Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'C-488'

Relations between aristocratic landowners and agriculturalists in the late Roman period were part of systems of vertical alliance that were fluid, ambiguous and flexible. This thesis moves beyond theories of Patrocinium and the 'colonate of the late Roman Empire' to reconstruct those alliance systems. Three basic types of vertical interaction in rural contexts may be identified: tenancy, patronage and slavery. Peasants also interacted with aristocratic landowners in relations of casual or periodic labour, estate management and legal agency. It is argued that patronage for the purposes of tax evasion and registered tenancy were merely elements in these systems of vertical alliance. Chapter 1 addresses the attitudes of late Roman legislators and authors to patronage and registered tenancy through the language they employed in describing these phenomena. It will be demonstrated that these concepts continued to be analytically fluid, and did not crystallise into the institutions that have been labelled Patrocinium and the 'colonate' in the historiographical literature. In Chapter 2, late Roman rural labour relations are explored. It is argued that the analytical distinctions between the three categories of vertical alliance identified above mask a reality of blurred boundaries and elision of various relationships of dependence. In Chapter 3, those systems of vertical alliance are further contextualised within the social and economic world of the fourth and fifth centuries. It is argued that that world was characterised by 'landscapes of diversity', within which particular systems of interaction between peasants and aristocrats were necessarily adaptable and disparate. Those systems of interaction complemented and competed with patterns of horizontal organisation within individual rural communities, and between communities. It is upon these patterns of competition and complementarity that the tax system of the late Roman period was imposed in the late third century. Chapter 4 focuses upon the tax system, and the elements of it that contributed to the high visibility of structures of rural social organisation in the period.

Analyse des fondements de la societe rhodienne : examen des structures des cites avant l'unite et de l'autonomie locale apres cette date ; de la vie economique, financiere et monetaire (role determinant de l'etat) ; des donnees de base de la vie des rhodiens jusqu'a l'epoque imperiale (forte resistance a la romanisation)
Analysis of the basic organisation of rhodian society : examination of the structures of cities before unity and of local autonomy afterwards ; of economic, financial and monetary life (leading of the state) ; of basic conditions of rhodian life to the imperial era (strong resistance to romanisation)

The purpose of this diploma thesis was to explore possibilities, design and build 2D position system driven by PC via USB. ATmega16 and FT232R were used as the most important parts of hardware solution. Software for control of the position system was designed in C++ Builder and it can run under MS Windows XP. This work is based on semestral thesis and in future can be used in other applications or modified. 2D position system will be later used by UBMI in education and scientific applications.

L'evolution historique de l'heptanese aux periodes classique et hellenistique a ete peu etudiee jusqu'a maintenant. Cette these a donc pour objet essentiel par l'intermediaire d'une approche geopolitique, de devoiler la richesse et la complexite de la vie internationale des quatres principales iles ioniennes formant cet archipel, a savoir, corcyre (corfou), leucade, cephallenie (cephalonie), et zacynthe (zante). Situees entre le monde grec balkanique et egeen a l'est, et le monde italo-siciliote a l'ouest, ces iles se sont revelees des positions geopolitiques majeures, convoitees par toutes les puissances imperialistes desireuses, entre 480 et 167 avant j. -c. , de s'assurer le controle de la mer ionienne et du golfe de corinthe, c'est-a-dire des liaisons maritimes entre les deux bassins de la mediterranee : corinthe, athenes, sparte, la macedoine, syracuse, carthage, et rome, entre autres, y ont ainsi, soit simplement manifeste leur presence, soit etabli solidement leur domination
The historical evolution of the heptanese during the classical and hellenistic periods has been little studied until now. The main aim of this thesis is consequently, thanks to a geopolitical approach, to show the richness and the complexity of the international life of the four principal ionian islands forming this archipelago, namely, corcyra (corfu), leucas, cephallenia, and zacynthos. Located between the balkanic and aegean greek world on the east, and the italian-sicilian world on the west, these islands were geopolitical positions of great importance, coveted by all the imperialists powers anxious, between 480 and 167 b. C. , to take control of the ionian sea and the corinthian gulf, and therefore, of the maritime links between the two basins of the mediterranean sea : corinth, athens, sparta, macedonia, syracuse, carthage and rome were among these states that, either simply manifested their presence, or firmly established their domination there

RESUMO Serão investigadas, nesta dissertação, as origens da democracia ateniense através da análise de quatro epigramas de Simônides de Ceos e da contextualização de alguns outros. Partindo do assassinato de Hiparco por Harmódio e Aristogíton e traçando suas conseqüências, tanto do ponto de vista mítico quando político, tentaremos demonstrar como o povo, agora identificado como mesmo ideal de igualdade perante a lei (isonomia), foi capaz de afastar tanto o perigo de uma helotização da Ática, quanto o de uma submissão ao império aquemênida, ao vencer duas batalhas decisivas, cujo relato foi preservado em inscrições que chegaram até nós sob o nome de Simônides por transmissão literária ou epigráfica ou ambas. Também iremos lidar com todos os aspectos relativos à composição, caráter e transmissão de cada um dos quatro epigramas comentados, além de fornecer uma tradução de todos os outros - incluindo os novos fragmentos elegíacos recentemente descobertos - que possam ter alguma relevância para o assunto em questão.
The origins of Athenian democracy are herein surveyed through the analysis of four Simonidean epigrams and the canvassing of several others. Starting from the murder of Hipparchus by Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and following its consequences, both mythic and political, we shall proceed to demonstrate how the people, now identified with the same democratic ideal, was able to eschew both the danger of helotization by Sparta and submission by the Persian Empire by its winning two decisive battles recorded in inscriptions that came down to us either through literary or epigraphical transmission or both. We shall also deal with all aspects surrounding the composition, nature and transmission of each of the four epigrams, besides providing a translation of all other epigrams - including the newly discovered elegiac fragments - that may bear any relevancy to the subject under appreciation.

The topic of master thesis is the thermal calculation and proportion design of gas-fired steam boiler. The first part describe technical characteristics and parameters of the boiler. The main part of this thesis is the thermal calculation of the boiler.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
The duty to state reasons for judicial decisions is provided in art. 93, subsection IX, of the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988. In infraconstitutional legislation it was already present in the procedural documents of 1939 and 1973. However, the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 sought to improve what is already provided for in constitutional and infraconstitutional legislation. The present study draws an analysis of art. 489, paragraph 1, of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015, explaining what cannot be considered a reasoned decision. More specifically, subsection IV of the article, which provides for the obligation of the judge to face all the arguments brought by the party who, at least in theory, can contradict the conclusion adopted in the decision and, therefore, to base a position different from that of the judgmental. As the excessive volume of litigation that has weakened respect for the duty to state reasons has become more frequent among us, through decisions based on ready-made utterances of empty character. The idea of said device is to reinforce that the magistrate cannot choose the arguments of the succumbing party that wants to face. It ceases to be relevant in the process only what the magistrate arbitrarily believes to be worthy of consideration, and everything that could lead to a result different from that obtained has become important. The purpose of art. 489, paragraph 1, subsection IV, of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 is that if the decision does not analyze all the fundaments of the succumbing thesis, whether invoked by the author or defendant will be considered invalid for lack of reasoning. And the lack of reasoning goes against the constitutionally foreseen, thus facing the Democratic State of Law.
O dever de fundamenta??o das decis?es judiciais tem previs?o no art. 93, inciso IX, da Constitui??o da Rep?blica Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Em legisla??o infraconstitucional j? estava presente nos diplomas processuais de 1939 e 1973. Todavia, o C?digo de Processo Civil de 2015 buscou aprimorar o j? previsto na legisla??o constitucional e infraconstitucional. O presente estudo tra?a uma an?lise do art. 489, ? 1?, do C?digo de Processo Civil de 2015, explicitando o que n?o pode ser considerada uma decis?o fundamentada. Mais especificamente o inciso IV do referido artigo que disp?e acerca da obrigatoriedade do julgador de enfrentar todos os argumentos trazidos pela parte que, ao menos em tese, s?o capazes de contradizer a conclus?o adotada na decis?o e, por consequ?ncia, fundamentar posi??o diversa da exarada pelo julgador. Visto ser cada vez mais frequente entre n?s o excessivo volume de lit?gios que t?m fragilizado o respeito ao dever de fundamenta??o, atrav?s de decis?es calcadas em frases prontas de car?ter absolutamente vazio. A ideia do referido dispositivo ? refor?ar que o magistrado n?o pode escolher os argumentos da parte sucumbente que quer enfrentar. Deixa de ser relevante no processo apenas aquilo que o magistrado arbitrariamente acredita ser digno de considera??o, e passa a ser importante tudo o que poderia levar a um resultado diferente daquele que foi obtido. O objetivo do art. 489, ? 1?, inciso IV, do C?digo de Processo Civil de 2015 ? de que se a decis?o n?o analisa todos os fundamentos da tese sucumbente, seja invocada pelo autor ou r?u, ser? considerada inv?lida por aus?ncia de fundamenta??o. E a falta de fundamenta??o vai de encontro ao previsto constitucionalmente, afrontando, dessa forma, o Estado Democr?tico de Direito.

This thesis deals with the measurement of physical quantities in building using decentralized system for data collecting. The system consists of Raspberry Pi as a master device of the system. There are three branches connected to this master device. Each branch consists of up to 32 modules for data-concentration from sensors of physical quantities. The Raspberry Pi has implemented web interface for displaying measured values and system administration.

This thesis is focused on design and commissioning of appliance for operating and status display in the aquarium. The first part of the thesis deals with the possibilities of solving particular problems of the system and defines the requirements which the system has to fulfil. The next section of the thesis describes design of hardware part of the system and its software.

The presented thesis deals with the design of the product for intelligent control system for GILD. The first part of the diploma thesis contains a brief summary of the intelligent control system. The thesis is designed schematic diagram of the product, it is also designed printed circuit board according to the product requirements. An integral part of the diploma thesis is the design and implementation of the service algorithm for the product.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Romildo Romualdo Weiss
Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Sony Dimas Bicudo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 13/04/2017
Inclui referências : f.87-98
Resumo; Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o período máximo para recuperação e preservação (refrigeração à 5°C e criopreservação) e o efeito da adição de 20% de plasma seminal aos diluidores para refrigeração e criopreservação dos espermatozoides ovinos coletados de epidídimos mantidos à temperatura ambiente (18-25°C) até 48 horas após a morte, além de identificar suas subpopulações espermáticas. Dez carneiros foram utilizados para coleta de sêmen em vagina artificial (AV) e posteriormente foram sacrificados para recuperação de espermatozoides da cauda do epidídimo 0 (G0), 6(G6), 12(G12), 24(G24) e 48 (G48) horas após a morte. Foram feitas análise de motilidade total (TM), motilidade progressiva (PM), morfologia e resistência ao teste hiposmótico (HOST) nas amostras a fresco. Foram realizadas análises de cinética espermática em sistema automatizado (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis - CASA), reação acrossomal, integridade e estabilidade de membrana plasmática em citometria de fluxo nas amostras criopreservadas. Foi realizada a inseminação artificial (AI) laparoscópica em cem ovelhas com amostras descongeladas e exame ultrassonográfico para diagnóstico de gestação 60 dias após a AI. A análise estatística foi realizada com as médias dos parâmetros avaliados, e a análise multivariada da cinética espermática foi utilizada para identificar subpopulações espermáticas. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas médias dos parâmetros avaliados a fresco ou após criopreservação entre o sêmen coletado em AV ou espermatozoides epididimários. Concluímos que é possível recuperar espermatozoides da cauda de epidídimos expostos à temperatura ambiente até 48 horas após a morte, contudo a motilidade total decresce (P<0,05) a partir de 24 horas pós-morte. A preservação espermática (refrigeração e criopreservação) foi viável quando os espermatozoides foram recuperados até 24 horas após a morte. A adição de 20% de plasma seminal aos diluidores não apresentou efeito positivo sobre os espermatozoides após refrigeração ou criopreservação. A taxa de gestação após AI não diferiu (P>0,05) entre os grupos estudados. Foi possível identificar três subpopulações espermáticas com base na cinética das amostras avaliadas. O período post mortem e a adição de 20% de plasma seminal influenciaram de forma negativa a porcentagem das subpopulações espermáticas. Não foi encontrada correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre as subpopulações espermáticas e a fertilidade após AI nas condições deste estudo. Palavras-chave: epidídimo, carneiro, plasma seminal, preservação
Abstract: The objectives of this work were to evaluate the maximum period for recovery and preservation (refrigeration at 5 ° C and cryopreservation) and the effect of the addition of 20% of seminal plasma to the diluents for refrigeration and cryopreservation of ovine spermatozoa collected from epididymites kept at room temperature (18-25°C) up to 48 hours after death, and to identifying their spermatic subpopulations. Ten rams were used for collection of semen in an artificial vagina (AV) and were slaughtered for the recovery of spermatozoa from the epididymis cauda 0 (G0), 6 (G6), 12 (G12), 24 (G24) and 48 (G48) hours after death. Total motility (TM), progressive motility (PM), morphology and resistance to hyposmotic swelling test (HOST) were analyzed in fresh samples. Sperm kinetics in automated system (Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis - CASA), acrosomal reaction, plasma membrane integrity and stability were performed in flow cytometry in cryopreserved samples. Laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI) was performed on 100 sheep with thawed samples and ultrasonographic examination for diagnosis of pregnancy were performed 60 days after AI. Statistical analysis were performed using the means of the parameters evaluated, and the multivariate analysis of sperm kinetics were used to identify sperm subpopulations. No significant differences were found in parameters means of fresh samples or after cryopreservation between the semen collected in AV or epididymal spermatozoa. We conclude that it is possible to recover spermatozoa from the tail of epididyms exposed to room temperature up to 48 hours after death, but total motility decreases (P <0.05) after 24 hours postmortem. Sperm preservation (refrigeration and cryopreservation) was justified when spermatozoa were recovered up to 24 hours after death. The addition of 20% of seminal plasma to the diluents had no positive effect on the spermatozoa after refrigeration or cryopreservation. The gestation rate after AI did not differ (P> 0.05) between the groups. It was possible to identify three sperm subpopulations in the samples evaluated. The postmortem time and the addition of 20% of seminal plasma influenced negatively the percentage of sperm subpopulations. No significant correlation (P> 0.05) was found between spermatic subpopulations and fertility after AI. Key words: epididymis, sheep, seminal plasma, preservation

En 88 a. C., le roi du Pont Mithridate VI Eupator, en tant qu'instigateur des vêpres éphésiennes qui coûtèrent la vie à des milliers de Romains, déclencha un conflit avec Rome qui dura un quart de siècle. Au cours de ces guerres dites « mithridatiques », les armées républicaines remportèrent de nombreuses victoires au terme desquelles les généraux romains devaient traiter avec les vaincus et décider du sort qui leur serait réservé. Ce mémoire s'intéresse plus particulièrement à cette relation entre les vainqueurs et les vaincus en cherchant à déterminer si les généraux romains firent preuve de clementia envers les peuples battus. En plus des sources littéraires, un corpus, composé de six textes épigraphiques, est sollicité. Sylla, Lucullus et Pompée, les trois généraux romains qui dirigèrent les opérations contre les troupes de Mithridate, occupent une place primordiale dans cette étude en vertu des pouvoirs qu'ils possédaient sur leurs propres soldats et sur les ennemis vaincus

ALMEIDA, Vanessa Silva. Lamento e luto na tradução de Suplicantes de Eurípides. 2017. 209f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos da Tradução , Fortaleza (CE), 2017.
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This work aims at analyzing the mourning and funeral lamentations of the characters in Euripides’ Suppliants in the context of the Greek theater, religion and politics. For this, I propose the translation of the mentioned play into Brazilian Portuguese, observing throught it the way the aspects regarding to mourning in Ancient Greece can be comprehended by us. The proposed translation starts from the Greek text edition established by Paley (2010), and is supported by translations into modern languages, such as the Spanish one by José Luis Calvo Martínez (1995), the Brittish one by David Kovacs (1998), the Portuguese one by José Ribeiro Ferreira (2012), among others. The first chapter presents some general notions of Theater and discusses the theater translator’s role in light of these definitions; the second one regards more specifically to the Greek Theater itself; the third one brings the proposed translation with the notes and a brief presentation of the Suppliants; the fourth one presents the study of the play regarding to the characters’ actions in scenes of lamentations, mourning and funeral rituals in its theatrical, religious and political implications. In this chapter, I am mainly based on Lourax (1994), Alexiou (2002) and Storey (2008). Finally, I conclude with a reflection upon the translation process as well as the contribution of the translation of the play to the Classical and Translation Studies in Brazil
Este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o luto e as lamentações fúnebres das personagens da tragédia Suplicantes, de Eurípides, no contexto do teatro, da religião e da política grega. Para isso, proponho a tradução da peça citada para o português brasileiro, observando, por meio dela, o modo como os aspectos concernentes ao luto na Grécia antiga podem ser compreendidos por nós. A tradução proposta é feita a partir da edição do texto grego estabelecido por Paley (2010), e apoiada em traduções existentes em línguas modernas, como a portuguesa de José Ribeiro Ferreira (2012), a inglesa de David Kovacs (1998), a espanhola de José Luis Calvo Martínez (1995), entre outras. O primeiro capítulo apresenta algumas definições gerais de teatro e discute o papel do tradutor de teatro em face dessas definições; o segundo trata de modo mais específico do teatro grego em si; o terceiro traz a tradução proposta com as notas e uma breve apresentação de Suplicantes; e o quarto apresenta o estudo da peça-objeto no que tange às ações dos personagens nas cenas que mostram as lamentações, o luto e os ritos fúnebres em suas implicações teatrais, religiosas e políticas. Baseio-me, principalmente, em Loraux (1994), Alexiou (2002) e Storey (2008). Por fim, concluo com uma reflexão sobre o processo de tradução e sobre a contribuição da tradução da peça-objeto para os Estudos Clássicos, bem como para os Estudos da Tradução no Brasil.

This paper deals with the hardware and software design of the data acquisition distributed system with large amount of connected sensors. The intended application of this work is measuring some physical quantities in the building constructions. The designed system is hierarchically divided into the three levels. On the highest level there is a single-board computer Raspberry Pi which is used as a master on RS-485 bus. There can be up to 32 slave devices on the bus while each of them collects data from the sensors connected to 4-channel I2C bus. At the same time the Raspberry Pi is used as a web server, providing the user interface of the system.

Ce travail consiste en une édition commentée des Grenouilles, comédie présentée par Aristophane en 405 avant notre ère, et ayant obtenu une seconde représentation l’année suivante. Aristophane y présente la descente aux Enfers de Dionysos en quête du poète Euripide, et la dispute entre ce dernier et Eschyle pour la suprématie tragique. Notre édition comporte une introduction générale qui resitue les deux représentations dans leur cadre – historique, idéologique et littéraire – et montre comment le contexte immédiat, notamment la représentation des Bacchantes d’Euripide et la mort de celui-ci et de Sophocle, a influencé la structure de la pièce et ses thématiques ; ainsi que la nature et les causes des modifications apportées au texte entre la première et la seconde représentation. Le cœur de l’introduction analyse l’intrigue de la comédie de manière plus ou moins linéaire, montrant comment Aristophane utilise dans la première partie les motifs traditionnels de la catabase et du voyage initiatique, et comment, dans la deuxième partie, il détourne et critique les théories sophistiques du langage pour mettre face à face Euripide et Eschyle et en dégager une réflexion sur la fonction du théâtre dans la cité. Un chapitre est consacré aux hypothèses concernant la mise en scène originelle, et un autre à la transmission du texte depuis l’Antiquité. Le commentaire vers à vers aborde les questions d’établissement du texte, de vocabulaire, de grammaire, de métrique, de mise en scène et d’intertextualité. Le texte est accompagné d’un apparat critique faisant état de quatre manuscrits parmi les plus anciens (ainsi que d’autres de manière ponctuelle), et d’une traduction originale
This work consists of an edition and commentary of the Frogs of Aristophanes, a comedy performed in 405 BC and a second time the following year. In it, Aristophanes shows the descent to the Underworld of Dionysos as he searches for the poet Euripides, and the latter’s contest with Aeschylus over tragic supremacy.. This edition contains a general introduction replacing both performances of the play in their historical, ideological and literary frame, and showing how immediate context – mainly the performance of Euripides’ Bacchae and his and Sophocles’ death – influenced the play’s structure and themes. It also shows the nature and causes of the revisions that Aristophanes made between the first and the second performance. The central part of the introduction analyses the plot in a mostly linear way, showing how Aristophanes uses the traditional narratives of catabasis and initiatic journey in the first part of the play, and how, in the second part, he appropriates and criticises the sophists’ theories of language in order to oppose Aeschylus and Euripides and consider the role of theatre in the city. One chapter is dedicated to hypotheses concerning the original stage performance, and another to the transmission of the text between Antiquity and modern times. The line-by-line commentary preoccupies itself with matters of textual criticism, vocabulary, grammar, metric, performance and intertextuality. The text is completed by a critical apparatus that reports the readings of four of the oldest mediaeval manuscripts (and some others when the need arises) and an original French translation

AGUIAR, Gyselle Viana. Efeito individual e da época do ano sobre a composição do plasma seminal e a qualidade do sêmen caprino resfriado a 4º C por 48 horas no litoral do estado do Ceará. 2008. 139 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2008.
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This study aimed to evaluate rainy and dry season effect on plasma seminal composition and semen quality of 17 crossbred male goats raised in tropical region and to investigate if the biochemical composition of seminal plasma (SP) is correlated to semen quality in relation to the season of the year. Other objective of this experiment was to evaluate if the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity level in the SP affects the ejaculate and epididymal spermatozoa. This study was divided into three experiments: in the first phase, seventeen male goats were used and then eight animals with low or high PLA2 activity in SP were separated to the second and third phases. In the first experiment, the ejaculates were collected in artificial vagina, weekly, the SP was separated to evaluate the biochemical parameters and biweekly for quality semen determination. The sperm was diluted in coconut water added 2,5% of egg yolk (200 x 106 sperm/mL) and stored at 4 oC for 48 hours. The vigor (0-5) and motility (1-100%) were measured at 2, 24 and 48 hours after cooling by thermoresistance test (TRT). Slides of sperm were made during TRT and 200 cells were classified as normal or abnormal cellular morphology. The fructose, citric acid, total proteins, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium level and the PLA2 activity level in the SP were measured. In the second experiment, eight bucks were separated in two groups according to PLA2 activity level in SP, in group I (<6.7U/mL) and group II (> 11.0 U/mL). The semen was obtained by artificial vagina, diluted and separate in two samples: the first aliquot was the control treatment (nonwashed semen) and the second aliquot was centrifuged at 550 g for 10 minutes to remove the SP (washed semen). In the third experiment, the semen of the eight bucks was collected and the SP obtained by centrifugation. The SP of each buck was added to aliquots of epididymal spermatozoa pool collected from another male goat and a ninth aliquot was added only to diluent (control). After that, the final dilution (200 x 106 sperm/mL) was made in all samples. In the second and third experiments, after the treatment and final dilution, the semen samples were stored at 4 oC for 48 hours and an aliquot was incubated at 38 oC and evaluated to vigor and motility at 0, 2, 12, 24 and 48 hours of cooling. Slides of sperm were made during TRT and 200 cells were classified as normal or abnormal morphology. In all experiments, the semen quality decreased with time (p<0,001). In the first experiment, the semen obtained in the rainy season was better quality than semen collected in the dry season of the year. In addition, the fructose, citric acid, total proteins, phosphorus and magnesium levels in the SP were higher in rainy season, while the PLA2 activity was lower in this period. The fructose, citric acid and total proteins concentration showed positive correlations to vigor and motility in both seasons. The total sperm morphology alterations (TSMA) showed negative correlation with fructose level and positive correlations with citric acid, total proteins concentrations and PLA2 activity level. In the second experiment, the treatment (washed semen) improved the seminal quality, mainly in washed semen of the group I. The PLA2 activity level showed no effect on sperm performance in the ejaculate spermatozoa, except at 48h in washed semen and at 24h in the non-washed semen. Finally, in the third experiment, the SP addition on epididymal spermatozoa decreased the seminal parameters and this effect was higher in group II. However, the TSMA were lower when the PLA2 activity was higher. These results indicated that male goats raised in tropical region showed better seminal quality in the rainy season. In addition, the fructose, citric acid, total proteins, phosphorus and magnesium concentration levels in the SP were higher in rainy season, while the PLA2 activity was lower in this period. The correlations between the seminal and biochemical parameters in SP could indicate that the differences in the semen parameters in the rainy and dry season occurred due the biochemical parameter variations. The SP addition during the semen storage at 4 oC decreased the seminal quality. However the PLA2 activity level was not a determinant factor of the seminal quality in the ejaculate spermatozoa. Therefore, it cannot be used as an indicative of the spermatic quality of male goats raised in tropical region.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da época chuvosa e seca do ano sobre a composição do plasma seminal (PS) e os parâmetros seminais de 17 caprinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), criados em clima tropical, além de avaliar se a composição bioquímica do PS apresenta correlação com os parâmetros seminais, em função da época do ano, assim como, investigar se o nível de atividade da fosfolipase A2 (FLA2) no PS de caprinos pode ser utilizado como indicativo da qualidade espermática e se esse nível exerce influência na preservação dos espermatozóides ejaculados e epididimários quando conservados a 4 ºC, por 48 horas. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas: na primeira foram utilizados dezessete machos caprinos e a partir desta, oito bodes com diferentes níveis de atividade de FLA2 no PS foram selecionados para realização da segunda e terceira etapas. No primeiro experimento durante a época chuvosa e seca, os ejaculados dos animais foram coletados semanalmente, em vagina artificial, para avaliação bioquímica do PS e a cada 14 dias para determinação dos parâmetros seminais. O sêmen foi diluído em água de coco-2,5% gema (200 x 106 sptz/mL), resfriado a 4 ºC por 48 horas e avaliado o vigor e a motilidade às 2, 24 e 48 horas de resfriamento (T2, T24 e T48), pelo teste de termorresistência lento (TTR). Esfregaços do sêmen diluído foram confeccionados durante o TTR e 200 células foram avaliadas e classificadas morfologicamente em normais ou anormais. Determinaram-se ainda as concentrações de frutose, ácido cítrico, proteínas totais, Ca, P, MG e nível de atividade da FLA2. No segundo experimento, oito caprinos divididos, em função do nível de atividade da FLA2 no PS em: grupo I (<6,70 U/mL) e o grupo II (>11,00 U/mL). O sêmen foi coletado, diluído e dividido em duas alíquota : a primeira constituiu o tratamento controle (sêmen não lavado) e a segunda foi centrifugada para remoção do PS (sêmen lavado). No terceiro experimento, o sêmen dos oito animais foi coletado e centrifugado para recuperação do PS e adicionados a alíquotas de um único “pool” de espermatozóides epididimários obtidos de caprinos castrados cirurgicamente. Uma nona alíquota foi adicionada apenas de diluidor (grupo controle). Em seguida, procedeu-se a diluição final em todas as amostras utilizando o mesmo diluidor. No segundo e terceiro experimentos, após a realização dos tratamentos e diluição final, o sêmen foi resfriado a 4 ºC por até 48 horas e amostra de cada tratamento foi avaliada pelo TTR às 0 (fresco), 2, 12, 24 e 48 horas de resfriamento. Esfregaços do sêmen foram confeccionados para avaliação da morfologia espermática. Em todos os experimentos, a qualidade espermática diminuiu à medida que se prolongou o tempo de preservação (p < 0,001). No experimento 1, o sêmen apresentou qualidade superior na época chuvosa e também as concentrações de frutose, ácido cítrico, proteínas totais, P e Mg foram maiores nesta época. A FLA2 apresentou menor atividade na época chuvosa (p < 0,05). A concentração de frutose, ácido cítrico e proteínas totais mostraram correlações positivas com o vigor e a motilidade e negativas com a TDM, nas duas épocas. Em relação às alterações morfológicas totais (AMT), a concentração de frutose mostrou correlações negativas, enquanto as de ácido cítrico, proteínas totais e atividade da FLA2, positivas. Os níveis de fósforo no PS apresentaram correlação com os parâmetros seminais apenas na época seca, sendo negativa para vigor, motilidade e AMT e positiva para TDM. A concentração de Mg correlacionou-se positivamente com a motilidade na época chuvosa e AMT na seca. No segundo experimento, o tratamento influenciou a qualidade seminal principalmente no grupo I, sendo o desempenho espermático superior no sêmen lavado. O nível de atividade da FLA2 não afetou a qualidade dos espermatozóides ejaculados, exceto em T48 do sêmen lavado e T24 do sêmen não lavado. Enquanto no terceiro experimento, a adição do PS aos espermatozóides epididimários diminuiu a qualidade espermática e este efeito foi mais pronunciado quando o nível de atividade de FLA2 foi maior. Contudo, no que se refere e AMT, a adição do PS foi benéfica, reduzindo o número de alterações. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que caprinos criados em clima tropical apresentam melhor qualidade espermática no período chuvoso, além das concentrações de frutose, acido cítrico, proteínas totais, P e Mg serem mais elevados nesta época, enquanto a atividade da FLA2 foi menor neste período. As correlações entre os parâmetros seminais e a composição bioquímica do PS podem indicar que as diferenças detectadas quanto à qualidade espermática entre as épocas do ano deve-se justamente às variações na concentração destes componentes. A presença do PS durante a conservação do sêmen caprino a 4 ºC reduziu a qualidade espermática, contudo o nível de atividade da FLA2 não foi um fator determinante da qualidade seminal para os espermatozóides ejaculados, por isso, não deve ser utilizado como indicativo de qualidade espermática de caprinos criados em região de clima tropical.

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The proposal of this work has as conducting wire the inquiry of the following question: how it is possible that the notion of difference, present on the Heraclitu's fragments, can, at the same time, underlie an ontic sense of world, like the conceived by Nietzsche, and the ontologic sense of world, conceived by Heidegger? The reading of the selected bibliography indicates the possibility of exploration of the hypothesis that, as readers of Heraclitus, Nietzsche and Heidegger agree when identifying the difference as relation; however, they diverge when it refers to the dimension in wich this relation effectively happen. With the objective to underlie the hypothesis proposed, the work was divided in three distinct stages, but related. The first chapter dedicates to analyze the heideggerian reading of the fragments 16, 123, and 51 (DK) of Heraclitus. Taking as starting point these three fragments, it intendes to clarify the direction of the reading and the Heidegger's intention when approaching them. The second chapter intends to point the heraclitian theories present in the nietzschian thought and to elucidate this relation through an interpretative analysis of the Nietzsche's texts where this relation makes itself present. The third chapter aims to demonstrate that Heidegger and Nietzsche find in Heraclitus a central fundamental concept: the question of the difference seen as relation, that is used by both as essential nexus for explicitation of his theories. To conclude, it makes a reevaluation of the dimension where the use of the notion of difference as relation effectively happen.
A proposta deste trabalho tem como fio condutor a investigação da seguinte questão: como é possível que a noção de diferença, presente nos fragmentos de Heráclito, possa, ao mesmo tempo, fundamentar um sentido ôntico de mundo, como o concebido por Nietzsche, e o sentido ontológico de mundo, concebido por Heidegger? A leitura da bibliografia selecionada indica a possibilidade de exploração da hipótese de que, como leitores de Heráclito, Nietzsche e Heidegger concordam ao identificar a diferença como relação; porém, divergem quanto à dimensão em que essa relação se efetiva. Com o objetivo de fundamentar a hipótese proposta, o trabalho se divide em três etapas distintas, mas relacionadas. O primeiro capítulo dedica-se a analisar a leitura heideggeriana dos fragmentos 16, 123, e 51 (DK) de Heráclito. Tomando como ponto de partida estes três fragmentos, pretende-se esclarecer o sentido da leitura e o propósito de Heidegger ao abordá-los. O segundo capítulo pretende apontar as teorias heraclitianas presentes no pensamento nietzschiano e elucidar essa relação através de uma análise interpretativa dos textos de Nietzsche onde esta se faz presente. O terceiro capítulo procura demonstrar que Heidegger e Nietzsche encontram em Heráclito um conceito fundamental central: a questão da diferença vista como relação, que é utilizada por ambos como nexo essencial para explicitação de suas teorias. À guisa de conclusão, reavalia-se a dimensão em que se efetiva o emprego da noção de diferença como relação.

Cette thèse explore la notion de corruption dans le Corpus hippocratique et dans les tragédies d’Euripide. L’objectif est non seulement de relire et de réinterpréter les termes qui expriment la corruption, mais surtout de les replacer dans leur contexte historique et social. Une analyse sémantique préliminaire explique la signification de deux termes grecs fondamentaux qui expriment la corruption, φθείρω et σήπω, et montre l’importance de ces termes dans la période classique. La notion de corruption dans le Corpus hippocratique est étudiée à travers l’examen de diverses maladies liées à la tête, au thorax, à l’utérus et aux deux fluides essentiels du corps humain, le sang et la semence. Cette analyse démontre ainsi que la corruption dans le Corpus hippocratique est étroitement liée à l’évolution des maladies et concerne principalement les dysfonctionnements du corps. En revanche, la notion de corruption chez Euripide, telle que révélée par l’étude des tragédies sélectionnées, dépasse la sphère corporelle et est employée métaphoriquement pour exprimer l’intensité dramatique des situations où les héros vivent une détérioration physique ou mentale extraordinaire. Malgré la différence flagrante entre les deux œuvres, une évaluation comparative des deux œuvres met en exergue une similitude intrigante entre les deux auteurs concernant le rôle particulier des thèmes liés aux femmes ou à la mort imminente dans le contexte de la corruption. Dans son ensemble, cette étude met en évidence une complexité et une richesse sémantique associées à la corruption, largement inconnues du lecteur moderne
This thesis explores the meaning of corruption in the Hippocratic Corpus and in the tragedies of Euripides. The aim is not only to reread and reinterpret the terms that express corruption, but above all to place them in their historical and social context. A preliminary semantic analysis describes the meaning of two basic Greek terms that express corruption, φθείρω and σήπω and shows the importance of these terms in the classical period. The notion of corruption in the Hippocratic Corpus is studied through the examination of a range of diseases related to the head, thorax, uterus and the two essential fluids of the human body, blood and semen. This analysis shows that corruption in the Hippocratic Corpus is closely related to the evolution of disease and primarily concerns malfunctions of the body. In contrast, the notion of corruption in Euripides, as revealed by the analysis of a selection of tragedies, goes beyond the corporeal sphere and is used metaphorically to express the dramatic intensity in situations when heroes experience extraordinary physical or mental deterioration. Despite this clear distinction, a comparative evaluation of the two works illustrates an intriguing similarity between the two authors regarding the particular role of themes related to women or imminent death in the context of corruption. Overall, this study reveals a complexity and a semantic richness associated with corruption that is largely unknown to the modern reader

Comment dire le désir érotique et ses concrétisations ? Des épopées homériques aux odes de Pindare, de la cosmogonie hésiodique à l’invective moraliste et à la passion des lyriques, la présente étude passe au crible l’ensemble des textes grecs de la période archaïque pour éclairer ce phénomène linguistique. Le désir et la sexualité sont traités comme une langue à part, au sein du grec, convoquant un lexique, une syntaxe et une stylistique spécifiques. Le lexique détoure les mots de la langue commune et bâtit les concepts du désir dans une chronologie particulière, détaillant ce que le français construit souvent comme synonymes. Le désir se fait force implacable et artefact magique redoutable. La syntaxe de l’union et de la procréation – au cœur de l’élaboration des généalogies, notamment – se déploie sous de fortes contraintes. Elle oscille entre le frein de la bienséance – érotisme perçu comme inconvenant, alors qu’il joue un rôle incontournable dans la construction des personnages et la structuration de l’univers – et l’excès obscène qui le change en arme morale. Difficile à dire, l’érotisme s’énonce à demi-mot, ou mots grossis, dans un système complexe de conventions. Sa stylistique, enfin, lui donne corps : elle le dessine comme un objet palpable, proche des parures travaillées et des amulettes, lui donnant matière et éclat ; elle le met en scène, surtout dans la nature, qui reflète en profondeur ses ambivalences, entre fascination et danger. Les métaphores érotiques et sexuelles convoquent paysages, plantes et animaux pour ancrer l’homme et son désir dans le monde. La grammaire du désir est un mécanisme complexe qui joue de connivence et questionne la nature humaine
How to express erotic desire and its success? From Homeric epics to Pindar’s odes, from Hesiod’s cosmogony to the harsh moral invective, and the passion of lyrics poets, this study examines all the linguistic material from the archaic period to show that process. Desire and sexuality are considered an idiom of their own, within ancient Greek, using their own words, syntax and stylistics. Their words dwell in those of the common tongue and build concepts of desire inside a specific timeline. French is often blind to such a differentiation. Desire turns into an overpowering force and a formidable magical artefact. The syntax of sexual congress and procreation – at the heart of genealogies – thrives through strong constraints, such as decency – and, although eroticism is fundamental in building characters or structuring the world, it is seen as inappropriate – and obscene excess, while fighting for morality. Eroticism is hard to express: it uses the implicit or the caricature, and follows complex conventions. Its stylistics, at last, words its embodiment: desire becomes an object one can touch, wear like an amulet or an ornament, and see, thanks to its glow and material. It is staged, especially in nature, because it reflects its inner ambivalence, between fascination and danger. Erotic and sexual metaphors call out landscapes, plants, and animals, in order to insert desiring human beings into the world. The grammar of desire forms a complex mechanism based on complicity and the questioning human nature

Under många år har ”invandringsfrågan” varit en mycket debatterad fråga. Detta märks inte minst i alla de insändare som publicerats i Dalarnas morgontidningar. Integration och ekonomi är exempel på ämnen som nämns i dessa insändare då diskursen invandring diskuteras. En betydande faktor i debatten har bland annat varit Sverigedemokraternas valframgångar. Med denna undersökning vill vi försöka kartlägga hur diskursen invandring framställs i insändare från Dala-demokraten. Detta har gjorts med en innehålls- och diskursanalys. Analysen har utgått från insändare mellan tidsperioden augusti-april 2002/2003 och 2014/2015, vilket motsvarar tiden kring de båda riksdagsvalen.Analysen har genererat fyra teman (mångkultur och svenskhet, integrationsfrågan och invandring, demokrati och yttrandefrihet och ekonomi och välfärd) som diskursen invandring kretsar kring. Utifrån dessa teman har vår analys visat att Sverigedemokraternas valframgångar tenderar att delvis influera diskursen invandring som insändarskribenterna förmedlar. Diskursen invandring har gått från att kretsa kring integrationsproblematik 2002/2003 till ekonomisk problematik 2014/2015. Analysen har även visat på ett ”vi och dem”-tänk som genomsyrar diskursen invandring under bägge tidsperioder. Detta sker både genom fördomsfulla framställningar av andra människor och i uppdelningen av vilka som ”bör” få ta del av Sveriges gemensamma medel.

Nombre d’œuvres d’époque impériale montrent que Xénophon était considéré comme un modèle littéraire éminent. La présente thèse offre une analyse de la réception de Xénophon dans les discours de l’orateur Ælius Aristide, lesquels n’ont pas encore été traités sous cet angle. Les œuvres aristidiennes examinées sont : les Discours platoniciens (or. 2-4), le discours Sur la digression (or. 28), la déclamation En faveur de la paix avec les Athéniens (or. 8), l’ensemble des cinq Discours leuctriens (or. 11-15), les témoignages sur la déclamation perdue Callixène, le Panathénaïque (or. 1) et l’éloge À Rome (or. 26). L’histoire grecque a une importance cruciale dans cette enquête : Aristide s’est particulièrement intéressé aux événements de l’après Leuctres. L’analyse des références historiques aux Helléniques met en avant l’érudition de l’orateur et son intérêt pour les discours contenus dans cet ouvrage de Xénophon. L’examen du travail littéraire d’Aristide sur le texte de Xénophon pourra contribuer à améliorer l’exégèse des discours aristidiens analysés, et fournira un nouveau volet aux recherches sur la réception de Xénophon
Several ancient literary works show that Xenophon was considered during the Imperial period as a preeminent model. The present study analyses the reception of Xenophon in Ælius Aristides’ speeches, which have never been explored from this perspective. The works taken into account are the Platonic speeches (or. 2-4), the speech Concerning a remark in passing (or. 28), the declamation On making peace with the Athenians (or. 8), the group of the five Leuctran orations (or. 11-15), the evidence of the lost declamation Callixenus, the Panathenaicus (or. 1) and the speech To Rome (or. 26). Greek history has a crucial importance in this investigation: Aristides was particularly concerned by the events following the battle of Leuctra. The examination of the historical allusions to Xenophon’s Hellenica reveals Aristides’ erudition and his interest in the speeches included in this work. Looking at Aristides’ use of Xenophon’s texts can contribute to improving the exegesis of the Aristidian works and open a new path into research on Xenophon’s reception

La Bibliothèque d’Apollodore, probablement composée au IIe ou au IIIe s. ap. J.-C., vise à rassembler les légendes et les mythes grecs en un système cohérent organisé selon un plan généalogique. Son auteur fonde son travail sur les écrits qui faisaient autorité en la matière, en particulier ceux des grands mythographes en prose du Ve s., parmi lesquels Phérécyde et Acousilaos sont les plus souvent nommés par Apollodore. Ce travail se propose d’analyser les rapports entre ces deux mythographes anciens et la Bibliothèque. Il examine chaque mention de leur nom dans cet ouvrage, et confronte tous leurs fragments au texte de la Bibliothèque, afin de comprendre pourquoi Apollodore choisit de les nommer ou, au contraire, de ne pas le faire ; pourquoi il les suit ou pourquoi il s’en écarte ; quelle place ils occupent réellement dans son traité. Plus largement, ce travail présente une réflexion sur les liens génériques entre la Bibliothèque et les mythographes anciens, en examinant en particulier la question de leur écriture, afin de comprendre comment Apollodore se situe par rapport aux premiers traités mythographiques grecs
Apollodorus’ Library, probably written during the 2nd or 3rd century A. D., aims at gathering Greek legends and myths in a coherent system based upon a genealogical structure. Its author bases his work on the most authoritative sources, including prestigious 5th-century mythographers as Pherecydes and Acusilaus, whose names are the most mentioned ones in Apollodorus’ treatise, along with Hesiod’s. This work analyses the links between those two ancient mythographers and the Library. It takes a close look at every mention of their name, and compares all their fragments to Apollodorus’ text, in order to understand how and why he cites them or not ; why he draws on them or chooses other sources ; what is their real influence on his treatise. This study also offers a reflection about the links between the Library and the ancient mythographical tradition as a genre, mainly on the basis of their respective style

Cette thèse traite de la question de la traduction arabe du Roman d’Alexandre du Pseudo-Callisthène. Le passage du grec à l’arabe est décrit à travers l’examen philologique des différentes recensions grecques (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) ainsi que de nombreuses sources arabes. Le Roman d’Alexandre présente un cas spécifique dans le domaine des Graeco-Arabica. A côté de la transmission écrite, que ce soit sous forme d’une traduction ou d’une réélaboration thématique, un rôle particulier doit être accordé à la transmission orale basée sur la Sourate de la Caverne du Coran. Non seulement une recension grecque du Roman d’Alexandre s’est manifestée dans les sources arabes, mais plusieurs (α, β, ε, γ), parmi lesquelles la recension β occupe une place importante dans l’Orient. Le but consiste à présenter un aperçu des chapitres du Roman qui ont fait l’objet d’une réception orientale afin de fournir une contribution à la survie de l’antiquité grecque dans l’Islam
This thesis deals with the issue of the Arabic translation of the Greek Alexander Romance by Pseudo-Callisthenes. By a philological study of the various Greek recensions (α, β (L, λ), ε, γ) as well as numerous Arabic sources it will be shown how the Alexander Romance, as a special example of the Graeco-Arabic translation movement, was rendered into Arabic. Apart from the written tradition, either in the form of a translation from the Greek or a paraphrase, the oral tradition based on Surah 18 of the Quran plays a central role. The influence of not just one but several recensions (α, β, ε, γ) of the Greek Alexander Romance can be traced in various Arabic sources. Especially the Byzantine β-recension must have played an important part in the East. The aim of the dissertation is to give a detailed overview of those chapters of the Alexander Romance which have been received in the Orient in order to illustrate how ancient Greek literature made its way into the Islamic world

Les épopées d’Homère et de Virgile, la Chanson de Roland sont marquées par une alternance qui peut paraître capricieuse. En fait, on la saisit beaucoup mieux dès lors qu’on prend en compte la présence des corps : ceux du jongleur, de l’aède, du récitant ; le corps du public. Postures, gestuelle, mouvements, regard, souffle, musique s’articulent à cette alternance pour en faire une véritable danse. Cette thèse étudie d’abord comment dansent chacun des temps principaux du récit dans ces épopées, en accordant la priorité à Homère et au Roland ; puis elle étudie comment cette danse des temps prend corps dans chacune des petites pièces dont nous décelons que sont composées les épopées anciennes comme le Roland : les laisses
The Homeric and Virgilian epics, as well as the Chanson de Roland are full of tenseswitching, the use of which might seem capricious to the modern reader. It is in fact much better understood when bodies’ presence is taken into account — these bodies being the bard’s one as well as the audience’s. Postures, gestures, moves, eyes, breath, music are joint partners to tenseswitching, so that tenses really dance in epics. This study is firstly about how each one of the main narrative tenses dances in Homer and the Roland, and also in the Æneid. Then it studies the way tenses dance in each of the small pieces we find in the classical epics as well as in the Roland : the laisses

碩士
國立臺南大學
音樂學系音樂科教學碩士班
104
Schubert composed many works with various genres during his lifetime, including not only the well-known secular vocal works which made him famous as ‘the King of Lieder’, but also other genres of works which were popular with the public. The various performance patterns of piano four hands could be traced back to the 17th century, and in spite that the style and definition of fantasy changed during several centuries, ‘freedom and fantasy’ remained permanent and main characters. This thesis analyzes Schubert’s Fantasy for Piano Four Hands in C Minor, D. 48. Firstly, it introduces Schubert’s biography and musical style influenced by Romanticism. Secondly, it recites the historical definition of piano four hands and fantasy. Finally, through the musical structure, rhythm patterns, tonality, harmony, timbre, and dynamics, this part serves to investigate and make conclusion. For the musical structure, according to the length of passages and velocity, the composer divided it into four sections and transitions. For the rhythm patterns, the continually repeated rhythm and notes of accent remains the major characters in this work. For the tonality and harmony, it expresses various ways of modulation which Schubert often used, such as chromatic median-relationship modulation, enharmonic modulation, and common-chord modulation. For the harmony, it comes with chromaticism, secondary dominants, Neapolitan sixth chord, Picardi third, diminished seventh chord, augmented triads, and diminished triads. For the timbre and dynamics, Schubert is good at setting the modulation of volume, so as to shift the atmosphere, while stressing the dramatically musical tension as well. Due to my investigation, Schubert’s compositions are worth studying. Through my research and analysis, this thesis aims to provide concrete references for piano players, teachers, and future scholars.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
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碩士
國立臺北教育大學
音樂教育學系碩士班
95
The structure of piano nocturne was formed by English composer John Field(1782-1837) in early nineteenth century. Although characteristics of Field’s nocturnes were reserved, the structure of piano nocturnes became more flexible after Field’s works as each composer had his/her own style. Three nocturnes were analyzed in this interpretive study. The first one, Chopin’s 《nocturne》in c minor, Op. 48 No.1, is the most splendid and dramatic one among Chopin’s nocturnes. The second one, Fauré’s 《nocturne》in E-flat major, Op. 36., is one of the popular nocturnes by Fauré. Lastly, Chen, Mao-Shuen’s 《nocturne》No. 1 is a work with flavors of Chinese music and piano nocturnes. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction of the origin and development of piano nocturnes. Chapters 2 to 4 contain descriptions of the backgrounds and styles of the three composers, creations of the three nocturnes, and performance interpretations. Based on analyses completed in previous chapters, similarities and differences of the three nocturnes are summarized in chapter 5. The similarities are: (1) the nocturnes have alterations of accompaniment forms in each sections, (2) the nocturnes employ irregular rhythms, (3) same motifs are repeated in the nocturnes, and (4) ABA ternary forms are used in the three nocturnes. The differences are: (1) each nocturne has its own style, (2) each nocturne uses different time signatures, (3) each nocturne utilizes different tempos, and (4) each nocturne has its own use of expression marks. It is hoped that by way of having an in-depth understanding of the three nocturnes, better interpretations of the three nocturnes are presented while performing them.