Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'C*-algebra'

We consider the norm closure A of the algebra of all operators of order and class zero in Boutet de Monvel's calculus on a manifold X with boundary ∂X. We first describe the image and the kernel of the continuous extension of the boundary principal symbol homomorphism to A. If X is connected and ∂X is not empty, we then show that the K-groups of A are topologically determined. In case the manifold, its boundary, and the cotangent space of its interior have torsion free K-theory, we get Ki(A,k) congruent Ki(C(X))⊕Ksub(1-i)(Csub(0)(T*X)),i = 0,1, with k denoting the compact ideal, and T*X denoting the cotangent bundle of the interior. Using Boutet de Monvel's index theorem, we also prove that the above formula holds for i = 1 even without this torsion-free hypothesis. For the case of orientable, two-dimensional X, Ksub(0)(A) congruent Z up(2g+m) and Ksub(1)(A) congruent Z up(2g+m-1), where g is the genus of X and m is the number of connected components of ∂X. We also obtain a composition sequence 0 ⊂ k ⊂ G ⊂ A, with A/G commutative and G/k isomorphic to the algebra of all continuous functions on the cosphere bundle of ∂X with values in compact operators on L²(R+).

In 1954, H. Dye proved that the unitary groups of von Neumann factors not of type I2n determine the algebraic type of factors. Using Dye's result, M. Broise showed that any isomorphism between the unitary groups of two von Neumann factors not of type In is implemented by a linear or a conjugate linear *-isomorphism between the factors. Using Dye's approach, A. Booth proved that two simple unital AF-algebras are isomorphic if and only if their unitary groups are (algebraically) isomorphic. In the first part of this thesis, we extend Booth's result to a larger class of amenable unital C*-algebras. If ϕ is an isomorphism between the unitary groups of two unital C*-algebras, it induces a bijective map &thgr;ϕ between the sets of projections of the algebras. For some UHF-algebras, we construct an automorphism ϕ of their unitary group, such that &thgr;ϕ does not preserve the orthogonality of projections. For a large class of unital C*-algebras, we show that &thgr;ϕ is always an orthoisomorphism. This class includes in particular the Cuntz algebras On , 2 ≤ n ≤ infinity, and the simple unital AF-algebras having 2-divisible K0-group. If ϕ is a continuous automorphism of the unitary group of a UHF-algebra A, we show that ϕ is implemented by a linear or a conjugate linear *-automorphism of A.

Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma introdução às C*-álgebras e a construção do produto cruzado $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, onde A é uma C*-álgebra com unidade, e $\\alpha$ é um automorfismo em A. Apresentamos, também, uma generalização do Teorema de Fejér, no contexto de produto cruzado. A título de exemplo de produto cruzado, provamos que $C times_ Z$ é isomorfo a C(S^1). Sendo X uma compactificação de Z pela adição dos símbolos $+\\infty$ e $-\\infty$, provamos que o produto cruzado $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ é isomorfo A, o fecho do conjunto dos operadores pseudodiferenciais clássicos de ordem 0 sobre S^1, onde é definido pelo deslocamento. Com posse destes isomorfismos, vimos a implicação da generalização do Teorema de Fejér para C(S^1) e para A.
We present an introduction to C * -algebras and the construction of the crossed product $A times_{\\alpha} Z$, where A is a C *-algebra with unit, and $\\alpha$ is an automorphism in A. We also study a generalization of Fejérs theorem on crossed product context. As an example of crossed product, we prove that $C times_ Z$ is isomorphic to C(S^1). Let X be a compactification of Z by addition of the symbols $+\\infty$ and $-\\infty$. We prove that $C(X) times_{\\alpha} Z$ is isomorphic A, the closure of set of classics pseudo-differential operators of order 0 on S^1, where is defined by a shift. Based on these isomorphisms, we see the implication of the generalization of Fejérs theorem for C(S^1) and A.

A wavelet is a function which is used to construct a specific type of orthonormal basis. We are interested in using C*-algebras and Hilbert C*-modules to study wavelets. A Hilbert C*-module is a generalisation of a Hilbert space for which the inner product takes its values in a C*-algebra instead of the complex numbers. We study wavelets in an arbitrary Hilbert space and construct some Hilbert C*-modules over a group C*-algebra which will be used to study the properties of wavelets. We study wavelets by constructing Hilbert C*-modules over C*-algebras generated by groups of translations. We shall examine how this construction works in both the Fourier and non-Fourier domains. We also make use of Hilbert C*-modules over the space of essentially bounded functions on tori. We shall use the Hilbert C*-modules mentioned above to study wavelet and scaling filters, the fast wavelet transform, and the cascade algorithm. We shall furthermore use Hilbert C*-modules over matrix C*-algebras to study multiwavelets.

In Chapter 0, we give a brief discussion of positive linear functionals on C^*-algebras. We discuss the relation between states and representations of C^*-algebras in section 0.1. Some properties of factorial states and primal ideals of C^*-algebras are considered in section 0.2. In Chapter 1, we determine the primal ideals in certain C^*-algebras. We study an antiliminal C^*-algebra considered by Vesterstro m [38] in section 1.1. A variant of a nonliminal postliminal C^*-algebra constructed by Kadison, Lance and Ringrose ([18] and [3]) is considered in section 1.2. Also, we study in section 1.3 a liminal C^*-algebra constructed by J. Dixmier [10]. Chapter 2 is concerned with tensor products and primal ideals of C^*-algebras. In Chapter 3, we try to answer the following question 'when can the pure state space overlineP(A) be written as a union of weak^*-closed simplicial faces of the quasi state space Q(A)?' In section 3.1, we define a condition which we call (*), in terms of equivalent pure states, and we prove that it is equivalent to the pure state space overlineP(A) being a union of weak^*-closed simplicial faces of the state space S(A), where A is a unital C^*-algebra. We prove that the latter condition is equivalent to the pure state space overlineP(A) being a union of weak^*-closed simplicial faces of the quasi state space Q(A). In section 3.2, we consider questions of stability for the condition (*). Some C^*-algebras whose irreducible representations are of finite dimension are studied in section 3.3. Their pure state spaces are determined, thus giving examples and counter examples in connection with condition (*). Finally, in section 3.4, we prove that the factorial state space overlineF(A) is a union of weak^*-closed simplicial faces of Q(A) if, and only if, A is abelian.

Un gruppo di superficie è (isomorfo) al gruppo fondamentale di una superficie orientabile chiusa di genere k (maggiore o uguale a 2). È uno small cancellation group e quindi iperbolico; il suo grafo di Cayley è isomorfo a una tassellatura del piano iperbolico fatta di 2k-goni iperbolici. È possibile definire alcuni sottoinsiemi del grafo di Cayley, detti “coni”, su cui il gruppo agisce con un numero finito di orbite, chiamate “cono tipi”. Una rappresentazione moltiplicativa di un gruppo di superficie è una rappresentazione unitaria definita sullo spazio di Hilbert delle funzioni moltiplicative. Una funzione moltiplicativa su un gruppo di superfici ha valori vettoriali ed è definita mediante la scelta di un insieme di parametri, chiamato “sistema di matrici”. Due funzioni moltiplicative sono equivalenti se differiscono solo su un numero finito di elementi. Si può definire un prodotto interno sulle classi di equivalenza di funzioni moltiplicative. Dimostriamo che almeno per il caso di un gruppo di superficie del genere 2 ed una scelta del sistemi di matrici il prodotto interno non è identicamente nullo; dato che esso non dipende dalla scelta dei rappresentanti per le funzioni moltiplicative, è ben definito. Questa dimostrazione si basa sull'irriducibilità di una certa matrice associata alla geometria del grafo di Cayley; in particolare, un certo autovalore Perron-Frobenius deve essere semplice. Una rappresentazione moltiplicativa agisce semplicemente per traslazione sinistra sul completamento dello spazio di Hilbert dello spazio delle funzioni moltiplicative rispetto al prodotto interno sopra menzionato. La rappresentazione così definita è temperata: mostriamo che i coefficienti di matrice della rappresentazione regolare approssimano quelli della rappresentazione moltiplicativa. Con il termine “rappresentazione sul bordo” intendiamo una rappresentazione di una certa C*-algebra prodotto incrociato, ottenuta dall'azione del gruppo di superficie sulla C*-algebra delle funzioni continue sul bordo - che è omeomorfo ad una circonferenza. Una rappresentazione sul bordo è data da una rappresentazione unitaria del gruppo e una rappresentazione della C*-algebra che soddisfi una condizione di covarianza. Definiamo una famiglia di sottospazi (indicizzata da una quantità reale) di uno spazio di funzioni di quadrato integrabile con valori vettoriali sul gruppo e agiamo su questi sottospazi per traslazione a sinistra con il gruppo e per moltiplicazione con le funzioni continue sulla compattificazione del gruppo di superficie (il gruppo unito al suo bordo). Otteniamo alcune rappresentazioni del gruppo e dell'algebra che soddisfano la covarianza e mostriamo che la famiglia ha una sottosuccessione convergente. Mostriamo quindi che l'azione della C*-algebra coinvolge solo i valori delle funzioni sul bordo: otteniamo quindi una rappresentazione sul bordo. Mostriamo, inoltre, che il limite così ottenuto non dipende dalla sottosuccessione tendente a zero. Abbiamo così una rappresentazione sul bordo ben definita. Mostriamo che la parte unitaria di questa rappresentazione sul bordo è equivalente alla rappresentazione moltiplicativa: infatti, le loro funzioni di tipo positivo coincidono. Infine, mostriamo che la rappresentazione sul bordo è irriducibile. Questo risultato si ottiene sfruttando l'unicità (a meno di prodotto per una costante positiva) dell'autovalore di Perron-Frobenius ottenuto nella dimostrazione della buona positura del prodotto interno: dimostriamo che qualsiasi proiezione che commuta sia con la rappresentazione del gruppo che con la rappresentazione dell’algebra permette di definire un autovettore della stessa matrice corrispondente all'autovalore di Perron-Frobenius. Quindi, dopo alcuni calcoli, otteniamo che la proiezione considerata deve essere banale. Da una versione del Lemma di Schur segue che la rappresentazione del prodotto incrociato è irriducibile.
A surface group is (isomorphic to) the fundamental group of a closed orientable surface of genus k greater or equal than 2. It is a small cancellation group (hence hyperbolic); its Cayley graph is isomorphic to a tiling of the hyperbolic plane by 2k-gons. One can define certain subsets of the Cayley graph called cones. The group acts on the set of cones with finitely many orbits, called cone types. A multiplicative representation of a surface group is a unitary representation defined on the Hilbert space of multiplicative functions. A multiplicative function on a surface group is a vector-valued function defined through the choice of a set of parameters, called matrix system. Two multiplicative functions are equivalent if they differ only on finitely many elements. An inner product can be defined for equivalence classes of multiplicative functions. We prove that at least for the case of a surface group of genus 2 and a choice of the matrices as non-negative scalars the inner product is not identically zero; thus, since it does not depend on the representatives for the multiplicative functions, it is well posed. This proof relies on the irreducibility of a certain matrix associated with the geometry of the Cayley graph; in particular, a certain Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue must be simple. A multiplicative representation then simply acts by left translation on the Hilbert space completion of the space of multiplicative functions with respect to the inner product above mentioned. The representation thus defined is tempered: we show that the matrix coefficients of the regular representation approximate those of the multiplicative representation. By the term boundary representation, we mean a representation of a certain crossed product C*-algebra, obtained by the action of the surface group on the C*-algebra of continuous functions on its boundary – which is homeomorphic to the unit circle. Such a boundary representation is given by a unitary representation of the group and a representation of the C*-algebra satisfying a covariance condition. We define a family of subspaces (indexed by a real quantity) of a space of vector-valued square integrable functions on the group and we act on these subspaces by left translation with the group and by multiplication with continuous functions on the compactification of the surface group (the group united with its boundary). Thus, we get some representations of the group and the algebra satisfying covariance and we show that the family has a limit for a subsequence of the indexes tending to zero. We then show that the action of the C*-algebra involves only the values of the functions on the boundary. Hence, we get a boundary representation. We show, moreover, that the limit thus obtained does not depend on the subsequence tending to zero. Hence, we get a well-defined representation of the crossed product C*-algebra. We show that the unitary part of this boundary representation is equivalent to the multiplicative representation: in fact, their functions of positive type coincide. Finally, we show that the boundary representation is irreducible. This result is achieved by exploiting the uniqueness (up to scaling) of the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue obtained in the proof of the well-posedness of the inner product: in fact, we show that any projection intertwining both the group representation and the algebra representation allows to define an eigenvector of the same matrix corresponding to the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue. Thus, after some calculations, we get that the projection considered must be trivial. By a version of Schur’s Lemma, this yields the irreducibility of the crossed product representation.

In a recent series of papers, Kumjian, Pask, and Sims have investigated the effect of "twisting" C*-algebras associated to higher-rank graphs using a categorical 2-cocycle on the graph. This work has included a characterisation of simplicity for these twisted C*-algebras in terms of the underlying graphical and cohomological data. In this thesis, we initiate the study of twisted C*-algebras associated to topological higher-rank graphs using groupoid techniques, and we characterise simplicity of these C*-algebras. For each cofinal, proper, source-free topological higher-rank graph, and each continuous 2-cocycle on the associated boundary-path groupoid, we consider the twisted groupoid C*-algebra in the sense of Renault. We show that the quotient of the boundary-path groupoid by the interior of its isotropy subgroupoid acts on the Cartesian product of the infinite-path space of the graph and the dual group of a particular subgroup of the periodicity group of the graph that is dependent on the cohomological data. We refer to this action as the spectral action. To prove our simplicity characterisation, we first extend results of Brown, Nagy, Reznikoff, Sims, and Williams to characterise injectivity of homomorphisms of the reduced twisted C*-algebra associated to any Hausdorff étale groupoid G and continuous 2-cocycle on G in terms of injectivity of homomorphisms of the reduced twisted C*-algebra associated to the interior of the isotropy of G. We apply this result to prove that a twisted C*-algebra of a topological higher-rank graph is simple if the associated spectral action is minimal. We complete the proof of our characterisation by assuming that the spectral action is not minimal, and constructing a nonzero representation of the twisted C*-algebra with nontrivial kernel. Our characterisation of simplicity generalises the analogous result of Kumjian, Pask, and Sims pertaining to twisted C*-algebras of (discrete) higher-rank graphs.

The C*-algebra representation of a physical system provides an ideal backdrop for the study of bipartite entanglement, as a natural definition of separability emerges as a direct consequence of the non-abelian nature of quantum systems under this formulation. The focus of this dissertation is the quantification of entanglement for infinite dimensional systems. The use of Choquet’s theory of boundary integrals allows for an integral representation of the states on a C*-algebra and subsequent adaptation of the Convex Roof Measures to infinite dimensional systems. Another measure of entanglement, known as the Quantum Correlation Coefficient, is also shown to be a valid measure of entanglement in infinite dimensions, by making use of the intimate connection between separability and positive maps.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Physics
MSc
Unrestricted

Trabalhamos com funções definidas em Rn que tomam valores numa C*-álgebra A. Consideramos o conjunto SA (Rn) das funções de Schwartz, (de decrescimento rápido), com norma dada por ||f||2 = ||?f(x)*f(x)dx||½. Denotamos por CB?(R2n,A) o conjunto das funções C? com todas as suas derivadas limitadas. Provamos que os operadores pseudo-diferenciais com símbolo em CB?(R2n,A) são contínuos em SA(Rn) com a norma || ? ||2, fazendo uma generalização de [10]. Rieffel prova em [1] que CB?(Rn,A) age em SA(Rn) por meio de um produto deformado, induzido por uma matriz anti-simétrica, J, como segue: LFg(x)=F×Jg(x) = ?e2?iuvF(x+Ju)g(x+v)dudv, (integral oscilatória). Dizemos que um operador S é Heisenberg-suave se as aplicações z |-> T-zSTz e ? |-> M-?SM?, z,? E Rn, são C? onde Tzg(x)=g(x-z) e M?g(x)=ei?xg(x). No final do capítulo 4 de [1], Rieffel propõe uma conjectura: que todos os operadores \"adjuntáveis\" em SA(Rn), Heisenberg-suaves, que comutam com a representação regular à direita de CB?(Rn,A), RGf = f×JG, são os operadores do tipo LF. Provamos este resultado para o caso A=|C, ver [14], usando a caracterização de Cordes (ver [17]) dos operadores Heisenberg-suaves em L2(Rn) como sendo os operadores pseudo-diferenciais com símbolo em CB?(R2n). Também é provado neste trabalho que, se vale uma generalização natural da caracterização de Cordes, a conjectura de Rieffel é verdadeira.
We work with functions defined on Rn with values in a C*-algebra A. We consider the set SA(Rn) of Schwartz functions (rapidly decreasing), with norm given by ||f||2 = ||?f(x)*f(x)dx||½ . We denote CB?(R2n,A) the set of functions which are C? and have all their derivatives bounded. We prove that pseudo-differential operators with symbol in CB?(R2n,A) are continuous on SA(Rn) with the norm || · ||2, thus generalizing the result in [10]. Rieffel proves in [1] that CB?(Rn,A) acts on SA(Rn) through a deformed product induced by an anti-symmetric matrix, J, as follows: LFg(x)=F×Jg(x) = ?e2?iuvF(x+Ju)g(x+v)dudv (an oscillatory integral). We say that an operator S is Heisenberg-smooth if the maps z |-> T-zSTz and ? |-> M-?SM?, z,? E Rn are C?; where Tzg(x)=g(x-z) and where M?g(x)=ei?xg(x). At the end of chapter 4 of [1], Rieffel proposes a conjecture: that all ”adjointable” operators in SA(Rn) that are Heisenberg-smooth and that commute with the right-regular representation of CB?(Rn,A), RGf = f×JG, are operators of type LF . We proved this result for the case A = |C in [14], using Cordes\' characterization of Heisenberg-smooth operators on L2(Rn) as being the pseudo-differential operators with symbol in CB?(R2n). It is also proved in this thesis that, if a natural generalization of Cordes\' characterization is valid, then the Rieffel conjecture is true.

Dados A uma C*-álgebra com unidade e \\alpha um *-endomorfismo de A, um operador transferência para o par (A, \\alpha) é uma aplicação linear contínua positiva L: A --> A tal que L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), para todo a, b \\in A. Nestas condições, denotamos por T(A, \\alpha, L) a C*-álgebra universal com unidade gerada por A e um elemento S sujeito às relações Sa = \\alpha(a)S e S*aS = L(a). Uma redundância é definida como o par (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} tal que abS = akS, para todo b \\in A. Neste trabalho definimos a C*-álgebra chamada de produto cruzado como o quociente de T(A, \\alpha, L) pelo ideal bilateral fechado I gerado pelo conjunto das diferenças a-k, para todas as redundâncias (a, k) tais que a \\in \\overline, onde R denota a Im \\alpha. Mostramos que quando \\alpha é injetor com imagem hereditária, então o produto cruzado é isomorfo à C*-álgebra universal com unidade, denotada por U(A, \\alpha), gerada por A e uma isometria T sujeita à relação \\alpha(a) = TaT*, para todo a \\in A. Também mostramos que a álgebra de Cuntz-Krieger O_A pode ser caracterizada como o produto cruzado definido neste trabalho.
Given A a C*-algebra with unit and \\alpha an *-endomorphism of A, a transfer operator for the pair (A, \\alpha) is a continuous positive linear map L: A --> A such that L(\\alpha(a)b) = a L(b), for all a, b \\in A. Under these conditions , we denote by T(A, \\alpha, L) the universal C*-algebra with unit generated by A and an element S subject to the relations Sa = \\alpha(a)S and S*aS = L(a). A redundancy is defined as a pair (a, k) \\in A x \\overline{ASS* A} such that abS = akS, for all b \\in A. In tjis work we define the C*-algebra called crossed-product as the quotient of T(A, \\alpha, L) by the closed two-sided ideal I generated by the set of all differences a-k, for all redundancies (a, k) such that a \\in \\overline, where by R we mean Im \\alpha. We prove that when \\alpha is injective with an hereditary range, then the crossed-product is isomorphic to the universal C*-algebra with unit, which we denote by U(A, \\alpha), generated by A and an isometry T subject to the relation \\alpha(a) = TaT*, for all a \\in A. We also prove that the Cuntz-Krieger algebra O_A can be characterized as the crossed-product we define in this work.

The main focus of this paper is the study of elliptic curves, non-singular projective curves of genus 1. Under a geometric operation, the rational points E(Q) of an elliptic curve E form a group, which is a finitely-generated abelian group by Mordell’s theorem. Thus, this group can be expressed as the finite direct sum of copies of Z and finite cyclic groups. The number of finite copies of Z is called the rank of E(Q). From John Tate and Joseph Silverman we have a formula to compute the rank of curves of the form E: y2 = x3 + ax2 + bx. In this thesis, we generalize this formula, using a purely group theoretic approach, and utilize this generalization to find the rank of curves of the form E: y2 = x3 + c. To do this, we review a few well-known homomorphisms on the curve E: y2 = x3 + ax2 + bx as in Tate and Silverman's Elliptic Curves, and study analogous homomorphisms on E: y2 = x3 + c and relevant facts.

Aquesta tesi doctoral tracta sobre C*-àlgebres i els seus invariants de Teoria K. Ens hem centrat principalment en l’estructura d’una classe de C*-àlgebres anomenada camps continus i l’estudi d’un dels seus invariants: el semigrup de Cuntz. Més concretament, analitzem el següent: (1)- Estructura dels camps continus : A la literatura hi ha dos exemples que donen una idea clara sobre la complexitat dels camps continus de C*-àlgebres. El primer va ser construït per M. Dadarlat i G. A. Elliott al 2007 i és un camp continu A sobre l’interval unitat amb fibres mútuament isomorfes, Teoria K no finitament generada i que no és localment trivial enlloc. El segon exemple mostra que, fins i tot quan la Teoria K de les fibres s’anul·la, el camp pot ser no trivial enlloc si l’espai base té dimensió infinita (Dadarlat, 2009). Veient aquests exemples és natural preguntar-se quina és l’estructura dels camps continus d’àlgebres de Kirchberg sobre un espai de dimensió finita, amb fibres mútuament isomorfes i Teoria K finitament generada. Tractem aquesta qüestió al Capítol 2 de la memòria. (2)- El semigrup de Cuntz de camps continus : Per a C*-àlgebres de dimensió baixa sense obstruccions cohomològiques, una descripció del seu semigrup de Cuntz, a través d’avaluació puntual, s’ha obtingut en termes de funcions semicontínues sobre l’expectre que prenen valors en els enters positius estesos (Robert, 2009). Per camps més generals la clau està en descriure l’aplicació següent: _: Cu(A) ! Q x2X Cu(Ax) donada per _hai = (ha(x)i)x2X; on Cu(Ax) és el semigrup de Cuntz de la fibra Ax. En el Capítol 3 de la memòria, l’aplicació _ s’estudia en el cas que X tingui dimensió petita i totes les fibres de la C(X)-àlgebra A no són necessàriament isomorfes entre sí. Més concretament, demostrem que és possible recuperar el semigrup de Cuntz d’una classe adequada de camps continus com el semigrup de seccions globals de tx2XCu(Ax) a X. Això s’utilitza posteriorment per reescriure un resultat de classificació degut a Dadarlat, Elliott i Niu (2012) utilitzant un sol invariant en comptes d’un feix de grups. (3)-Funcions de dimensió en una C*-algebra : L’estudi de funcions de dimensió va ser iniciat per Cuntz a 1978, i desenvolupat posteriorment per Blackadar i Handelman al 1982. En el seu article van aparèixer dues preguntes naturals: decidir si l’espai afí de funcions de dimensió és un símplex, i si també el conjunt de funcions de dimensió semicontínues inferiorment és dens a l’espai de totes les funcions de dimensió. En el Capítol 4 calculem el rang estable d’algunes classes de camps continus i això ens ajuda a provar que les dues conjectures anteriors tenen resposta afirmativa per camps continus A sobre espais de dimensió 1 i amb hipòtesis febles en les seves fibres.
This thesis deals with C*-algebras and their K-theoretical invariants. We have mainly focused on the structure of a class of C*-algebras called continuous fields, and the study of one of its invariants, the Cuntz semigroup. More concretely, we analyse the following: (1)-Structure of Continuous Fields of C*-algebras : In the literature there are two examples which clearly give an idea about the complexity of continuous field C*-algebras. The first one was constructed by M. Dadarlat and G. A. Elliott in 2007, and it is a continuous field C*- algebra A over the unit interval with mutually isomorphic fibers, with non-finitely generated K-theory and such that it is nowhere locally trivial. The second example shows that, even if the K-theory of the fibers vanish, the field can be nowhere locally trivial if the base space is infinite-dimensional (Dadarlat, 2009). From the above examples, it is natural to ask which is the structure of continuous fields of Kirchberg algebras over a finite-dimensional space with mutually isomorphic fibers and finitely generated K-theory. This question has been adressed in Chapter 2 of the memoir. (2)-The Cuntz semigroup of continuous field C*-algebras : For commutative C*-algebras of lower dimension where there are no cohomological obstructions, a description of their Cuntz semigroup via point evaluation has been obtained in terms of (extended) integer valued lower semicontinuous functions on their spectrum (Robert, 2009). For more general continuous fields, the key is to describe the map : Cu(A) ! Q x2X Cu(Ax) given by hai = (ha(x)i)x2X; where Cu(Ax) is the Cuntz semigroup of the fiber Ax. In Chapter 3 of the memoir, the map is studied in the case when X has low dimension and all the fibers of the C(X)-algebra A are not necessarily mutually isomorphic. Concretely, we prove that it is possible to recover the Cuntz semigroup of a suitable class of continuous fields as the semigroup of global sections of tx2XCu(Ax) to X. This is further used to rephrase a classification result by Dadarlat, Elliott and Niu (2012) by using a single invariant instead of a sheaf of groups. (3)-Dimension Functions on a C*-algebra : The study of dimension functions on C -algebras was started by Cuntz in 1978, and further developed by B. Blackadar and D. Handelman in 1982. In the latter article, two natural questions arised: to decide whether the affine space of dimension functions is a simplex, and also whether the set of lower semicontinuous dimension functions is dense in the space of all dimension functions. In Chapter 4 we compute the stable rank of some class of continuous field C*-algebras, which helps us to move on to show that the above two conjectures have affirmative answers for continuous fields A over one-dimensional spaces and with mild assumptions on their fibers.

As pointed out by I. Moerdijk and G. Reyes in [63], C∞-rings have been studied specially for their use in Singularity Theory and in order to construct topos models for Synthetic Differential Geometry. In this work, we follow a complementary trail, deepening our knowledge about them through a more pure bias, making use of Category Theory and accounting them from a logical-categorial viewpoint. We begin by giving a comprehensive systematization of the fundamental facts of the (equational) theory of C∞-rings, widespread here and there in the current literature - mostly without proof - which underly the theory of C∞-rings. Next we develop some topics of what we call a ∞Commutative Algebra, expanding some partial results of [66] and [67]. We make a systematic study of von Neumann-regular C∞-rings (following [2]) and we present some interesting results about them, together with their (functorial) relationship with Boolean spaces. We study some sheaf theoretic notions on C∞-rings, such as ∞(locally)-ringed spaces and the smooth Zariski site. Finally we describe classifying toposes for the (algebraic) theory of ∞ rings, the (coherent) theory of local C∞-rings and the (algebraic) theory of von Neumann regular C∞-rings.
Conforme observado por I. Moerdijk e G. Reyes em [63], os anéis C∞ têm sido estudados especialmente tendo em vista suas aplicações em Teoria de Singularidades e para construir toposes que sirvam de modelos para a Geometria Diferencial Sintética. Neste trabalho, seguimos um caminho complementar, aprofundando nosso conhecimento sobre eles por um viés mais puro, fazendo uso da Teoria das Categorias e os analisando a partir de pontos de vista algébrico e lógico-categorial. Iniciamos o trabalho apresentando uma sistematização abrangente dos fatos fundamentais da teoria (equacional) dos anéis C∞, distribuídos aqui e ali na literatura atual - a maioria sem demonstrações - mas que servem de base para a teoria. Na sequência, desenvolvemos alguns tópicos do que denominamos Álgebra Comutativa C∞, expandindo resultados parciais de [66] e [67]. Realizamos um estudo sistemático dos anéis C∞ von Neumann-regulares - na linha do estudo algébrico realizado em [2]- e apresentamos alguns resultados interessantes a seu respeito, juntamente com sua relação (funtorial) com os espaços booleanos. Estudamos algumas noções pertinentes à Teoria de Feixes para anéis ∞, tais como espaços (localmente) ∞anelados e o sítio de Zariski liso. Finalmente, descrevemos toposes classicantes para a teoria (algébrica) dos anéis C∞, a teoria (coerente) dos anéis locais C∞ e a teoria (algébrica) dos anéis C∞ von Neumann regulares.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá využitím geometrické algebry pro kuželosečky (GAC) v autonomní navigaci, prezentované na pohybu robota v trubici. Nejprve jsou zavedeny teoretické pojmy z geometrických algeber. Následně jsou prezentovány kuželosečky v GAC. Dále je provedena implementace enginu, který je schopný provádět základní operace v GAC, včetně zobrazování kuželoseček zadaných v kontextu GAC. Nakonec je ukázán algoritmus, který odhadne osu trubice pomocí bodů, které umístí do prostoru pomocí středů elips, umístěných v obrazu, získaných obrazovým filtrem a fitovacím algoritmem.

Dans la présente thèse de doctorat, les C*-algèbres des groupes de Lie connexes réels nilpotents de pas deux et du groupe de Lie SL(2,R) sont caractérisées. En outre, comme préparation à une analyse de sa C*-algèbre, la topologie du spectre du produit semi-direct U(n) x H_n est décrite, où H_n dénote le groupe de Lie de Heisenberg et U(n) le groupe unitaire qui agit sur H_n par automorphismes. Pour la détermination des C*-algèbres de groupes, la transformation de Fourier à valeurs opérationnelles est utilisée pour appliquer chaque C*-algèbre dans l'algèbre de tous les champs d'opérateurs bornés sur son spectre. On doit trouver les conditions que satisfait l'image de cette C*-algèbre sous la transformation de Fourier et l'objectif est de la caractériser par ces conditions. Dans cette thèse, il est démontré que les C*-algèbres des groupes de Lie connexes réels nilpotents de pas deux et la C*-algèbre de SL(2,R) satisfont les mêmes conditions, des conditions appelées «limites duales sous contrôle normique». De cette manière, ces C*-algèbres sont décrites dans ce travail et les conditions «limites duales sous contrôle normique» sont explicitement calculées dans les deux cas. Les méthodes utilisées pour les groupes de Lie nilpotents de pas deux et pour le groupe SL(2,R) sont très différentes l'une de l'autre. Pour les groupes de Lie nilpotents de pas deux, on regarde leurs orbites coadjointes et on utilise la théorie de Kirillov, alors que pour le groupe SL(2,R), on peut mener les calculs plus directement
In this doctoral thesis, the C*-algebras of the connected real two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the Lie group SL(2,R) are characterized. Furthermore, as a preparation for an analysis of its C*-algebra, the topology of the spectrum of the semidirect product U(n) x H_n is described, where H_n denotes the Heisenberg Lie group and U(n) the unitary group acting by automorphisms on H_n. For the determination of the group C*-algebras, the operator valued Fourier transform is used in order to map the respective C*-algebra into the algebra of all bounded operator fields over its spectrum. One has to find the conditions that are satisfied by the image of this C*-algebra under the Fourier transform and the aim is to characterize it through these conditions. In the present thesis, it is proved that both the C*-algebras of the connected real two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the C*-algebra of SL(2,R) fulfill the same conditions, namely the “norm controlled dual limit” conditions. Thereby, these C*-algebras are described in this work and the “norm controlled dual limit” conditions are explicitly computed in both cases. The methods used for the two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the group SL(2,R) are completely different from each other. For the two-step nilpotent Lie groups, one regards their coadjoint orbits and uses the Kirillov theory, while for the group SL(2,R) one can accomplish the calculations more directly

Let (X, μ) be a measure space, and let L1, . . . ,Ln be (possibly unbounded) selfadjoint operators on L2(X, μ), which commute strongly pairwise, i.e., which admit a joint spectral resolution E on Rn. A joint functional calculus is then defined via spectral integration: for every Borel function m : Rn → C, m(L) = m(L1, . . . ,Ln) = ∫ Rn m(λ) dE(λ) is a normal operator on L2(X, μ), which is bounded if and only if m - called the joint spectral multiplier associated to m(L) - is (E-essentially) bounded. However, the abstract theory of spectral integrals does not tackle the following problem: to find conditions on the multiplier m ensuring the boundedness of m(L) on Lp(X, μ) for some p ≠ 2. We are interested in this problem when the measure space is a connected Lie group G with a right Haar measure, and L1, . . . ,Ln are left-invariant differential operators on G. In fact, the question has been studied quite extensively in the case of a single operator, namely, a sublaplacian or a higher-order analogue. On the other hand, for multiple operators, only specific classes of groups and specific choices of operators have been considered in the literature. Suppose that L1, . . . ,Ln are formally self-adjoint, left-invariant differential operators on a connected Lie group G, which commute pairwise (as operators on smooth functions). Under the assumption that the algebra generated by L1, . . . ,Ln contains a weighted subcoercive operator --- a notion due to [ER98], including positive elliptic operators, sublaplacians and Rockland operators---we prove that L1, . . . ,Ln are (essentially) self-adjoint and strongly commuting on L2(G). Moreover, we perform an abstract study of such a system of operators, in connection with the algebraic structure and the representation theory of G, similarly as what is done in the literature for the algebras of differential operators associated with Gelfand pairs. Under the additional assumption that G has polynomial volume growth, weighted L1 estimates are obtained for the convolution kernel of the operator m(L) corresponding to a compactly supported multiplier m satisfying some smoothness condition. The order of smoothness which we require on m is related to the degree of polynomial growth of G. Some techniques are presented, which allow, for some specific groups and operators, to lower the smoothness requirement on the multiplier. In the case G is a homogeneous Lie group and L1, . . . ,Ln are homogeneous operators, a multiplier theorem of Mihlin-H\"ormander type is proved, extending the result for a single operator of [Chr91] and [MM90]. Further, a product theory is developed, by considering several homogeneous groups Gj , each of which with its own system of operators; a non-conventional use of transference techniques then yields a multiplier theorem of Marcinkiewicz type, not only on the direct product of the Gj , but also on other (possibly non-homogeneous) groups, containing homomorphic images of the Gj . Consequently, for certain non-nilpotent groups of polynomial growth and for some distinguished sublaplacians, we are able to improve the general result of [Ale94].

L'effet Hawking prédit, dans un espace-temps décrivant l'effondrement d'une étoile à symétrie sphérique vers un trou noir de Schwarzschild, qu'un observateur statique, situé à l'infini, observera un flux thermal de particules quantiques à la température de Hawking. La première démonstration mathématique de l'effet Hawking pour des champs quantiques libres est due à Bachelot, dont le travail sur les champs de Klein-Gordon a été ensuite étendu aux champs de Dirac, d'abord par Bachelot lui-même, puis par Melnyk. Ces travaux, placés dans le cadre d'une symétrie sphérique, ont été complétés par Häfner, qui donna une démonstration rigoureuse de l'effet Hawking pour des champs de Dirac, autour d'une étoile s'effondrant vers un trou noir de Kerr. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier l'effet Hawking non plus dans un modèle de champs quantiques libres, où les problèmes posés se ramènent à l'étude d'équations aux dérivées partielles linéaires, mais dans un modèle de champs de Dirac en interaction. L'interaction est supposée à support compact, statique, et localisée à l'extérieur de l'étoile. Nous choisissons de traiter le cas d'un modèle jouet, dans un espace-temps de dimension 1+1, situation à laquelle on peut se ramener, au moins dans le cas libre, en utilisant la symétrie sphérique du problème. Nous étudions le comportement de champs de fermions de Dirac dans différentes situations : d'abord, pour une observable suivant l'effondrement de l'étoile ; puis pour une observable stationnaire ; enfin, pour une interaction dépendante du temps, localisée près de la surface de l'étoile. Dans chacun de ces cas, nous montrons l'existence de l'effet Hawking et donnons l'état limite correspondant
The Hawking effect predicts that, in a space- time describing the collapse of a spherically symmetric star to a Schwarzschild black hole, a static observer at infinity sees the Unruh state as a thermal state at Hawking temperature. The first mathematical proof of the Hawking effect, in the original setting of Hawking, is due to Bachelot. His work on Klein-Gordon fields has been extended to Dirac fields, in the first place by Bachelot himself, and by Melnyk after that. Those works, placed in the setup of a spherically symmetric star, have been completed by Häfner, who gave a rigorous proof of the Hawking effect for Dirac fields, outside a star collapsing to a Kerr black hole. The aim of this thesis is to study the Hawking effect not for a model of free quantum fields, in which case the problems can be reduced to studies on linear partial differential equations, but for a model of interacting Dirac fields. The interaction will be considered as a static, compactly-supported interaction, living outside the star. We choose to study a toy model in a 1+1 dimensional space-time. Using the fact that the problem is spherically symetric, one can, at least in the free case, reduce the real problem to this toy model. We study the behavior of Dirac fermions fields in various situations : first, for an observable following the star's collapse ; then, for a static observable ; finally, for a time-dependent interaction, fixed close to the star's boundary. In each of those cases, we show the existence of the Hawking Effect and give the corresponding limit state

Dans la présente thèse de doctorat, les C*-algèbres des groupes de Lie connexes réels nilpotents de pas deux et du groupe de Lie SL(2,R) sont caractérisées. En outre, comme préparation à une analyse de sa C*-algèbre, la topologie du spectre du produit semi-direct U(n) x H_n est décrite, où H_n dénote le groupe de Lie de Heisenberg et U(n) le groupe unitaire qui agit sur H_n par automorphismes. Pour la détermination des C*-algèbres de groupes, la transformation de Fourier à valeurs opérationnelles est utilisée pour appliquer chaque C*-algèbre dans l'algèbre de tous les champs d'opérateurs bornés sur son spectre. On doit trouver les conditions que satisfait l'image de cette C*-algèbre sous la transformation de Fourier et l'objectif est de la caractériser par ces conditions. Dans cette thèse, il est démontré que les C*-algèbres des groupes de Lie connexes réels nilpotents de pas deux et la C*-algèbre de SL(2,R) satisfont les mêmes conditions, des conditions appelées «limites duales sous contrôle normique». De cette manière, ces C*-algèbres sont décrites dans ce travail et les conditions «limites duales sous contrôle normique» sont explicitement calculées dans les deux cas. Les méthodes utilisées pour les groupes de Lie nilpotents de pas deux et pour le groupe SL(2,R) sont très différentes l'une de l'autre. Pour les groupes de Lie nilpotents de pas deux, on regarde leurs orbites coadjointes et on utilise la théorie de Kirillov, alors que pour le groupe SL(2,R), on peut mener les calculs plus directement
In this doctoral thesis, the C*-algebras of the connected real two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the Lie group SL(2,R) are characterized. Furthermore, as a preparation for an analysis of its C*-algebra, the topology of the spectrum of the semidirect product U(n) x H_n is described, where H_n denotes the Heisenberg Lie group and U(n) the unitary group acting by automorphisms on H_n. For the determination of the group C*-algebras, the operator valued Fourier transform is used in order to map the respective C*-algebra into the algebra of all bounded operator fields over its spectrum. One has to find the conditions that are satisfied by the image of this C*-algebra under the Fourier transform and the aim is to characterize it through these conditions. In the present thesis, it is proved that both the C*-algebras of the connected real two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the C*-algebra of SL(2,R) fulfill the same conditions, namely the “norm controlled dual limit” conditions. Thereby, these C*-algebras are described in this work and the “norm controlled dual limit” conditions are explicitly computed in both cases. The methods used for the two-step nilpotent Lie groups and the group SL(2,R) are completely different from each other. For the two-step nilpotent Lie groups, one regards their coadjoint orbits and uses the Kirillov theory, while for the group SL(2,R) one can accomplish the calculations more directly

In this thesis we discuss linear dependence of translations which is intimately related to the zero divisor conjecture. We also discuss the square integrable representations of the generalized Wyle-Heisenberg group in $n^2$ dimensions and its relations with Gabor's question from Gabor Analysis in the light of the time-frequency equation. We study the zero divisor conjecture in relation to the reduced $C^*$-algebras and operator norm $C^*$-algebras. For certain classes of groups we address the zero divisor conjecture by providing an isomorphism between the the reduced $C^*$-algebra and the operator norm $C^*$-algebra. We also provide an isomorphism between the algebra of weak closure and the von Neumann algebra under mild conditions. Finally, we prove some theorems about the injectivity of some spaces as $mathbb{C}G$ modules for some groups $G$.
Master of Science

Les architectures parallèles sont aujourd'hui présentes dans tous les systèmes informatiques, allant des smartphones aux supercalculateurs en passant par les ordinateurs de bureau. Programmer efficacement ces architectures en fonction des applications requiert un effort pluridisciplinaire portant sur les langages dédiés (Domain Specific Languages - DSL), les techniques de génération de code et d'optimisation, et les algorithmes numériques propres aux applications. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une méthode de programmation haut niveau prenant en compte les caractéristiques des architectures hétérogènes et les propriétés existantes des matrices pour produire un solveur générique d'algèbre linéaire dense. Notre modèle de programmation supporte les transferts explicites et implicites entre un processeur (CPU) et un processeur graphique qui peut être généraliste (GPU) ou intégré (IGP). Dans la mesure où les GPU sont devenus un outil important pour le calcul haute performance, il est essentiel d'intégrer leur usage dans les plateformes de calcul. Une architecture récente telle que l'IGP requiert des connaissances supplémentaires pour pouvoir être programmée efficacement. Notre méthodologie a pour but de simplifier le développement sur ces architectures parallèles en utilisant des outils de programmation haut niveau. À titre d'exemple, nous avons développé un solveur de moindres carrés en précision mixte basé sur les équations semi-normales qui n'existait pas dans les bibliothèques actuelles. Nous avons par la suite étendu nos travaux à un modèle de programmation multi-étape ("multi-stage") pour résoudre les problèmes d'interopérabilité entre les modèles de programmation CPU et GPU. Nous utilisons cette technique pour générer automatiquement du code pour accélérateur à partir d'un code effectuant des opérations point par point ou utilisant des squelettes algorithmiques. L'approche multi-étape nous assure que le typage du code généré est valide. Nous avons ensuite montré que notre méthode est applicable à d'autres architectures et algorithmes. Les routines développées ont été intégrées dans une bibliothèque de calcul appelée NT2.Enfin, nous montrons comment la programmation haut niveau peut être appliquée à des calculs groupés et des contractions de tenseurs. Tout d'abord, nous expliquons comment concevoir un modèle de container en utilisant des techniques de programmation basées sur le C++ moderne (C++-14). Ensuite, nous avons implémenté un produit de matrices optimisé pour des matrices de petites tailles en utilisant des instructions SIMD. Pour ce faire, nous avons pris en compte les multiples problèmes liés au calcul groupé ainsi que les problèmes de localité mémoire et de vectorisation. En combinant la programmation haut niveau avec des techniques avancées de programmation parallèle, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'obtenir de meilleures performances que celles des bibliothèques numériques actuelles
Parallelism in today's computer architectures is ubiquitous whether it be in supercomputers, workstations or on portable devices such as smartphones. Exploiting efficiently these systems for a specific application requires a multidisciplinary effort that concerns Domain Specific Languages (DSL), code generation and optimization techniques and application-specific numerical algorithms. In this PhD thesis, we present a method of high level programming that takes into account the features of heterogenous architectures and the properties of matrices to build a generic dense linear algebra solver. Our programming model supports both implicit or explicit data transfers to and from General-Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU) and Integrated Graphic Processors (IGPs). As GPUs have become an asset in high performance computing, incorporating their use in general solvers is an important issue. Recent architectures such as IGPs also require further knowledge to program them efficiently. Our methodology aims at simplifying the development on parallel architectures through the use of high level programming techniques. As an example, we developed a least-squares solver based on semi-normal equations in mixed precision that cannot be found in current libraries. This solver achieves similar performance as other mixed-precision algorithms. We extend our approach to a new multistage programming model that alleviates the interoperability problems between the CPU and GPU programming models. Our multistage approach is used to automatically generate GPU code for CPU-based element-wise expressions and parallel skeletons while allowing for type-safe program generation. We illustrate that this work can be applied to recent architectures and algorithms. The resulting code has been incorporated into a C++ library called NT2. Finally, we investigate how to apply high level programming techniques to batched computations and tensor contractions. We start by explaining how to design a simple data container using modern C++14 programming techniques. Then, we study the issues around batched computations, memory locality and code vectorization to implement a highly optimized matrix-matrix product for small sizes using SIMD instructions. By combining a high level programming approach and advanced parallel programming techniques, we show that we can outperform state of the art numerical libraries

El objetivo principal de esta tesis es calcular la K-Teoría de las C∗-Álgebras y con aplicación al cálculo de la K-Teoría del Álgebra de Cuntz y Álgebra de Toeplitz mediante la K-teoría de las C∗-Álgebras de grafos dirigidos.
Tesis

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
In this work, we estudied three special subgroups of bounded index in G: The intersection of subgroups definables of G, the small type-definable subgroup and the small invariant subgroup of G, called connected components of G and denoted G0G00 e G¥. We give an exposition of theorem of Gismatullim, where he proved the existence of G¥ in a theory with NIP.
Neste trabalho estudamos três subgrupos de um grupo G com índices limitados em G: A interseção de todos os subgrupos definíveis de G , o menor subgrupo tipo-definível e o menor subgrupo invariante de G, chamados componentes conexas de G, denotados respectivamente G0G00 e G¥. Apresentamos uma demonstração da existência de G¥ em uma teoria NIP, baseados na prova feita por Gismatullin em 2011.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática e Computação Científica
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Começamos este trabalho definindo alguns conceitos preliminares em C*-álgebras, onde abordamos o teorema de Gelfand, que trata de representar cada C*-álgebra abeliana A por C_0(?(A))), onde $?(A)$ (caracteres) é um espaço Hausdorff localmente compacto. Num segundo momento trabalhamos o conceito de representação de C*-álgebras, onde o caso particular das representações irredutíveis tem papel análogo ao dos caracteres no caso abeliano, os núcleos de tais representações formam o espaço dos ideais primitivos Prim(A). Quando nos restringimos ás C*-álgebras separáveis o espaço Prim(A) possui a propriedade de Baire, propriedade esta que é importante para se concluir a equivalência entre os conceitos de ideal primo fechado e ideal primitivo, e desta equivalência decorre a sobriedade de Prim(A). Na parte final do trabalho estudamos o importante teorema de Dauns-Hofmann, que nos deu suporte para a demonstração do isomorfismo de Dixmier, e este último usamos para demonstrar o isomorfismo entre Z(A) e C_0(Prim(A)) no caso em que Prim(Ã) é Hausdorff.
We start this work defining some premilinary concepts in C*-algebras, where we discuss the Gelfand theorem, wich deals with the representation of each abelian C*-algebra A by C0(O(A)), where O (A) (characters) is a locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Subsequently, we focus on the concept of the C*-algebras representation, where the particular case of irreducible representations has similar role of the characters in the abelian case, the kernel of such representations form the space of primitives ideals Prim(A). When we are restricted to separables C*-algebras the Prim(A) space has the Baire property, wich is important to conclude the equivalence between the concepts of closed prime ideal and primitive ideal, and from this equivalence derives the sobriety of the Prim(A). In the last chapter, we study the important theorem of Dauns-Hofmann, which gave us support for the demonstration of the Dixmier isomorphism, and this last one we used to demonstrate the isomorphism between Z(A) and C0(Prim(A)) in the case where Prim(Ã) is Hausdorff.

Smooth manifolds have been always understood intuitively as spaces that are infinitesimally linear at each point, and thus infinitesimally affine when forgetting about the base point. The aim of this thesis is to develop a general theory of infinitesimal models of algebraic theories that provides us with a formalisation of these notions, and which is in accordance with the intuition when applied in the context of Synthetic Differential Geometry. This allows us to study well-known geometric structures and concepts from the viewpoint of infinitesimal geometric algebra. Infinitesimal models of algebraic theories generalise the notion of a model by allowing the operations of the theory to be interpreted as partial operations rather than total operations. The structures specifying the domains of definition are the infinitesimal structures. We study and compare two definitions of infinitesimal models: actions of a clone on infinitesimal structures and models of the infinitesimalisation of an algebraic theory in cartesian logic. The last construction can be extended to first-order theories, which allows us to define infinitesimally euclidean and projective spaces, in principle. As regards the category of infinitesimal models of an algebraic theory in a Grothendieck topos we prove that it is regular and locally presentable. Taking a Grothendieck topos as a base we study lifts of colimits along the forgetful functor with a focus on the properties of the category of infinitesimally affine spaces. We conclude with applications to Synthetic Differential Geometry. Firstly, with the help of syntactic categories we show that the formal dual of every smooth ring is an infinitesimally affine space with respect to an infinitesimal structure based on nil-square infinitesimals. This gives us a good supply of infinitesimally affine spaces in every well-adapted model of Synthetic Differential Geometry. In particular, it shows that every smooth manifold is infinitesimally affine and that every smooth map preserves this structure. In the second application we develop some basic theory of smooth loci and formal manifolds in naive Synthetic Differential Geometry using infinitesimal geometric algebra.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Físicas e Matemáticas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Matemática e Computação Científica
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Dado um grafo com linhas finitas E, vamos definir a C*-álgebra associada a E, que denotaremos por C*(E), como sendo a C*-álgebra universal gerada por uma E-família de Cuntz-Krieger. Através de um exemplo, mostraremos que a E-família de Cuntz-Krieger universal tem todos os elementos não nulos. Como a um grafo E podem existir muitas E-famílias de Cuntz-Krieger, e todas essas famílias geram C*-álgebras, vamos mostrar algumas condições suficientes para que estas C*-álgebras sejam isomorfas a C*(E). Também estudaremos a estrutura de ideais de C*(E).
Given a row-finite graph E, we are going to define the C.-algebra associated to E, which we denote by C.(E), as the universal C.-algebra generated by Cuntz-Krieger E-family. Through an example, we are going to show that the universal Cuntz-Krieger E-family has all the elements different from zero. Since there can be many Cuntz-Krieger family associated to a graph E, and all these families generate C.- algebras, we are going to show sufficient conditions so that they are be isomorphic to C.(E). We will also study the ideal structure of C.(E).

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la théorie des matrices aléatoires, à l'intersection avec la théorie des probabilités libres et des algèbres d'opérateurs. Elle s'insère dans une démarche générale qui a fait ses preuves ces dernières décennies : importer les techniques et les concepts de la théorie des probabilités non commutatives pour l'étude du spectre de grandes matrices aléatoires. On s'intéresse ici à des généralisations du théorème de liberté asymptotique de Voiculescu. Dans les Chapitres 1 et 2, nous montrons des résultats de liberté asymptotique forte pour des matrices gaussiennes, unitaires aléatoires et déterministes. Dans les Chapitres 3 et 4, nous introduisons la notion de fausse liberté asymptotique pour des matrices déterministes et certaines matrices hermitiennes à entrées sous diagonales indépendantes, interpolant les modèles de matrices de Wigner et de Lévy.

This project is about studying geographic information system ArcGIS. It focuses on possibilities of extending ArcGIS by custom extensions and method of their programming. Furthermore some basic tools of raster analysis are ilustrated. This project's main objective is to design and implement custom implementation of ArcGIS extension, which provides a set of tools for raster analysis. Design is inspired by an existing extension - Spatial Analyst developed by ESRI.

Cette thèse porte sur la construction d'une famille de groupoïdes quantiques de transformations qui dans le cadre algébrique sont des algébroïdes de Hopf de multiplicateurs mesurés au sens de Timmermann et Van Daele et qui dans le cadre des algèbres d'opérateurs sont des C*-bimodules de Hopf sur une C*-base au sens de Timmermann.Dans le contexte purement algébrique, nous définissons d'abord une algèbre involutive de Yetter-Drinfeld tressée commutative sur un groupe quantique algébrique au sens de Van Daele et une intégrale de Yetter-Drinfeld sur elle. En utilisant ces objets nous construisons après un algébroide de Hopf de multiplicateurs involutif mesuré, ce nouvel objet nous l'appellons groupoïde quantique algébrique de transformations.Pour être capables de passer au cadre des algèbres d'opérateurs, nous donnons des conditions sur l'intégral de Yetter-Drinfeld qui vont nous permettre d'utiliser la construction Gelfand–Naimark–Segal pour étendre tous nos objets purement algébriques en des objets C*-algébriques. Dans ce contexte, notre construction se fait d'une manière similaire à celle présentée dans le travail de Enock et Timmermann, nous obtenons un nouvel objet mathématique que nous appellons un groupoïde quantique C*-algébrique de transformations, qui est définit en utilisant le langage des C*-bimodules de Hopf sur une C*-base
This thesis is concerned with the construction of a family of quantum transformation groupoids in the algebraic framework in the form of the measured multiplier Hopf *-algebroids in the sense of Timmermann and Van Daele and also in the context of operator algebras in the form of Hopf C*-bimodules on a C*-base in the sense of Timmermann.In the purely algebraic context, we first give a definition of a braided commutative Yetter-Drinfeld *-algebra over an algebraic quantum group in the sense of Van Daele and a Yetter-Drinfeld integral on it. Then, using these objects we construct a measured multiplier Hopf *-algebroid, we call to this new object an algebraic quantum transformation groupoid.In order to pass to the operator algebra framework, we give some conditions on the Yetter-Drinfeld integral inspired by the properties of KMS-weights on C*-algebras which will allow us to use the Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction to extend all the purely algebraic objects to the C*-algebraic level. At this level, we construct in a similar way to that used in the work of Enock and Timmermann, a new mathematical object that we call a C*-algebraic quantum transformation groupoid, which is defined using the language of Hopf C*-bimodules on C*-bases

Nel presente lavoro di tesi si vogliono caratterizzare le algebre di Lie di campi vettoriali C^{infinito} su R^{N} che coincidono con le algebre di Lie di gruppi di Lie definiti su R^{N} (con l'usuale struttura differenziabile). Per prima cosa si vanno ad individuare alcune condizioni necessarie affinché, data un'algebra di Lie g di campi vettoriali C^{infinito} su R^{N} sia possibile trovare un gruppo di Lie G=(R^{N}, *) tale che Lie(G)=g. Dopo aver osservato l'indipendenza delle condizioni trovate, lo scopo principale della tesi consite nel mostrare che queste condizioni necessarie sono in realtà anche sufficienti. Il Teorema di Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff-Dynkin per E.D.O. rende possibile la costruzione di un'operazione locale m. L'associatività locale di m permette inoltre di ottenere una notevole identità, simile ad una identità che compare in Teoria dei Gruppi di Lie, avente una profonda connessione con il Primo Teorema di Lie e che, grazie ad un argomento di prolungamento per E.D.O., porta ad ottenere un gruppo globale a partire dal gruppo locale. Una versione analitica del problema è già stata affrontata in un precedente lavoro di tesi (Tesi di Laurea Magistrale in Matematica: Applicazione ai Gruppi di Lie della Prolungabilità per Equazioni Differenziali Ordinarie, Sara Chiappelli, 2015-2016) in cui la "Unique Continuation" per le funzioni analitiche ha reso possibile l'estensione di tutte le proprietà di gruppo locali a proprietà globali. La novità della tesi sta quindi nell'estendere i risultati al caso C^{infinito}. A tal fine l'unicità della soluzione di un Problema di Cauchy gioca un ruolo fondamentale come strumento globalizzante, al posto della "Unique Continuation".

The MSc Thesis deals with real-time modelling, especially with the control circuits, where we focus on the regulation circuit with auxiliary model of the regulated system. The introduction contains the Theory of Controls and regulation. The work is divided into two basic parts. The first part deals with the problems from the theoretical point of view. The theoretical part is concerned with the general systems. Various definitions of systems, their partition and mathematical methods for their description are mentioned after introducing. A description the regulation circuits, their partition, structures and types follows. There are shown the particular regulators and different types of regulated systems in details. Mathematical methods applied to solve the differential equations that describe the models of the systems are summarized in the second part of the work. The end of this chapter is concerned with the TKSL system. In the practical part I have produced Microsoft Power Point program which summarizes the results of experiments, made in the TKSL and TKSL/C system. The output of simulation was transformed into the graphs in the format of Microsoft Excel. The last part deals with suggestion and implementation simulators of control circuits.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
We address the generalization of thermodynamic quantity q-deformed by q-algebra that describes a general algebra for bosons and fermions . The motivation for our study stems from an interest to strengthen our initial ideas, and a possible experimental application. On our journey, we met a generalization of the recently proposed formalism of the q-calculus, which is the application of a generalized sequence described by two parameters deformation positive real independent and q1 and q2, known for Fibonacci oscillators . We apply the wellknown problem of Landau diamagnetism immersed in a space D-dimensional, which still generates good discussions by its nature, and dependence with the number of dimensions D, enables us future extend its application to systems extra-dimensional, such as Modern Cosmology, Particle Physics and String Theory. We compare our results with some experimentally obtained performing major equity. We also use the formalism of the oscillators to Einstein and Debye solid, strengthening the interpretation of the q-deformation acting as a factor of disturbance or impurity in a given system, modifying the properties of the same. Our results show that the insertion of two parameters of disorder, allowed a wider range of adjustment , i.e., enabling change only the desired property, e.g., the thermal conductivity of a same element without the waste essence
Abordamos a generaliza??o das quantidades termodin?micas q-deformadas atrav?s da q-?lgebra que descreve uma ?lgebra generalizada para b?sons e f?rmions. A motiva??o para o nosso estudo surge do interesse de fortalecer nossas id?ias iniciais, a fim de propor uma poss?vel aplica??o experimental. Em nossa jornada, conhecemos uma generaliza??o recentemente proposta ao formalismo do q-c?lculo, que ? a aplica??o de uma seq??ncia generalizada, descrita por dois par?metros de deforma??o reais positivos e independentes q1 e q2, conhecidos por osciladores de Fibonacci. Aplicamos ao conhecido problema do diamagnetismo de Landau imerso em um espa?o D-dimensional, que ainda gera boas discuss?es por sua natureza, e a depend?ncia com o n?mero de dimens?es D, nos possibilita futuramente estendermos a sua aplica??o para sistemas extra-dimensionais, tais como a CosmologiaModerna, a F?sica de Part?culas e Teoria de Cordas. Comparamos nossos resultados com alguns obtidos experimentalmente, apresentando grande equival?ncia. Aplicamos ainda o formalismo dos osciladores aos s?lidos de Einstein e Debye, fortalecendo ? interpreta??o da q-deforma??o atuando como um fator de perturba??o ou impureza, num determinado sistema, modificando as propriedades do mesmo. Nossos resultados mostram que a inser??o de dois param?tros de desordem, possibilitaram uma maior faixa de ajuste, ou seja, possibilitando alterar apenas a propriedade desejada, por exemplo, a condutividade t?rmica de um elemento sem que o mesmo perca sua ess?ncia .

FERREIRA, Davi Morais. Integração de bibliotecas científicas de propósito especial em uma plataforma de componentes paralelos. 2010. 145 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Computação, Fortaleza-CE, 2010.
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The contribution of traditional scienti c libraries shows to be consolidated in the construction of high-performance applications. However, such an artifact of development possesses some limitations in integration, productivity in large-scale applications, and exibility for changes in the context of the problem. On the other hand, the development technology based on components recently proposed a viable alternative for the architecture of High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications, which has provided a means to overcome these challenges. Thus we see that the scienti c libraries and programming orientated at components are complementary techniques in the improvement of the development process of modern HPC applications. Accordingly, this work aims to propose a systematic method for the integration of scienti c libraries on a platform of parallel components, HPE (Hash Programming Environment), to o er additional advantageous aspects for the use of components and scienti c libraries to developers of parallel programs that implement high-performance applications. The purpose of this work goes beyond the construction of a simple encapsulation of the library in a component; it aims to provide the bene ts in integration, productivity in large-scale applications, and the exibility for changes in the context of a problem in the use of scienti c libraries. As a way to illustrate and validate the method, we have incorporated the libraries of linear systems solvers to HPE, electing three signi cant representatives: PETSc, Hypre, e SuperLU.
A contribuição das tradicionais bibliotecas cientí cas mostra-se consolidada na construção de aplicações de alto desempenho. No entanto, tal artefato de desenvolvimento possui algumas limitações de integração, de produtividade em aplicações de larga escala e de exibilidade para mudanças no contexto do problema. Por outro lado, a tecnologia de desenvolvimento baseada em componentes, recentemente proposta como alternativa viável para a arquitetura de aplicações de Computação de Alto Desempenho (CAD), tem fornecido meios para superar esses desa os. Vemos assim, que as bibliotecas cientí cas e a programação orientada a componentes são técnicas complementares na melhoria do processo de desenvolvimento de aplicações modernas de CAD. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem por objetivo propor um método sistemático para integração de bibliotecas cientí cas sobre a plataforma de componentes paralelos HPE (Hash Programming Environment ), buscando oferecer os aspectos vantajosos complementares do uso de componentes e de bibliotecas cientí cas aos desenvolvedores de programas paralelos que implementam aplicações de alto desempenho. A proposta deste trabalho vai além da construção de um simples encapsulamento da biblioteca em um componente, visa proporcionar ao uso das bibliotecas cientí cas os benefícios de integração, de produtividade em aplicações de larga escala e da exibilidade para mudanças no contexto do problema. Como forma de exempli car e validar o método, temos incorporado bibliotecas de resolução de sistemas lineares ao HPE, elegendo três representantes significativos: PETSc, Hypre e SuperLU.

In this thesis I present new insights into aspects of Peter Guthrie Tait's life and work, derived principally from largely-unexplored primary source material: Tait's scrapbook, the Tait–Maxwell school-book and Tait's pocket notebook. By way of associated historical insights, I also come to discuss the innovative and far-reaching mathematics of the elusive Frenchman, C.-V. Mourey. P. G. Tait (1831–1901) F.R.S.E., Professor of Mathematics at the Queen's College, Belfast (1854–1860) and of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1860–1901), was one of the leading physicists and mathematicians in Europe in the nineteenth century. His expertise encompassed the breadth of physical science and mathematics. However, since the nineteenth century he has been unfortunately overlooked—overshadowed, perhaps, by the brilliance of his personal friends, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865) and William Thomson (1824–1907), later Lord Kelvin. Here I present the results of extensive research into the Tait family history. I explore the spiritual aspect of Tait's life in connection with The Unseen Universe (1875) which Tait co-authored with Balfour Stewart (1828–1887). I also reveal Tait's surprising involvement in statistics and give an account of his introduction to complex numbers, as a schoolboy at the Edinburgh Academy. A highlight of the thesis is a re-evaluation of C.-V. Mourey's 1828 work, La Vraie Théorie des quantités négatives et des quantités prétendues imaginaires, which I consider from the perspective of algebraic reform. The thesis also contains: (i) a transcription of an unpublished paper by Hamilton on the fundamental theorem of algebra which was inspired by Mourey and (ii) new biographical information on Mourey.

碩士
國立中山大學
應用數學系研究所
90
In this thesis, We investigate the problem of when a C*-algebra is commutative through continuous functional calculus, The principal results are that: (1) A C*-algebra A is commutative if and only if e^(ix)e^(iy)=e^(iy)e^(ix), for all self-adjoint elements x,y in A. (2) A C*-algebra A is commutative if and only if e^(x)e^(y)=e^(y)e^(x) for all positive elements x,y in A. We will give an extension of (2) as follows: Let f:[a,b]-->[c,d] be any continuous strictly monotonic function where a,b,c,d in R, a