Academic literature on the topic 'C/PPS'
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Journal articles on the topic "C/PPS"
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Masek, Petr, Pavel Zeman, Petr Kolar, and František Holesovsky. "Edge trimming of C/PPS plates." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 101, no. 1-4 (2018): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-2857-1.
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Zhang, Zhong Hou, Guang Xiu Cao, Ying Ying Li, and Chun Mian Yan. "Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly (Phenylene Sulfide)/TiO2 Composites." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1909.
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Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS)/nano-TiO2composites were prepared by DAKA miniature blending instrument. Isothermal crystallization behavior of PPS composites at 245°C, 250°C, 255°C and 260°C were investigated by means of DSC. The crystallization time of PPS composites is shorter than which of neat PPS at the same crystallization temperature. The Avrami equation was used to analyze DSC data. Results showed that neat PPS is homogeneous nucleation at lower crystallization temperature, which is heterogeneous nucleation at higher crystallization temperature contrarily. PPS/nano-TiO2composites are heterogeneous nucleation at various crystallization temperature, nano-TiO2particles play a role of nucleating agent.
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Glatz, F. P., and R. M'ilhauptt. "Preparation, cure behavior and properties of bismaleinides containing well defined oligo(phenylene sulfide) segments." High Performance Polymers 5, no. 3 (1993): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/5/3/005.
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A family of bismaleimides (PPS-BMIs) containing flexible oligo(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) segments was prepared from the corresponding monodisperse diamine-terminated oligo(phenylene sulfide)s (PPS-DAs). PPS-BMIs and PPS-DAs formed eutectic mixtures which melted below 200 C. Upon heating above 200 C, chain advancement via Michaeltype addition of PPS.DA to PPS-BMI followed by cross-linking produced networks containing PPS segments. The influence of the PPS segment length on processing, cure reaction, phase transitions, and thermal stability was investigated.
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Zhang, Zhong Hou, Wen Xin Zhou, Ya Dong Li, and Chun Mian Yan. "Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Poly(phenylene Sulfide)/ZnO Composites." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.243.
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Poly (phenylene sulfide) (PPS)/nano-ZnO composites were prepared by DAKA miniature blending instrument. Isothermal crystallization behavior of PPS composites at 245°C, 250°C, 255°C and 260°C were investigated by means of DSC. The crystallization time of PPS composites is shorter than which of neat PPS at the same crystallization temperature. The Avrami equation was used to analyze DSC data. Results showed that neat PPS is homogeneous nucleation at lower crystallization temperature, which is heterogeneous nucleation at higher crystallization temperature contrarily. PPS/nano-ZnO composites are heterogeneous nucleation at various crystallization temperature, nano-ZnO particles play a role of nucleating agent.
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Lian, Dandan, Ruiping Zhang, Jianjun Lu, and Jinming Dai. "Performances and structure changes of neat PPS fiber and nano Ti-SiO2-modified PPS fiber after over-temperature oxidation." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 3 (2017): 328–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317696346.
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Neat polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber and nano titanium-silicon dioxide-modified PPS fibers (A-PPS) were submitted to an over-temperature in air environment at 200, 220, and 240°C for 24, 192, and 360 h, respectively. Molecular and supramolecular structures were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The outside color of the PPS fibers turned yellow and the mechanical properties were reduced after over-temperature, but the performances of the A-PPS fibers were better than that of the neat PPS fibers. The analyses of the molecular and supramolecular structures showed that the temperatures of 200 and 220°C could not change the crystalline form but could increase the crystallinity of the PPS fibers. The crystallization temperature high-shifted and the crystallization FWHM increased after over-temperature. More significant changes at 240°C could be observed such as breaking of the macromolecular chains, mutual cross-linking, and increase of the melting enthalpy to a higher value than the complete crystallization enthalpy of PPS. Cross-linking between the benzene rings and oxidation of the S atoms did not change the PPS crystalline form but decreased the lattice constant. XPS spectra showed that the cross-linking and oxidation of the S atoms of the PPS fibers mainly came from the breaking of the C–S–C bonds, while the break ratio of the C–S–C bonds was relatively smaller in the case of the A-PPS fibers.
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Fíla, Tomáš, Petr Koudelka, Daniel Kytýr, Jiri Hos, and Jan Šleichrt. "Creep behaviour of a short-fibre C/PPS composite." Materiali in tehnologije 50, no. 3 (2016): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2014.208.
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Mahfouz, Mohamed A. "PPS-FPCM: PRIVACY-PRESERVING SEMI-FUZZY POSSIBILISTIC C-MEANS." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science 14, no. 03 (2023): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26483/ijarcs.v14i3.6991.
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Applying traditional clustering techniques to big data on the cloud while preserving the privacy of the data is a challenge due to the required division and exponential operations in each iteration, which complicate its implementation on encrypted data. Several existing approaches are based on approximating the formulas of centers, weights, and memberships as three polynomial functions according to the multivariate Taylor formula. However, they usually suffer an increase in complexity and a slight drop in accuracy. In this paper, a novel Privacy-Preserving semi-fuzzy clustering algorithm based on the possibilistic paradigm, termed PPS-FPCM, is presented. Its main feature is that it avoids exponentiation and division operations, at each iteration, without losing accuracy. By restricting the typicality to an ordered set of discrete values between zero and one decided by the data owner (DO), the computation is simplified. The second key idea is the use of this soft typicality to detect outliers and compute the corresponding semi-fuzzy memberships, which is used to increase the in-between cluster distance. However, the initial typicality requires a magnitude relation comparison, which is still difficult to do over encrypted data. In this research study, we show how the existing incomplete re-encryption method can be used to tackle this problem. In each iteration, centers and distances to the new centers are computed on a calculator cloud server (CaCS) which is responsible for storing the cipher texts of the (DO)’s data and processing them. Then, CaCS sends the incompletely re-encrypted difference between these distances and iteratively updated bin values that correspond to the discrete possibilistic memberships that are initially decided by the (DO) to the comparator cloud server (CoCS). CoCS decrypts the difference and returns the results of comparisons. When CaCS receives the results of comparison from CoCS, it decides on an appropriate soft typicality or resends the difference of the same distance to another bin value. The required number of comparisons is O(log the number of bins). CaCS iteratively computes the corresponding semi-fuzzy memberships, computes the refined memberships, and updates the centers. In the end, CaCS sends the final soft memberships and centers to the (DO). The proposed algorithm is applicable to normal data and homomorphically encrypted data, is more effective than several related algorithms, and can produce accurate results using large enough (16 or more) discrete values with a high reduction on runtime as the number of comparisons is much less complex than exponential and division operations with added communication cost between CaCS and CoCS.
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Bhurtyal, Kiran, Jennifer Nguyen, Anthony Clarke, et al. "90. Impact of Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) Visit on Candida auris Colonization Rates at Seven Long Term Acute Care Hospitals (LTACH) in Los Angeles County." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (2021): S57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.090.
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Abstract Background Public health authorities often use Infection Control Assessment and Response (ICAR) visits during Candida auris (C. auris) outbreak investigation to identify facility-level infection prevention and control (IPC) practice gaps and make recommendations to address those gaps. As an adjunct to ICAR visit, point prevalence surveys (PPS) provide an objective measure to determine if IPC recommendations are implemented. Because they require significant public health resources to perform, we evaluated the impact of ICAR visits on C. auris colonization rates. Methods PPS were conducted at seven long-term acute-care hospitals (LTACH) with C. auris outbreaks in Los Angeles County from July 2020 to May 2021. Skin swabs collected at PPS were tested for C. auris colonization by PCR technique. Pre-ICAR PPS results were compared with the average of two serial post-ICAR PPS results using repeated measures ANOVA test. Linear regression was used to estimate associations between individual ICAR domains and C. auris colonization. Results 54 PPS were conducted at seven LTACHs with at least one ICAR visit made for every two PPS. On average, PPS were conducted 14 days (range 1-15 days) before and 10 days (range 4-33 days) after an ICAR visit. PPS positive rates with ICAR visit dates for each LTACH are shown in figure 1. Overall, ICAR visits were associated with a significant decrease (p=0.035) in the average of the positive rates in two serial post-ICAR PPS. When individual domain (hand hygiene, contact precautions, and environmental disinfection) of ICAR tool was analyzed, only adherence to environmental disinfection was significantly associated (p=0.038) with decrease in C. auris colonization rates. There was a moderate negative correlation (R2 = 0.26, β= -0.33) between environmental disinfection adherence and the magnitude of decrease in the colonization rates across all LTACHs (Figure 2). Figure 1 Figure 2 Conclusion ICAR visits were found to be significantly associated with a decrease in the average PPS positive rate on serial PPS. Parts of the ICAR tool that assessed environmental disinfection at the facility seemed most correlated with decrease in C. auris colonization rate. Streamlining the ICAR process to focus on the most impactful parts of ICAR tool may be a more efficient intervention to control C. auris outbreaks. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Wan, Ji Xian, Yan Fen Qin, Shao Bo Li, and Xiu Hua Wang. "Studies on Preparation and Characterization of Anti-Oxidizing Polyphenylene Sulfide." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.1045.
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In this paper, polyphenylene sulfide（PPS） was synthesized through reactions of sodium sulfide and p-dichlorobenzene in N-methylpyrrolidone. Then antioxidant 4426, montmorillonite(MMT) were added into the PPS resin to improve its thermal oxidation stability. The polymer was characterized by FT-IR, Raman, and XRD analysis. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to mensurate the oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT) of PPS, and Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal oxidation stability of PPS. The results showed that the addition of the antioxidant 4426, montmorillonite(MMT) leaded to a good improvement of the thermal oxidation stability of PPS. The PPS's dynamic OIT could up to 480.07°C and 481.61°C after mixed with MMT and anti-oxidant 4426, respectively. the sample of PPS mixed with both MMT and anti-oxidant 4426 has a dynamic OIT of 482.7°C.
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Ikponmwosa, Efe Ewaen, Samuel Onosedeba Ehikhuenmen, and Karieren Kate Irene. "COMPARATIVE STUDY AND EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF PULVERIZED COCONUT SHELL, PERIWINKLE SHELL AND PALM KERNEL SHELL AS A POZZOLANS IN CONCRETE." Acta Polytechnica 59, no. 6 (2019): 560–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2019.59.0560.
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Infrastructural development across the world is fast growing due to the rapid growth in population. This has resulted in consequently creating an increase in the demand for construction materials, especially cement. This study presents a report of a concise investigation on the pozzolanic potentials of Pulverized Coconut Shell (PCS), Periwinkle Shell (PPS) and Palm Kernel Shell (PPKS). The chemical composition of the PCS, PPS and PPKS, physical properties of concrete constituents and mechanical properties of the pozzolans blended concrete were determined. A concrete mix ratio of 1 : 2 : 4 with a w/c of 0.6 was adopted. A total of 270 cubes and 120 cylinders were cast at an interval of 10% from 0% to 50% replacement level and cured in water for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Results indicate that the PCS, PPS and PPKS are good retarders as they increased the setting time of cement paste and decreased the workability of concrete as the percentage replacement increased. The addition of the PCS in the mix produced a concrete of lower density while the addition of the PPS and PPKS produced a concrete of a higher density up to a 30% replacement level, further increase resulted to a decrease in density. The compressive and tensile strengths increased with a curing age but decreased with an increasing percentage replacement level for the three pozzolans investigated. However, 10% replacement level of the PCS, PPS and PPKS in concrete is suitable for the production of pozzolans blended concrete for structural works. The models developed are in a good agreement with the experimental results.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C/PPS"
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Lacoma, Vincent. "Évaluation environnementale des procédés composites pour l'analyse multicritère des systèmes de production : méthodologies, outils et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0020.
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Dans le contexte actuel de transition environnementale, cette thèse vise à participer à la réduction des impacts environnementaux de la fabrication de pièces en composites, qui est un secteur en croissance depuis plusieurs années.Pour cela, une méthodologie d’analyse environnementale spécifique aux procédés composites est fondamentale pour développer et évaluer des stratégies de réduction des impacts environnementaux. Pour être applicables dans l’industrie, ces stratégies se doivent de respecter les impératifs techniques et économiques des entreprises. Pour réaliser des évaluations environnementales, la méthode standardisée d’Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) peut être employée. Cependant, le caractère général de cette approche laisse des latitudes sur son application qui n’ont pour le moment pas fait l’objet d’un consensus de la part de la communauté scientifique dans le cas des procédés composites.Ces travaux de thèse proposent alors des précisions de chaque étape de la méthode ACV pour construire une modélisation des impacts environnementaux du procédé qui dépendent des paramètres, comme par exemple les températures de mise en forme et les efforts de consolidation. Une approche similaire est aussi développée pour l’évaluation d’indicateurs économique également fonction de ces paramètres. Des outils d’exploitation multicritères sont enfin proposés pour trouver des réponses à l’objectif de réduction des impacts environnementaux et du coût de fabrication tout en assurant la conformité au cahier des charges techniques des pièces produites. Dans ce mémoire, le cas du thermoformage-estampage de pièces en polysulfure de phénylène renforcées par des fibres de carbone (C/PPS) est étudié pour appuyer la construction et la présentation des méthodologies proposées<br>In the current context of environmental transition, this thesis aims to participate in the reduction of environmental impacts related manufacturing of composite parts, which has been a growing sector for several years. To this purpose,an environmental assessment methodology dedicated to composite manufacturing processes is fundamental to develop and evaluate strategies forreducing environmental impacts. To be applicable in the industry, these strategies must respect the technical and economic imperatives of companies.To carry out environmental assessments, the standardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method can be used. However, the general nature of this approach leaves latitudes on its application which have not been yet the subject of a scientific consensus in the case of composite manufacturing.Thus, our work proposes details for each step of the LCA method to build a model of the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process which depend on its parameters, such as the forming temperatures and the consolidation efforts. A similar approach is also developed for the evaluation of economic indicators based on the same parameters. Finally, multi-criteria decision-making tools are offered to find solutions to the objective of reducing environmental impacts and manufacturing costs while ensuringc ompliance with the technical specifications of the parts produced. In this thesis, the case of thermostamping of polyphenylene sulfide reinforced with carbon fibres (C/PPS) parts is studied to support the construction and presentation of the proposed methodologies
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Bouscarrat, David. "Time-dependent damage in woven-ply thermoplastic composites above glass transition temperature Influence of time-dependent phenomena on translaminar fracture of woven-ply C/PPS laminates above the glass transition temperature." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMIR29.
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Dans les composites associant matrice organique et renfort fibreux, le couplage entre comportements visqueux (viscoélasticité, viscoplasticité) et mécanismes d’endommagement est très peu étudié à l’échelle mésoscopique et se limite principalement à des analyses post-mortem. Pour des applications aéronautiques à haute température (e.g., nacelle de moteur d’avion), la problématique est encore plus complexe. Notamment au sein de stratifiés à matrice thermoplastique haute performance PPS renforcés par des tissus de fibres de carbone. Ces matériaux sont caractérisés par des zones riches en matrice dont les comportements visqueux sont amplifiés pour des températures d’utilisation en service (i.e., 120°C) supérieures à la température de transition vitreuse de la matrice (environ 95°C). La question fondamentale qui se pose alors est de comprendre comment mettre en évidence et quantifier l’endommagement d’origine visqueuse lorsque le comportement de stratifiés C/PPS est piloté par la réponse mécanique de la matrice. Pour apporter des réponses à cette problématique, on peut évaluer : (1) l’influence de la viscosité de la matrice sur le comportement en rupture translaminaire - (2) le visco-endommagement lors de chargements de type fluage-recouvrement. Ces deux axes d’étude reposent notamment sur la mise au point de protocoles expérimentaux adaptés à des essais mécaniques à haute température. Ainsi, l’originalité de ces travaux est de combiner différentes techniques complémentaires (émission acoustique, réplique de bords, analyse fractographique, tomographie) qui permettent une analyse in-situ en temps réel des mécanismes d’endommagement qui coexistent et inter-agissent lors des différentes phases du chargement. En utilisant le protocole mis au point dans des conditions de température supérieure à la Tg du matériau, ces techniques apportent des informations pour quantifier et dissocier les différents comportements matériaux (viscoélasticité, viscoplasticité, endommagements) ainsi que des effets structures (rotation des fibres). Des analyses d’images basées sur des algorithmes de dilatation/érosion implémentées dans Matlab permettent d’évaluer la densité de fissuration (intra- et inter-torons) surfacique à partir des répliques de bords. A l’échelle macroscopique, la réponse thermomécanique du C/PPS est peu influencée par les comportements visqueux du C/PSS que ce soit pour des stratifiés quasi-isotrope (comportement majoritairement piloté par les fibres à 0°) ou à plis orientés (comportement majoritairement piloté par la matrice PPS). Enfin, la rupture translaminaire ductile est caractérisée par l’évolution de l’énergie acoustique cumulée en fonction du taux de restitution d’énergie. L’instabilité de la rupture translaminaire ne permet pas d’évaluer l’influence des effets visqueux sur la ténacité en mode I du matériau à l’initiation. Aux échelles micro- et mésoscopiques, les résultats obtenus montrent clairement le visco-endommagement au sein de stratifiés C/PPS à plis orientés sollicités en fluage à T > Tg. En mettant en œuvre ce protocole, la pertinence/complémentarité démontrées de l’émission acoustique associée à la quantification de la densité de fissuration permettent d’envisager l’étude du couplage entre effets visqueux et endommagement au sein de stratifiés C/PPS soumis à des chargements à haute température. Cette problématique est essentielle du point de vue de la durabilité des structures composites dans un environnement moteur<br>In fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials, the coupling between viscous behaviour (viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity) and damage mechanisms is very little studied at the mesoscopic scale and is mainly limited to port-mortem analyses. For high-temperature aeronautical applications (e.g., aircraft engine nacelle), the problem is even more complex within high performance thermoplastic matrix laminates PPS (Polyphenylene Sulfide) reinforced with carbon fiber fabrics. Indeed, these materials are characterized by matrix-rich zones whose viscous behaviors are exacerbated for service temperatures (i.e., 120°C) higher than the matrix glass transition temperature (about 95°C). It is therfore necessary to develop specific experimental procedures to highlight and quantify the viscous damage when the behaviour of C/PPS laminates is driven by the mechanical response of the matrix. In order to provide answers to this problem, one can evaluate : (1) the influence of the matrix viscosity on the translaminar fracture behaviour - (2) the time-dependent damage during creep-type loading. These two lines of study are based on the development of experimental protocols adapted to high temperature mechanical testing. Thus, the originality of this work is to combine different complementary techniques (acoustic emission, edge replication, fractographic analysis, tomography) which allow in-situ and in real time analyses of the damage mechanisms that coexist and interact during the different loading phases. Using the protocol developed under conditions of temperature higher than the Tg of the material, these techniques provide information to quantify and dissociate the different material behaviours (viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, damage) as well as structural effects (fibre rotation). Image analyses based on dilatation/erosion algorithms implemented in Matlab allow the evaluation of the surface cracking density (intra- and inter-strand) from edge replicas. On a macroscopic scale, the thermomechanical response of C/PPS is little influenced by the viscous behaviour of C/PSS, whether for quasi-isotropic laminates (behaviour mainly driven by 0°fibres) or with oriented plies (behaviour mainly driven by the PPS matrix). Finally, the ductile translaminar fracture is characterized by the evolution of the cumulative acoustic energy as a function of the energy restitution rate. The instability of the translaminar fracture does not allow the quantification of the influence of viscous effects on the mode I toughness of the material at initiation. At micro and mesoscopic scales, the results obtained clearly show time-dependent damage within oriented plies C/PPS laminates subjected to creep loadings at T > Tg. By implementing this protocol, the demonstrated relevance/complementarity of the acoustic emission associated with the quantification of the cracking density allows the study of the coupling between viscous effects and damage within C/PPS laminates subjected to high temperature loading. This problem is essential from the point of view of the durability of composite structures in an engine environment
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Muñoz, Trinidad. "Synthesis, structure and redox reactivity of Co₃(CO)₆(μ₂-η²,η¹-C(Ph)C=C(PPH₂)C(O)SC(O)) (μ₂-PPh₂)". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279408/.
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The tricobalt cluster PhCCo₃(CO)₉ (1) reacts with the bidentate phosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic thioanhydride (bta) with added Me₃NO to yield PhCCo₃(CO)₇(bta) (2), which upon heating overnight yields Co₃(CO)₆(μ₂-η²,η¹-C(Ph)C=C(PPH₂)C(O)SC(O)) (μ₂-PPh₂) (3). Cluster (3) has been isolated and characterized by FT-IR and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Structural determination of the cluster has been demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Cluster (3) is analogous to the cluster synthesized by Richmond and coworkers. The redox properties of (3) have been examined by cyclic voltammetry and the data are reported within.
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Sun, G. A. "A study of catalysis by [RuCl(H)(PPh₃)₃] and [η⁵-C₇H₉)RuCl(PPh₃)₂]". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242370.
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Hjelm-Andersson, Alexander. "En kombination av Bluetooth och LabVIEW för ett universellt mätdatorsystem inom medicinsk teknik." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2816.
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<p>Examensarbetet är utfört på Linköpings Universitet, Institutionen för Medicinsk Teknik och bygger på att undersöka möjligheterna för trådlös överföring av mätvärden via Bluetooth. Mätningarna gäller två olika hårdvaror som med metoden PPG mäter blodflöde, en ny förenklad hårdvara och en mer avancerad och tidigare utvecklad hårdvara. Arbetet är tvådelat, under första delen upprättades en kommunikation med Bluetooth och två metoder för överföring av data undersöktes. Under andra delen togs ett gränssnitt fram i utvecklingsmiljön LabVIEW för styrning av hårdvarorna samt för åskådliggörandet av mätdata. Metoderna som undersöktes för dataöverföring är att antingen kontinuerligt skicka samplat data direkt från en AD-omvandlare eller att fylla bluetoothmodulens minne för att därefter skicka samtliga värden samtidigt. För utvärdering av vilken metod som passar bäst för ändamålet diskuteras för- och nackdelar, samplingshastigheter undersöks och redovisas med hjälp av tabeller och grafer. Examensarbetet har resulterat i en grund för fortsatt utveckling av trådlös anpassning av mättekniska ändamålinom medicinsk teknik.</p>
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Persson, Herman, and Alexandru Zamfir. "Uttorkning av betong i nyproduktion." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97204.
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Under de senaste åren har tillverkningsprocessen av betong genomgått en förändring föratt göra materialet och processer mer miljövänliga. Detta är en följd av att betong räknasvara ett av de viktigaste byggnadsmaterialen i världen. En viktig anledning till denomfattande användningen av betong är att betong som material är fuktbeständigt, att detinte möglar och att det är väldigt formbart.Förenta nationerna nämner 17 globala mål vars uppgift är att främja hållbarhet i framtidendär mål nio anger ”Bygga upp en motståndskraftig infrastruktur, verka för eninkluderande och hållbar industrialisering och främja innovation”. Detta faktum måstenaturligtvis tas hänsyn till även vid tillverkningen av betong och dess beståndsdelar.Syftet med det här examensarbetet är att med hjälp av ett stort antal mätpunkter visa påolika styrkor och svagheter inom tre olika typer av prognostiserande beräkningsverktygav torkningstider. Målet med arbetet är att jämföra statistik av praktiska mätningar,utfärdade av Conservator AB, med varandra och med de tre vanligasteberäkningsprogrammen som används för att beräkna uttorkningstider av betong.I de undersökta byggdelarna i arbetet gav TorkaS den högsta noggrannheten och sedanföljt väldigt nära av PPB. Utöver detta uppfyller de förväntningar som borde kunna ställaspå prognostisering av uttorkningstid för betong. Studien har också visat attuttorkningstiden för betong i nyproduktion påverkas mest av uttorkningsklimatet och tjockleken på avjämningsmassan.<br>In the recent years, the manufacturing of concrete has undergone a change to make theprocesses and the material more environmentally friendly. This is accompanied by thefact that concrete is one of the most important building materials in the world. This islargely because concrete as a material is moisture resistant, does not mold and is highlyformable.The United Nations mentions 17 global goals whose mission is to promote sustainabilityin the future whereas the ninth one states that “Build resilient infrastructure, promoteinclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation”. This leads to the factthat it needs to take in consideration the manufacturing of concrete and its components.The purpose of this research is to show strengths and weaknesses in prediction tools forconcretes drying time by comparison with data from many measuring points. Besidesthat, the aim is to compare statistics of practical measurements, which were issued byConservator AB, with each other and with other three most commonly used programs inforecasting the drying time for concrete, i.e. TorkaS, BI-Dry and PPB.From the building sections that were researched, TorkaS gave the highest accuracy inforecasting the drying time and then followed very closely by PPB. In addition, BI-Drydid not meet the expected requirements on some of the building sections. Besides that, thestudy has shown that the drying time of concrete in new production is most influenced bythe drying climate and the thickness of the compound.
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Wenning, Christian [Verfasser], Annette M. [Gutachter] Schmidt, and Marc C. [Gutachter] Leimenstoll. "Reaction-Induced Phase Separation of PPG/PEO/HDI based bi-Soft Segment Polyurethanes / Christian Wenning ; Gutachter: Annette M. Schmidt, Marc C. Leimenstoll." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1151638307/34.
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Wilms, Andrea. "Messung der Analysierstärke der Reaktion ->pp->ppg [pp pp gamma] mit dem COSY-TOF-Spektrometer bei einem Strahlimpuls von 798 MeV/c." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965035328.
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Buchmann, Silke. "Elektrochemische Untersuchungen an Ir-Tripod-Komplexen (Tripod = cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh 2 ) 3- 1,3,5-X 3 C 6 H 6:X = CN, COOMe, CH 2 OMe)ronische Ressource /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10236370.
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Pouillon, Valérie. "Etude des effets de l'inactivation des isoformes B et C de l'enzyme INS(1,4,5)Pp3s 3-kinase chez la souris ;Rôle de l'INS(1,4,5)Pp3s3-kinase B dans le développement des lymphocytes T." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211197.
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L’Ins(1,4,5)P3 joue un rôle évident dans la signalisation cellulaire :il permet la libération du Ca 2+ des stocks intracellulaires par son action au niveau de récepteurs spécifiques. Pour mettre fin à son action, l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 peut être dégradé par une Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase en Ins(1,4)P2, un métabolite inactif. L’Ins(1,4,5)P3 peut aussi être transformé en Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 par une Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. L’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 semble posséder des capacités de signalisation propres ou au contraire liées à celles de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3.<p>L’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 est aussi le point de départ de toute une série d’inositol hautement phosphorylés, dont les rôles ne sont pas clairs. Trois isoformes de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase existent (A, B et C). Ces isoformes possèdent un domaine catalytique carboxy-terminal bien conservé. Par contre, les domaines amino-terminaux sont spécifiques et leur permettraient d’établir des interactions ou de subir des régulations propres. Pour tenter d’élucider le rôle fonctionnel de l’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, nous avons généré et analysé des souris déficientes pour les isoformes B et C de cette enzyme.<p>Les souris déficientes pour l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase C ne présentent pas de phénotype évident, ce qui suggère que son rôle n’est pas crucial ou que son absence peut être compensée par une autre enzyme.<p>Les souris déficientes pour l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase B, par contre, présentent une immunodéficience caractérisée par une absence spécifique des lymphocytes T αβ périphériques. Cette absence fait suite à un blocage dans la différenciation du précurseur du lymphocyte, le thymocyte. Les caractéristiques de la signalisation induite par le récepteur de surface (TCR) permettent la sélection des thymocytes, de manière à constituer un pool de lymphocytes T restreints pour le MHC et tolérants pour le soi. Nous avons montré que ces phénomènes de sélection étaient défectueux dans les thymocytes mutants, du fait de leur hyporéactivité à la stimulation par le TCR. Le mécanisme responsable de cette hyporéactivité n’est pas encore élucidé. A première vue, la mobilisation de Ca 2+ ne semble pas altérée dans ces thymocytes mutants en réponse à des stimulations classiques. Cependant, d’autres types de stimulation, se rapprochant plus de celles réellement rencontrées par le thymocyte in vivo, doivent encore être investigués. L’intégrité d’autres voies de signalisation cruciales du lymphocyte T doit aussi être vérifiée.<p>En conclusion, l’isoforme B de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase et l’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 qu’il produit jouent un rôle crucial dans la différenciation du thymocyte, par un mécanisme qui reste encore à déterminer.<br>Doctorat en sciences biomédicales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Books on the topic "C/PPS"
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Christiano/Dantonio. Ppk Sociology of Rel and Amer C Cb. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Incorporated, 2002.
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Hmo/Ppo Selective Contracting Issues for Hospitals/C-016960. Amer Hospital Assn, 1985.
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Bianchi, Federico, Sébastien Brisard, Guglielmo Cantillo, et al. Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0026.
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J. N. v. Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie, Case C-601/15 PPU, Grand Chamber, Judgment, 15 February 2016Vestische Arbeit Jobcenter Kreis Recklinghausen v. Jovanna García-Nieto, Joel Peña Cuevas, Jovanlis Peña García, Joel Luis Peña Cruz, Case C-299/14, First Chamber, Judgment, 25 February 2016Kreis Warendorf and Amira Osso v. Region Hannover and Ibrahim Alo...
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Querschnitts-Leitlinien zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten. Deutscher Ärzteverlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47420/9783769137309.
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Empfehlungen zur strengen Indikationsstellung von Blutprodukten Die Querschnitts-Leitlinien stehen in engem Zusammenhang mit den ebenfalls von der Bundesärztekammer herausgegebenen Richtlinien zur Therapie mit Blutkomponenten und Plasmaderivaten (Hämotherapie) nach §§ 12a und 18 Transfusionsgesetz. Beide Werke werden jeweils aufeinander abgestimmt. Die Kenntnis der Querschnitts-Leitlinien ist für jeden Arzt, der Blutprodukte anwendet und Hämostasestörungen behandelt, unerlässlich. Die in den Leitlinien formulierten Handlungsempfehlungen berücksichtigen den aktuellen Stand der Wissenschaft. Weitere Charakteristika: konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen Hervorhebung der wissenschaftlichen Eviden kritische Bewertung von hämotherapeutischen Behandlungen Berücksichtigung der Problematik des „Off-Label-Use“ in allgemeinen Ausführungen und konkreten Handlungsempfehlungen Indikationsstellung: der Transfusion von Erythrozyten und Thrombozyten für Plasma zur therapeutischen Anwendung und Humanalbumin zur Bestrahlung von Blutprodukten zur Transfusion CMV- bzw. Parvovirus B19-getesteter sowie bestrahlter Blutprodukte für Prokoagulatoren (Fibrinogen, PPSB, Faktor VII, rekombinanter Faktor VIIa, Faktor XIII, Fibrinkleber) für Inhibitoren (Antithrombin, Protein C, rekombinantes aktiviertes Protein C, C1-Esterase-Inhibitor) für humane Immunglobuline Empfehlungen zur: Therapie mit Humanalbumin Hämophiliebehandlung Auswahl von Thrombozytenkonzentraten
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Plastics in Automotive Engineering PIAE EUROPE. VDI Verlag, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023433.
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Der VDI-Bericht ist ausschließlich als PDF erschienen! / Sie möchten gerne mehr erfahren? Inhalt Plastic components: future requirements Zukünftige Anforderungen an Kunststoffbauteile Volvo Cars recycled plastics strategy – Kick-starting with a recycled-plastics demo car 1 S. Tostar, Volvo Car Group, Gothenburg, Sweden Sustainable materials for the interior parts 5 Nachhaltige Materialien für das Interieur 17 C. Schütz, L. Lewerdomski, E. Körner, C. Winkelmann, Volkswagen AG, Wolfsburg Interior-Trends/Trends im Fahrzeuginnenraum Antimicrobial treatment of textiles and decorative materials for passenger transport and car-sharing concepts 29 Antimikrobielle Ausstattung von Textilien und Dekormaterialien für Personentransport und Carsharing Konzepte 43 M. Schneider, A. Cordella, car i.t.a. GmbH & Co. KG, Kirkel-Limbach Simulation/Simulation Elasto-viscoplastic temperature-dependent material model for a talc-filled PP/PE copolymer 57 Elasto-viskoplastisches temperaturabhängi...
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U.S. Population Estimates By Age, Sex, Race, And Hispanic Origin: 1990 To 1997... Civilian Population (Quarterly, From April 1, 1990..., PPL-91, Appendix C... U.S. Dept. Of Commerce. s.n., 1998.
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U.S. Population Estimates By Age, Sex, Race, And Hispanic Origin: 1990 To 1997... Civilian Population (Quarterly, From April 1, 1990..., PPL-91, Appendix C... U.S. Dept. Of Commerce. s.n., 1998.
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Stokes, Laura, and Michael Menna, eds. A Global History of Crime and Punishment in the Renaissance. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206297.
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What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.
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Finnane, Mark, ed. A Global History of Crime and Punishment in the Age of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474206259.
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What constituted a crime 2,500 years ago, and how was criminal activity dealt with? How has our definition of justice evolved over time alongside developments in law, society, religion and class structures? 36 experts address these pressing questions in a six-volume reference set that spans 2,500 years of human history. Integrating perspectives from history, cultural studies, philosophy and classics, this globally-focused work traces developments in the ever-changing criminal and justice worlds against a variety of social, legal and cultural contexts. Individual volume editors ensure the cohesion of the whole, and to make it as easy as possible to use, chapter titles are identical across each of the volumes. This gives the choice of reading about a specific period in one of the volumes, or following a theme across history by reading the relevant chapter in each of the six. The six volumes cover: 1. Antiquity (500 BCE - 800 CE); 2. Medieval Age (800 - 1450); 3. Renaissance (1450 - 1650) ; 4. Age of Enlightenment (1650 - 1800); 5. Age of Empire (1800 - 1920); 6. Modern Age (1920 – 2000+). Themes include crime, types of criminal, law enforcement, sanctions and representations of crime and punishment. The page extent is approximately 1,728 pp. with c. 300 illustrations. Each volume opens with notes on contributors, a series preface and an introduction, and concludes with notes, bibliography and an index.
Book chapters on the topic "C/PPS"
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Lundén, Daniel, Joey Öhman, Jan Kudlicka, Viktor Senderov, Fredrik Ronquist, and David Broman. "Compiling Universal Probabilistic Programming Languages with Efficient Parallel Sequential Monte Carlo Inference." In Programming Languages and Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99336-8_2.
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AbstractProbabilistic programming languages (PPLs) allow users to encode arbitrary inference problems, and PPL implementations provide general-purpose automatic inference for these problems. However, constructing inference implementations that are efficient enough is challenging for many real-world problems. Often, this is due to PPLs not fully exploiting available parallelization and optimization opportunities. For example, handling probabilistic checkpoints in PPLs through continuation-passing style transformations or non-preemptive multitasking—as is done in many popular PPLs—often disallows compilation to low-level languages required for high-performance platforms such as GPUs. To solve the checkpoint problem, we introduce the concept of PPL control-flow graphs (PCFGs)—a simple and efficient approach to checkpoints in low-level languages. We use this approach to implement RootPPL: a low-level PPL built on CUDA and C++ with OpenMP, providing highly efficient and massively parallel SMC inference. We also introduce a general method of compiling universal high-level PPLs to PCFGs and illustrate its application when compiling Miking CorePPL—a high-level universal PPL—to RootPPL. The approach is the first to compile a universal PPL to GPUs with SMC inference. We evaluate RootPPL and the CorePPL compiler through a set of real-world experiments in the domains of phylogenetics and epidemiology, demonstrating up to 6$$\times $$ × speedups over state-of-the-art PPLs implementing SMC inference.
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Lackey, N. Qwynne, Kelly S. Bricker, and Russell M. Hicks. "Gateway community relationships with a US national park: a qualitative exploration of community member, concessioner and Grand Teton National Park staff perspectives." In Tourism transformations in protected area gateway communities. CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249033.0004.
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Abstract In the mid-1900s, park and protected area (PPA) management agencies began to acknowledge the environmental, socioeconomic and cultural connections that existed between PPAs and gateway communities. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to understand the effects of shifts in the perspectives of PPA managers, concessioners and gateway community members who work and live in the vicinity of Grand Teton National Park (GTNP). We conducted interviews with 21 park staff, concessions staff and gateway community leaders. Data revealed 15 themes organized into four categories: (a) types of relationships that exist between the community and park; (b) characteristics that describe these relationships; (c) foundations for collaboration; and (d) barriers to collaboration. This research provides insight into the effects of PPA management approaches that are alternative relative to traditional PPA strategies. Additionally, we provide a broader conversation on the state of PPA policy regarding engagement and collaboration with gateway communities.
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Fronek, A., and W. P. Bundens. "Calibrated Photoplethysmography (C-PPG)." In Phlebology ’95. Springer London, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3095-6_124.
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Riess, H., T. Binsack, and E. Hiller. "Protein C in PPSB-Präparaten — Gehalt, in-vivo-Recovery und Plasmahalbwertszeit." In 2. Rundtischgespräch Therapiebedingte Infektionen und Immundefekte bei Hämophilen. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71664-5_83.
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Kartik, S., Hemant K. Balsora, Abhishek Sharma, et al. "Distributed Activation Energy Model for Thermal Decomposition of Polypropylene Waste." In Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_23.
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AbstractThermal decomposition kinetics of Polypropylene (PP) waste is extremely important with respect to valorisation of waste plastics and production of utilizable components viz. chemicals, fuel oil & gas. The present research study focuses on pyrolysis kinetics of PP waste, which is present as a fraction of municipal plastic waste through distributed activation energy model (DAEM). The decomposition kinetics for PP follows a Gaussian distribution, where the normal distribution curves were centred corresponding to activation energy of 224 kJ/mol. The standard deviation of the distribution for the PP sample was found to be 22 kJ/mol indicating its wider distribution of decomposition range. The data validation has been carried out by comparing the rate parameter and extent of conversion values calculated through DAEM model with the Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments carried out for PP at various heating rates of 5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min.
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Tyagi, Vivek, M. S. Hashmi, Ganesh Raj, and Vikas Rana. "A 10 MHz, 73 ppm/°C, 84 µW PVT Compensated Ring Oscillator." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7470-7_16.
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Theisen-Womersley, Gail. "Conclusion." In Trauma and Resilience Among Displaced Populations. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67712-1_12.
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AbstractThe number of refugees across the globe is growing dramatically—a trend predicted to continue due to a global increase in social and political instability as well as socioeconomic conflicts. In places where violence is seen as a necessary factor in achieving peace, ongoing armed conflict, and displacement will likely contribute to continued psychological impairment and suffering among those affected (Morina et al., .Frontiers in Psychiatry 9:433, 2018). Indeed, research overwhelmingly attests to the alarmingly high rates of PTSD among this population (Schouler-Ocak, M., Laban, C. J., Bäärnhielm, S., Kastrup, M. C., Dein, S., & Wintrob, R. (2019). Transcultural psychiatry: Refugee, asylum seeker and immigrant patients over the globe. In A. Javad & K. Fountoulakis (Eds.), Advances in Psychiatry (pp. 637–655). Cham: Springer.).
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Nagulapalli, R., K. Hayatleh, S. Barker, S. Zourob, N. Yassine, and B. Naresh Kumar Reddy. "A 31 ppm/ $$^{\circ }$$ C Pure CMOS Bandgap Reference by Exploiting Beta-Multiplier." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5950-7_9.
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Nakamura, Shigeyoshi, and Shun-ichi Kidokoro. "Protocols of IATC, DSC, and PPC: The Multistate Structural Transition of Cytochrome c." In Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9179-2_2.
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Cowden, Richard G., Victor Counted, and Man Yee Ho. "Positive Psychology and Religion/Spirituality Across Cultures in Africa, Asia, and Oceania." In Handbook of Positive Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_16.
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AbstractCulturally responsive cross-pollination of positive psychology (PP) and the psychology of religion/spirituality (PRS) has the potential to enrich both subfields and augment their impact. To strengthen the interaction of PP and the PRS beyond the traditional boundaries of the West, this chapter explores the current overlap between these two psychology subfields in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. After providing a brief overview of each region, we apply a systematic approach to identify and evaluate research that intersects PP and the PRS in each region. Our search revealed a total of 128 scholarly articles over the last three decades. Topical emphases were classified into three overarching themes: (a) well-being, (b) character strengths and virtues, and (c) positive adaptation. Although recent growth in publication outputs within each region is an encouraging sign for the next wave of research, the quality of the existing empirical evidence is limited by an overreliance on cross-sectional observational studies. We highlight some of the ways that culturally responsive cross-pollination of PP and the PRS could benefit people living in Africa, Asia, and Oceania. We also offer suggestions for broadening the scope and enhancing research that intersects both subfields in these culturally and religiously diverse regions.
Conference papers on the topic "C/PPS"
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Mendez, Antonio J., Vincent J. Hernandez, Robert M. Gagliardi, and Corey V. Bennett. "Comparison of WDM/pulse-position-modulation (WDM/PPM) with code/pulse-position-swapping (C/PPS) based on wavelength/time codes." In 2009 IEEE Avionics, Fiber-Optics and Phototonics and Photonics Technology Conference (AVFOP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/avfop.2009.5342645.
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Mendez, Antonio J., Vincent J. Hernandez, Robert M. Gagliardi, and Corey V. Bennett. "Code/pulse position swapping (C/PPS) for multiple-bits/symbol and reconfigurable multiple access communications." In 2009 IEEE/LEOS Summer Topical Meeting (LEOSST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/leosst.2009.5226237.
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Marbet, G. A., P. Satiropas, C. Pantaleoni, and F. Duckert. "SECONDARY FIBRINOLYSIS, PROTEIN C ACTIVATION, PLATELET DECREASE, BUT NOT CONTACT ACTIVATION CAN BE CORRELATED TO FREE THROMBIN ACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL DIC." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643576.
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We have studied the influence of activated coagulation on antithrombotic defence mechanisms in vivo. Conventional coagulation variables, platelets (Tcy), plasminogen (Pig), α2-antiplasmin (AP) , protein C (PC), factor VIII C, factor XII and Cl-inhibitor have been measured before and during reversible tissue thromboplastin-induced DIC in the dog. Free thrombin action as derived from fibrinogen (Fbg) decrease has been expressed as integral of active thrombin concentration over time (φ). Protection by heparin H, pentosan polysulfate PPS or dermatan sulfate DS was studied. DIC had no consistent effect on the behaviour of factor XII and Cl-inhibitor, but led to the consumption (Δ) of the following variables:The Spearman correlation coefficients between and φ in the Δ whole group were all statistically significant and ranged from rs=0.51 (ΔPlg) to rs =0.94 (ΔFbg). The response of major defense mechanisms in vivo quantitatively depends on active thrombin.
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Krawczyk, Justyna, and Jarosław Stryczek. "Construction and Experimental Research on Plastic Cycloidal Gears Used in Gerotor Pumps." In 8th FPNI Ph.D Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2014-7827.
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Paper presents the construction and results of experimental research of gerotor pump with gears made of POM and PPS. Research program included verification of design factors (axial and radial clearance), operational factors (impact of speed, pressure and temperature on the pump characteristics) and definition of durability characteristics. Results of research proves that the pump with gears made of plastics can operate at high speeds (up to 4000 rpm), at temperature of the working fluid in the range 25°C – 50°C, with the working pressure at the outlet of the pump 4 MPa. Presented results of long-term tests, shows that the pump with gears made of plastics worked for 40 hours maintaining a constant level of efficiency Q = 12.5 dm3, which represents 80% of the theoretical volumetric efficiency.
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Mecham, Travis, Galen Stanley, Michael Pelletier, and Jim C. P. Liou. "High Speed Data Communications and High Speed Leak Detection Models: Impact of Thermodynamic Properties for Heated Crude Oil in Large Diameter, Insulated Pipelines — Application Pacific Pipeline System." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-241.
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Recent advances in SCADA and leak detection system technologies lead to higher scan rates and faster model speeds. As these model speeds increase and the inherent mathematical uncertainties in implicit method solutions are reduced, errors and uncertainties in measurement of the physical properties of the fluids transported by pipeline come to dominate the confidence calculations for computer generated leak alerts in the control center. The ability to collect more data must be supported by the need for better model data in order to achieve optimal leak detection system performance. This is particularly true when the products transported are non-homogeneous and have strong viscosity-vs-temperature relationships. These are characteristics of crude oils in California’s San Joaquin Valley where significant heating is required to pump these oils in an efficient manner. Proper characterization and correct mathematical expression of these physical properties in leak models has become critical. This paper presents these new developments in the context of an implementation of this new technology for the Pacific Pipeline System (PPS). PPS is a recently constructed and commissioned 209 km (130-mile), 50.8 cm (20″) diameter, insulated, hot crude oil pipeline between the southern portion of California’s San Joaquin Valley and refineries in the Los Angeles basin. Operational temperatures in this line vary from ambient to 82.2°C (180°F) with pressures ranging from 345 kPa (50 psi) to 11,720 kPa (1700 psi). Due to the unique geometry of the line, facilities along the route include pumping stations, metering stations and numerous “throttle-type” pressure reduction facilities. On PPS, a high-speed leak detection model is supported by a fiber optic (OC-1) communication backbone with data rate capacities in excess of 50 Megabits Per Second (MPS). Total scan times for the distributed communication system have been reduced to 1/4 second — each facility reports data to the SCADA host four times each second. A corresponding 1/4 second leak detection model cycle leads to selection of Methods of Characteristics segments on the order of 260 meters (850 feet). This resolution, in conjunction with the advanced instrumentation package of PPS, makes detection of very small leaks realizable. This paper starts with an overview of the system and combines a mix of the theoretical requirements imposed by the mathematical solutions with a practical description of the laboratory procedures and propagated experimental errors. The paper reviews temperature-related errors and uncertainties and their influence on leak detection performance.
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Ammann, E. O., S. Guch та A. Pinto. "1.06-0.53-μm second harmonic generation using congruent lithium niobate". У OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1985.tul1.
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There has been considerable interest the past two decades in using lithium niobate (LiNbO3) to generate the second harmonic of the 1.06-μm output of Nd:YAG lasers. Unfortunately, index inhomogeneities are induced in the LiNbO3 from the resulting 0.53 μm, and it has been generally assumed that these inhomogeneities would drastically reduce SHG conversion efficiencies. Considerable work has therefore gone into the growth of noncongruent LiNbO3 which phase matches above the self-annealing temperature (~180°C) for such induced inhomogeneities. More recently, work has been undertaken on growing MgO-doped LiNbO3 which has improved resistance to the occurrence of index inhomogeneities. Both approaches present difficult material growth problems, however. In this paper we report on the utilization of congruent, easily grown LiNbO3 to efficiently produce the second harmonic of 1.06-μm. A flashpumped Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was operated at 20 pps, multitransverse mode, with a 1.06-μm average output power of 2.0 W. Using a 9-mm long congruent LiNbO3 crystal held at its phase-matching temperature of 0°C, we have obtained a 0.53-μm output of 1.04 W. Index inhomogeneities do occur in the LiNbO3, but they saturate in the vicinity of the beam thereby allowing efficient SHG to occur. The result of other SHG experiments utilizing various LiNbO3 crystal lengths and incident 1.06-μm power densities will be reported. For comparison, SHG experiments were also carried out on LilO3, CD*A, KD*P, KTP, and MgO-doped LiNbO3 crystals and are described.
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Schuman, Thomas, Buddhabhushan Salunkhe, Ali Al Brahim, and Baojun Bai. "Development and Evaluation of Ultra-High Temperature Resistant Preformed Particle Gels for Conformance Control in North Sea Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206007-ms.
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Abstract Preformed particle gels (PPGs), a type of hydrogel, have been widely applied to control the conformance of reservoirs owing to their robust gel chemistries. Traditional PPGs are polyacrylamide-based hydrogel compositions which can withstand neither higher temperatures nor high salinity conditions. There are many deep oilfield reservoirs worldwide which demand PPG products with a long term hydrolytic and thermal stability at the temperatures of higher than 120 °C. Current PPGs neither remain hydrated nor retain polymer integrity at these temperatures. A unique high temperature-resistant hydrogel composition (HT-PPG) was developed with exceptional thermal stability for greater than 18 months in North Sea formation temperature (~130 °C) and formation water environments. HT-PPG described herein can swell up to 30 times its initial volume in brines of different salinity for North Sea. The effects of salinity and temperature on swelling, swelling rate, and rheological behavior was studied. These HT-PPGs exhibit excellent strength with storage modulus (G’) of over 3,000 Pa at the swelling ratio of 10. Thermostability evaluations were performed in North Sea brines with variable salinity at temperatures of 130 °C and 150 °C and found to be stable for 18 months with no loss of molecular integrity at the higher temperature. Laboratory core flooding tests were conducted to test its plugging efficiency to fracture. HT-PPGs showed good plugging efficiency by reducing the permeability of open fracture and did not wash out during waterflooding. Overall, HT-PPG is a novel product with excellent hydrothermal stability that make it an ideal candidate for conformance problems associated with reservoirs of high temperature and salinity conditions.
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Fujita, Natsuki, Hitoshi Mimura, Takaaki Kobayashi, Kazuyuki Sekino, and Kunitaka Nagamine. "Separation of Nuclides by Different Types of Zeolites in the Presence of Boric Acid." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30193.
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The development of selective adsorbents has become very important for the effective multi-nuclide decontamination. In this study, the selective adsorption properties of 26 nuclides for different types of zeolites (A, L, natural mordenite (NM), Ag-NM) were examined in the presence of boric acid. The batch adsorption experiments were carried out using four kinds of test solutions containing boric acid and calcium hydroxide; (1)DW (distilled water) + H3BO4: 3,000 ppm + LiOH: 10 ppb, (2)DW + Ca(OH)2: 500 ppm + H3BO4: 3,000 ppm + LiOH: 10 ppb, (3)Seawater (30% diluted) + H3BO4: 3,000 ppm, (4)Seawater + H3BO4: 3,000ppm. The uptake (%) of Sr2+ for zeolite A (A-51J), Cs+ for natural mordenite (NM, 2460#, Ayashi, Sendai), and I− for Ag-NM was determined under the following conditions; Concentration of Sr2+, Cs+ and I− ions: 10 ppm, V/m = 100 cm3/g, 25°C, 24 h. The uptake (%) of Sr2+, Cs+ and I− ions was estimated to be above 90%, while tended to decrease in the presence of seawater. Especially, the uptake (%) of I− ions for Ag-NM markedly decreased in the presence of seawater. As for the zeolites A and L, the uptake (%) of 26 elements was determined by using two kinds of test solutions; (1)DW (distilled water) + H3BO4: 3,000 ppm + LiOH: 10 ppb + 26 nuclides: 10 ppm, (2)Seawater (30% diluted) + H3BO4: 3,000 ppm + 26 nuclides: 10 ppm. Zeolite A has relatively large uptake percentage for Sr, Co, Ni and Zn, and zeolite L has high adsorbability to lanthanoid group of Eu, Ce and Pr. The increase in pH led to the enhancement of uptake (%), while the hydrolysis of metal ions should be also considered. The multi-nuclides separation is thus expected by considering the difference in uptake properties of zeolite A, L and natural mordenite.
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Gadogbe, Bryce, Daniel Adjei, Kwabena Banahene, Randall Geiger, and Degang Chen. "Sub-ppm/°C High Performance Voltage Reference." In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10181975.
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Qian, Jianhua, Jinjun Zhang, Kezhong Wang, and Dongping Qiu. "Pipelining of Viscous Waxy Crude With the Pour-Point-Depressant Beneficiation: Successful Experience in the Lu-Ning Pipeline." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0612.
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The Lu-Ning Pipeline in the eastern China, 655.37 km long and 720 mm O.D., transports viscous Shengli waxy crude with a wax content of ca 15.24%(wt), a density of 922 kg/m3 at 20°C , a gel point of 24°C, and a viscosity of 3210 mPa·s at 25°C. It was designed as a hot oil pipeline. In the mid 1990’s, with decreasing of the crude throughput, the fuel consumption for pipelining per ton of crude increased dramatically. For reducing fuel consumption, the technology of pour-point-depressant (PPD) beneficiation was adopted. Great success was achieved. With a PPD dosage of 50 ppm and a beneficiating temperature of 60°C at the initial pumping station, the gel point of the crude was reduced by 16°C, and the viscosity at 25°C was reduced by 87%. As a result, the crude temperature at the inlet of the intermediate heating stations was lowered from 34°C to 27±1 °C. This resulted in annual 17200 tons of fuel oil saving. Thanks to improvement of the crude flow properties, running heating stations were reduced from twelve before using the PPD to only one (the initial station) in summer, seven in winter, and two to five in spring and autumn depending on ground temperature. This was the pipeline with the longest distance, the largest diameter, the largest throughput and the most running pumping stations in China that ever used the PPD-beneficiation technology. We believe that experiences gained from this pipeline and other pipelines operated by the SINOPEC Pipeline Transport and Storage Company will be helpful to safe and economical operation of hot waxy crude pipelines.
Reports on the topic "C/PPS"
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de Wit, David, and Wieke Vervuurt. Effect wijzigingen HC-waarde, C/N-orgratio en OS-gehalte van verschillende veelgebruikte mestsoorten op de koolstofopbouw en N-mineralisatie op bouwplanniveau : deskstudie in het kader van de PPS Beter BodemBeheer. Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research, Business unit Open Teelten, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/640050.
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Rempel, K. U., A. E. Williams-Jones, and K. Fuller. An experimental investigation of the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal ore fluids. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328995.
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Experimental data on the solubility and speciation of uranium in hydrothermal solution is required to improve genetic models for the formation of ore deposits, yet very few data of this type have been published. Of particular interest is the oxidation state of the uranium in solution, as conventional wisdom suggests that U is dissolved in the oxidized U(VI) state and precipitated as reduced U(IV) minerals, yet recent experiments have shown ppm-level solubility for U(IV). This study investigated the mobility of reduced U(IV) and oxidized U(VI) in acidic (pH = 2), fluoride- bearing and alkaline (pH = 10), chloride-bearing solutions at 100-200°C and 1 to 15.8 bars (0.1-1.58 MPa). Preliminary data for the mobility of U(IV) in pH 2 fluids with 0.01 m F- show concentrations of 1.76 to 3.92 ppm U at 200°C, indicating that, contrary to common belief, the reduced U(IV) can be transported in solution. We have also conducted experiments on U(VI) solubility in pH 2 fluoride-bearing, and pH 10 chloride-bearing solutions. Uranium concentrations in the F- -bearing experiments ranged from 624 to 1570 ppm (avg. 825 ppm, n = 6) at 100°C, 670 to 1560 ppm (avg. 931 ppm, n = 4) at 150°C, and 3180 to 7550 ppm (avg. 5240, n = 9) at 200°C. In comparison, U concentrations in the Cl- -bearing runs range from 86.1 to 357 ppm (avg. 185 ppm, n = 15) at 200°C. Clearly, oxidized U(VI) is very readily mobilized in hydrothermal fluids. However, the measured concentrations of U(VI) are independent of those of F- or Cl-, suggesting the formation of U oxide or hydroxide species rather than U chlorides or fluorides. These experimental data will be verified and supplemented in future experiments, which will be used to derive the stoichiometry and thermodynamic constants for the dominant uranium species in hydrothermal solutions. The data from this study will then be integrated into a comprehensive genetic model for uranium ore-forming systems.
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Jo, Hyungyung, Hyeyoung Son, Mitchell Rencheck, et al. Mechanical Properties of Durable Pavement Marking Materials and Adhesion on Asphalt Surfaces. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317357.
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Mechanical properties of commercially available temporary pavement marking (TPM) tapes and thermoplastic materials used as permanent pavement markings (PPM) were investigated using the non-destructive Tape Drape Test and conventional mechanical testing. The impact of temperature and aging on the adhesion of TPM tapes and thermoplastic PPM applied to asphalt core surfaces with various surface roughness and treatments was determined using a modular peel fixture and shear adhesion tests. The adhesion of TPM tapes to model smooth surfaces decreased as surface temperature was increased from 0 to 40°C (32 to 104°F). For some tapes, reduced adhesion and brittle broken fracture were observed at the lowest investigated temperature of -20°C (-4°F). The adhesion of tapes applied to asphalt decreased significantly within 1 week of aging at -25°C (-13°F). Ghost markings were more likely at higher aging temperatures. For PPM thermoplastics, better adhesion to asphalt was observed for higher application temperatures and rougher surfaces. Asphalt emulsion treatments reduced the adhesion of thermoplastics and increased the likelihood of adhesive failure after 5 months of aging at -25°C (-13°F). More ductile PPM thermoplastic materials had better adhesion to both smooth and rough asphalt surfaces compared to thermoplastic materials with a more brittle mechanical response.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.
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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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Frank, Thomas Joseph. Inclusive Particle Production in $\pi^+p, K^+p$, and $pp$ interactions at 200 GeV/c. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1375751.
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Reyes, Marco A. Partial Wave Analysis of the Process pp -> p_s (KsKs) p_f at 800 GeV/c. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1421739.
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Suchorebrow, Victor. Inclusive $K^+ K^-$ Production in Reactions $\pi^+ p$, $K^+ p$ and $pp$ at 200 GeV/c. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1407116.
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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.
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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Genetic and chemical intervention in ROS signaling pathways affecting development and pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699866.bard.
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Abstract: The long-term goals of our research are to understand the regulation of sclerotial development and pathogenicity in S. sclerotior11111. The focus in this project was on the elucidation of the signaling events and environmental cues involved in the regulation of these processes, utilizing and continuously developing tools our research groups have established and/or adapted for analysis of S. sclerotiorum, Our stated objectives: To take advantage of the recent conceptual (ROS/PPs signaling) and technical (amenability of S. sclerotiorumto manipulations coupled with chemical genomics and next generation sequencing) developments to address and extend our fundamental and potentially applicable knowledge of the following questions concerning the involvement of REDOX signaling and protein dephosphorylation in the regulation of hyphal/sclerotial development and pathogenicity of S. sclerotiorum: (i) How do defects in genes involved in ROS signaling affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity? (ii) In what manner do phosphotyrosinephosphatases affect S. sclerotiorumdevelopment and pathogenicity and how are they linked with ROS and other signaling pathways? And (iii) What is the nature of activity of newly identified compounds that affect S. sclerotiori,111 growth? What are the fungal targets and do they interfere with ROS signaling? We have met a significant portion of the specific goals set in our research project. Much of our work has been published. Briefly. we can summarize that: (a) Silencing of SsNox1(NADPHoxidase) expression indicated a central role for this enzyme in both virulence and pathogenic development, while inactivation of the SsNox2 gene resulted in limited sclerotial development, but the organism remained fully pathogenic. (b) A catalase gene (Scatl), whose expression was highly induced during host infection is involved in hyphal growth, branching, sclerotia formation and infection. (c) Protein tyrosine phosphatase l (ptpl) is required for sclerotial development and is involved in fungal infection. (d) Deletion of a superoxidedismutase gene (Sssodl) significantly reduced in virulence on both tomato and tobacco plants yet pathogenicity was mostly restored following supplementation with oxalate. (e) We have participated in comparative genome sequence analysis of S. sclerotiorumand B. cinerea. (f) S. sclerotiorumexhibits a potential switch between biotrophic and necrotrophic lifestyles (g) During plant microbe interactions cell death can occur in both resistant and susceptible events. Non pathogenic fungal mutants S. sclerotior111n also cause a cell death but with opposing results. We investigated PCD in more detail and showed that, although PCD occurs in both circumstances they exhibit distinctly different features. The mutants trigger a restricted cell death phenotype in the host that unexpectedly exhibits markers associated with the plant hypersensitive (resistant) response. Using electron and fluorescence microscopy, chemical effectors and reverse genetics, we have established that this restricted cell death is autophagic. Inhibition of autophagy rescued the non-pathogenic mutant phenotype. These findings indicate that autophagy is a defense response in this interaction Thus the control of cell death, dictated by the plant (autophagy) סr the fungus (apoptosis), is decisive to the outcome of certain plant microbe interactions. In addition to the time and efforts invested towards reaching the specific goals mentioned, both Pls have initiated utilizing (as stated as an objective in our proposal) state of the art RNA-seq tools in order to harness this technology for the study of S. sclerotiorum. The Pls have met twice (in Israel and in the US), in order to discuss .נחd coordinate the research efforts. This included a working visit at the US Pls laboratory for performing RNA-seq experiments and data analysis as well as working on a joint publication (now published). The work we have performed expands our understanding of the fundamental biology (developmental and pathogenic) of S. sclerotioז111וז. Furthermore, based on our results we have now reached the conclusion that this fungus is not a bona fide necrotroph, but can also display a biotrophic lifestyle at the early phases of infection. The data obtained can eventually serve .נ basis of rational intervention with the disease cycle of this pathogen.
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Arenton, M., T. Y. Chen, K. W. Lai, et al. A Proposal to Study Beauty Production and Other Heavy Quark Physics Associated with Dimuon Production in 800 (925) GeV/C pp Interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1000259.
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