZP). Knowledge about specific cortical granule-derived proteins has progressed slowly because these organelles contain only picogram quantities of proteins. An efficient method for collecting cortical granule content would help in its study; chemical activation of ZP-free oocytes has been successfully used in the murine model (Muñoz-Gotera et al. 2001 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60, 405–413). Calcium ionophore A23187 is an effective chemical stimulator for provoking the cortical reaction in ZP-intact pig oocytes. However, the commonly used protocol (50 μM for 5min) cannot be employed with ZP-free oocytes because the oolemma is damaged, oocyte lysed and medium contaminated with ooplasm content, which is necessary to reduce the time and ionophore concentration (Romar et al. 2011 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 23, 221 abst). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of this activation protocol for provoking the cortical reaction in ZP-free oocytes by assessment with confocal and electron microscopy. Immature cumulus–oocyte complexes from Landrace × Large White gilts were in vitro matured for 44 h in an NCSU-37 medium. After maturation, the oocytes were stripped of cumulus cells and their ZP were removed with pronase. Then, the ZP-free oocytes were incubated with calcium ionophore A23187 (6.5 μM for 2min), transferred to an exudate medium and incubated at 38.5°C, 5% CO2 and saturated humidity for 30 min. Control ZP-free oocytes were incubated without being activated. After incubation, ionophore-treated (n = 10) and control oocytes (n = 18) were used to assess the presence of a cortical granule monolayer. An aliquot was fixed, permeabilized (0.1% Triton), incubated with peanut agglutinin lectin conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (10 μg mL–1 for 30 min) and examined under a confocal microscope. Presence or absence of a cortical granule monolayer at the equator level was recorded. Another aliquot was fixed and processed for electron microscopy observation. The cortical granules in the whole oocytes were counted and results are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. No cell lysis was observed in control or activated ZP-free oocytes after treatment and incubation time. The confocal study showed that the activation protocol provokes a full cortical reaction in 100% of A23187-treated oocytes, given that no peanut agglutinin labeling was observed in the cortical area. Presence of a cortical granule monolayer under the oolemma was observed in 100% of control oocytes. Cortical granule release was confirmed by electron microscopy. Control oocytes had 5.90 ± 1.78 cortical granules per 5 μm of oolemma, whereas activated oocytes exhibited a significant reduction (P < 0.05) of up to 0.71 ± 0.20. In conclusion, the presented activation protocol by using ZP-free oocytes is a valid method for provoking a complete cortical reaction and could be employed in the future as an efficient method to collect cortical granule-derived proteins in pig oocytes. Supported by CONACYT (0105961/I0110/194/09), MEC and FEDER (AGL2009-12512-C02-01).

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Reiff, Emily A., Sajiv K. Nair, B. S. Narayan Reddy, Jun Inagaki, John T. Henri, Jack F. Greiner, and Gunda I. Georg. "Practical syntheses of the C12–C21 epothilone subunit via catalytic asymmetric reductions: Itsuno–Corey oxazaborolidine reduction and asymmetric Noyori hydrogenation." Tetrahedron Letters 45, no. 30 (July 2004): 5845–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.06.009.

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SHIBUYA, Koji, Naoto UENO, Hiroki OKAMOTO, and Taka-aki FURUKAWA. "Weight Reduction of Hind Leg of Four-legged Robot." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 1A1—C07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.1a1-c07.

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Deng, Guoliang, Mingyan Yin, Qi Sun, Xiaoping Fan, Gangyun Zhong, Xiaodong Zhang, and Xuan Zhai. "ICOPE-15-C052 The reduction of stator blades losses by chord spanwise parabolic variation in an IP steam turbine." Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering (ICOPE) 2015.12 (2015): _ICOPE—15——_ICOPE—15—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicope.2015.12._icope-15-_140.

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MORINAGA, Akihiro, and Ikuo YAMAMOTO. "Development of Underactuated Parallel-link Mechanism for Motion Reduction Device." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 2P1—C01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.2p1-c01.

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Huang, Po-Chun, and Jenq-Gong Duh. "Novel Lead-Free Sn-Cu-xBi Nanosolders by Chemical Reduction Method." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 764–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2009.c020.

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Legfros, R. Z., T. Sakae, C. Bautista, M. Retino, and J. P. Legeros. "Magnesium and Carbonate in Enamel and Synthetic Apatites." Advances in Dental Research 10, no. 2 (November 1996): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374960100021801.

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This study aimed to: determine the Mg and C03 distribution in the outer (surface), middle, and inner (closest to the enamel-dentin junction, EDJ) layers of human enamel; and determine the factors affecting the incorporation of Mg into synthetic apatites and the consequence of such incorporation on the properties of the apatites. Results demonstrated that the concentrations of Mg, C03, and organic components increased from the surface to the inner layers close to the EDJ and a difference in crystallinity from the outer to the inner layers. Initial results indicated that the extent of dissolution of the inner layer enamel is greater than that in the outer or surface enamel. Results on synthetic apatites showed the following: (1) Limited Mg incorporation into apatite was dependent on solution [Mg/Ca] molar ratio, temperature, pH, and the presence of C03 or fluoride (F); (2) incorporation of Mg causes reduction in crystallinity and an increase in the extent of dissolution of the apatite: (3) the negative effect of Mg on the properties of apatites is synergistic to that of C03 and antagonistic to that of F; and (4) exposure to acid of Mg-containing apatites causes the dissolution of Mg-rich apatite and precipitation of Mg-poor apatite. The observed decrease in the [Mg/Ca] of enamel and synthetic apatites after acid exposure may explain the observed 'preferential loss' of Mg and C03 in the initial stages of caries.

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Steciw, S., T. Stanescu, S. Rathee, and B. G. Fallone. "Sensitivity reduction in biased amorphous selenium photoconductors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, no. 23 (November 20, 2003): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/23/c01.

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TSUCHIYA, Kei, Yuki UENO, and Yoshiki MATSUO. "Muscle Synergy Analysis of an Object Lifting-up Task Using a Measurement Reduction Method." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2020 (2020): 2A2—C06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2020.2a2-c06.

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NAKAMURA, Go, Osamu FURUYA, Hisao KATO, and Koji YAMAZAKI. "Evaluation and analysis of response reduction effect of seismic isolation device using air floating technology." Proceedings of the Symposium on the Motion and Vibration Control 2021.17 (2021): C05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemovic.2021.17.c05.

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KOZAKI, Takuro, Togo SHINONAGA, Yasuhiro OKAMOTO, and Akira OKADA. "Fundamental Investigation on Reduction of Surface Roughness for Mold Material by Green μs Pulsed Laser." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2018.12 (2018): C06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2018.12.c06.

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Matsuzaki, K., V. L. Schuster, and J. B. Stokes. "Reduction in sensitivity to Cl- channel blockers by HCO3- -CO2 in rabbit cortical collecting duct." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 257, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): C102—C109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.257.1.c102.

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We examined the ability of HCO3- -CO2 to modify the potency of Cl- channel blockers in the renal cortical collecting duct (CCD) for the following two reasons. 1) From a practical point of view, there is, to our knowledge, no information regarding the effect of the HCO3- -CO2 buffer system on the potency of Cl- channel blockers. 2) We showed in the companion manuscript [Am. J. Physiol. 257 (Cell Physiol. 26): C94-C101, 1989] that HCO3- -CO2 stimulates transepithelial anion exchange in the CCD. Based on precedent in the literature, we postulated that HCO3- stimulates the basolateral membrane Cl- conductance. Here, we demonstrate that several Cl- channel blockers can reduce CCD Cl- self exchange when the solutions are buffered in N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES). Concentrations of blockers producing 80% inhibition in HEPES, pH 7.4, produced only 20% inhibition in 25 mM HCO3- -CO2, pH 7.4. The ability of HCO3- -CO2 to reduce blocker potency had an IC50 of only 2 mM. We also examined interactions of HCO3- -CO2 and blockers with regard to the principal cell basolateral Cl- conductance. Blockers did not alter the Rb+ flux, a marker of K+ transport, but did reduce transepithelial conductance (GT), i.e., the blockers inhibited the principal cell basolateral Cl- conductance. As was the case with intercalated cell anion exchange, GT measurements indicated that HCO3- -CO2 impaired the ability of Cl- channel blockers to inhibit the principal cell Cl- conductance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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KAWAZOE, Yuya, Toshiki HIROGAKI, and Eiichi AOYAMA. "Study on vibration reduction effect of counter-balance feed drive with right and left ball screw." Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2018.12 (2018): C05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2018.12.c05.

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31

Costa, Stefania, Federico Zappaterra, Daniela Summa, Bruno Semeraro, and Giancarlo Fantin. "Δ1-Dehydrogenation and C20 Reduction of Cortisone and Hydrocortisone Catalyzed by Rhodococcus Strains." Molecules 25, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092192.

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Prednisone and prednisolone are steroids widely used as anti-inflammatory drugs. Development of the pharmaceutical industry is currently aimed at introducing biotechnological processes and replacing multiple-stage chemical syntheses. In this work we evaluated the ability of bacteria belonging to the Rhodococcus genus to biotransform substrates, such as cortisone and hydrocortisone, to obtain prednisone and prednisolone, respectively. These products are of great interest from a pharmaceutical point of view as they have higher anti-inflammatory activity than the starting substrates. After an initial lab-scale screening of 13 Rhodococcus strains, to select the highest producers of prednisone and prednisolone, we reported the 200 ml-batch scale-up to test the process efficiency and productivity of the most promising Rhodococcus strains. R. ruber, R. globerulus and R. coprophilus gave the Δ1-dehydrogenation products of cortisone and hydrocortisone (prednisone and prednisolone) in variable amounts. In these biotransformations, the formation of products with the reduced carbonyl group in position C20 of the lateral chain of the steroid nucleus was also observed (i.e., 20β-hydroxy-prednisone and 20β-hydroxy-prednisolone). The yields, the absence of collateral products, and in some cases the absence of starting products allow us to say that cortisone and hydrocortisone are partly degraded.

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Gurav, Abhijit, Jim Magee, Reggie Phillips, and Scott Carson. "C0G and X7R Ceramic Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2016, HiTEC (January 1, 2016): 000290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2016-hitec-290.

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Abstract For applications such as electronics for down-hole drilling and exploration, geothermal energy generation and power electronics, there is a growing need for capacitors that have robust reliability at temperatures of 150°C or above. Conventional X7R and X8R type ceramic capacitors are designed for applications up to 125°C and 150°C, respectively. At temperatures above 150°C, these types of capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. A Class-I C0G dielectric has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200°C and beyond. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) made from this material can be qualified as X9G with robust reliability. These C0G capacitors are showing robust reliability at extreme temperature of 260°C (500 degrees Fahrenheit). We have also developed a modified-X7R dielectric composition with nickel internal electrodes showing high reliability in this Class-II dielectric at 175°C. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I C0G and Class-II ceramic capacitors at high temperatures of 150–200°C and above.

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Pankova, Yulia A., Liudmila A. Gorelova, Sergey V. Krivovichev, and Igor V. Pekov. "The crystal structure of ginorite, Ca2[B14O20(OH)6]·5H2O, and the analysis of dimensional reduction and structural complexity in the CaO–B2O3–H2O system." European Journal of Mineralogy 30, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 277–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2695.

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Waqas, Muhammad, Syed Zameer Ul Hassan, Saqib Siddique, Ali Asghar, Anila Ali, Ali Raza Shafqat, Zafar Javed, Zohaib Iqbal, and Mehwish Hafeez. "Effective reduction clearing parameters involving alternative reducing agent." Journal of the Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers 49, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54693/piche.04916.

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Dyeing of polyester is done by using disperse dyes. Some of the disperse dyes remain unfixed during dyeing and create problems in shade and colorfastness properties. Reduction clearing (RC) is a process to remove these unfixed dyes and to enhance colorfastness properties. In the Pakistani textile industry, reduction clearing is being done by using sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), which has the best results in reducing dyestuff.Â The problem with sodium dithionite is that it is sensitive to air and also creates a lot of environmental issues. Its sensitivity causes inconsistent results of reduction clearing. Different dyers used different processes and recipes of reduction clearing. Thiourea Dioxide (TUD) is a green reducing agent and can be used as a replacement for sodium dithionite. TUD (CH4N2S) is a stable product with a comparable result with sodium dithionite. Interlock knitted fabric is used in this project whose composition has recycled polyester. The fabric was first dyed using black dyestuff and then reduction clearing was done on a lab-scale with different factors (Shade depth, the concentration of TUD, RC temperature). Three colorfastness tests were conducted to evaluate the different levels of each factor i.e. colorfastness to washing, fastness to perspiration, and fastness to water according to standard numbers ISO 105-C06, ISO 105-E04, and ISO 105-E01, respectively. It was observed that shade depth does not affect the results while concentration and RC temperature have a significant effect on the results. Moreover, the effective concentration of TUD was also determined.

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35

Hoffmann, Torsten, Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld, Mathias Schenk, Falk Ponath, Koki Makioka, Birgit Hutter-Paier, Inge Lues, Cynthia A. Lemere, and Stephan Schilling. "Combination of the Glutaminyl Cyclase Inhibitor PQ912 (Varoglutamstat) and the Murine Monoclonal Antibody PBD-C06 (m6) Shows Additive Effects on Brain Aβ Pathology in Transgenic Mice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 21 (October 30, 2021): 11791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111791.

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Compelling evidence suggests that pyroglutamate-modified Aβ (pGlu3-Aβ; AβN3pG) peptides play a pivotal role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Approaches targeting pGlu3-Aβ by glutaminyl cyclase (QC) inhibition (Varoglutamstat) or monoclonal antibodies (Donanemab) are currently in clinical development. Here, we aimed at an assessment of combination therapy of Varoglutamstat (PQ912) and a pGlu3-Aβ-specific antibody (m6) in transgenic mice. Whereas the single treatments at subtherapeutic doses show moderate (16–41%) but statistically insignificant reduction of Aβ42 and pGlu-Aβ42 in mice brain, the combination of both treatments resulted in significant reductions of Aβ by 45–65%. Evaluation of these data using the Bliss independence model revealed a combination index of ≈1, which is indicative for an additive effect of the compounds. The data are interpreted in terms of different pathways, in which the two drugs act. While PQ912 prevents the formation of pGlu3-Aβ in different compartments, the antibody is able to clear existing pGlu3-Aβ deposits. The results suggest that combination of the small molecule Varoglutamstat and a pE3Aβ-directed monoclonal antibody may allow a reduction of the individual compound doses while maintaining the therapeutic effect.

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Talbot, Janet D., John N. Barrett, Ellen F. Barrett, and Gavriel David. "Rapid, stimulation-induced reduction of C12-resorufin in motor nerve terminals: linkage to mitochondrial metabolism." Journal of Neurochemistry 105, no. 3 (May 2008): 807–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05176.x.

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Figueroa-O'Farrill, J., and J. Simón. "Supersymmetric Kaluza-Klein reductions of M-waves and MKK-monopoles." Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/1/c01.

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38

Gurav, Abhijit, Xilin Xu, Jim Magee, John Bultitude, and Travis Ashburn. "Ceramic Capacitors and Stacks for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, HITEN (January 1, 2011): 000030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-paper6-agurav.

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There is a growing need for ceramic capacitors for applications at temperatures of 150°C or above, such as electronics for down-hole drilling, geothermal energy generation and power electronics. In traditional X8R ceramic capacitors (EIA specification, TCC or ΔC/C within ±15% between −55°C and +150°C compared that at 25°C), the dielectric material is designed for applications up to 150°C. However, at temperatures above 150°C, the X8R capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. Recently, a Class-I C0G dielectric has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200°C and beyond. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) made from this material can be qualified as X9G with robust reliability. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I C0G ceramic capacitors at high temperatures at 150–200°C and above along with a discussion of possible mechanisms behind the robust reliability of this high temperature dielectric.

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Gurav, Abhijit, Xilin Xu, Jim Magee, Reggie Phillips, and Travis Ashburn. "Advances in Ceramic Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, HiTEN (January 1, 2015): 000134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-session4-paper4_3.

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There is a growing need for capacitors for applications at temperatures of 150°C or above, such as electronics for down-hole drilling and exploration, geothermal energy generation and power electronics. Conventional X7R and X8R type ceramic capacitors are designed for applications up to 125°C and 150°C, respectively. At temperatures above 150°C, these types of capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. Recently, a Class-I C0G dielectric has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200°C and beyond. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) made from this material can be qualified as X9G with robust reliability. A Class-II modified-X7R dielectric composition with nickel internal electrodes showing robust reliability at 175°C has also recently been developed. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I C0G and Class-II ceramic capacitors at high temperatures of 150–200°C and above.

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Gurav, Abhijit, Xilin Xu, Jim Magee, Jeff Franklin, and Travis Ashburn. "Robust Class-I BME Ceramic Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (January 1, 2010): 000251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-agurav-wp12.

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In capacitors for applications at temperatures of 150°C or above, such as automotive under-the-hood electronics and power electronics, a robust dielectric material is necessary. In traditional X8R ceramic capacitors (EIA specification, ΔC/C within ±15% between −55°C and +150°C compared that at 25°C), the dielectric material is designed for applications up to 150°C. However, at temperatures above 150°C, the X8R capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. Recently, a Class-I C0G dielectric has been developed using Nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200°C. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) made from this material can be qualified as X9G with robust reliability. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I C0G ceramic capacitors at temperatures ≥150°C. In addition, test data from D-E curves and energy density measurements will be reported along with a discussion of possible mechanisms behind the robust reliability of this material.

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Gurav, Abhijit, Xilin Xu, Jim Magee, Reggie Phillips, and Travis Ashburn. "Class-I and Class-II Ceramic Capacitors for High Temperature Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, HITEC (January 1, 2014): 000121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-tp24.

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There is a growing need for ceramic capacitors for applications at temperatures of 150°C or above, such as electronics for down-hole drilling and exploration, geothermal energy generation and power electronics. Conventional X7R and X8R type ceramic capacitors are designed for applications up to 125°C and 150°C, respectively. At temperatures above 150°C, these types of capacitors typically suffer from degradation of reliability performance and severe reduction in capacitance, especially under DC bias conditions. Recently, a Class-I C0G dielectric has been developed using nickel electrodes for high temperature application up to 200°C and beyond. Due to its linear dielectric nature, this material exhibits highly stable capacitance as a function of temperature and voltage. Multi-layer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) made from this material can be qualified as X9G with robust reliability. We have also developed a modified-X7R dielectric composition with nickel internal electrodes to design robust reliability in this Class-II dielectric at 175°C. This paper will report electrical properties and reliability test data on these Class-I C0G and Class-II ceramic capacitors at high temperatures of 150–200°C and above.

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Amin, Rasidul, Jian-Xie Chen, Ian C. Cotterill, Daniel Emrich, Daniel Ganley, Yuri L. Khmelnitsky, Mark D. McLaws, et al. "Improved Synthesis of the C16–C20 Segment of Resolvin E1 Using Enantioselective Ketone Reduction and Lipase-Catalyzed Resolution." Organic Process Research & Development 17, no. 6 (May 22, 2013): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op4000384.

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43

Schilbert, Hanna Marie, Boas Pucker, David Ries, Prisca Viehöver, Zeljko Micic, Felix Dreyer, Katrin Beckmann, Benjamin Wittkop, Bernd Weisshaar, and Daniela Holtgräwe. "Mapping‑by‑Sequencing Reveals Genomic Regions Associated with Seed Quality Parameters in Brassica napus." Genes 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071131.

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Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop and has the potential to serve as a highly productive source of protein. This protein exhibits an excellent amino acid composition and has high nutritional value for humans. Seed protein content (SPC) and seed oil content (SOC) are two complex quantitative and polygenic traits which are negatively correlated and assumed to be controlled by additive and epistatic effects. A reduction in seed glucosinolate (GSL) content is desired as GSLs cause a stringent and bitter taste. The goal here was the identification of genomic intervals relevant for seed GSL content and SPC/SOC. Mapping by sequencing (MBS) revealed 30 and 15 new and known genomic intervals associated with seed GSL content and SPC/SOC, respectively. Within these intervals, we identified known but also so far unknown putatively causal genes and sequence variants. A 4 bp insertion in the MYB28 homolog on C09 shows a significant association with a reduction in seed GSL content. This study provides insights into the genetic architecture and potential mechanisms underlying seed quality traits, which will enhance future breeding approaches in B. napus.

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Kraishan, G. M., and N. M. Lemont. "SIDERITE AS A CONSTRAINT ON DEPOSITIONAL AND EARLY DIAGENETIC HISTORY: EXAMPLES FROM BARROW SUB-BASIN, NORTH WEST SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 38, no. 1 (1998): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj97012.

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Siderite cement is one of the most volumetrically important diagenetic minerals in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous sandstones of the Barrow Sub-basin. It constitutes up to 60 per cent of the rock volume, and where abundant, occludes the primary intergranular porosity. Petrogriiphic, chemical and isotopic studies indicate the early precipitation of much of this siderite prior to significant compaction. Siderite samples and concretions were taken from a variety of depositional environments ranging from fluvial to deep marine from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous sequences.Of the early phases, three distinct siderite types were recognised and vary according to depositional environment. The first type, mostly collected from fluvial deposits, is Fe-rich with a mean composition of (Fe96.3 Mg1.8 Ca0.9 Mn1.0) C03. The second type of siderite cement is relatively Mg-rich, Ca-poor and has a higher Mn content, with a mean composition of (Fe87.1 Mg9.6 Ca1.2 Mn2.1) C03. The third type of siderite cement is typically Mg−, Ca-rich, with a low Mn content and an average composition of (Fe78.7 Mg12.4 Ca8.4 Mn0.5) C03. The second and third siderite cements occur in marine facies. The δ13C and δ180 values for siderite cements range from −2.8 to −14.3 %. PDB and 17.4 to 28.2 %. SMOW, respectively.Petrographic and chemical isotopic studies and other sedimentological data from siderite can be used to distinguish between different depositional environments. Chemical and isotopic compositions of the early authigenic siderites indicate precipitation from fluids with significant meteoric input. Siderite cements formed during sulphate reduction and early methanogenesis from mixed marine and meteoric pore-waters at temperatures below 30°C. While an influx of meteoric water to the fluvial and deltaic sediments of the Triassic Mungaroo Formation is easily envisaged, the siderites show that some mixing of sea water is also required. The concept of introduction of meteoric water to the marine sediments of the Birdrong Formation requires an appreciation of the sea level fluctuations at the time. In these situations, the recognition of meteoric or marine input to an early siderite cement can assist in the determination of sea level fluctuations.

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Jennings, M. L., S. M. Douglas, and P. E. McAndrew. "Amiloride-sensitive sodium-hydrogen exchange in osmotically shrunken rabbit red blood cells." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 251, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): C32—C40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.251.1.c32.

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As part of a detailed study of cell volume regulation in high-potassium mammalian erythrocytes, we have characterized ouabain-insensitive sodium transport in normal and osmotically shrunken rabbit red cells. In cells of normal volume and physiological pH, there is no amiloride-inhibited component of the sodium efflux (into either sodium-containing or sodium-free media). Osmotic shrinkage activates an amiloride-sensitive (50% inhibitory concentration = 10(-5) M) sodium transport system that can catalyze net sodium movement in either direction. This system appears to be distinct from the sodium-sodium (sodium-lithium) counter-transporter that operates in cells of normal volume. Replacement of chloride with acetate does not inhibit the sodium flux, but replacement with either nitrate or thiocyanate is inhibitory. An inward sodium gradient in shrunken cells induces a net uphill efflux of acid equivalents, indicating that the sodium transport is a sodium-hydrogen exchange. However, a sevenfold inward gradient of hydrogen ions (pHo = 6.4; pHi = 7.2) does not stimulate net sodium efflux in shrunken cells. This suggests that the extracellular affinity of the transport site for hydrogen ions is high, and that there is an extracellular noncompetitive inhibitory site for proton binding. Bilateral pH reduction stimulates an amiloride-inhibitable sodium flux in cells of normal volume; this indicates that, as has been found in kidney, brain, and lymphocytes, there is an intracellular protonation site that can activate the transport. Shrinkage of the cells shifts the pH dependence of the transport, suggesting that part of the signal for the osmotic activation of the transport is a shift in the pKa of this modifier site.

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Tseng, J. K., P. C. Tang, and J. C. Ju. "121 HEAT SHOCK TO PIG OOCYTES DOES NOT INDUCE APOPTOSIS BUT REDUCES EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 2 (2005): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv17n2ab121.

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Oocytes are susceptible to heat shock (HS) during the maturation process. It has been demonstrated that HS induces apoptosis and/or the expression of HS protein 70 (hsp 70) in in vitro-produced oocytes and embryos. The objectives of this study were to analyze the effects of HS on the development and apoptosis of pig oocytes and embryos. Porcine ovaries were collected from a local slaughterhouse and the cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from follicles 3–6 mm in diameter and subjected to standard in vitro maturation procedures at 39°C for 42 h. The in vitro matured oocytes were then randomly allocated to different HS treatments at 41.5°C for 0 (control, C0h), 1 (HS1h), 2 (HS2h), or 4 h (HS4h). An additional control group of oocytes was cultured for 4 h without HS (C4h). Data were analyzed by chi-square test. In Experiment 1, anti-hsp 70 (SPA-810AP, Stressgen, San Diego, CA, USA) and Western blotting were used to examine the expression of hsp 70. Results indicated that no significant difference of hsp 70 expression in metaphase II porcine oocytes occurred between controls and HS groups (P > 0.05, 7 replicates). In Experiment 2, apoptosis of metaphase II oocytes after HS was identified by annexin V-FITC (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) staining and TUNEL (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA). No significant apoptotic signal was detected in the HS groups compared to the controls. The intensity of annexin V staining was not affected by HS, but it increased with the time of culture (P < 0.05, n = 24–37). In Experiment 3, the apoptotic rate and developmental competence of the HS-oocytes were evaluated by TUNEL assay (n = 123–137, 4 replicates). Parthenogenetic activation (n = 123–137) was performed by an electric pulse (2.2 kV cm−1) combined with 6-dimethyaminopurine treatment (6-DMAP, 2.5 μM, 4 h, Sigma). The cleavage rates in HS2h (43 ± 29%) and HS4h (35 ± 28%) decreased (P < 0.05) compared to those in C0h (62 ± 12%) and C4h (66 ± 8%). In addition, the blastocyst formation rates and total cell numbers reduced (P < 0.05) after 2 h (11 ± 10%, 20 ± 16) and 4 h (11 ± 8%, 19 ± 8) of HS treatments compared to those in C0h (23 ± 14%, 32 ± 22) and C4h (21 ± 11%, 27 ± 17), all respectively. The numbers of blastocysts with TUNEL-positive signals were not significantly different between the HS and control groups, but the signals increased (P < 0.05) before the 8-cell stage in HS groups (22–24%) compared to the C0h and C4h controls (16 and 11%), respectively. These results indicate that reduction in developmental competence of in vitro-matured pig oocytes after heat shock is not closely correlated to the expression of hsp 70 in the oocytes and to the apoptotic cell numbers in the blastocyst. Whether detection of apoptosis by TUNEL or annexin V-FITC in oocytes is a good indicator requires further investigation.

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Kubo, Masaru, Yutaka Tabe, and Takemi Chikahisa. "CI2-3 Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Enhanced Combustion Zone Mixing on NOx Reduction by Decreasing Residence-Time-Scales in High Temperature Zones in Diesel Engines(CI: Compression Ignition Engine Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2012.8 (2012): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2012.8.212.

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Arfini, Filippo, and Fabio Landini. "Multifunzionalitŕ e sviluppo rurale in Africa: un'analisi a livello household." QA Rivista dell'Associazione Rossi-Doria, no. 2 (May 2009): 31–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qu2009-002002.

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- This work offers an interpretation of the role that multifunctionality plays in the policies that sustain rural development. Assuming as a reference the livelihood approach, we analyse multifunctionality within a framework which differs from the usual Wto negotiations. We reappraise its significance as a variable that reinforces the livelihood strategies of the rural households. In terms of policy design we analyse the costs of the secondary services and the variables that allow for their reduction. A quantitative evaluation is then carried out on the basis of an LP model taking a multifunctional farm in Africa. The results obtained are that: multifunctionality is very costly; most of the private costs of multifunctionality are due to constraints on specialisation in production; both coupled and de-coupled payment sustain multifunctionality but in different ways; technological progress is a key variable for economic sustainability.EconLit Classification: C020, Q010, Q120, Q180Keywords: Multifunctionality, Rural Development, Livelihood Approach, Linear Programming

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Hellmers, Hendrik, Daniela Thaller, Mathis Bloßfeld, Alexander Kehm, and Anastasiia Girdiuk. "Combination of VLBI Intensive Sessions with GNSS for generating Low latency Earth Rotation Parameters." Advances in Geosciences 50 (December 10, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-50-49-2019.

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Abstract. The Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs) are published by the Earth Orientation Centre of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). They are provided as the low-latency Bulletin A and the 30 d latency long-term EOP time series IERS 14 C04. The EOPs are a combined product derived from different geodetic space techniques, namely Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Since not all techniques are equally sensitive to every EOP, several parameters rely on specific observation techniques. As an example, dUT1 can only be estimated from VLBI observations. This means VLBI is an essential part of the estimation procedure for consistent EOPs. Within this paper, we are performing a combination of two low-latency space geodetic techniques as they enable the estimation of the full set of Earth Rotation Parameters (ERPs; polar motion, dUT1 and the corresponding rates). In particular, we focus on the development of a robust combination scheme of 1 h VLBI Intensive sessions with so-called GNSS Rapid solutions on the normal equation level of the Gauß-Markov model. The aim of the study is to provide highly accurate low-latency ERPs. So far, a latency of approximately only 1–3 d cold be reached since the main limiting factor is still the latency of the input data. The mathematical background of the applied algorithm is discussed in detail and evaluated by numerical results of empirical investigations. The combination yields a numerical stabilization of the equation system as well as an improvement (reduction) of the corresponding root mean square deviation of the epoch-wise estimated parameters w.r.t. the IERS 14 C04 reference time series.

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Richardson, Mark B., and Spencer J. Williams. "A practical synthesis of long-chain iso-fatty acids (iso-C12–C19) and related natural products." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (September 4, 2013): 1807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.210.

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A gram-scale synthesis of terminally-branched iso-fatty acids (iso-C12–C19) was developed commencing with methyl undec-10-enoate (methyl undecylenate) (for iso-C12–C14) or the C15and C16lactones pentadecanolide (for iso-C15–C17) and hexadecanolide (for iso-C18–C19). Central to the approaches outlined is the two-step construction of the terminal isopropyl group through addition of methylmagnesium bromide to the ester/lactones and selective reduction of the resulting tertiary alcohols. Thus, the C12, C17and C18iso-fatty acids were obtained in three steps from commercially-available starting materials, and the remaining C13–C16and C19iso-fatty acids were prepared by homologation or recursive dehomologations of these fatty acids or through intercepting appropriate intermediates. Highlighting the synthetic potential of the iso-fatty acids and various intermediates prepared herein, we describe the synthesis of the natural products (S)-2,15-dimethylpalmitic acid, (S)-2-hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid, and 2-oxo-14-methylpentadecane.

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Journal articles on the topic 'C02 reduction'

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