Relevant bibliographies by topics / C02 reduction

Academic literature on the topic 'C02 reduction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "C02 reduction"

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HILLEMAN, BETTE. "Industry Considers C02 Reduction Methods." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 26 (June 30, 1997): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n026.p030.

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Grisdanurak, Nurak, Benjamart Nuntaitawegon, Gerald Kinger, and Hannelore Vinek. "NO Reduction by Carbon Monoxide Over Cobalt on ZeoliteBeta." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50183.

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This study focused on the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) by carbon monoxide (CO) over cobalt supported on zeolite beta (CoIBEA) with and without the presence of oxygen or water. The Co/BEA catalyst with 2.6% metal loading was prepared by solid state ion exchange from freshly synthesized HBEA and CoCl2'6H20. The adsorption behavior of NO on CoIBEA investigated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) revealed two peaks for NO at 100 and 260°C indicating that there were at least two adsorption modes. The desorption of CO completed near 200°C along with a small amount of C02. The activity of ColBEA catalyst for NO reduction by CO was lower than 20% at 100-300°C but higher than 50% at 400-500°C with the maximum conversion of 60% at 500°C. Products were selectively N2 and C02. However, the activity in the presenceof oxygen was low due to the more favorable reaction between CO and 02 to form C02. The catalytic activity in the presence of water was also low but higher than that in the presence of oxygen. Keywords: NO reduction by CO, cobalt on zeolite beta, and solid state ion exchange.
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Sison, Girlie Naomi N., Arnie R. De Leon, and Janir T. Datukan. "Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analysis of Novel Polynuclear Rhenium(I) Complexes of the Form [Re(CO)3Cl]n[tppq] (n = 1, 2, 3, or 4; tppq = 2,3,1,8-tetra-2-Pyridylpyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxalineJ." KIMIKA 23 (March 1, 2010): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v23i1.55-63.

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A number of transition metal complexes have been investigated as potential electrocatalystsfor C02 reduction. Among these are rhenium monometallic complexes, which have shownunique activity towards C02 reduction. Further development of multimetallic systems,capable of storing multiple equivalents of electrons has shown some potential in increasingthe selectivity of the C02 conversion processes toward highly reduced products. This studyreports the synthesis and characterization of novel polynuclear rhenium(I) complexes whererhenium is incorporated to the bridging ligand tppq (2,3,7,8-tetra-2-pyridylpyrazino[2,3-g]quinoxaline), which is capable of attaching up to four metal centers. The resultingcomplexes were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques (infrared, UV-Vis,emission) and cyclic voltammetry. The results suggest that the synthetic procedure adoptedwas successful.
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IKEDA, Hiroyasu, Tsuyoshi SAITO, and Kohei OKABE. "Comprehensive risk assessment including risk reduction effects during the use of robot nursing care devices." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2021 (2021): 1P1—C02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2021.1p1-c02.

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Maruya, Eiji, Etsuo Sakai, Masashi Osaki, Masahiro Kato, and Masaki Daimon. "Material Design of Cement for Increased Waste Usage and Reduction of C02 Emissions." Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, no. 1 (2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jjsmcwm.20.1.

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Brunnengräber, Achim. "Prima Klima mit dem Markt?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 39, no. 156 (September 1, 2009): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v39i156.422.

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Climate change is a profound crisis of society and of the capitalist mode of production. Nevertheless, hegemonic forms of the regulation of the crisis emerge which correspond to neoliberal political concepts. Primarily economic and 'flexible' instruments, such as Emission Trading (ET), the Clean Development Mechanism (COM) and Joint Implementation ar) are to counteract the trend. In climate policy these mechanisms are the result of diplomatic negotiations, technicalcontrol optimism and a political-economic strategy which follows a 'win-win' logic. The mechanisms are constructed in a 'flexible' form, so that within the framework of a skilful C02 bookkeeping balance-sheet the reductions appear to take place, when in absolute terms no reduction at all has in fact occurred.
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Noetzel, David M., Michele Ricard, and Bobby Holder. "Low Dosage Control of Sunflower Beetle Larvae with 3 Pyrethroids, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.299.

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Abstract The trial was established in a commercial sunflower field near Ada, Minn. Plots were 4 rows × 25 ft, replicated 4 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The low concentrations of insecticide applied were obtained by serial dilution using clean containers. No additional sticker or emulsifiers were used. Application was with a handheld C02 sprayer at 40 psi, using 17 gal/acre of total material. Pretreatment and posttreatment counts were taken on the same 10 plants in each plot. Percent reduction was calculated and treated statistically as indicated in the table.
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Heber, U., J. Viil, S. Neimanis, T. Mimura, and K. J. Dietz. "Photoinhibitory Damage to Chloroplasts under Phosphate Deficiency and Alleviation of Deficiency and Damage by Photorespiratory Reactions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 44, no. 5-6 (June 1, 1989): 524–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1989-5-629.

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Abstract Effects of Pi deficiency on photosynthesis ot isolated spinach chloroplasts were examined. The following observations were made: (1) Chloroplasts isolated in Pi-free media evolved oxygen in the light in the absence of added Pi until acid-extractable Pi in the chloroplasts had decreased to 1 to 2.5 m M . This Pi was unavailable for photophosphorylation as shown by the inability of the chloroplasts to respond by oxygen evolution to the addition of PGA. In the state of Pi-deficiency, stromal ATP to A DP ratios were in the light close to or below ratios observed in the dark. In the presence of 2 mᴍ PGA, addition of 20 μm Pi was insufficient to increase ATP to ADP ratios, but sufficient for appreciable oxygen evolution. (2) More Pi was available for oxygen evolution of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts at low levels of C02 than at high levels. This was due mainly to the suppression of oxygenation of RuBP by high C02 levels which prevented formation of phosphoglycolate and the subsequent release of Pi into the chloroplast stroma. (3) More oxygen was produced by phosphate-deficient chloroplasts at a low light intensity than at a high light intensity. This was due to increased availability of endogenous Pi under low light and to photoinhibition of the chloroplasts by high light. The main product of photosynthesis of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts in the presence of a high bicarbonate concentration was starch, and the main soluble product was PGA. (4) After phosphate-deficient chloroplasts had ceased to evolve oxygen in the light, they be­ came photosensitive. Part of the loss of the capacity for oxygen evolution is attributed to leakage of PGA, but the main reason for loss of function is photoinactivation of electron transport. Both photosystems of the electron transport chain were damaged by light. (5) Protection against photoinactivation was provided by coupled electron transport. Photo­ inactivation of phosphate-deficient chloroplasts was less extensive in the presence of low C02 concentrations which permitted oxygenation of RuBP than at high CO2 concentrations. Electron transport to C02 and other physiological electron acceptors and to the herbicide methylviologen was also protective. However, electron transport to oxygen in the Mehler reaction failed to provide appreciable protection against high light intensities, because oxygen reduction is slow and reactive oxygen species produced in the light contribute to photoinactivation.
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Noetzel, David M., Michele Ricard, and Carlyle Holen. "Barley Thrips Control—Trial 1, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.194.

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Abstract Plots were located in a commercial field near Crookston, Minn. Plots were 10 × 30 ft, arranged ir a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held C02 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and a fina volume of 25 gal/acre. The stage of the barley at application time (11 Jul) was early heading. Pretreatment counts were taken on a 20 stem/plot sample. Posttreatment counts were taken 10 days after treatment. A total count consisted of adults plus nymphs, and percent reduction/plot was calculated. Percent control was transformed and then compared. Yields were taken from 3 sq. yards and adjusted for moisture before comparison.
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Brunke, E. G., C. Labuschagne, F. Slemr, R. Ebinghaus, and H. Kock. "ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY MEASUREMENTS AT CAPE POINT, SOUTH AFRICA." Clean Air Journal 18, no. 1 (June 3, 2010): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/caj/2010/18/1.7082.

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Over the 1995-2009 period the gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations have decreased by about 0.04 ng m-3 yr-1 -at Cape Point (CPT). A reduction of the same magnitude is indicated by measurements during intermittent ship cruises, implying a homogeneous distribution of GEM concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and a 30% reduction of its atmospheric burden. Almost all GEM measurements in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) point to a substantial decrease but the trends are inhomogeneous, most likely due to a variable source distribution. However, measurements in the NH during ship cruises suggest a trend of similar magnitude. A decrease in the total atmospheric GEM burden by about 30% is inconsistent with the current mercury budgets. The most probable explanation for this is subsiding re-emissions from the legacy of large past emissions. High-resolution data since 2007 revealed depletion (DES) as well as pollution events (PEs). Both types are embedded in air masses ranging from marine background to continental. The DES observed at Cape Point are a local phenomenon (<100 km) and are the first mercury depletion events reported outside the Polar Regions. In contrast to polar DES, the DES at CPT are not accompanied by concurrent O3 depletion. They mostly appear at wind speeds < 10 m s-1 and their predominating occurrence between 11 and 18 hours suggests a photochemical destruction mechanism which could not be explained yet. GEM correlates with CO, C02, and CH4 during most PES at CPT (GEM levels > 1.3 ng m-3) and with 222Rn during about half the events. Most of the observed GEM/CO emission ratios are within the range bracketed by values reported for biomass burning and industrial/urban emissions, thus suggesting a mixture of both. No significant differences of GEM/CO and GEM/C02 could be found between different source regions defined by backward trajectories. This implies that exceptionally high emissions ascribed to the Gauteng region in global mercury inventories are overestimated.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C02 reduction"

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Ramirez, Julio C. "Vehicular CO2 Reduction in the United States." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2014. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/428.

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As a consequence of the Arab oil embargo in 1973, the United States enacted the first Corporate Average Fuel Consumption standards in 1975 through the Energy Policy Conservation Act enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency. These standards were to improve the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-trucks. Increasing the fuel efficiency of vehicles has not been the only goal of the Environmental Protection Agency. Along the way it has been responsible for many laws regulating the amount of harmful exhaust pipe emissions released into the environment from the combustion of petroleum fuels. This has been accomplished by (but not limited to) requiring catalytic converters on vehicle exhaust systems, the elimination of lead from gasoline, and putting limits on smog causing nitrous oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and tailpipe particulate matter. In the United States, it is estimated that as of 2011, when compared to the Commercial and Residential, Agricultural, Electricity, and other industries, the transportation sector accounts for 28% of GHG (primarily CO2) emissions. According to the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), global CO2 concentrations in the environment have exceeded historic natural occurring levels. Since CO2 is a gas that naturally traps heat, it is believed to be the main cause of global warming. As a response to the threat of global warming, the United States once again has passed new CAFE standards for model year vehicles 2017 through 2025 to decrease the dependency on petroleum fuels and reducing CO2 in the environment. Enforced by the EPA and National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA), the law aims to double the current combined fuel efficiency of passenger cars and light-trucks by 2025 to 54.5 miles per gallon while capping the limit of tailpipe CO2 emissions to 163 grams per mile. As a responsible consumer, selecting a vehicle with high fuel efficiency and low CO2 emissions will play a key role in reduction of CO2 emissions in the automotive sector. The environment is something that the entire global population has in common, making us environmental stakeholders. As such, we must do our part to preserve the environment for future generations. (Picture on cover courtesy of www.car-emissions-explained.co.uk)
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Windle, Christopher D. "Photocatalytic CO2 reduction by porphyrin rhenium dyads." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4594/.

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The storage of solar energy in chemical fuel is currently under intense investigation, but many of the challenges associated with this goal remain un- surmounted. The investigation of supramolecular assemblies, in which one unit harvests visible light and transfers energy or electrons to another catalytic unit capable of energetically uphill chemical transformations, is of importance. This thesis describes the synthesis, electrochemistry, photochemistry and visible light CO2 photoreduction ability of several rhenium tricarbonyl appended zinc porphyrins. The basic structure comprises a zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin in which one phenyl possesses a NHCO group bound to bipyridine. The bipyridine is complexed to a Re(CO)3X unit. Introduction of a methoxybenzamide spacer produced [Dyad 2 Pic][OTf] and its bromide analogue. Synthetic methodology was developed for the introduction of a methylene spacer to produce [Dyad 3 Pic][OTf] and its bromide analogue. Further synthetic efforts produced routes to novel porphyrin and rhenium complexes possessing phosphonic acid groups for anchoring to metal oxide surfaces. In the ground states of the two dyads there is little interaction between the metalloporphyrin and rhenium units. However, emission quenching of the porphyrin by the rhenium was demonstrated. Remote site photosubstitution was observed in [Dyad 2 Pic][OTf]. Electrochemical and steady state emission studies indicate that electron transfer is energetically favourable in all systems except Dyad 3 Br. All the catalysts developed produced catalytic quantities of CO under visible light in CO2 saturated DMF/TEOA 5/1. Activity increases in the order Dyad 1 < Dyad 2 < particle system < two components < Dyad 3, reaching a turnover number of 360 for [Dyad 3 Pic][OTf]. TRIR experiments demonstrated that the lifetime of charge separation in the dyads increases in the order [Dyad 1 Pic][OTf] < [Dyad 2 Pic][OTf] < [Dyad 3 Pic][OTf] and is 335 ps for [Dyad 3 Pic][OTf], consistent with catalytic activity. Reaction mixture analysis by UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry indicated hydrogenation of the porphyrin, the product of which is also active for CO2 photoreduction. ESI-MS studies showed that substitution of the picoline ligand by TEOA and DMF occurred. The Re and porphyrin units were successfully immobilised on TiO2 nanoparticles. The Re catalyst anchored on TiO2 is active for CO2 photoreduction under visible light. Addition of the porphyrin, and its selective excitation, produced catalytic quantities of CO (TON = 32). This confirmed sensitisation of the Re complex around the TiO2 particle. Electrochemical and steady state emission studies indicate a porphyrin to TiO2 then TiO2 to Re electron transfer mechanism is favourable.
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Rong, Yu. "FCC regeneration process design for co2 emissions reduction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505485.

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Parra, Puerto Andrés. "Towards Artificial Photosynthesis: Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction to Solar Fuels." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/347965.

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This thesis is devoted to prove the concept of the CO(2) reduction to CH(4) with a decreasing in the voltage requirements using a photocatalytic mechanism. Subsequently, part of the solar energy is transferred to the reaction, obtaining an improvement in the total energy balance. The work developed intends first, to take advantage of the know features of the photoactive nanostructured materials obtained by anodization and hydrothermal synthesis (allowing to obtain better surface areas and improving the photon collection, light photosynthetic reactions). Second investigate the copper and copper oxide cathodes for the CO(2) electroreduction activity to CH(4) (dark photosynthetic reactions) using a complete cell to understand the parameters involved in the process and the products selectivity for each cathodes. And third the implementation of the photoanode and cathode in a photoelectrochemical complete cell. Respect the photoactive materials we are going to talk about TiO(2) based nanostructured materials for water splitting. The first TiO(2) nanostructuration under study are nanotubes obtained by anodization of a Titanium foil using organic electrolytes. The TiO(2) crystal phase obtained by this technique was anatase. The next step in this material was the surface modification to improve the efficiency. To obtain this improvement the anodization process was done using two electrolytes in different steps. As sequence a porous surface with an increment in the surface area was obtained. After, the photoelectrochemical measurements were done in 1 M of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under AM 1.5G illumination source to observe the photoactivity of these samples. The second nanostructured materials under study were TiO(2) nanorods obtained by hydrothermal synthesis over a conductive glass substrate, Fluorine Tin Oxide (FTO). The nanorods using this technique have rutile structure. An optimization of two parameters involved in the hydrothermal synthesis was studied: (1) initial titanium precursor concentration and (2) increasing the chlorine concentration to obtain larger and thinner rods. To enhance the photoactivity of TiO(2) we try to incorporate other materials inside the structure. The materials selected were: tin which improves the charge carriers, vanadium which allows the absorption in the visible range and nitrogen doping to enhance the efficiency in the photoactivity of the material. Concerning to methane production study, a discussion about the electrochemical CO(2) reduction activity over a copper based electrode using a hydrogen carbonate as supporting electrolyte was done, where the positive ions used are sodium and potassium. The first electrode selected is a pristine copper due to the interest of the methane production. The samples were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) to visualize the surface morphology and the crystal structure of the electrode. Afterwards, the electrochemical process is studied to understand the activity of these electrodes. Chronopotentiostatic (CP) experiments were done at different current densities to observe the activity as a function of the reached potential. The second electrode under study was a copper oxide cathode. In the electrochemical experiments an effect was studied related to the electrochemical reduction of the different copper oxide layers generated during the thermal synthesis, leading to a catalytically active copper that enables carbon dioxide reduction. With this type of electrodes a time- dependence test was done to carefully study these crystallographic changes. Finally, another important variable for CO(2) conversion was studied, the humidification of the CO(2) gas stream before the introduction in the electrochemical cell with the impact on the faradaic efficiency of the process. In the implementation in the PEC cell an evaluation of the photoanode and cathode was done. In this evaluation, the external potential requirements were studied concerning about the energy consumption and the benefit from the photoactivated process.
Esta tesis se ha desarrollado con el objetivo de probar el concepto de la reducción del dióxido de carbono a metano, mediante una reducción de los potenciales necesarios usando un mecanismo fotocatalítico. Parte de la energía solar es transferida a la reacción obteniendo una mejora en el balance energético total. El trabajo desarrollado se focaliza primero en el estudio de materiales nanoestructurados fotoactivos basados en dióxido de titanio obtenidos por anodización, generando nanotubos, y por síntesis hidrotermal obteniendo nanohilos sobre un sustrato conductor transparente, los cuales permiten obtener mayores superficies activas mejorando la colección de fotones, similar a las reacciones luminosas en la fotosíntesis. En segundo lugar, se ha estudiado la electroreducción del dióxido de carbono a metano usando cátodos de cobre y oxido de cobre (similar a las reacciones oscuras de la fotosíntesis). Usando el cobre como cátodo, se ha observado la obtención de metano a diferentes densidades de corriente aplicadas para poder observar la productividad respecto al potencial medido. Para el caso de los cátodos de óxido de cobre, no se ha encontrado producción de metano pero si de etileno. En estos cátodos se ha observado un efecto proveniente de la reducción de las capas de los diferentes óxidos de cobre, generados en la síntesis térmica, hacia un cobre catalíticamente activo para la reacción de reducción del dióxido de carbono. Este efecto se ha estudiado profundamente mediante un estudio de los cambios cristalográficos y superficiales a determinados tiempos. Finalmente, se ha estudiado el efecto de la humidificación del dióxido de carbono (gas) previa a la entrada a la celda electroquímica. Como parte final se ha realizado una evaluación energética de los fotoánodos generados por síntesis hidrotermal y de los cátodos basados en cobre estudiados, para poder implementar ambos en una celda fotoelectroquímica completa. En esta parte se ha estudiado los valores de los potenciales externos necesarios para que se pueda dar la reacción, asumiendo un 100% de eficiencia hacia la producción de metano para los cátodos de cobre y de etileno para los de óxido de cobre.
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Grönninger, Philipp [Verfasser], and Dirk [Gutachter] Guldi. "Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 / Philipp Grönninger ; Gutachter: Dirk Guldi." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130869482/34.

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Touhami, Dalila. "Pyridine assisted CO2 reduction to methanol at high pressure." Thesis, University of Hull, 2015. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16572.

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Significant research efforts have been directed towards exploring electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to fuels such as methanol. Bocarsly et al (Princeton University) have recently reported the use of aromatic amines (e.g. pyridine (C5H5N)) as electrocatalysts in aqueous electrolytes for the reduction of CO2 at low overpotentials (50-150 mV). Importantly, the CO2-pyridine reduction process was claimed to selectively produce methanol with Faradaic efficiencies of ~100% on p-GaP electrode and 22-30% on Pt and Pd electrodes. Moreover, the initially proposed mechanism based on a radical intermediate interaction with CO2 as a key step toward the production of methanol was subsequently disproved. In this project, methanol formation by the CO2-pyridine (C5H5N) system was assessed by conducting electrolysis under various conditions at platinum electrodes. High pressure CO2 was used with the aim of increasing the methanol yield. In the course of the present study, the bulk electrolysis confirmed the methanol production at 1 bar and at 55bar of CO2 in the presence of pyridine. However, the methanol yield was found to be persistently limited to sub-ppm level (< 1ppm) under all conditions investigated. The observed methanol yield limitation could not be overcome by the electrode reactivation techniques used. Moreover, the methanol formation seemed unaffected by the current density or the biasing mode. This was an indication of the independence of methanol production from the charge transfer on the electrode. In agreement with these observations, analysis of the voltammetric data supported by simulation revealed that the CO2-pyridine reduction system is mainly pyridinium assisted molecular hydrogen production under all conditions investigated. In particular, protonated pyridine (C5H5N) ‘pyridinium’ was confirmed to behave as a weak acid on platinum. It was found that CO2 is merely a proton source of pyridine reprotonation via the hydration reaction followed by carbonic acid dissociation. The reprotonation reaction coupled to the electrode reaction ultimately leads to the dihydrogen production. No direct contribution of CO2 in the reduction process was observed. The production of methanol seems to occur chemically rather than directly driven by the charge transfer on the electrode. The role of pyridine (C5H5N) appears to be restricted to assisting in the generation of the hydrogen necessary for the alcohol production.
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Woolerton, Thomas William. "Development of enzymatic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:393741ac-94b1-4d56-b680-d9a434db77e2.

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One of today’s most pressing scientific challenges is the conception, development and deployment of renewable energy technologies that will meet the demands of a rapidly increasing population. The motivation is not only dwindling fossil fuel reserves, but also the necessary curtailment of emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (a product of burning fossil fuels). The sun provides a vast amount of energy (120,000 TW globally), and one major challenge is the conversion of a fraction of this energy into chemical energy, thereby allowing it to be stored. Dihydrogen (H₂) that is produced from water is an attractive candidate to store solar energy (a ‘solar fuel’), as are high energy carbon-containing molecules (such as CO) that are formed directly from carbon dioxide. One key aspect is the development of catalysts that are able to offer high rates and efficiencies. In biology, some microbes acquire energy from the metabolism of H₂ and CO. The biological catalysts - enzymes - that are responsible are hydrogenases (for the oxidation of H₂ to protons); and carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs, for the oxidation of CO to CO₂). These redox enzymes, containing nickel and iron as the only metals, are extraordinary in terms of their catalytic characteristics: many are fully reversible catalysts and offer very high turnover frequencies (thousands per second are common), with only tiny energy input requirements. This Thesis uses a hydrogenase from the bacterium Escherichia coli, and two CODHs from the bacterium Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, as the catalysts in H2 production and CO₂ reduction systems. Chapter 3 describes the concept and development not of a solar fuel system, but of a device that catalyses the water-gas shift reaction (the reaction between CO and water to form H₂ and CO₂) - a process of major industrial importance for the production of high purity H₂. Chapters 4, 5 and 6 detail photochemical CO₂ reduction systems that are driven by visible light. These systems, operating under mild, aqueous conditions, involve CODHs attached either to TiO₂ nanoparticles that are sensitised to visible light by the co-attachment of a ruthenium-based dye complex, or to cadmium sulfide nanomaterials that, having a narrow band gap, are inherently photoexcitable by visible light. The motivation here is not the construction of technological devices; indeed, the enzymes that are used are fragile, highly sensitive to oxygen, and impossible to scale to industrial levels. Rather, the drivers are those of scientific curiosity (can the incorporation of these remarkable biological catalysts enable the creation of outstanding solar fuel devices?), and of producing systems that serve as benchmarks and inspiration for the development of fully synthetic systems that are robust and scalable.
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Wilson, Solita. "Activation and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Bis-Mesityl Imidazole Ylidene." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1559308312820674.

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Ka, Seon Young. "Studies on the Reactivity of a Bis–Mesityl Imidazolyl Carbene Intermediate toward Carbon Dioxide and Stability of the Resulting Carboxylate." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1566315034568426.

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Jikai, Zhang. "CDM projects and China’s CO2 emission reduction in 2006-2020." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58646.

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The Clean Development Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol created a new age for current global emission situation. China, who owns over one third of the whole CDM projects in the world, occupies the main part of CDM development. As one of the biggest and most active economy, China declared that they would reduce their carbon emission by 40%-45% per unit GDP in 2020 compared with the 2005 level, in which CDM has the chance to highlight its value. By the day 28 April 2010, there are 814 registered CDM projects distributed in different provinces in China mainland and this number is still increasing rapidly. Because of large number of CDM projects and the significantly distinct situations in different regions of China, the author chooses two provinces, Shandong and Shaanxi, in east and west of China respectively, as representative samples to do this study. This essay investigates the current situation of CDM projects in those two provinces, and studies the contribution of these projects to emission reduction of Shandong and Shaanxi provinces in last and the next several years. The result shows that CDM projects do contribute to future potential emission reduction but their contribution are limited in these two provinces.
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Books on the topic "C02 reduction"

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Weichselbaumer, Melanie. Pyridine-functionalized Polymeric Catalysts for CO2-Reduction. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10358-3.

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Markiewicz, Michal. Reduction of CO2 Emissions from Road Transport in Cities. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-16319-8.

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Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan. Understanding the Dynamics of Nuclear Power and the Reduction of CO2 Emissions. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04341-3.

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Antonio, Rosado Juan, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Apoptosis: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasi. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009.

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Imriš, Ivan. Reduction of CO2 emission by implementation of renewable resources in Central Europe regions in the context of EU energy policy: International Summer School, Bielawa-Wrocław, September 1-13, 2009 : proceedings. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2009.

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International, Summer School "Reduction of CO₂ Emssion by Implementation of Renewable Resources in Central Europe Regions in the Context of EU Energy Policy" (2008 Bielawa Wrocław Poland). Reduction of CO2 emission by implementation of renewable resources in Central Europe regions in the context of EU energy policy: International Summer School, proceedings, Bieława-Wrocław, September 1-14, 2008. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej, 2008.

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Quillin, Keith. Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements: C02 Reduction, Concrete Properties and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2007.

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Ishida, Hitoshi, Charles Machan, Marc Robert, and Nobuharu Iwasawa, eds. Molecular Catalysts for CO2 Fixation/Reduction. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-622-8.

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Weichselbaumer, Melanie. Pyridine-functionalized Polymeric Catalysts for CO2-Reduction. Springer Spektrum, 2015.

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Weichselbaumer, Melanie. Pyridine-Functionalized Polymeric Catalysts for CO2-Reduction. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "C02 reduction"

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Albero, Josep, and Hermenegildo García. "Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 1–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48719-8_1.

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Seebacher, Roland. "Mission CO2 Reduction." In CONAT 2016 International Congress of Automotive and Transport Engineering, 451–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45447-4_50.

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Sato, Shunsuke. "Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction." In Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 1535–38. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_491.

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Sápi, András, Rajkumar Thangavel, Mohit Yadav, János Kiss, Ákos Kukovecz, and Zoltán Kónya. "Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 605–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77371-7_20.

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Tomisaki, Mai, and Yasuaki Einaga. "Electrochemical CO2 Reduction." In Diamond Electrodes, 161–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7834-9_10.

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Goddard, William A. "Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction." In Computational Materials, Chemistry, and Biochemistry: From Bold Initiatives to the Last Mile, 1265–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18778-1_66.

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Chen, Tony A. "CO2 Capture and Utilization." In Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction, 373–464. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5295-1_10.

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Teipel, U., and I. Mikonsaari. "Size Reduction." In Energetic Materials, 27–52. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527603921.ch2.

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Simakov, David S. A. "Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2." In Renewable Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals from Carbon Dioxide, 27–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61112-9_2.

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Simakov, David S. A. "Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2." In Renewable Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals from Carbon Dioxide, 43–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61112-9_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "C02 reduction"

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Albert Gascón-Vallbona, Albert Gascón-Vallbona, and Marc Soler Aldea Marc Soler Aldea. "Comparison of CFD methods with air drag test values for commercial vehicles." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-epv-041.

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"This paper presents the work carried out by Applus+ IDIADA on the effect that trailer drag reducing devices have on the overall truck aerodynamic performance, as well as proving the applicability and feasibility of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as alternative approach to Constant Speed Testing (CST) when predicting the changes in CDxA [m2]. Out of all possible solutions for reducing aerodynamic resistance on semitrailers, boat tails and side skirts seem to be the most popular devices nowadays. Other potential drag reduction devices such as vortex generators, trailer diffusers or trailer undertrays have also been identified and are not rare in other markets with a more mature regulation regarding CO2 emissions, such as the United States. For starters, simple and non-commercial shapes mimicking a 400mm boat tail and a short version of trailer side skirts, covering only the side ride protection bars, were manufactured and tested at the IDIADA Proving Ground facilities according to the test procedure described in Annex 8 of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/2400 of 12 December 2017. The vehicle configuration consisted of an IVECO Stralis equipped with their Hi-Way Cabin from 2016 and a standard semitrailer “ST1” manufactured by Schmitz Cargobull. In total, four different configurations were tested, consisting of the standard configuration (C00) and its variants: Boat tail (C01), side skirts (C02) and both devices mounted together (C03). This later configuration was also used to identify potential effects when mounting more than one device at a time. Parallel to the experimental approach, the corresponding virtual 3D models were built and simulated with the commercial code STAR-CCM+® by SIEMENS following two different strategies: steady-state and transient approaches. This work shows the potential of virtual tools, such as CFD, proving the accuracy in which not only changes in aerodynamic resistance are predicted, but also absolute drag coefficient values and, as a consequence, opening the door to potential future virtual homologation processes."
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Milani, Massimo, Luca Montorsi, Stefano Terzi, Gelmini Mario, Fabrizio Panizzolo, and Giovanni Profumo. "Fuel Consumption Reduction of Off-Road Vehicles by Improving the Efficiency of the Hydromechanical Variable Transmission’s Lubrication and Actuation Systems." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23822.

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Abstract The paper investigates the efficiency of a hydro-mechanical variable transmission combining experimental and numerical approaches in order to develop operating strategies for power transmission losses reduction due to hydraulic circuits design. Two operating regions, characterized by high working time, have been detected analyzing the telescopic boom handler load spectral map of a real off-road vehicle transmission; the first one characterized by high output speed and the second one by low speed and torque transmission. The efficiency of the former region has been increased by improving the fluid dynamic behavior of the lubrication system, which is greatly affected by the high flow rate generated by the fixed displacement pump operating at high speed, while the latter has been improved regulating the flow pressure of the actuation system with a controlled relief valve. The power losses of the system are experimentally determined testing an instrumented transmission on an ad-hoc test rig. CFD dynamic models are adopted for the lubrication circuit optimization, addressing its real geometrical features as well as the actual operating conditions. Furthermore, the influence of the hydrodynamic resistance of the reverse and first wet clutches on the transmission power losses is investigated regulating the lubrication flow through an on/off valve. Tests demonstrated that up to 6.5 kW can be saved at high transmission ratios. Finally, the effect of the two regulating strategies have been estimated in terms of energy saving and C02 emission reduction on the total vehicle life. Results proved that 5600 kWh and 7250 kWh saved energy can be achieved for the two strategies corresponding to 3.7 tons and 4.6 tons of avoided CO2 respectively.
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Cantiani, Antonio, Annarita Viggiano, and Vinicio Magi. "A CFD Model of Supercritical Water Injection for ICEs as Energy Recovery System." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0001.

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Broatch, Alberto, Pablo Olmeda, Jaime Martin, and Amin Dreif. "Numerical Study of the Maximum Impact on Engine Efficiency When Insulating the Engine Exhaust Manifold and Ports during Steady and Transient Conditions." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0002.

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Belgiorno, Giacomo, Andrea Boscolo, Gennaro Dileo, Fabio Numidi, Francesco Concetto Pesce, Alberto Vassallo, Roberto Ianniello, Carlo Beatrice, and Gabriele Di Blasio. "Experimental Study of Additive-Manufacturing-Enabled Innovative Diesel Combustion Bowl Features for Achieving Ultra-Low Emissions and High Efficiency." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0003.

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Di Battista, Davide, Roberto Cipollone PhD, and Roberto Carapellucci PhD. "A Novel Option for Direct Waste Heat Recovery from Exhaust Gases of Internal Combustion Engines." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0004.

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Fornarelli, Francesco, Sergio Camporeale, and Vinicio Magi. "A Numerical Investigation of VVA Influence on the Combustion Phase for Premixed Combustion Engine under Partial Load Conditions." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0005.

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Mafrici, Salvatore. "Study of Friction Reduction Potential in Light- Duty Diesel Engines by Lightweight Crankshaft Design Coupled with Low Viscosity Oil." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0006.

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Marelli, Silvia, and Vittorio Usai. "Experimental Evaluation of the Performance of an Automotive Electric Supercharger." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0008.

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Vacca, Antonino, Francesco Cupo, Marco Chiodi, Michael Bargende, Maziar Khosravi, and Oliver Berkemeier. "The Virtual Engine Development for Enhancing the Compression Ratio of DISI-Engines Combining Water Injection, Turbulence Increase and Miller Strategy." In CO2 Reduction for Transportation Systems Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0010.

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Reports on the topic "C02 reduction"

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Edward N. Steadman, John A. Harju, Erin M. O'Leary, James A. Sorensen, Daniel J. Daly, Melanie D. Jensen, and Lisa S. Botnen. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887221.

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Edward N. Steadman, John A. Harju, Erin M. O'Leary, James A. Sorensen, Daniel J. Daly, Melanie D. Jensen, and Thea E. Reikoff. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887222.

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Edward N. Steadman, John A. Harju, Erin M. O'Leary, James A. Sorensen, Daniel J. Daly, Melanie D. Jensen, and Thea E. Reikoff. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887223.

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Edward N. Steadman, John A. Harju, Erin M. O'Leary, James A. Sorensen, Daniel J. Daly, Melanie D. Jensen, and Thea E. Reikoff. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887224.

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Edward N. Steadman. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887227.

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Thomas A. Erickson. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887235.

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Thomas A. Erickson. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822889.

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Edward N. Steadman, Daniel J. Daly, Lynette L. de Silva, John A. Harju, Melanie D. Jensen, Erin M. O'Leary, Wesley D. Peck, Steven A. Smith, and James A. Sorensen. PLAINS CO2 REDUCTION (PCOR) PARTNERSHIP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/887132.

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Betley, Theodore, M. Lalonde, G. T. Sazama, and A. B. Scharf. Bifunctional Catalysts for CO2 Reduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610432.

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Meyer, Thomas J. Homogeneous Solution Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada231921.

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