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Journal articles on the topic 'Butyl levulinate'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

Last updated: 21 September 2024

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1

Annatelli, Mattia, Giacomo Trapasso, Lucrezia Lena, and Fabio Aricò. "Alkyl Levulinates from Furfuryl Alcohol Using CT151 Purolite as Heterogenous Catalyst: Optimization, Purification, and Recycling." Sustainable Chemistry 2, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem2030027.

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Commercially available Purolite CT151 demonstrated to be an efficient acid catalyst for the synthesis of alkyl levulinates via alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol (FA) at mild temperatures (80–120 °C) and short reaction time (5 h). Reaction conditions were first optimized for the synthesis of ethyl levulinate and then tested for the preparation of methyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl, sec-butyl- and allyl levulinate. Preliminary scale-up tests were carried out for most of the alkyl levulinates (starting from 5.0 g of FA) and the resulting products were isolated as pure by distillation in good yields (up to 63%). Furthermore, recycling experiments, conducted for the preparation of ethyl levulinate, showed that both the Purolite CT151 and the exceeding ethanol can be recovered and reused for four consecutive runs without any noticeable loss in the catalyst activity.

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2

Silva, Márcio José da, and Mariana Teixeira Cordeiro. "Metal-Nitrate-Catalyzed Levulinic Acid Esterification with Alkyl Alcohols: A Simple Route to Produce Bioadditives." Processes 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2024): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12091802.

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This work developed an efficient route to produce fuel bioadditive alkyl levulinates. Special attention was paid to butyl levulinate, which is a bioadditive with an adequate carbon chain size to be blended with liquid fuels such as diesel or gasoline. In this process, levulinic acid was esterified with butyl alcohol using cheap and commercially affordable metal nitrates as catalysts, producing bioadditives at more competitive costs. Iron (III) nitrate was the most active and selective catalyst toward butyl levulinate among the salts evaluated. In solvent-free conditions, with a low molar ratio and catalyst load (1:6 acid to alcohol, 3 mol% of Fe (NO3)3), conversion and selectivity greater than 90% after an 8 h reaction was achieved. A comparison of the iron (III) nitrate with other metal salts demonstrated that its superior performance can be assigned to the highest Lewis acidity of Fe3+ cations. Measurements of pH allow the conclusion that a cation with high Lewis acidity led to a greater H+ release, which results in a higher conversion. Butyl levulinate and pseudobuty levulinate were always the primary and secondary products, respectively. The consecutive character of reactions between butyl alcohol and levulinic acid (formation of the pseudobutyl levulinate and its conversion to butyl levulinate) was verified by assessing the reactions at different temperatures and conversion rates. A variation in Fe(NO3)3 catalyst load impacted the conversion much more than reaction selectivity. The same effect was verified when the reactions were carried out at different temperatures. The reactivity of alcohols with different structures depended more on steric hindrance on the hydroxyl group than the size of the carbon chain. A positive aspect of this work is the use of a commercial iron nitrate salt as the catalyst, which has advantages over traditional mineral acids such as sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. This solid catalyst is not corrosive and avoids neutralization steps after reactions, minimizing the generation of residues and effluents.

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3

Liu, Ying, Lu Lin, Di Liu, Jun Ping Zhuang, and Chun Sheng Pang. "Conversion of Biomass Sugars to Butyl Levulinate over Combined Catalyst of Solid Acid and other Acid." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.779.

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SO42−/SnO2-ZrO2catalyst, organic acids, inorganic acids and sulfates have been applied for the alcoholysis of sugars to butyl levulinate using n-buthanol as solvent and reactant. The combined effect of solid acid and H2SO4showed a high catalytic activity for the selective conversion of cellulose to butyl levulinate at 200 °C, whereas the glucose yielded around 40 mol% butyl levulinate. The oxalic acid and CuSO4also showed great activity towards the cellulose alcoholysis.

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4

Pothu, Ramyakrishna, Naresh Mameda, Harisekhar Mitta, Rajender Boddula, Raveendra Gundeboyina, Vijayanand Perugopu, Ahmed Bahgat Radwan, Aboubakr M. Abdullah, and Noora Al-Qahtani. "High Dispersion of Platinum Nanoparticles over Functionalized Zirconia for Effective Transformation of Levulinic Acid to Alkyl Levulinate Biofuel Additives in the Vapor Phase." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100300.

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In recent years, functionalized metal oxides have been gaining popularity for biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals due to the global energy crisis. This study reports a novel catalyst based on noble metal immobilization on functionalized zirconia that has been successfully used in the production of biofuel alkyl levulinates (ALs) from lignocellulosic biomass-derived levulinic acid (LA) under vapor-phase. The wet impregnation method was used to immobilize Pt-metal nanoparticles on zirconia-based supports (silicotungstic acid zirconia, STA-ZrO2; sulfated zirconia, S-ZrO2; and tetragonal zirconia, t-ZrO2). A variety of physicochemical techniques were used to characterize the prepared catalysts, and these were tested under atmospheric pressure in continuous flow esterification of LA. The order of catalytic activity followed when ethyl levulinate was produced from levulinic acid via esterification: Pt/STA-ZrO2 ≫ Pt/S-ZrO2 ≫ Pt/t-ZrO2. Moreover, it was found that ALs synthesis from LA with different alcohols utilizing Pt/STA-ZrO2 catalyst followed the order ethyl levulinate ≫ methyl levulinate ≫ propyl levulinate≫ butyl levulinate. This work outlines an excellent approach to designing efficient catalysts for biofuels and value-added compounds made from biomass.

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5

Antonetti, Claudia, Samuele Gori, Domenico Licursi, Gianluca Pasini, Stefano Frigo, Mar López, Juan Carlos Parajó, and Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti. "One-Pot Alcoholysis of the Lignocellulosic Eucalyptus nitens Biomass to n-Butyl Levulinate, a Valuable Additive for Diesel Motor Fuel." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050509.

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The present investigation represents a concrete example of complete valorization of Eucalyptus nitens biomass, in the framework of the circular economy. Autohydrolyzed-delignified Eucalyptus nitens was employed as a cheap cellulose-rich feedstock in the direct alcoholysis to n-butyl levulinate, adopting n-butanol as green reagent/reaction medium, very dilute sulfuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst, and different heating systems. The effect of the main reaction parameters to give n-butyl levulinate was investigated to check the feasibility of this reaction and identify the coarse ranges of the main operating variables of greater relevance. High n-butyl levulinate molar yields (35–40 mol%) were achieved under microwave and traditional heating, even using a very high biomass loading (20 wt%), an eligible aspect from the perspective of the high gravity approach. The possibility of reprocessing the reaction mixture deriving from the optimized experiment by the addition of fresh biomass was evaluated, achieving the maximum n-butyl levulinate concentration of about 85 g/L after only one microwave reprocessing of the mother liquor, the highest value hitherto reported starting from real biomass. The alcoholysis reaction was further optimized by Response Surface Methodology, setting a Face-Centered Central Composite Design, which was experimentally validated at the optimal operating conditions for the n-butyl levulinate production. Finally, a preliminary study of diesel engine performances and emissions for a model mixture with analogous composition to that produced from the butanolysis reaction was performed, confirming its potential application as an additive for diesel fuel, without separation of each component.

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6

Démolis, Alexandre, Marion Eternot, Nadine Essayem, and Franck Rataboul. "Influence of butanol isomers on the reactivity of cellulose towards the synthesis of butyl levulinates catalyzed by liquid and solid acid catalysts." New Journal of Chemistry 40, no. 4 (2016): 3747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj02493e.

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7

Vásquez Salcedo, Wenel Naudy, Bruno Renou, and Sébastien Leveneur. "Thermal Stability for the Continuous Production of γ-Valerolactone from the Hydrogenation of N-Butyl Levulinate in a CSTR." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010237.

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γ-valerolactone can be a game-changer in the chemical industry because it could substitute fossil feedstocks in different fields. Its production is from the hydrogenation of levulinic acid or alkyl levulinates and can present some risk of thermal runaway. To the best of our knowledge, no studies evaluate the thermal stability of this production in a continuous reactor. We simulated the thermal behavior of the hydrogenation of butyl levulinate over Ru/C in a continuous stirred-tank reactor and performed a sensitivity analysis. The kinetic and thermodynamic constants from Wang et al.’s articles were used. We found that the risk of thermal stability is low for this chemical system.

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8

Chen, Zhuo, Zhiwei Wang, Tingzhou Lei, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Physical-Chemical Properties and Engine Performance of Blends of Biofuels with Gasoline." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2050.

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Addition of 10 vol% biomass-based methyl levulinate (ML), ethyl levulinate (EL), butyl levulinate (BL), gamma-valerolactone (GVL), dimethyl carbonate (DimC), and diethyl carbonate (DieC) in gasoline were selected as blended fuels. Physical-chemical properties of six different blends of biofuels and gasoline, including miscibility, octane number, distillation, vapor pressure, unwashed gum content, solvent washed gum content, copper corrosiveness, water content, mechanical admixtures, and lower heating value was evaluated according to the China National Standards. Blended fuels were then evaluated on the performance and emissions of a gasoline test engine without any modification. The results showed that all biomass-based fuels at 10 vol% have good miscibility in gasoline at temperatures of –30 to 30 °C. Experiments were performed at 4500 rpm engine speed at different engine loads (from 10% to 100% in 10% intervals). Results showed slightly lower engine power at different loads with the blended fuels than those from gasoline fuelled engine. However, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) with the blended fuels was slightly higher than that from gasoline. Emission of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbon (THC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was reduced significantly from the blended fuels compared to gasoline while carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was slightly higher than that from gasoline. The data suggests that 10 vol% addition of biomass-based levulinates and carbonates fuels to gasoline is suitable for use in gasoline engines.

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9

Raspolli Galletti, Anna Maria, Domenico Licursi, Serena Ciorba, Nicola Di Fidio, Valentina Coccia, Franco Cotana, and Claudia Antonetti. "Sustainable Exploitation of Residual Cynara cardunculus L. to Levulinic Acid and n-Butyl Levulinate." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091082.

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Hydrolysis and butanolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are efficient routes to produce two valuable bio-based platform chemicals, levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, which find increasing applications in the field of biofuels and for the synthesis of intermediates for chemical and pharmaceutical industries, food additives, surfactants, solvents and polymers. In this research, the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the waste residue of Cynara cardunculus L. (cardoon), remaining after seed removal for oil exploitation, was investigated. The cardoon residue was employed as-received and after a steam-explosion treatment which causes an enrichment in cellulose. The effects of the main reaction parameters, such as catalyst type and loading, reaction time, temperature and heating methodology, on the hydrolysis process were assessed. Levulinic acid molar yields up to about 50 mol % with levulinic acid concentrations of 62.1 g/L were reached. Moreover, the one-pot butanolysis of the steam-exploded cardoon with the bio-alcohol n-butanol was investigated, demonstrating the direct production of n-butyl levulinate with good yield, up to 42.5 mol %. These results demonstrate that such residual biomass represent a promising feedstock for the sustainable production of levulinic acid and n-butyl levulinate, opening the way to the complete exploitation of this crop.

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10

Gao, Xueying, Xin Yu, Ruili Tao, and Lincai Peng. "Enhanced conversion of furfuryl alcohol to alkyl levulinates catalyzed by synergy of CrCl3 and H3PO4." BioResources 12, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 7642–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.12.4.7642-7655.

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To enhance the yield of alkyl levulinates, a mixed-acid catalyst system consisting of CrCl3 and H3PO4 was investigated for the transformation of furfuryl alcohol (FA). The CrCl3−H3PO4 system exhibited a positive synergistic catalytic activity for the synthesis of alkyl levulinates, which was especially obvious for n-butyl levulinate (BL) synthesis. The strongest synergic effect of mixed-acid system for BL production was achieved at the CrCl3 molar ratio of 0.3 (based on total moles of CrCl3 and H3PO4). Furthermore, the mixed-acid systems consisting of Cr-salts combined with H3PO4 and its salts in catalyzing FA conversion to BL were evaluated, and the evolution process of FA to produce BL was explored in the presence of CrCl3−H3PO4, sole CrCl3, and sole H3PO4. A possible synergistic catalytic pathway of CrCl3 combined with H3PO4 was proposed. Finally, the key process variables were examined. Under optimal conditions, a high BL yield of 95% was achieved from 99% FA conversion catalyzed by the synergy of CrCl3 and H3PO4.

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11

Appaturi, Jimmy Nelson, Mohd Rafie Johan, R. Jothi Ramalingam, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, and J. Judith Vijaya. "Efficient synthesis of butyl levulinate from furfuryl alcohol over ordered mesoporous Ti-KIT-6 catalysts for green chemistry applications." RSC Advances 7, no. 87 (2017): 55206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10289e.

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Here we describe the synthesis of butyl levulinate by alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol with n-butanol over a series of titanium incorporated mesoporous KIT-6 molecular sieve catalysts prepared by a simple sol–gel treatment.

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12

Zhou, Shuolin, Lu Wu, Junzhuo Bai, Min Lei, Min Long, and Keying Huang. "Catalytic Esterification of Levulinic Acid into the Biofuel n-Butyl Levulinate over Nanosized TiO2 Particles." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 3870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213870.

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Levulinic esters, synthesized by the esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid with various alcohols, is an important chemical that plays an essential role in the fields of biomass fuel additives, organic synthesis, and high value-added products. In the present work, the catalytic esterification of levulinic acid with n-butyl alcohol was selected as a typical model reaction to investigate the catalytic performance of an inexpensive commercial catalyst, titanium oxide nanoparticles. The influences of reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading on the conversion of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate were systematically examined through single-factor experiments. Additionally, the optimization of the reaction conditions was further investigated by a Box–Behnken design in response to the surface methodology. The desired product, n-butyl levulinate, with a good yield (77.6%) was achieved under the optimal conditions (reaction time of 8 h, reaction temperature of 120 °C, and catalyst dosage of 8.6 wt.%) when using titanium oxide nanoparticles as catalysts. Furthermore, it was found that addition of water to the catalytic system facilitated the reaction process, to some extent. This study reveals that the nanosized TiO2 material, as an efficient solid acid catalyst, had good catalytic performance and stability for the esterification of levulinic acid after six consecutive uses.

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13

Yang, Shuhua, Qian Guan, Zijie Li, Haiyan Xu, Zhiwei Wang, Gaofeng Chen, Lu Lin, and Tingzhou Lei. "Study on the Influence of Different Catalysts on the Preparation of Ethyl Levulinate from Biomass Liquefaction." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1979.

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The liquefaction experiments of straw biomass under heating and pressure were carried out with sulfuric acid and three ionic liquids as catalysts, 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM] [Cl]), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([BMIM] [HSO4]), 1-methyl-3-(4-sulfobutyl) imidazole bisulphate ([HSO3-BMIM] [HSO4]), and anhydrous ethanol as solvent. The effects of catalyst type and dosage, reaction time and reaction temperature on liquefaction were investigated and optimized. The results showed that under the catalysis of sulfuric acid, the yield of ethyl levulinate was the highest; [HSO3-BMIM] [HSO4], the conversion of raw materials was the highest; when sulfuric acid was used as catalyst, the optimum reaction conditions were catalyst dosage 10%, reaction temperature 190 °C, reaction time 60 min, the yield of ethyl levulinate (EL) was 18.11%, and the conversion of raw materials was 75%. When [HSO3-BMIM] [HSO4] was used as catalyst, the optimum reaction conditions were as follows: catalyst dosage 26%, reaction temperature 200 °C, reaction time 60 min, the yield of EL was 10.2%, conversion of raw material 85.31%.

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14

You, Zeyu, Min Yu, Renli Fu, Xiaoan Nie, and Jie Chen. "Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Levulinic Acid-Based Environmental Auxiliary Plasticizer for Poly(vinyl chloride)." Polymers 16, no. 3 (January 29, 2024): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16030361.

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Herein, a bio-based plasticizer ketalized tung oil butyl levulinate (KTBL) was developed using methyl eleostearate, a derivative of tung oil, and butyl levulinate. KTBL can be used as an auxiliary plasticizer to partially replace traditional plasticizer. The plasticizer has a ketone structure, an ester base, and a long linear chain. It was mixed with dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and the effect of the plasticizer KTBL as an auxiliary plasticizer on the plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was studied. Their compatibility and plasticizing effect were evaluated using dynamic–mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), mechanical property analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrate that when the KTBL to DOP ratio is 1:1, the blended sample with KTBL exhibits superior mechanical performance compared to pure DOP, resulting in an increased elongation at break from 377.47% to 410.92%. Moreover, with the increase in KTBL content, the durability is also significantly improved. These findings suggest that KTBL can serve as an effective auxiliary plasticizer for PVC, thereby reducing the reliance on DOP.

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15

Demma Carà, Piera, Rosaria Ciriminna, N. R. Shiju, Gadi Rothenberg, and Mario Pagliaro. "Enhanced Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversion of Furfuryl Alcohol into Butyl Levulinate." ChemSusChem 7, no. 3 (February 12, 2014): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201301027.

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16

Yadav, Ganapati D., and Indrakant V. Borkar. "Kinetic Modeling of Immobilized Lipase Catalysis in Synthesis ofn-Butyl Levulinate†." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 10 (May 2008): 3358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie800193f.

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17

Deng, Lin, Chun Chang, Ran An, Xiaoge Qi, and Guizhuan Xu. "Metal sulfates-catalyzed butanolysis of cellulose: butyl levulinate production and optimization." Cellulose 24, no. 12 (October 16, 2017): 5403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1530-4.

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18

Bringué, Roger, Eliana Ramírez, Montserrat Iborra, Javier Tejero, and Fidel Cunill. "Esterification of furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate over ion-exchange resins." Fuel 257 (December 2019): 116010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116010.

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19

Serrao, Reena Saritha, S. Z. Mohamed Shamshuddin, and Joyce D'souza. "Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinate Esters over Zirconia and its Modified Forms Coated on Honeycomb Monoliths: Green Synthesis." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 1993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22102.

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A series of solid acid catalysts such as ZrO2, Mo(VI)/ZrO2 and W(VI)/ZrO2 have been coated on honeycomb monoliths as well as synthesized in the powder forms and used as catalytic materials for synthesis of ethyl levulinate from levulinic acid and ethanol. These solid acids were characterized by BET, NH3-TPD/n-butyl amine back titration, FTIR, PXRD and SEM techniques. Effects of various reaction parameters towards the reaction performance were studied. The performance of the catalyst was tested based on nature of the catalyst (honeycomb coated or powder form), reaction time (1 to 5 h), molar ratio (1:1 to 1:12 levulinic acid to ethanol) and reusability of the catalytic material. An excellent yield (86-88 %) of ethyl levulinate was obtained under optimized conditions. An attempt is made to correlate the activity of the catalysts in this esterification reaction with their surface characteristics. The honeycomb monoliths coated with zirconia and its modified forms were found to be ecofriendly, cost-effective and reusable catalytic materials compared to their powder forms.

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20

Di Menno Di Bucchianico, Daniele, Jean-Christophe Buvat, Mélanie Mignot, Valeria Casson Moreno, and Sébastien Leveneur. "Role of solvent in enhancing the production of butyl levulinate from fructose." Fuel 318 (June 2022): 123703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123703.

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21

Bernal, Hilda Gómez, Claudio Oldani, Tiziana Funaioli, and Anna Maria Raspolli Galletti. "AQUIVION® perfluorosulfonic acid resin for butyl levulinate production from furfuryl alcohol." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 37 (2019): 14694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03747k.

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22

Hishikawa, Yukako, Mami Yamaguchi, Satoshi Kubo, and Tatsuhiko Yamada. "Direct preparation of butyl levulinate by a single solvolysis process of cellulose." Journal of Wood Science 59, no. 2 (January 29, 2013): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10086-013-1324-8.

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23

Maheria, Kalpana C., Janusz Kozinski, and Ajay Dalai. "Esterification of Levulinic Acid to n-Butyl Levulinate Over Various Acidic Zeolites." Catalysis Letters 143, no. 11 (October 11, 2013): 1220–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-013-1041-3.

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24

Harwardt, Andreas, Korbinian Kraemer, Bettina Rüngeler, and Wolfgang Marquardt. "Conceptual Design of a Butyl-levulinate Reactive Distillation Process by Incremental Refinement." Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 19, no. 3 (June 2011): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1004-9541(09)60223-8.

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25

Elumalai, Sasikumar, Bhumica Agarwal, Troy M. Runge, and Rajender S. Sangwan. "Integrated two-stage chemically processing of rice straw cellulose to butyl levulinate." Carbohydrate Polymers 150 (October 2016): 286–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.122.

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26

Veluturla, Sravanthi, Archna Narula, Saddam Sharieff, and Ashwini N. "Continuous flow synthesis of Butyl Levulinate using a microreactor –RTD and kinetic studies." Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 5 (2022): 100281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2022.100281.

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27

Liang, Chen, Yan Wang, Yangdong Hu, Lianying Wu, and Weitao Zhang. "Study of a New Process for the Preparation of Butyl Levulinate from Cellulose." ACS Omega 4, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 9828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00735.

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28

Kokare, Manali B., Ranjani V, and C. S. Mathpati. "Response surface optimization, kinetic study and process design of n-butyl levulinate synthesis." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 137 (September 2018): 577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.07.036.

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29

Nandiwale, Kakasaheb Y., and Vijay V. Bokade. "Esterification of Renewable Levulinic Acid ton-Butyl Levulinate over Modified H-ZSM-5." Chemical Engineering & Technology 38, no. 2 (December 5, 2014): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201400326.

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30

Zhao, Wenguang, Hui Ding, Yi Tian, Qiong Xu, and Xianxiang Liu. "Efficient alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol to n ‐butyl levulinate catalyzed by 5‐sulfosalicylic acid." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 68, no. 7 (February 18, 2021): 1339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.202000342.

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31

Zhou, Shuolin, Dabo Jiang, Xianxiang Liu, Yiping Chen, and Dulin Yin. "Titanate nanotubes-bonded organosulfonic acid as solid acid catalyst for synthesis of butyl levulinate." RSC Advances 8, no. 7 (2018): 3657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra12994g.

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32

Tiwari, Manishkumar S., Jennifer Sarah Dicks, John Keogh, Vivek V. Ranade, and Haresh G. Manyar. "Direct conversion of furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate using tin exchanged tungstophosphoric acid catalysts." Molecular Catalysis 488 (June 2020): 110918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcat.2020.110918.

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33

Gitis, Vitaly, Sang-Ho Chung, and N. Raveendran Shiju. "Conversion of furfuryl alcohol into butyl levulinate with graphite oxide and reduced graphite oxide." FlatChem 10 (July 2018): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flatc.2018.08.002.

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34

Szelwicka, Anna, Agnieszka Siewniak, Anna Kolanowska, Sławomir Boncel, and Anna Chrobok. "PTFE-Carbon Nanotubes and Lipase B from Candida antarctica—Long-Lasting Marriage for Ultra-Fast and Fully Selective Synthesis of Levulinate Esters." Materials 14, no. 6 (March 19, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14061518.

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An effective method for levulinic acid esters synthesis by the enzymatic Fischer esterification of levulinic acid using a lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) immobilized on the advanced material consisting of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a hydrophobic polymer—polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, PTFE)—as a heterogeneous biocatalyst, was developed. An active phase of the biocatalyst was obtained by immobilization via interfacial activation on the surface of the hybrid material MWCNTs/PTFE (immobilization yield: 6%, activity of CALB: 5000 U∙L∙kg−1, enzyme loading: 22.5 wt.%). The catalytic activity of the obtained biocatalyst and the effects of the selected reaction parameters, including the agitation speed, the amount of PTFE in the CALB/MWCNT-PTFE biocatalyst, the amount of CALB/MWCNT-PTFE, the type of organic solvent, n-butanol excess, were tested in the esterification of levulinic acid by n-butanol. The results showed that the use of a two-fold excess of levulinic acid to n-butanol, 22.5 wt.% of CALB on MWCNT-PTFE (0.10 wt.%) and cyclohexane as a solvent at 20 °C allowed one to obtain n-butyl levulinate with a high yield (99%) and selectivity (>99%) after 45 min. The catalyst retained its activity and stability after three cycles, and then started to lose activity until dropping to a 69% yield of ester in the sixth reaction run. The presented method has opened the new possibilities for environmentally friendly synthesis of levulinate esters.

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35

Hao, MA, LONG Jin-Xing, WANG Fu-Rong, WANG Le-Fu, and LI Xue-Hui. "Conversion of Cellulose to Butyl Levulinate in Bio-Butanol Medium Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquids." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 31, no. 5 (2015): 973–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb201503171.

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36

Peng, Lincai, Ruili Tao, and Yu Wu. "Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass-Derived Furfuryl Alcohol to Butyl Levulinate Biofuel over Common Metal Salts." Catalysts 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal6090143.

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37

Morawala, Dhara H., Ajay K. Dalai, and Kalpana C. Maheria. "Synthesis of n-Butyl Levulinate Using Mesoporous Zeolite H-BEA Catalysts with Different Catalytic Characteristics." Catalysis Letters 150, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 1049–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-019-03005-0.

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38

Capecci, Sarah, Yanjun Wang, Valeria Casson Moreno, Christoph Held, and Sébastien Leveneur. "Solvent effect on the kinetics of the hydrogenation of n-butyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone." Chemical Engineering Science 231 (February 2021): 116315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.116315.

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39

Siva Sankar, Enumula, K. Saidulu Reddy, Yadagiri Jyothi, Burri David Raju, and Kamaraju Seetha Rama Rao. "Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol into n-Butyl Levulinate Over SBA-16 Supported Heteropoly Acid Catalyst." Catalysis Letters 147, no. 11 (September 9, 2017): 2807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10562-017-2155-9.

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40

Dharne, S., and V. V. Bokade. "Esterification of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate over heteropolyacid supported on acid-treated clay." Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 20, no. 1 (January 2011): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-9953(10)60147-8.

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41

Ramírez, Eliana, Roger Bringué, Carles Fité, Montserrat Iborra, Javier Tejero, and Fidel Cunill. "Assessment of ion exchange resins as catalysts for the direct transformation of fructose into butyl levulinate." Applied Catalysis A: General 612 (February 2021): 117988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2021.117988.

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42

Cordier, Alexandre, Marcel Klinksiek, Christoph Held, Julien Legros, and Sébastien Leveneur. "Biocatalyst and continuous microfluidic reactor for an intensified production of n-butyl levulinate: Kinetic model assessment." Chemical Engineering Journal 451 (January 2023): 138541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138541.

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43

Ding, Shuai, Hairong Zhang, Bo Li, Wenping Xu, Xuefang Chen, Shimiao Yao, Lian Xiong, Haijun Guo, and Xinde Chen. "Selective hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to γ-valerolactone over sulfonated activated carbon-supported SnRuB bifunctional catalysts." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 3 (2022): 1381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj04800g.

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The sulfonated activated carbon (SAC) supported SnRuB catalyst was developed through the co-impregnation followed by a chemical reduction process and applied for BL hydrogenation to GVL for the first time.

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44

Zhao, Wenguang, Hui Ding, Jie Zhu, Xianxiang Liu, Qiong Xu, and Dulin Yin. "Esterification of levulinic acid into n-butyl levulinate catalyzed by sulfonic acid-functionalized lignin-montmorillonite complex." Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 5, no. 4 (November 2020): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.10.008.

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45

Iborra, Montserrat, Javier Tejero, Carles Fité, Eliana Ramírez, and Fidel Cunill. "Liquid-phase synthesis of butyl levulinate with simultaneous water removal catalyzed by acid ion exchange resins." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 78 (October 2019): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2019.06.011.

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46

Capecci, Sarah, Yanjun Wang, Jose Delgado, Valeria Casson Moreno, Mélanie Mignot, Henrik Grénman, Dmitry Yu Murzin, and Sébastien Leveneur. "Bayesian Statistics to Elucidate the Kinetics of γ-Valerolactone from n-Butyl Levulinate Hydrogenation over Ru/C." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 31 (July 29, 2021): 11725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02107.

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47

Rao, B. Srinivasa, P. Krishna Kumari, D. Dhanalakshmi, and N. Lingaiah. "Selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol into butyl levulinate over zinc exchanged heteropoly tungstate supported on niobia catalysts." Molecular Catalysis 427 (February 2017): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.032.

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48

Nazer, Sahar, Alireza Najafi Chermahini, Bahram Hosseini Monjezi, and Hossein A. Dabbagh. "Direct conversion of xylose to butyl levulinate over mesoporous zirconium silicates with an integrated dehydration alcoholysis process." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 114 (September 2020): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2020.09.007.

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49

An, Ran, Guizhuan Xu, Chun Chang, Jing Bai, and Shuqi Fang. "Efficient one-pot synthesis of n-butyl levulinate from carbohydrates catalyzed by Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3." Journal of Energy Chemistry 26, no. 3 (May 2017): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2016.11.015.

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50

Morawala, Dhara H., Dharmesh R. Lathiya, Ajay K. Dalai, and Kalpana C. Maheria. "TTAB mediated synthesis of Meso-H-BEA and its application in the production of n-butyl levulinate." Catalysis Today 348 (May 2020): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.10.009.

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