Academic literature on the topic 'C. 626 – 682)'

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Journal articles on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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Siebzehnrübl, S., R. Fischer, and H. Scheer. "Chromophore Assignment in C-Phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0315.

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C-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium, Mastigocladus laminosus, and its subunits have been treated with ρ-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate (PCMS). A single reactive site was found on the 13- subunit, and assigned to the single free cystein-β109. The concomitant spectral changes (absorp­tion, fluorescence, circular dichroism), together with the known close proximity of cys-β109 to chromophore β82, allowed an unambiguous assignment of the three spectrally, biochemically and functionally different chromophores to specific binding sites on the two peptide chains (α84: 616-618, β82: 622-624, β153: 598-600 nm).
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BÜYÜK, İlker, Berrin TUĞRUL, Hikmet YILMAZ, Ece ONUR, Gülşen VATANDAŞ, and Ferda DOĞAN BOZYİĞİT. "Association Between Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy and EFHC1 Gene Mutations of 662 G>A and 685 T>C." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences 32, no. 5 (2012): 1247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-25681.

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Rolland, Thomas, and Bernard Dujon. "Corrigendum to the article: Yeasty clocks: Dating genomic changes in yeasts [C. R. Biologies 334 (2011) 620–628]." Comptes Rendus Biologies 334, no. 12 (December 2011): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2011.10.001.

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Nakashima, Y., E. R. Ørskov, K. Ambo, and Y. Takase. "Effect of Cellulase Enzymes on Degradation Characteristics of Ensiled Rice Straw." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017219.

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AbstractRice straw was ensiled in laboratory containers of 11 capacity. Three concentrations of moisture (50, 60 or 70%) 3 concentrations of a commercial cellulase enzyme preparation (0, 5 or 10g/kg dry matter (DM)) and 3 types of straw processing (2 cm, 5 mm or 2 mm length) were used. The preparations were stored at room temperature (approximately 20°C) for 30 days. The straw treated with cellulase had a lower final pH (5.21, 4.87, 4.82; P<0.05), higher concentrations of lactic acid (198, 383, 367 mg/100g; P<0.05), a lower content of neutral detergent fibre (689, 630, 620 g/kg DM; P<0.05) and a higher solubility, measured as washing losses from nylon bags (152, 196, 212 g/kg DM; P<0.05) for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase treatments respectively. The samples were subsequently incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of 3 sheep for 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h to estimate degradation rate and potential degradability using the expression p+a+b(1-e-ct) where p is degradability at time t and a, b and c are constants. While there was no effect of moisture content or physical form of the straw, the degradation rate constant (c) was significantly increased (P<0.05) by the addition of cellulase. The maximum potential (a+b) however was unchanged. The values for c were 0.0496, 0.0677 and 0.0847/h-1 and the values for (a+b) were 624, 621 and 628 g/kg for the 0, 5 and 10 g/kg cellulase enzyme additions respectively. It is concluded that the use of cellulase enzymes can assist in the preservation of wet straw and can result in improved degradation characteristics.
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Johnson, Bret. "FLOYD: Of Mice and Men. Houston Grand Opera soloists and orchestra c. Patrick Summers. Albany TROY 621/622 (2-CD set)." Tempo 58, no. 228 (April 2004): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298204210142.

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Luken, Brenda, Ellen Turenhout, Paul Kaijen, Mascha Greuter, Wouter Pos, Jan van Mourik, Rob Fijnheer, and Jan Voorberg. "Amino acid regions 572–579 and 657–666 of the spacer domain of ADAMTS13 provide a common antigenic core required for binding of antibodies in patients with acquired TTP." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 09 (2006): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-03-0135.

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SummaryAntibodies directed against ADAMTS13 have been detected in the majority of patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). We have previously localized a major antigenic determinant within the spacer domain of ADAMTS13. To identify the amino acid residues of the spacer domain that are involved in binding of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies, we constructed a series of fifteen hybrids (designated A-O) in which 5–10 amino acids of the spacer domain were exchanged for the corresponding region of ADAMTS1. Plasma from six patients with antibodies directed against the spacer domain was analyzed for reactivity with the ADAMTS13/ADAMTS1 chimeras. Exchange of amino acid residues 572–579 (hybrid C) and 657–666 (hybrid M) completely abolished the binding of antibodies from all six patients analyzed. Regions 580–587 (D), 602–620 (G, H), 629–638 (J), and 667–767 (N) contributed to binding of antibodies from patients 2, 4, and 5 (epitope present within regions CDGHJMN). Antibodies derived from patient 1 required region 602–620 (G, H) for binding (CGHM-epitope). For antibodies of patient 3, residues 564–571 (B), 580–587 (D), and 629–638 (J) were required (BCDJM-epitope), whereas replacement of residues 602–610 (G) and 629–638 (J) greatly diminished binding of antibodies from patient 6 (CGJM-epitope). Despite the presumably polyclonal origin of the antibodies present in plasma of patients, our results suggest that residues 572–579 (C) and 657–666 (M) comprise a common antigenic core region that is crucial for binding of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies. Other regions that spatially surround this antigenic core further modulate binding of antibodies to the spacer domain.
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Pastushenko, O. M., and A. I. Momot. "Structure and Properties of the C$_{58}$ and C$_{62}$ Fullerenes." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 36, no. 7 (September 2, 2016): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.36.07.0947.

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Carmosino, L. "Direct Concern in State aid Direct Actions · Joined Cases C-622/16 P to C-624/16 P Scuola Montessori v Commission · Annotation by Luca Carmosino." European State Aid Law Quarterly 18, no. 1 (2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2019/1/8.

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Kurniati, Titi, Hendra Gunawan, and Alfi Saputra. "Evaluasi Geometrik Median Dan Kinerja Bukaan Median Pada Jalan Bypass Kota Padang." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil (JRS-Unand) 17, no. 3 (February 26, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrs.17.3.218-227.2021.

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Jalan Padang By Pass menghubungkan dua gerbang utama Provinsi Sumatra Barat, yaitu Bandar Udara Internasional Minangkabau dan Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur. Sejak tahun 2018, tipe jalan ini menjadi empat lajur dua arah terbagi. Fasilitas pelengkap pada jalan terbagi adalah median dan bukaan median. Penempatan dan jarak antar bukaan median pada jalan Padang ByPass terindikasi tidak memenuhi persyaratan teknik sehingga dapat membahayakan pengguna jalan. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan evaluasi geometrik dan kinerja. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui survei lapangan, yaitu pengukuran geometrik median dan bukaan median serta perekaman data volume dan waktu tunggu kendaraan melakukan putar balik di bukaan median. Perekaman data volume lalu lintas dan waktu putar balik dengan perekaman video dilakukan untuk jam sibuk pagi (06.00-08.00), jam sibuk siang (12.00-14.00) dan jam sibuk sore (16.00-18.00) WIB. Pembacaan data dari video menggunakan aplikasi FILMORA9. Hasil survei geometrik ditampilkan secara deskriptif dan dievaluasi dengan membandingkan kondisi geometrik standar yang ditetapkan dalam SNI 2444/2008. Evaluasi kinerja bukaan median didasarkan pada waktu tunggu mengikuti Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia nomor 96 tahun 2015. Hasil evaluasi geometrik median jalan By Pass disimpulkan sesuai standar SNI 2444/2018. Ukuran panjang bukaan median dalam wilayah studi tidak memenuhi SNI 2444/2018 yaitu 12 meter. Panjang bukaan median eksisting di lapangan adalah 5-11 m. Jarak antar median pada sta 7+682, 8+041, 8+251, 8+602 yaitu 255, m, 335,1 m, 199,1 m, 125,5 m. Kondisi ini tidak memenuhi standar SNI 2444/2018 karena kurang dari 500 m. Tiga bukaan median lainnya memenuhi syarat dengan jarak 565,4 m, 625 m, dan 841 m. Tingkat pelayanan C terjadi pada bukaan median sta 7+682 dan sta 8+602, sedangkan lima stationing lainnya dengan tingkat pelayanan B. Pada sta 7+682 tingginya volume kendaraan yang putar balik dengan panjang bukaan median 8,5 m terjadi waktu tunggu di antrian 16 detik/kendaraaan. Pada sta 8+602 panjang bukaan median hanya 5 m, cukup sulit bagi kendaraan ringan untuk melakukan manuver putar balik pada lokasi tersebut. Waktu tunggu di antrian 23 detik/kendraan dan panjang antrian 1081 m. Tingkat pelayanan C harus ditingkatkan menjadi B sesuai PerMenHub RI no.96/2015, yaitu dengan dengan menambah panjang bukaan median pada stasioning tersebut dan jika tidak memungkinkan bukaan median sebaiknya ditutup.
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Sathiapalan, R. K., E. S. Sommerfeld, and L. C. Yu. "#628 Successful bone marrow transplantation in sickle cell patients with hepatitis C." Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 19, no. 4 (July 1997): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043426-199707000-00076.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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Schlaepfer, Christian. "Counter-subversion in Britain, c. 1945-62." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283915.

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Hellström, Johan. "On the cholinergic C-bouton /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-628-6017-8/.

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Nilsson, Mikael. "Biochemical and epidemiological characterization of serogroup C rotavirus /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4022-3/.

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Wramsby, Margaretha. "Reproductive aspects of the protein C system in women /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4636-1/.

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Gustafsson, Magnus. "Palmitoylation and amyloid fibril formation of lung surfactant protein C /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4386-9/.

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MEDEIROS, Flávio Mota. "An approach to safely evolve preprocessor-based C program families." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2016. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/662.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T14:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavio Medeiros - Tese.pdf: 4026286 bytes, checksum: b8f88ed9bff48d2f4eed7e9d7039c5ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016
Desde os anos 70, o pré-processador C é amplamente utilizado na prática para adaptar sistemas para diferentes plataformas e cenários de aplicação. Na academia, no entanto, o pré-processador tem recebido fortes críticas desde o início dos anos 90. Os pesquisadores têm criticado a sua falta de modularidade, a sua propensão para introduzir erros sutis e sua ofuscação do código fonte. Para entender melhor os problemas de usar o pré-processador C,considerando a percepção dos desenvolvedores, realizamos 40 entrevistas e uma pesquisa entre 202 desenvolvedores. Descobrimos que os desenvolvedores lidam com três problemas comuns na prática: erros relacionados à configuração, testes combinatórios e compreensão do código. Os desenvolvedores agravam estes problemas ao usar diretivas não disciplinadas, as quais não respeitam a estrutura sintática do código. Para evoluir famílias de programas de forma segura, foram propostas duas estratégias para a detecção de erros relacionados à configuração e um conjunto de 14 refatoramentos para remover diretivas não disciplinadas. Para lidar melhor com a grande quantidade de configurações do código fonte, a primeira estratégia considera todo o conjunto de configurações do código fonte e a segunda estratégia utiliza amostragem. Para propor um algoritmo de amostragem adequado, foram comparados 10 algoritmos com relação ao esforço (número de configurações para testar) e capacidade de detecção de erros (número de erros detectados nas configurações da amostra). Com base nos resultados deste estudo, foi proposto um algoritmo de amostragem. Estudos empíricos foram realizados usando 40 sistemas C do mundo real. Detectamos 128 erros relacionados à configuração, enviamos 43 correções para erros ainda não corrigidos e os desenvolvedores aceitaram 65% das correções. Os resultados de nossa pesquisa mostram que a maioria dos desenvolvedores preferem usar a versão refatorada,ou seja,disciplinada do código fonte,ao invés do código original com as diretivas não disciplinadas. Além disso,os desenvolvedores aceitaram 21 (75%) das 28 sugestões enviadas para transformar diretivas não disciplinadas em disciplinadas. Nossa pesquisa apresenta resultados úteis para desenvolvedores de código C durante suas tarefas de desenvolvimento, contribuindo para minimizar o número de erros relacionados à configuração, melhorar a compreensão e a manutenção do código fonte e orientar os desenvolvedores para realizar testes combinatórios.
Since the 70s, the C preprocessor is still widely used in practice in a numbers of projects, including Apache,Linux ,and Libssh, totail or systems to different platforms and application scenarios. In academia,however, the preprocess or has received strong critic is msinceatl east the early 90s. Researchers have criticized its lack of separation of concerns, its proneness to introduce subtle errors, and its obfuscation of the source code. To better understand the problems of using the C preprocessor, taking the perception of developers into account, we conducted 40 interviewsandasurveyamong 202 developers. We found that developers deal with three common problems in practice: configuration-related bugs, combinatorial testing, and code comprehension. Developers aggravate these problems when using undisciplined directives (i.e., bad smells regarding preprocessor use), which are preprocessor directives thatdo notrespect thesyntactic structureof thesource code. To safely evolve preprocessor based program families, we proposed strategies to detect configuration-relatedbugs and bad smells, and a set of 14 refactorings to remove bad smells. To better deal with exponential configuration spaces, our strategies uses variability-aware analysis that considers the entire set of possible configurations, and sampling, which allows to reuse C tools that consider only one configuration at a time to detect bugs. To propose a suitable sampling algorithm, we compared 10 algorithms with respect to effort (i.e., number of configurations to test) andbug-detection capabilities (i.e.,numberofbugs detected in the sampled configurations). Based on the results, we proposed a sampling algorithm with an useful balance between effort and bug-detection capability. We performed empirical studies using a corpus of 40 C real-world systems. We detected 128 configuration-related bugs, submitted 43 patches to fix bugs not fixed yet, and developers accepted 65% of the patches. The results of our survey show that most developers prefer to use the refactored (i.e., disciplined) version of the code instead of the original code with undisciplined directives. Furthermore, developers accepted 21 (75%) out of 28 patches submitted to refactor undisciplined into disciplined directives. Our work presents useful findings for C developers during their development tasks, contributing to minimize the chances of introducing configuration-related bugs and bad smells, improve code comprehension, and guide developers to perform combinatorial testing.
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Halasz, Robert. "Epidemiology and clinical importance of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-3997-7/.

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Howard, Michael Anthony. "TiO2/C composite photocatalysts for abatement of phenol, alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates in water." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842680/.

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Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEO) are commercially available non-ionic surfactants that, along with the parent nonylphenol (NP), are considered to be possible endocrine disrupters. NP and NPEO are resistant to conventional aerobic biological water treatment systems. Alternatives to this technology are sought to remove these and other bio-resistant compounds from wastewaters. Composites of the photocatalyst, TiOi, and activated carbon (AC) adsorbents have been prepared, characterised and applied as adsorbents and photocatalysts in removal of phenols and NPEO from aqueous solution. Two methods were utilised to prepare of TiO2/C composites. AC was coated with TiO2 derived from the hydrolysis of Ti(OPr')4, and with Degussa P25 using a polyvinyl alcohol binder that was subsequently carbonised in an inert atmosphere. The TiO2/C composites were characterised by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible reflectance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The AC and TiO2/C adsorption capacity for phenol was observed to be affected by the surface area and surface chemistry of the adsorbent, as well as the pH of solution. The NPEO adsorption capacity and rate of adsorption was found to be dependant on the pore size distribution of the adsorbent. The effect of surface chemistry and solution pH was minimal. The selectivity of the adsorbent in the adsorption of NPEO was studied using HPLC. The rate of photooxidation of phenol was found to be first-order and greatest under basic conditions. This is attributed to changes in the electronic structure of the TiO2 under these conditions that increases the rate of reduction of molecular oxygen, often considered to be the rate limiting step. Photodegradation of NPEO led to the aggregation and sedimentation of TiOz particles. HPLC and GC-MS analysis identified photomineralisation intermediates and the mechanism of photodegradation of NPEO is discussed.
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Zaltash, Shahparak. "Pulmonary surfactant proteins B and C : molecular organisation and involvement in respiratory disease /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4571-3/.

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Martin, Laura A. "Changes in the control of property in small-town Ireland, c. 1750 - c. 1900." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326311.

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Books on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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The ancient Near East: C. 3000-330 BC. London: Routledge, 1995.

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Kaiser, Richard. C++ mit dem Borland C++Builder. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06194-7.

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Lemke, Jürgen. C++-Metaprogrammierung. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-48550-7.

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Kormanyos, Christopher. Real-Time C++. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62996-3.

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Kuhlins, Stefan, and Martin Schader. Die C++-Standardbibliothek. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06638-6.

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Kuhlins, Stefan, and Martin Schader. Die C++-Standardbibliothek. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06639-3.

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Kuhlins, Stefan, and Martin Schader. Die C++-Standardbibliothek. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06640-9.

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Kormanyos, Christopher. Real-Time C++. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56718-0.

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Kormanyos, Christopher. Real-Time C++. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47810-3.

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'We have no king but Christ': Christian political thought in greater Syria on the eve of the Arab conquest (c.400-585). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen. "C c." In Dictionary of Gems and Gemology, 67–122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04288-5_3.

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Steinborn, Dirk. "C–C-Kupplungsreaktionen." In Studienbücher Chemie, 348–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56604-6_12.

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Kramme, Rüdiger. "C." In Wörterbuch Technische Medizin, 80–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05377-5_3.

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Arends, Johannes. "C." In Volkstümliche Namen der Drogen, Heilkräuter, Arzneimittel und Chemikalien, 57–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10798-0_3.

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Rouette, Hans-Karl. "C." In Wörterbuch der Textilveredelung / Dictionary of Textile Finishing, 213–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10974-8_29.

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Rouette, Hans-Karl. "C." In Wörterbuch der Textilveredelung / Dictionary of Textile Finishing, 27–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10974-8_3.

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Reuter, Peter, and Christine Reuter. "C." In Wörterbuch Immunologie und Onkologie / Dictionary of Immunology and Oncology, 353–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10976-2_29.

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Reuter, Peter, and Christine Reuter. "C." In Wörterbuch Immunologie und Onkologie / Dictionary of Immunology and Oncology, 41–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10976-2_3.

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Poehlke, Thomas, Werner Heinz, and Heino Stöver. "C." In Drogenabhängigkeit und Substitution, 45–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60899-9_3.

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Porath, Ron. "C." In Internet, Cyber- und IT-Sicherheit von A-Z, 51–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60911-8_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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Whitney, Eric, Seanda Williams, and Brad Krantz. "Pitting resistance of laser clad alloys 625, C-276, 59, and 686." In ICALEO® 2005: 24th International Congress on Laser Materials Processing and Laser Microfabrication. Laser Institute of America, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5060418.

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Boukis, N., G. Franz, C. Friedrich, W. Habicht, and K. Ebert. "Corrosion Screening Tests With Ni-Base Alloys in Supercritical Water Containing Hydrochloric Acid and Oxygen." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0178.

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Abstract Corrosion of reactor material during oxidation of hazardous organic waste containing chloride proceeds very fast and constitutes one major problem in SCWO applications. The following Ni-base alloys were tested within the framework of our experimental program: Inconel 625 and 686, Hastelloy C-276, Nicrofer 5923 and 6025, and Haynes alloy 214. Test tubes were fabricated from these materials and exposed to SCWO conditions, without organics, at temperatures up to 600 °C and pressures up to 34 MPa. Higher concentrated HCl solutions or the combination of oxygen and HCl cause strong surface destruction. The corrosion measured was higher at lower temperatures and at higher pressures, if all other conditions remained constant. The most severe corrosion — general corrosion with SCC and pitting — appeared at temperatures near the critical temperature, i.e. in the preheater and cooling sections of the test tubes. The corrosion products were insoluble in supercritical water and formed thick layers in the supercritical part of the reactor. Under these layers only minor corrosion occurred.
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Picanço, Mariana Barbosa Maciel, Eduarda Rabêlo Lima, Gabrielle Benevides Lima, and Pedro Erbet Belém Filho Morais. "ASPECTOS FISIOPATOLÓGICOS E CLÍNICO-LABORATORIAIS DAS COAGULOPATIAS DESENVOLVIDAS POR PACIENTES INFECTADOS PELO SARS-COV-2." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Hematologia Clínico-laboratorial On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/628.

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Introdução: A COVID-19, identificada inicialmente como uma infecção respiratória com potencial de gravidade, também se relaciona com eventos tromboembólicos. O desenvolvimento de coagulopatias é um importante marcador de mau prognóstico em pacientes com a doença. Constatou-se que o estado de hipercoagulabilidade é frequentemente encontrado em pacientes que evoluem com maior gravidade, relacionando-se com eventos isquêmicos diversos. Objetivo: Abordar aspectos fisiopatológicos e clínico-laboratoriais das coagulopatias desenvolvidas por pacientes infectados pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2. Material e métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura a partir da análise de 15 artigos científicos publicados nas bases de dados “Pubmed” e “Scielo”, no período entre maio e novembro de 2020. Utilizou-se os termos de pesquisa “COVID-19” e “Coagulopatias”. Resultados: O desenvolvimento de coagulopatias em pacientes infectados pelo SARS-CoV-2 relaciona-se com a capacidade de o vírus lesionar o vaso endotelial, devido ao tropismo deste pela Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina 2 (ECA2), expressa nos endotélios. Explica-se, também, pela hipoxemia grave observada em tais pacientes, que desencadeia o estímulo da síntese do HIF-1-alfa, a inibição das vias fibrinolíticas e o estímulo das vias pró-trombóticas. O aumento dos níveis de D-dímero constitui importante marcador de prognóstico nesses pacientes. Podem ser detectados, também, alargamento do tempo de protrombina (TP), devido ao consumo de fatores de coagulação. A monitoração de marcadores laboratoriais, como plaquetas, TP, D-dímero, fibrinogênio, proteína C reativa, ferritina, interleucina-6 e procalcitonina, torna-se indispensável. Apesar da profilaxia antitrombótica, ainda há uma alta incidência de eventos tromboembólicos, havendo a necessidade do uso de doses medicamentosas mais elevadas e personalizadas, com destaque para a heparina de baixo peso molecular. Conclusão: A COVID-19 apresenta estreita relação com eventos tromboembólicos, sendo importante o reconhecimento do risco de coagulopatias nos pacientes infectados, no intuito de efetuar a intervenção profilática necessária, de melhorar o prognóstico e de reduzir a mortalidade de tais pacientes.
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САВАНЕЦ, О. Н., and К. В. БОРОДИНА. "СЕЛЕКТИВНЫЙ АНТАГОНИСТ ВАЗОПРЕССИНОВЫХ У1А-РЕЦЕПТОРОВ УСИЛИВАЕТ АНКСИОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ПЕПТИДНОГО АНАЛОГА С-КОНЦЕВОГО ФРАГМЕНТА ВАЗОПРЕССИНА У МЫШЕЙ BALB/C В ПРИПОДНЯТОМ КРЕСТООБРАЗНОМ ЛАБИРИНТЕ." In ФАРМОБРАЗОВАНИЕ-2023. Voronezh State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/978-5-9273-3827-6-2023-623-628.

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Lara-Curzio, Edgar, R. Trejo, K. L. More, P. J. Maziasz, and B. A. Pint. "Evaluation and Characterization of Iron- and Nickel-Based Alloys for Microturbine Recuperators." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68630.

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The effects of stress, temperature and time of exposure to microturbine exhaust gases on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of alloys HR-120® and 230® was investigated at turbine exhaust temperatures between 620°C and 760°C. It was found that the ultimate tensile strength and ductility of alloy 230® decreased by 30% and 60%, respectively, after 500 hours exposure at 752°C. At the lowest exposure temperature of 679°C the ultimate tensile strength and ductility decreased by 10% and 25%, respectively. The ultimate tensile strength and ductility of HR-120® alloy decreased by 15% and 50%, respectively, after 500 hours exposure at 745°C. At the lowest exposure temperature of 632°C the ultimate tensile strength and ductility decreased by 10% and 23%, respectively. The microstructural changes associated with exposure to microturbine exhaust gases are analyzed and discussed.
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Grabowski, JP, J. Sehouli, F. Hilpert, M. Welslau, T. Schinköthe, J. Seitz, A. El-Balat, EM Grischke, R. Glowik, and F. Marmé. "Olaparib in German routine clinical practice – Updated interim results of the non-interventional study C-PATROL." In 62. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe – DGGG'18. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1671019.

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LIU, Zhengdong. "Status of the Power Industry in China and Overall Progress for A-USC Technology." In AM-EPRI 2016, edited by J. Parker, J. Shingledecker, and J. Siefert. ASM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2016p0024.

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Abstract The Chinese power industry has experienced rapid development in the past decade. The newly built 600+°C ultra-super-critical (UCS) fossil fire power plants and pressed water reactor nuclear power plants in China are the world’s most advanced level technically and effectively. The available capacity of 600+°C UCS fossil fire power plant in China is more than 200 GW by the end of 2015, which has greatly contributed to the energy-saving and emission-reduction for China and the whole world. In China, the 610°C and 620°C advanced USC (A-USC) fossil fire power plants had been combined into the grid, 630°C A-USC fossil fire power plant is about to start to build, the feasibility of 650°C A-USC fossil fire power plant is under evaluation, 700°C AUSC fossil fire power plant has been included in the national energy development plan and the first Chinese 700°C A-USC testing rig had been put into operation in December 2015. The advanced heat resistant materials are the bottlenecking to develop A-USC fossil fire power plant worldwide. In this paper, the research and development of candidate heat resistant steels and alloys selected and/or used for 600+°C A-UCS fossil fire power plant in China is emphasized, including newly innovated G115 martensitic steel used for 630°C steam temperature, C-HRA-2 fully solid-solution strengthening nickel alloy used for 650°C steam temperature, C-HRA-3 solid-solution strengthening nickel alloy used for 680°C steam temperature, 984G iron-nickel alloy used for 680°C steam temperature, C-HRA-1 precipitation hardening nickel alloy and C700R1 solid-solution strengthening nickel alloy used for 700+°C steam temperature.
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Conard, J., M. H. Horellou, P. Van Dreden, and M. Samama. "PREGNANCY AND CONGENITAL DEFICIENCY IN ANTITHROMBIN III OR PROTEIN C." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642942.

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Pregnancy as well as congenital deficiency in coagulation inhibitors are recognized as predisposing conditions to thrombosis. Thus, in women with a congenital deficiency, the risk of thrombosis associated to pregnancy is expected to be higher than in normal women (incidence of approximately 1°/..). We have investigated this risk in 16 women with congenital Antithrombin III (AT III) deficiency and in 31 with Protein C (PC) deficiency.In the 16 women with AT III deficiency, 30 pregnancies occured 3 of them were interrupted by provoked abortions and a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism were observed in 2 patients after abortion. Of the 27 other pregnancies, in the absence of any anticoagulant treatment, 17 were complicated by thrombosis (62 %), either during pregnancy (n = 8) or in the post-partun period (n = 9).In the group of 31 women with PC deficiency, 82 pregnancies occured : 16 ended with a provoked abortion, followed by a DVT in one case. Out of the 66 other pregnancies, 17 (25 %) were associated with thrombosis, during pregnancy (n = 5) or in the post-partum (n = 12).Thus, pregnancy is a situation at high risk of thrombosis in PC deficient women, and even higher in AT III deficient ones. No standardized anticoagulant prophylaxis being available, various anticoagulant treatments (mainly SC heparin) were given at various doses, started at different moments of pregnancy to 6 AT III and 3 PC deficient women : 3 and O thrombosis occured respectively.In the post-partum, a thrombosis was observed in 1 of 4 AT III and 2 of 4 PC deficient women who received a treatment. Consequently, an efficient treatment remains to be determined.If a pregnancy is unwanted, estroprogestogens are contra-indicated but progestogen only treatments with chlormadinone acetate, levonorgestrel or low dose of norethisterone were given to 4 AT III and 6 PC deficient women who were simultaneously receiving AVK : no recurrence of thrombosis was observed afer 1 to 3 years of treatment.
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Jianjun Yu, Xiang Zhou, Ming-Fang Huang, Yin Shao, Dayou Qian, Ting Wang, Milorad Cvijetic, et al. "17 Tb/s (161×114 Gb/s) PolMux-RZ-8PSK transmission over 662 km of ultra-low loss fiber using C-band EDFA amplification and digital coherent detection." In 2008 34th European Conference on Optical Communication. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecoc.2008.4729570.

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Hibner, Edward, and Pete Jones. "New high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine corrosion, fastener and boat shaft applications." In SNAME Maritime Convention. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/smc-2012-p10.

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High strength and corrosion resistant nickel alloys Hastelloy C-86 ® (UNS N06686) and Hastelloy C-22HS ® (UNS N07022) are currently being evaluated and/ or used by the Navy for current and future bolting applications where both high strength, toughness, ductility along with excellent resistance to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement are required. This includes present and new ship design. The 686 alloy is currently into final stages of data gathering and mil spec preparation. Alloy 686 is a solid solution nickel base alloy obtaining it’s strength through cold work. The C-22HS alloy was recently introduced for applications requiring both corrosion resistance and high strength. Being a C-type alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo), C- 22HS has excellent corrosion resistance in both reducing and oxidizing environments. The alloy is capable of being age-hardened to effectively double the yield strength over other Ctype alloys. The C-22HS alloy has generated interest in the oil & gas industry due to its resistance to sour brine environments. C-22HS is being included in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 at NACE Level VII (highest severity), exhibiting resistance to severe sour brine environments. Properties of the new alloy relevant to marine corrosion and Navy fastener applications are presented. This material has also been shown to be resistant to hydrogen embrittlement in marine and other severe environments, exhibiting potential for corrosion immunity. Efforts in developing alternate processing routes for C-22HS alloy for very high strength applications are detailed. The high strength of C-22HS alloy is imparted through the formation of Long Range Ordering (LRO) domains of Ni2(Cr, Mo) which develop during a two-step age-hardening treatment. In standard C-22HS alloy, the formation of the LRO domains nearly doubling of the room temperature yield strength up to values around 100 ksi. The yield strengths of the as-cold worked bars ranged from 191 to 205 ksi (1317 to 1413 MPa), and the cold-worked + age-hardened bars ranged from 199 to 206 ksi (1372 to 1420 MPa). In these material conditions, C-22HS also exhibits excellent ductility and fracture toughness of _150 ft-lbs (_203 J) from -300ºF to +550ºF (-149 to 288°C). The C - 22HS alloy is presently being tested for Navy Subsafe high strength fastener approval. An important feature of the C-22HS alloy in the age-hardened condition is that the alloy retains excellent corrosion resistance. Both alloys C-86 and C-22HS have excellent potential for all marine and military applications where excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are required. In addition to the nickel alloy just discussed, NITRONIC® 50HS (UNS S20910) Stainless Steel provides a combination of corrosion resistance and strength not found in any other commercial material available in its price range. As a result, the use of this alloy for boat shafting is significantly increasing for commercial and naval shipping. Superior corrosion resistance, high yield strength, exceptionally low magnetic permeability and outstanding cryogenic properties define this alloy usefulness for boat shafting.
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Reports on the topic "C. 626 – 682)"

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Down, Murray. PR-686-183908-R01 InSAR Monitoring of Pipeline Geohazards in Vegetated and Very Large Non-Vegetated Areas. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011679.

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Located on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains, a 14-inch diameter pipeline runs from Kenova to Columbus carrying gasoline and distillates and a 24-inch diameter pipeline runs from Owensboro to Catlettsburg carrying crude products. In 2014, ground movement was identified along the pipeline corridor in an area that was primarily dominated by vegetation. Displacement events similar to this, whether known or unknown have the potential to compromise pipeline integrity. The Appalachian Mountain region is almost entirely classed as high landslide susceptibility by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and are crossed by numerous transmission pipelines and gathering lines. The Permian Basin located in West Texas is an area of known subtle ground displacement with the potential for larger scale sinkhole development. The area also has extensive multi-operator pipeline networks. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has successfully been used to monitor ground heave and subsidence due to drilling activity in the Permian Basin. Using InSAR, 3vGeomatics has performed a proof of concept on the effectiveness, reliability, and precision of using L-band SAR satellites for InSAR monitoring of vegetated areas and C-band satellites for monitoring in non-vegetated areas. The InSAR displacement estimates are compared to ground truth data including differential light detection and ranging (LiDAR), in-line-inspection, and ground survey measurements. The goal of this project is to operationalize ongoing InSAR monitoring programs for pipeline networks in vegetated areas and very large non-vegetated areas for operating members. This project has a related webinar.
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McDannell, K. T., N. Pinet, and D. R. Issler. Exhuming the Canadian Shield: preliminary interpretations from low-temperature thermochronology and significance for the sedimentary succession of the Hudson Bay Basin. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326100.

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The geological history of the Canadian Shield is difficult to constrain because the sedimentary record is missing in those areas where Precambrian basement is exposed at the surface. This study presents preliminary results and interpretations of new apatite fission-track (AFT) analyses to elucidate the low-temperature (&amp;lt;120°C) history across Canada. The AFT modelling of samples from Southampton Island, in Nunavut, indicates that maximum temperatures varied between 62°C and 93°C during the Phanerozoic. Maximum burial occurred in the Devonian, but a second phase of Mesozoic burial is proposed, especially in the case for the sample recovered closest to the northern island-bounding normal faults. The AFT modelling of a sample from northern Ontario indicates that a maximum burial temperature of approximately 75°C was reached during the Late Devonian. Overall, these results demonstrate that the Hudson Bay sedimentary succession is the remnant of a more extensive and thicker sedimentary cover than is preserved. This study also provides the opportunity to discuss innovative methodology and modelling approaches for low-temperature thermochronology.
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Kanner, Joseph, Dennis Miller, Ido Bartov, John Kinsella, and Stella Harel. The Effect of Dietary Iron Level on Lipid Peroxidation of Muscle Food. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604282.bard.

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Biological oxidations are almost exclusively metal ion-promoted reactions and in ths respect iron, being the most abundant, is the commonly involved. The effect of dietary iron levels on pork, turkey and chick muscle lipid peroxidation and various other related compounds were evaluated. Crossbred feeder pigs were fed to market weight on corn-soy rations containing either 62, 131 or 209 ppm iron. After slaughter, the muscles were dissected, cooked and stored at 4°C. Heavily fortifying swine rations with iron (>200 ppm) increase nn-heme iron (NHI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and decrease a-tocopherol in cooked stored pork but did not increase warmed-over aroma (WOA). NHI and TBARS were higher in cooked pork from pigs fed high-iron diets. Liver iron correlated with muscle iron. TBARS were strongly related with WOA. The role of dietary vitamin E and ascorbic acid on Fe-induced in vivo lipid peroxidation in swine was also evaluated. Moderate elevation in iron stores had a marked effect on oxidative stress, especially as indicated by liver TBARS. Supplemental vitamin E, and to a lesser extent vitamin C, protect against this oxidative stress. Unsupplementation of Fe in the regular diet of turkeys did not affect body weight, blood hemoglobin level, or iron pool in the liver or muscle. The reason being that it contained "natural" ~120 mg Fe/kg feed, and this amount is high enough to keep constant the pool of iron in the body, liver or muscle tissues. Only Fe-supplementation with high amounts of Fe (500 ppm) significantly increased turkey blood hemoglobin and total iron in the liver, in 1 out of 3 experiments, but only slightly affects iron pool in the muscles. It seems that the liver accumulates very high concentations of iron and significantly regulates iron concentration in skeletal muscles. For this reason, it was very difficult to decrease muscle stability in turkeys through a diet containing high levels of Fe-supplementation. It was shown that the significant increase in the amount of iron (total and "free") in the muscle by injections with Fe-dextran accelerated its lipid peroxidation rate and decreased its a-tocopherol concentration. The level and metabolism of iron in the muscles affects the intensity of in vivo lipid peroxidation. This process was found to ifluence the turnover and accumulation of a-tocopherol in turkey and chick muscles. Treatments which could significantly decrease the amount and metabolism of iron pool in muscle tissues (or other organs) may affect the rate of lipid peroxidation and the turnover of a-tocopherol. Several defense enzymes were determined and found in the turkey muscle, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Glutathione peroxidase was more active in muscles with a high trend of lipid peroxidation, lmore so in drumsticks than in breast muscles, or muscles with a low a-tocopherol content. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased several fold in muscle stored at 4°C. Our work demonstrated that it will be much more practical to increase the stability of muscle tissues in swine, turkeys and chickens during storage and processing by increasing the amount of vitamin E in the diet than by withdrawing iron supplementation.
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Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.

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The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
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Thor, Peter, Karin Olsson, Håkan Wennhage, Karl Lundström, Mattias Sköld, Andrea Belgrano, Matti Åhlund, et al. Marina miljön i 8+fjordar – nuvarande kunskap om ekosystemet och de mänskliga belastningarna. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.utn1p1g09m.

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8+fjordar-området är topografiskt väldigt varierande. Vattenutbytet är långsamt och tillförseln av näringsämnen stor. Största delen av näringsämnen stannar kvar i fjordarna. Mest i Havstens- och Hakefjordar där 40-50 % av den lokala näringstillförseln stannar kvar. Utsläppen från jordbruk och skogsbruk är stora i 8+fjordar-området. T.ex. står dessa för 62 % av kvävetillförseln och 69 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden. Men utsläpp från punktkällor direkt till havet är också betydande (21 % av kvävetillförseln och 19 % av fosfortillförseln till Byfjorden). Man har genom en mängd olika tilltag de senaste decennierna försökt sänka utsläppen av kväve och fosfor och även om koncentrationerna av kväve och fosfor fortsatt är höga har halterna av främst kväve sjunkit i 8+fjordar-området. De stora utsläppen av näringsämnen ökar växtplanktonproduktionen och när denna sjunker till botten och bryts ner av bakterier orsakar det syrebrist och höga koncentrationer av giftigt svavelväte i de djupare delarna av fjordarna. I de grundare delarna av fjordsystemet finns grunda vikar med ålgräsängar, blåmusselbankar och klippkuster med tångskogar. Dessa biotoper har förändrats under de senaste decennierna med en ökande påväxt av fintrådiga alger. Den pelagiska miljön (de fria vattenmassorna) är främst påverkad av avrinning av sötvatten från älvar och åar och av inflöde av salthaltigt vatten från Skagerrak genom Marstrandsfjorden och norrut i fjordsystemet. Närsaltkoncentrationen är hög i hela vattenpelaren vilket ses speciellt för nitrat. Detta ger förhöjda klorofyllkoncentrationer även om dessa alltså har minskat betydligt under de senaste decennierna. 8+fjordar-området har länge haft höga koncentrationer av giftiga dinoflagellater, men de senaste decennierna har giftalgsblomningarna minskat betydligt. De flesta områden uppnår nu minst god ekologisk status avseende vinterkoncentrationer av totalt kväve med undantag för By-, Havstens-, Askerö- och Älgöfjordar. Status för växtplankton klassas som hög i nästan hela området. År 2006 kom den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi till svenska västkusten. Den är en effektiv predator på djurplankton och kan vissa år minska djurplanktonbiomassan avsevärt under hösten. Detta kan ha allvarliga konsekvenser för överlevnad av fisk och fisklarver som livnär sig på djurplankton. De allra flesta fiskarter livnär sig på djurplankton i larvstadiet. Den bentiska miljön innefattar livsmiljön från de djupa mjukbottnarna till tångskogarnas och ålgräsängarnas topp. 8+fjordar-områdets bentiska miljö kännetecknas av klippstränder med hårdbottnar beväxta med bland annat snärjtång, blåstång, sågtång, sockertång och fintrådiga alger, där blåmusslor och andra evertebrater lever och de djupare delarna täcks av fastsittande bentiska evertebrater som till exempel havsanemoner och havsnejlikor. De djupare sedimentbottnarna hyser grävande evertebrater som livnär sig på den biomassa som sjunker ner från pelagialen. Här dominerar havsborstmasken Scalibregma inflatum, slätbukig Sammanfattning trådormstjärna och pepparmussla. Vatten från Skagerrak strömmar in i 8+fjordarområdet söderifrån och de södra bassängerna inklusive Hake- och Askeröfjordar är normalt syresatta under hela året även i sina djupaste delar, medan de djupa delarna av de nordligare Kalvö-, Borgile-, Koljö- och Byfjordar samt även Havstensfjorden ofta präglas av långvarig syrebrist. I dessa områden försvinner bottenfaunan ofta helt eller befinner sig i någon fas av återkolonisering efter vattenutbyten. Den bentiska miljön hade bättre ekologisk status under 1980- och 90-talet än under det tidiga 2000-talet. De flesta åren därefter visar måttlig status i Hake-, Halse- och Havstensfjordar. I de grunda vikarna har mängden fintrådiga alger ökat betydligt sedan slutet på 1990-talet. Dessa alger bildar påväxt på ålgräs och tång och täta mattor av ruttnande alger på botten vilket försvagar ålgräs och tång och orsaker lokal syrebrist i ängarna. Dessa alger har ökat i biomassa delvis på grund av avsaknaden av betande evertebrater (t.ex. märlkräftor) som i sin tur har minskat i antal eftersom mesopredatorer som t.ex. strandkrabba och läppfiskar har ökat när deras predatorer, som t.ex. torsk, har fiskats bort. Utbredningen av ålgräs i 8+fjordar-området har minskat ganska dramatiskt de senaste decennier, speciellt kring Kungälv och Uddevalla där 80–85% av arean har försvunnit. Status för ålgräs och tång är otillfredsställande eller måttlig i nästan hela 8+fjordar-området. Fiskbestånden i 8+fjordar-området har varit överfiskade under lång tid och liksom i Västerhavets övriga kuststområden är förekomsten av större bottenlevande fisk, främst torskfiskar, mycket reducerad i 8+fjordar-området. Det fanns ett betydande fiske av torsk, näbbgädda, rödspotta, sill och skarpsill i området på 1960- talet men 2004–2008 hade de flesta fisken kollapsat med undantag av fisket på sill och skarpsill som fortfarande fiskas även on mängden landad sill har minskat betydligt från 2014 till 2021. Av alla fångster av sill och skarpsill fiskades i genomsnitt 14 % av sillen och 87 % av skarpsillen med lysfiske. SLU:s undersökningar visar dessvärre inte på någon återhämtning av fiskbestånden under de senaste 20 åren, trots att det riktade fisket efter flera av dessa arter stoppats och det införts ett fiskefritt område i Havstensfjorden. Genetiska studier visar dock att det fortfarande finns ett lokalt lekande bestånd av torsk i området och det har observerats bättre rekryteringar 2016 och 2019. Sportfisket efter havsöring är betydande, men störst är fisket efter makrill både med spö och med dörj. Det finns ingen officiell statistik på landningar men i Fiskeriverkets rapport från 1999 angavs att fritidsfiskets sammanlagda fångster översteg yrkesfiskets för lax och havsöring och vissa arter av plattfisk. Det finns en del vattenbruk i 8+fjordar-området. Företaget Scanfjord är störst, med blåmusselodlingar i yttre Stigfjorden, Havstensfjorden och Koljöfjorden. En rad andra aktörer har odlingar främst i norra delen av 8+fjordar-området och företaget Marine Taste odlar sjöpungar nära Stenungsund. Sjöfåglar är viktiga länkar mellan näringsvävar i havet och på land och de kan vara bra indikatorer på förändringar i de marina ekosystemen. Efter mitten av 1990- talet har ejderpopulationen minskat till hälften och arten är numera (2020) rödlistad som ”starkt hotad” (EN) i både Sverige och Europa. Strandskatan har minskat med omkring 40 % i Sverige de senaste 30 åren och är sedan 2020 rödlistad som "nära hotad" (NT). Troliga faktorer för dessa två arters minskning är minskad mängd och/eller kvalitet, inklusive vitaminbrist, på bytesdjur, ökad utbredning av syrefria bottnar, klimatförändringar, predation och sjukdom. Stora förändringar har också ägt rum hos många måsfågelbestånd de senaste 20–30 åren. Fisktärna och silltrut (på västkusten) har klarat sig bra, medan övriga måsfåglar minskat så kraftigt att de blivit rödlistade. Bestånden av grågås, kanadagås och vitkindad gås har ökat kraftigt de senaste 30 åren. Tillgången på höst- och vintergröna grödor har ökat genom ändrat jordbruk och varmare och snöfattigare vintrar vilket har gynnat gässen. Storskarven var tidigare utdöd i Sverige men under 1980- och 1990-talet spred sig skarven längs den svenska kusten och i 8+fjordar-området etablerades de första kolonier i början av 2000-talet. Det finns ingen regelbunden inventering av storskarv i Sverige men år 2021 räknades 1300 bon i 7 kolonier från Nordre Älvs mynning i söder till Havstensfjord i norr, absoluta majoriteten väster om OrustTjörn. I 8+fjordar-området är storskarvens vanligaste byten smörbult och plattfisk, men även andelen torskfisk och sötvattensfisk är betydande. Knubbsäl, gråsäl och tumlare förekommer i 8+fjordar-området. Knubbsäl och tumlare är de överlägset vanligaste marina däggdjuren medan antalet gråsälar är betydligt färre. Efter att jakten förbjöds och sälarna skyddades, samtidigt som mängden miljögifter minskade, började sälpopulationen längs västkusten återhämta sig under 1980-talet. Knubbsälpopulationen har ökat sedan dess även om virussjukdom (Phocine Distemper Virus, PDV) reducerade antalet betydligt år 1988 och 2002. Under 2010-talets senare hälft uppskattades antalet knubbsälar i Västerhavet till över 20 000 djur. I 8+fjordar-området vistas de flesta sälar på utsidan Orust och Tjörn med mycket färre sälar i själva 8+fjordar-området. Prover insamlade 2015-2016 visade att knubbsälens födoval är helt dominerat av plattfisk (viktandel >70 %) följt av sill, rötsimpa och vitling. Miljögifter finns i stora koncentrationer i vissa delar av 8+fjordar-området, främst i Byfjorden där föroreningar från hamnen länge har varit stora och kring Stenungsund där utsläpp från den kemiska industrin dominerar. Men inom 8+fjordar-området finns även ett stort antal mindre båtvarv och marinor som genom åren har bidragit till giftiga utsläpp främst från båtbottenfärg. I Byfjorden har bottensedimenten höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av olja, polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och PCB. Där är koncentrationerna av TBT, som tidigare användes i båtbottenfärg, och dess två nerbrytningsprodukter DBT och MBT mycket höga. Flera metaller så som zink, kadmium, koppar och nickel finns också i höga koncentrationer. Kvicksilver- och PBDE-halten i blåmusslor överskrider Vattendirektivets gränsvärde för fisk. Dessa föroreningar finns också i Havstensfjorden och Halsefjorden men i lägre koncentrationer. Kring Stenungsund är bottensedimentens halter av hexaklorbensen (HCB) höga eller mycket höga men det avspeglas dock inte i förhöjda HCB-halter i blåmusslor från samma område. Halterna av DBT och MBT är också höga här, medan halterna av TBT inte är förhöjda. Kopparhalten i sediment från Stenungsundsområdet är förhöjda och på en lokal är de långt över Vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Även koncentrationen av PBDE i blåmussla överstiger vattendirektivets gränsvärde. Blåstång från en lokal vid nordvästra Stenungsön har höga eller mycket höga koncentrationer av kadmium, arsenik och koppar. I syrefria bottnar förekommer ingen omblandning av sedimentet av infauna såsom havsborstmaskar vilket gör att lagrade ämnen inte i så hög utsträckning frigörs till vattnet och miljögifter koncentreras som mest i dessa områden. Nedbrytningshastigheten av organiska miljögifter är också betydligt långsammare i en syrefattig miljö än i en syrerik och det kan ta många decennier att bryta ned gifterna. Om syrefria bottnar innehållande miljögifter åter syresätts och omblandningen sätts igång, är det därför risk för kontaminering av kringliggande vatten. Mikroplast som härstammar från den lokala plastindustrin finns i större mängder i bottensedimenten kring Stenungsund. En studie visade att minst 3 miljoner och i värsta fall 36 miljoner polyetylenpellets större än 2 mm, motsvarande 73–730 kg, släpps ut via Stenunge å årligen. När mindre fraktioner ner till 300 µm inkluderades i mätningarna var det totala partikelantalet hundrafaldigt högre. Dessa partiklar har direkt effekt på djur och växter i fjorden. Elfiskeundersökningar visade att 62 % av öring fångade i Stenunge å hade plastpartiklar i magen. Flera invasiva arter har etablerat sig i 8+fjordar-området de senaste decennierna. Den amerikanska kammaneten Mnemiopsis leidyi finns i stora mängder sensommar och höst under de flesta år. Under år med dessa maneter kan de äta upp största delen av djurplanktonbiomassan vilket skapar problem för fisklarver som livnär sig på detta plankton. Stillahavsostronet eller det japanska jätteostronet har observerats på stränder i hela 8+fjordar-området. Dessa ostron kan tränga undan blåmussla när det bildas stora ostronbankar och de europeiska ostronen kan smittas av nya typer av parasiter. Ostronens skal är också vassa och kan orsaka skador på människor som går på bottnen i grunda områden. Mellan 20 och 40 % av 8+fjordar-områdets kustlinje är bebyggd inom 100 meters avstånd till vattenlinjen. I Kungälv och på Tjörn och Orust har bebyggd kustlinje fördubblats på bara 10 år trots förbud mot uppförande av nya byggnader närmre än 100 meter från strandlinjen enligt strandskyddslagstiftningen. 20–25 % av kusten i dessa kommuner är nu bebyggd. Friluftslivet till sjöss har också ökat kraftigt under senare år. Intervjuundersökningar visar att det under 2004 uppskattningsvis fanns totalt 26 600 båtar på svenska västkusten men att antalet har fyrdubblats fram till 2010. Denna ökning av mänsklig närvaro stör på många olika sätt. Pirar eller bryggor kan störa djurs naturliga migrationsrutter längs kusten, speciellt i topografiskt komplexa områden som 8+fjordar-området och större strukturer som t.ex. brofästen eller bortsprängningar och utgrävningar kan ändra vattengenomströmningen. I 8+fjordar-området kan det ha extra stor effekt eftersom vattenutbytet är naturligt långsamt. Fåglar störs kraftigt av snabbgående båtar. Många fåglar undviker ofta platser med mycket trafik under ruggningen och på rastoch övervintringslokaler kan störningar från båtar leda till att de oftare tar till flykt med energiförluster som följd. Marint skräp är ett särskilt stort problem i Bohuslän där stora mängder makroskräp driver i land på grund av havsströmmarna (Jutska strömmen). Detta är faktiskt ett av Europas mest nedskräpade marina områden. 96 % av det marina skräpet längs stränderna i Bohuslän utgörs av plastartiklar, och det vanligaste är snören och linor som till allra största del kommer från fisket. Effekter av skräp på det marina djurlivet är väldokumenterade, t ex insnärjning av marina djur och intag av skräpföremål av fåglar, fiskar och evertebrater. Förlorade tinor, garn och ryssjor utgör också en betydande del av skräpet. Efter intervjuundersökningar uppskattades antalet förlorade hummertinor till 3900 per år på västkusten bara från fritidsfisket. Förlorade fiskredskap fiskar vidare och studier har visat att så mycket som 163 800 humrar och krabbtaskor fångas per år på västkusten i detta spökfiske. Klimatförändringarna leder till att haven runt Sverige blir allt varmare, att kustnära vatten utsötas när nederbörden ändras och att haven försuras när ökade mängder koldioxid tas upp i havet. Varmare vatten tar upp mer plats så havsnivån stiger med stigande temperatur och detta förvärras när polernas fastlandsisar smälter. I 8+fjordar-området ökar ytvattentemperaturen fyra gångar så snabbt som den globala medeluppvärmningen och enligt SMHI har temperaturen ökat med 3,5 °C sedan 1960. Salthalt och skiktning förändras i kustnära miljöer när nederbörden varierar. I svenska kustnära marina miljöer har saliniteten minskat under perioden från 1992, då mätningarna började, fram till ca 2010, men under de senare åren har den ökat så mycket att den nu är tillbaka på samma nivå som 1990. En tredjedel av den koldioxid som släpps ut absorberas av världens hav där den bildar kolsyra. Under industrialiseringen har det globala medel-pH minskat från cirka 8,11 till 8,06, en minskning som motsvarar en ökning i surhet med 30 %. Det finns ingen marin övervakning av pH i 8+fjordar-området men data från danska fjordar visar en försurning som är dubbel så snabb som globala medelvärdet. Av alla belastningar relaterade till klimatförändringarna är det temperaturökningen som har störst effekt på djur och växter i havet. Först och främst förflyttas utbredningsområden för djur och växter mot norr. Torsken i Skagerrak/Kattegatt föredrar temperaturer som är låga jämfört med de medeltemperaturer de upplever i området i dag och den temperaturökningen vi ser i 8+fjordar-området minskar därför torskens lekmöjlighet i området. Ålgräs påverkas också av ökande temperaturer och studier visar att en 5 °C ökning minskar ålgräsets skottäthet. Havsförsurning påverkar främst bottnens kalcifierande arter som kräftdjur, blötdjur och tagghudingar. Till exempel har det visat sig att sjöborrelarvers utveckling försämras av även mycket små minskningar i pH och bottensamhällen påverkas så att både artrikedom och antal individer minskar under försurning.
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