Academic literature on the topic 'C. W. (Christopher William) Richmond'

The Midyear Council Meeting of The Paleontological Society (PS) was called to order by President Patricia H. “Tricia” Kelley on 10 March 2001 at 8:10 hrs in Room 291 of Mendenhall Laboratory on the campus of The Ohio State University. Attending were Council members William I. Ausich, Thomas W. Kammer, Carl W. Stock, Christopher G. Maples, Nigel C. Hughes, Seth Finnegan, Ann F. “Nancy” Budd, Mark A. Wilson, Dale A. Springer, Russell H. “Tim” White, Jed Day, and Elizabeth “Liz” Nesbitt. Steven J. Hageman, and Peter J. Harries were also present.

During the first decade of his tenure as dean of Harvard Law School (HLS) from 1870 to 1895, Christopher C. Langdell (1826–1906) produced closely related works on contracts and sales that exercised great influence pedagogically and jurisprudentially. Pedagogically, the casebooks on contracts and sales introduced case method teaching into American legal education. In jurisprudential terms, these works placed Langdell with Frederick Pollock and William R. Anson in England and Oliver W. Holmes, Jr., in the United States, as the leading theorists of contract during its “golden age” of “overwhelming predominance” in Anglo-American law.

-Bill Maurer, Mimi Sheller, Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies. New York: Routledge, 2003. ix + 252 pp.-Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Richard Price ,The root of roots: Or, how Afro-American anthropology got its start. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press/University of Chicago Press, 2003. 91 pp., Sally Price (eds)-Holly Snyder, Paolo Bernardini ,The Jews and the expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001. xv + 567 pp., Norman Fiering (eds)-Bridget Brereton, Seymour Drescher, The mighty experiment: Free labor versus slavery in British emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. 307 pp.-Jean Besson, Kathleen E.A. Monteith ,Jamaica in slavery and freedom: History, heritage and culture. Kingston; University of the West Indies Press, 2002. xx + 391 pp., Glen Richards (eds)-Michaeline A. Crichlow, Jean Besson, Martha Brae's two histories: European expansion and Caribbean culture-building in Jamaica. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. xxxi + 393 pp.-Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Joseph C. Dorsey, Slave traffic in the age of abolition: Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the Non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815-1859. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvii + 311 pp.-Arnold R. Highfield, Erik Gobel, A guide to sources for the history of the Danish West Indies (U.S. Virgin Islands), 1671-1917. Denmark: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2002. 350 pp.-Sue Peabody, David Patrick Geggus, Haitian revolutionary studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xii + 334 pp.-Gerdès Fleurant, Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, power, and performance in Haiti and its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. xviii + 259 pp. and CD demo.-Michiel Baud, Ernesto Sagás ,The Dominican people: A documentary history. Princeton NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2003. xiii + 278 pp., Orlando Inoa (eds)-Samuel Martínez, Richard Lee Turits, Foundations of despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo regime, and modernity in Dominican history. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. x + 384 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Almoina, Galíndez y otros crímenes de Trujillo en el extranjero. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2001. 147 pp.''Diario de una misión en Washington. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 2002. 526 pp.-Gerben Nooteboom, Aspha Bijnaar, Kasmoni: Een spaartraditie in Suriname en Nederland. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 2002. 378 pp.-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Chan E.S. Choenni ,Hindostanen: Van Brits-Indische emigranten via Suriname tot burgers van Nederland. The Hague: Communicatiebureau Sampreshan, 2003. 224 pp., Kanta Sh. Adhin (eds)-Dirk H.A. Kolff, Sandew Hira, Het dagboek van Munshi Rahman Khan. The Hague: Amrit/Paramaribo: NSHI, 2003. x + 370 pp.-William H. Fisher, Neil L. Whitehead, Dark Shamans: Kanaimà and the poetics of violent death. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 309 pp.-David Scott, A.J. Simoes da Silva, The luxury of nationalist despair: George Lamming's fiction as decolonizing project. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000. 217 pp.-Lyn Innes, Maria Cristina Fumagalli, The flight of the vernacular. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. xvi + 303 pp.-Maria Cristina Fumagalli, Tobias Döring, Caribbean-English passages: Intertextuality in a postcolonial tradition. London: Routledge, 2002. xii + 236 pp.-A. James Arnold, Celia Britton, Race and the unconscious: Freudianism in French Caribbean thought. Oxford: Legenda, 2002. 115 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Dorothy E. Mosby, Place, language, and identity in Afro-Costa Rican literature. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003. xiii + 248 pp.-Stephen Steumpfle, Philip W. Scher, Carnival and the formation of a Caribbean transnation. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003. xvi + 215 pp.-Peter Manuel, Frances R. Aparicho ,Musical migrations: transnationalism and cultural hybridity in Latin/o America, Volume 1. With Maria Elena Cepeda. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 216 pp., Candida F. Jaquez (eds)-Jorge Pérez Rolón, Maya Roy, Cuban Music. London: Latin America Bureau/Princeton NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2002. ix + 246 pp.-Bettina M. Migge, Gary C. Fouse, The story of Papiamentu: A study in slavery and language. Lanham MD: University Press of America, 2002. x + 261 pp.-John M. McWhorter, Bettina Migge, Creole formation as language contact: the case of the Suriname creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003. xii + 151 pp.

Background:The Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score (SNAPS; range 0-40: scored one point each for the presence of pitting, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis and/or severe nail disease#in each fingernail) has been utilised to collect data regarding psoriatic nail dystrophy in the Bath Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Longitudinal cohort for many years. SNAPS has construct validity in PsA with the modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI) as a comparator instrument and appears to be more feasible than mNAPSI with excellent reliability1.Objectives:We aimed to determine if SNAPS could demonstrate longitudinal sensitivity to change in a cohort of patients treated with biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) and therefore be utilized prospectively in observational and clinical trial settings.Methods:Patients enrolled in the Bath PsA longitudinal cohort routinely undergo clinical assessments including a 66/68 Swollen and Tender Joint Count (SJC/TJC), Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), Patient Global Assessment (PtGA) and Physician Global Assessment (PhGA), as well as complete patient-reported outcome measures such as the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Dermatology Quality of Life (Derm-QoL). All patients who commenced treatment with Etanercept and had available outcome data at baseline, 3 months and 6 months were included in this retrospective analysis. Baseline demographics were recorded and paired t-tests were utilized to assess the change in SNAPS at 3 and 6 months. The effect size and measurement error of SNAPS in this cohort were measured. Correlations between SNAPS and other outcome measures were assessed using Pearson’s r.Results:Fifty-seven patients (32 male and 25 female) with available data were retrospectively analysed. The mean (±SD) age of the cohort and duration of disease was 61.3 (±11.55) and 13.3 (±10.82) years respectively. The mean SNAPS at baseline was 3.7 (±6.13) and improved to 2.0 (3.74, p=0.018) at 3 months and 1.2 (2.40) at 6 months (p=0.001 for change from baseline and p=0.039 for change from month 3). The smallest detectable difference at 3 months for SNAPS in this cohort was 1.35, representing 3.37% of the range of the score (Table 2). The standardised response mean (SRM) was 0.32 at 3 months and 0.44 at 6 months. There was a modest correlation between the improvement in the SNAPS score and the improvement in PASI and Derm QOL at 3 months (r = 0.511 and 0.558 respectively, p=0.001) and 6 months (r= 0.672, p<0.001 and r=0.510, p=0.003 respectively).Conclusion:SNAPS demonstrates sensitivity to change in response to treatment with a bDMARD and could be a potential outcome measure for the assessment of treatment efficacy in prospective studies.References:[1]Antony A, Hart D, Cavill C, Korendowych E, McHugh N, Lovell C, Tillett W. The ‘Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score’ (SNAPS) Is Feasible, Reliable and Demonstrates Construct Validity Against the mNAPSI in an Observational Cohort of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis [abstract].Arthritis Rheumatol.2019; 71 (suppl 10).Table 1.Outcomes at Baseline, 3 months and 6 monthsMean (SD) or Median [IQR]Baseline3 Months(p for change from baseline)6 Months(p for change from baseline)PASI (0-72)3.0 (4.80)1.6 (2.12) p=0.011.3 (1.6) p=0.002SNAPS (0-40)3.7 (6.13)2.0 (3.73) p=0.0181.2 (2.39) p=0.001Derm-QoL (0-30)5.7 (7.07)1.95 (3.23) p=0.001 (n=33)1.9(4.72) p=0.037 (n=31)Table 2.Measurement Error for SNAPS in an Etanercept CohortTimeframeStandardised Response MeanStandard Error of MeanSmallest Detectable ChangeSmallest Detectable Change (% of total score)Smallest Detectable DifferenceSmallest Detectable Difference (% of total score)0-3 months0.320.691.914.771.353.370-6 months0.440.742.065.151.463.64Disclosure of Interests:Anna Antony: None declared, Sadaf Saeed: None declared, Darren Hart: None declared, Preeti Nair: None declared, Charlotte Cavill: None declared, Eleanor Korendowych: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Christopher Lovell: None declared, William Tillett Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, MSD, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB

Background:Longitudinal observational data on psoriatic nail dystrophy is scarce, in part due to the lack of a validated outcome measure that is feasible in routine care. The Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score (SNAPS; range 0-40: scored one point each for the presence of pitting, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis and/or severe nail disease#in each fingernail) has face validity and has recently demonstrated feasibility, reliability and cross-sectional construct validity against the modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI; range 0-130)1.Objectives:We aimed to assess the longitudinal construct validity of SNAPS against the mNAPSI and physician nail VAS (PhNVAS), and to determine the effect size and measurement error of these tools.Methods:Consenting consecutive patients enrolled in the Bath Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) longitudinal cohort underwent photography of their fingernails at baseline1and 6 months alongside routine clinical assessments. Dorsal images of individual fingernails were acquired using a tripod mounted DSLR camera. An angled mirror positioned distally aided identification of hyperkeratosis. Photograps were scored using SNAPS, mNAPSI and PhNVAS1. Paired statistical analyses were conducted to assess for change in scores from baseline to follow-up. Pairwise correlations between change in SNAPS and change in mNAPSI and PhyNVAS were assessed using Spearman’s rho. Effect sizes and measurement error were calculated.Results:Fifteen patients with a mean (±SD) age of 54.5 (±10.59) were assessed at 6 months. There was a significant reduction in both the mNAPSI and SNAPS scores (p<0.005), with improvements in the most frequently-observed manifestations1i.e. pitting, onycholysis, hyperkeratosis and crumbling (Table 1). No other feature specific to mNAPSI improved over time. There was no significant change using the PhyNVAS. There was a strong correlation between changes in SNAPS and the mNAPSI (Figure 1; rho = 0.838, p<0.001). The correlation between change in SNAPS and PhyNVAS was not statistically significant (rho =0.45, p=0.095) (Figure 1). The change in mNAPSI correlated moderately with the PhNVAS (rho = 0.540, p=0.038). mNAPSI was superior to SNAPS in most parameters of measurement error (Table 2). The mNAPSI and SNAPS had similar effect sizes as measured by the SRM (Table 2).Conclusion:SNAPS demonstrates longitudinal construct validity against the mNAPSI in a small observational cohort of PsA patients as evidenced by a strong correlation between the measures, comparable effect sizes and sensitivity to change over time. Whilst measurement error parameters favored the mNAPSI, SNAPS may be a more feasible measure for studying nail disease in cohort studies.References:[1]Antony A, Hart D, Cavill C, Korendowych E, McHugh N, Lovell C, Tillett W. The ‘Severity of Nail Psoriasis Score’ (SNAPS) Is Feasible, Reliable and Demonstrates Construct Validity Against the mNAPSI in an Observational Cohort of Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis [abstract].Arthritis Rheumatol.2019; 71 (suppl 10).Table 1.Outcomes at Baseline and at Follow-Up:OutcomeMean (SD) or Median (IQR) N=15t-test or Wilcoxon Sign Rank test (p-value)BaselineFollow-upSNAPS13.0 [8.00-21.00]5.0 [2.00-11.00]0.002*mNAPSI22.0 [12.00-35.00]6.0 [4.00-15.00]0.001*Physician Nail VAS23.3 (22.90)15.8 (15.22)0.147Physician Global VAS18.0 [10.75-32.75]15.0 [10.00-30.00]0.455Table 2.Measurement error of SNAPS, mNAPSI, PtNVAS and PhyNVASSRMSEMSDCSDC % (% of total score)SDDSDD% (% of total score)SNAPS1.151.716.7216.793.368.40mNAPSI1.153.5113.7410.576.875.29Physician Nail VAS0.404.7118.4714.219.237.10Figure 1.Correlation between changes in SNAPS and changes in mNAPSIDisclosure of Interests:Anna Antony: None declared, Sadaf Saeed: None declared, Darren Hart: None declared, Preeti Nair: None declared, Charlotte Cavill: None declared, Eleanor Korendowych: None declared, Neil McHugh: None declared, Christopher Lovell: None declared, William Tillett Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, MSD, Pfizer Inc, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, UCB

-Stanley L. Engerman, Heather Cateau ,Capitalism and slavery fifty years later: Eric Eustace Williams - A reassessment of the man and his work. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. xvii + 247 pp., S.H.H. Carrington (eds)-Philip D. Morgan, B.W. Higman, Writing West Indian histories. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1999. xiv + 289 pp.-Daniel Vickers, Alison Games, Migration and the origins of the English Atlantic world. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xiii + 322 pp.-Christopher L. Brown, Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy, An empire divided: The American revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. xviii + 357 pp.-Lennox Honychurch, Samuel M. Wilson, The indigenous people of the Caribbean. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. xiv + 253 pp.-Kenneth Bilby, Bev Carey, The Maroon story: The authentic and original history of the Maroons in the history of Jamaica 1490-1880. St. Andrew, Jamaica: Agouti Press, 1997. xvi + 656 pp.-Bernard Moitt, Doris Y. Kadish, Slavery in the Caribbean Francophone world: Distant voices, forgotten acts, forged identities. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000. xxiii + 247 pp.-Michael J. Guasco, Virginia Bernhard, Slaves and slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1999. xviii + 316 pp.-Michael J. Jarvis, Roger C. Smith, The maritime heritage of the Cayman Islands. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xxii + 230 pp.-Paul E. Hoffman, Peter R. Galvin, Patterns of pillage: A geography of Caribbean-based piracy in Spanish America, 1536-1718. New York: Peter Lang, 1999. xiv + 271 pp.-David M. Stark, Raúl Mayo Santana ,Cadenas de esclavitud...y de solidaridad: Esclavos y libertos en San Juan,siglo XIX. Río Piedras: Centro de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1997. 204 pp., Mariano Negrón Portillo, Manuel Mayo López (eds)-Ada Ferrer, Philip A. Howard, Changing history: Afro-Cuban Cabildos and societies of color in the nineteenth century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. xxii + 227 pp.-Alvin O. Thompson, Maurice St. Pierre, Anatomy of resistance: Anti-colonialism in Guyana 1823-1966. London: Macmillan, 1999. x + 214 pp.-Linda Peake, Barry Munslow, Guyana: Microcosm of sustainable development challenges. Aldershot, U.K. and Brookfield VT: Ashgate, 1998. x + 130 pp.-Stephen Stuempfle, Peter Mason, Bacchanal! The carnival culture of Trinidad. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, 1998. 191 pp.-Christine Chivallon, Catherine Benoît, Corps, jardins, mémoires: Anthropologie du corps et de l' espace à la Guadeloupe. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2000. 309 pp.-Katherine E. Browne, Mary C. Waters, Black identities: Wsst Indian immigrant dreams and American realities. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. xvii + 413 pp.-Eric Paul Roorda, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo - Los días finales: 1960-61. Colección de documentos del Departamento de Estado, la CIA y los archivos del Palacio Nacional Dominicano. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1999. xx+ 783 pp.-Javier Figueroa-de Cárdenas, Charles D. Ameringer, The Cuban democratic experience: The Auténtico years, 1944-1952. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ix + 230 pp.-Robert Lawless, Charles T. Williamson, The U.S. Naval mission to Haiti, 1959-1963. Annapolis MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999. xv + 395 pp.-Noel Leo Erskine, Arthur Charles Dayfoot, The shaping of the West Indian Church, 1492-1962. Kingston: The Press University of the West Indies; Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1999. xvii + 360 pp.-Edward Baugh, Laurence A. Breiner, An introduction to West Indian poetry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. xxii + 261 pp.-Lydie Moudileno, Heather Hathaway, Caribbean waves: Relocating Claude McKay and Paule Marshall. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. xi + 201 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Claudette M. Williams, Charcoal and cinnamon: The politics of color in Spanish Caribbean literature. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. xii + 174 pp.-Nicole Roberts, Marie Ramos Rosado, La mujer negra en la literatura puertorriqueña: Cuentística de los setenta: (Luis Rafael Sánchez, Carmelo Rodríguez Torres, Rosario Ferré y Ana Lydia Vega). San Juan: Ed. de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Ed. Cultural, and Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1999. xxiv + 397 pp.-William W. Megenney, John H. McWhorter, The missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the birth of plantation contact languages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. xi + 281 pp.-Robert Chaudenson, Chris Corne, From French to Creole: The development of New Vernaculars in the French colonial world. London: University of Westminster Press, 1999. x + 263 pp.

Background. Choral work of American composers of the second half of the XX century is characterized by new qualities that have appeared because of not only musical but also non-musical factors generated by the system of cultural, historical and social conditions. Despite of a serious amount of scientific literature on the history of American music, the choral layer of American music remains partially unexplored, especially, in Ukrainian musical science, that bespeaks the science and practical novelty of the research results. The purpose of this study is to discover and to analyze the peculiarities of the historical formation and identity of American choral art of the second half of the twentieth century using the the works of famous American artists as examples. The research methodology is based on theoretical, historical and analytical methods, generalization and specification. Results. The general picture of the development of American composers’ practice in the genre of choral music is characterized by genre and style diversity. In our research we present portraits of iconic figures of American choral music in the period under consideration. So, the choral works of William Dawson (1899–1990), one of the most famous African-American composers, are characterized by the richness of the choral texture, intense sonority and demonstration of his great understanding of the vocal potential of the choir. Dawson was remembered, especially, for the numerous arrangements of spirituals, which do not lose their popularity. Aaron Copland (1899–1990), which was called “the Dean of American Composers”, was one of the founder of American music “classical” style, whose name associated with the America image in music. Despite the fact that the composer tends to atonalism, impressionism, jazz, constantly uses in his choral opuses sharp dissonant sounds and timbre contrasts, his choral works associated with folk traditions, written in a style that the composer himself called “vernacular”, which is characterized by a clearer and more melodic language. Among Copland’s famous choral works are “At The River”, “Four Motets”, “In the Beginning”, “Lark”, “The Promise of Living”; “Stomp Your Foot” (from “The Tender Land”), “Simple Gifts”, “Zion’s Walls” and others. Dominick Argento’s (1927–2019) style is close to the style of an Italian composer G. C. Menotti. Argento’s musical style, first of all, distinguishes the dominance of melody, so he is a leading composer in the genre of lyrical opera. Argento’s choral works are distinguished by a variety of performers’ stuff: from a cappella choral pieces – “A Nation of Cowslips”, “Easter Day” for mixed choir – to large-scale works accompanied by various instruments: “Apollo in Cambridge”, “Odi et Amo”, “Jonah and the Whale”, “Peter Quince at the Clavier”, “Te Deum”, “Tria Carmina Paschalia”, “Walden Pond”. For the choir and percussion, Argento created “Odi et Amo” (“I Hate and I Love”), 1981, based on the texts of the ancient Roman poet Catullus, which testifies to the sophistication of the composer’s literary taste and his skill in reproducing complex psychological states. The most famous from Argento’s spiritual compositions is “Te Deum” (1988), where the Latin text is combined with medieval English folk poetry, was recorded and nominated for a Grammy Award. Among the works of Samuel Barber’s (1910–1981) vocal and choral music were dominating. His cantata “Prayers of Kierkegaard”, based on the lyrics of four prayers by this Danish philosopher and theologian, for solo soprano, mixed choir and symphony orchestra is an example of an eclectic trend. Chapter I “Thou Who art unchangeable” traces the imitation of a traditional Gregorian male choral singing a cappella. Chapter II “Lord Jesus Christ, Who suffered all lifelong” for solo soprano accompanied by oboe solo is an example of minimalism. Chapter III “Father in Heaven, well we know that it is Thou” reflects the traditions of Russian choral writing. William Schumann (1910–1992) stands among the most honorable and prominent American composers. In 1943, he received the first Pulitzer Prize for Music for Cantata No 2 “A Free Song”, based on lyrics from the poems by Walt Whitman. In his choral works, Schumann emphasized the lyrics of American poetry. Norman Luboff (1917–1987), the founder and conductor of one of the leading American choirs in the 1950–1970s, is one of the great American musicians who dared to dedicate most of their lives to the popular media cultures of the time. Holiday albums of Christmas Songs with the Norman Luboff Choir have been bestselling for many years. In 1961, Norman Luboff Choir received the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Chorus. Luboff’s productive work on folk song arrangements, which helped to preserve these popular melodies from generation to generation, is considered to be his main heritage. The choral work by Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990) – a great musician – composer, pianist, brilliant conductor – is represented by such works as “Chichester Psalms”, “Hashkiveinu”, “Kaddish” Symphony No 3)”,”The Lark (French & Latin Choruses)”, “Make Our Garden Grow (from Candide)”, “Mass”. “Chichester Psalms”, where the choir sings lyrics in Hebrew, became Bernstein’s most famous choral work and one of the most successfully performed choral masterpieces in America. An equally popular composition by Bernstein is “Mass: A Theater Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers”, which was dedicated to the memory of John F. Kennedy, the stage drama written in the style of a musical about American youth in searching of the Lord. More than 200 singers, actors, dancers, musicians of two orchestras, three choirs are involved in the performance of “Mass”: a four-part mixed “street” choir, a four-part mixed academic choir and a two-part boys’ choir. The eclecticism of the music in the “Mass” shows the versatility of the composer’s work. The composer skillfully mixes Latin texts with English poetry, Broadway musical with rock, jazz and avant-garde music. Choral cycles by Conrad Susa (1935–2013), whose entire creative life was focused on vocal and dramatic music, are written along a story line or related thematically. Bright examples of his work are “Landscapes and Silly Songs” and “Hymns for the Amusement of Children”; the last cycle is an fascinating staging of Christopher Smart’s poetry (the18 century). The composer’s music is based on a synthesis of tonal basis, baroque counterpoint, polyphony and many modern techniques and idioms drawn from popular music. The cycle “Songs of Innocence and of Experience”, created by a composer and a pianist William Bolcom (b. 1938) on the similar-titled poems by W. Blake, represents musical styles from romantic to modern, from country to rock. More than 200 vocalists take part in the performance of this work, in academic choruses (mixed, children’s choirs) and as soloists; as well as country, rock and folk singers, and the orchestral musicians. This composition successfully synthesizes an impressive range of musical styles: reggae, classical music, western, rock, opera and other styles. Morten Lauridsen (b. 1943) was named “American Choral Master” by the National Endowment for the Arts (2006). The musical language of Lauridsen’s compositions is very diverse: in his Latin sacred works, such as “Lux Aeterna” and “Motets”, he often refers to Gregorian chant, polyphonic techniques of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and mixes them with modern sound. Lauridsen’s “Lux Aeterna” is a striking example of the organic synthesis of the old and the new traditions, or more precisely, the presentation of the old in a new way. At the same time, his other compositions, such as “Madrigali” and “Cuatro Canciones”, are chromatic or atonal, addressing us to the technique of the Renaissance and the style of postmodernism. Conclusions. Analysis of the choral work of American composers proves the idea of moving the meaningful centers of professional choral music, the gradual disappearance of the contrast, which had previously existed between consumer audiences, the convergence of positions of “third direction” music and professional choral music. In the context of globalization of society and media culture, genre and stylistic content, spiritual meanings of choral works gradually tend to acquire new features such as interaction of ancient and modern musical systems, traditional and new, modified folklore and pop. There is a tendency to use pop instruments or some stylistic components of jazz, such as rhythm and intonation formula, in choral compositions. Innovative processes, metamorphosis and transformations in modern American choral music reveal its integration specificity, which is defined by meta-language, which is formed basing on interaction and dialogue of different types of thinking and musical systems, expansion of the musical sound environment, enrichment of acoustic possibilities of choral music, globalization intentions. Thus, the actualization of new cultural dominants and the synthesis of various stylistic origins determine the specificity of American choral music.