Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Butterfly species'
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1
Soares, Rosana Nobre. "Landscape Permeability Improves Climate-Based Predictions of Butterfly Species Persistence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35528.
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Habitat modification alters species' capacities to track shifting climatic conditions. Broad-scale analyses that explore demographical responses to on-going climate change tend to neglect the influence of the underlying landscape pattern. However, many landscapes are fragmented by human activities, which might make dispersal for many species more challenging. Determining the extent to which landscape factors affect broad-scale distributional patterns has implications for our ability to predict realistic climate change impacts on species. Here, we constructed species-specific measurements of landscape permeability for 96 butterfly species in southern Ontario to test whether this landscape characteristic affected species' distributions at macroecological scales. We used multiple logistic regression models to test for the effects of permeability and its interaction with temperature on butterfly species presence/absence. We found that 48% of butterfly species responded to landscape permeability alone or in interaction with temperature. In general, the effect was positive (87%) and species were more likely to be present with increasing landscape permeability. For 61% of the species that responded to broad-scale landscape permeability, the interaction of temperature with permeability was statistically significant. In warm areas, species were more likely to be present if landscape permeability was high. Landscape permeability explained 3-43% of residual variability in species' presences after accounting for temperature. Finally, we show how fine-scale permeability measurements can be combined with large-scale patterns of diversity to inform conservation efforts. Landscape permeability can affect species' distributions at broad-scales and understanding factors that potentially influence species' dispersal can improve predictions for how species respond to changing climatic conditions.
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Hinojosa, Galisteo Joan Carles 1993. "Exploring the butterfly speciation continuum : A study on butterfly speciation in the transition to genomic techniques." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672348.
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Butterflies are among the best studied animals, but despite the research efforts carried out during
centuries, our knowledge on their diversity and on the mechanisms generating it is still incomplete.
In order to understand how butterflies diversify, the speciation continuum of six study cases was
examined using morphometrics and several genetic techniques (from sequencing specific markers
to genomics). The analysis of phenotypic and genetic variation combined with gene flow evidence
allowed to identify the states of the speciation continuum, i.e. to study the relationships between
populations. This approach was used as a framework (1) to make grounded taxonomic hypotheses
and (2) to extract clues about the mechanisms that drive speciation. As a result, we described and
proposed several cases of overlooked and oversplit taxa. We documented the existence of three
types of mechanisms producing diversification in butterflies: drift, selection and hybridisation.
Selection acted through adaptation to biotic environmental factors, which caused reproductive
character displacement, host plant shift and allochrony mediated by adaptation to host plant
flowering period. Additionally, the genetic techniques employed were evaluated and their
advantages and limitations discussedLes papallones són un dels animals més ben estudiats però, malgrat els esforços dedicats a la seva recerca, el coneixement que tenim sobre la seva diversitat i sobre els mecanismes que la generen és encara incomplet. Per tal d'entendre com les papallones diversifiquen, s'ha examinat el continu de l'especiació en sis casos mitjançant l'ús de la morfometria i de diverses tècniques genètiques (des de la seqüenciació de marcadors específics fins a la genòmica). L'anàlisi de la variació fenotípica i genètica combinada amb evidències sobre el flux genètic ha permès identificar els estats del continu de l'especiació, i.e. l'estudi de les relacions entre poblacions. Aquesta aproximació s'ha usat com a marc (1) per fer hipòtesis taxonòmiques fonamentades i (2) per extreure pistes sobre els mecanismes que dirigeixen l'especiació. Com a resultat, hem descrit i proposat diversos casos de tàxons que havien passat desapercebuts o que s'havien dividit excessivament. Documentem l'existència de tres tipus de mecanismes productors de diversitat en papallones: deriva, selecció i hibridació. La selecció actuà mitjançant l'adaptació a factors ambientals biòtics, que causaren desplaçament de caràcters reproductius, canvi de planta nutrícia i a\ll ocronia produïda per l'adaptació al període de floració de la planta nutrícia. Addicionalment, les tècniques genètiques emprades són avaluades i els seus avantatges i inconvenients discutits.
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Turner, Andrea J. "A species-centred approach to identify locations for the restoration of chalk grassland." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302447.
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Niell, Lara E. "Effects of environmental factors on butterfly species in an urban setting." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2007. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1446429.
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Jarnehammar, Linn. "DNA sampling using different tissues from the butterfly species Vanessa cardui." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-158611.
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The fundamental challenge to prevent species from going extinct is difficult but of grave importance. Halting species from going extinct minimizes the loss of biodiversity. One way of researching biodiversity is by studying species on a genetic level. This creates a dilemma as studying species genetically often requires using destructive sampling and is not desirable or even allowed when studying threatened species. Thus, there is a necessity for alternate sampling methods. In this study both non-lethal and lethal methods were used to gather tissues from the butterfly species Vanessa cardui. The DNA extractions turned out to give varying amounts of DNA, but it was successfully extracted from all the different tissue types. Amplifiable DNA was successfully gained using PCR and confirmed using gel electrophoresis. Existing and newly designed primers for multi-copy genes were used and several of them gave amplifiable DNA. Even if amplifiable DNA has been obtained in other studies, using various tissues, it turned out to only work with a live butterfly’s body in this study.
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Kallioniemi, E. "Effects of morphology, habitat and weather on the movement behaviour of range-expanding butterfly species." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/48673/.
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Dispersal capacity is an important trait enabling species to respond to climate change, particularly in fragmented landscapes, where individuals often need to move longer distances to colonise new areas. It is therefore crucial to understand species’ movement behaviour and how it is affected by environmental variables to plan effective conservation measures for a wide range of species. This thesis aimed to enhance the current understanding of the role of dispersal in enabling species to respond to global environmental change using seven species of butterflies. I identified that species and individuals with longer move bouts (step length) cross habitat boundaries more frequently. Because step length is relatively easy to measure for butterflies, it could potentially be used as a general proxy of species dispersal capacity at a landscape level. I also found a higher investment in morphological traits that enhance dispersal capacity for one out of three range-expanding species in newly colonised sites at the range margin. Differences in species dispersal capacity and habitat availability could explain why only one species showed increased investment in dispersal at the margin. Also, there was poor evidence of a relationship between movement and an associated morphological trait; wing length was not associated with increased mobility for two out of four species which suggests that increased dispersal ability may not always be linked to morphological changes during range expansion. Finally, an assessment of the relative importance of temperature, habitat quality and structure on the movements of two species within their habitats revealed no contribution of the habitat variables for one of the species, whilst temperature, habitat size, edge ratio and vegetation height significantly affected movements of the second species. Overall, this thesis highlights that responses to global environmental change are highly dependent on species and its interactions with the environment.
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White, Peter J. T. "Spatial and temporal patterns and predictors of butterfly species richness in Canada throughout the 20th century." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27196.
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There is great interest in ecology to determine the drivers of species richness. For many taxa, and in natural circumstances, temperature is often found to be a good predictor of richness. The goal of this thesis was to determine, amongst several human-related and natural, environmental and ecological variables, the most important broad-scale predictors of butterfly species richness across Canada. Also, I presented a test of whether spatial relationships are adequate surrogates for the temporal relationship between richness and predictor variables. Using precisely georeferenced and dated butterfly records across Canada, I created butterfly species richness maps for two periods (1900-1930 and 1960-1990), and then related them to candidate predictors. Natural variables such as temperature, precipitation and soil type tended to explain most of the variance in species richness, while human-related variables such as habitat fragmentation, habitat heterogeneity and pesticide density added very little. A comparison of temporal and spatial relationships showed that temperature was a consistent predictor of richness through time and space, but that the impact of human activities on richness differed. My results are consistent with the species-energy hypothesis while showing that human-related variables are not having a large measurable effect on butterfly species richness patterns in Canada at broad scales. Also of critical importance in this thesis is the difference I found between the spatial and temporal relationships of richness vs. human activity level. I show that the assumption commonly made in macro-ecology that spatial variables are appropriate surrogates for temporal ones, is not always correct.
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Löfqvist, Zandra. "The importance of vegetation height and flower abundance for Swedish butterfly species in semi-natural grasslands." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108670.
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Changed management of semi-natural grasslands is thought to be one important factor for explaining the decline of butterfly populations in Sweden and the rest of Europe. This study explores how vegetation height, variation in vegetation height and flower abundance can help predict the occurrence of butterfly species in semi-natural grasslands in southern Sweden. My study is based on data collected by a national environmental monitoring programme (NILS) during 2006-2010. Generalized linear models showed that all three explanatory variables significantly affected 26 of the 41 species of butterflies studied. The study also investigated preferences for three different systems for grouping species but did not find differences among groups. Several of the species would most likely benefit from variation in grazing pressure or rotational grazing as well as flower-rich grasslands. The results may also help when aiming management at the preservation of individual species.
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Thompson, Erin. "Phylogenomic analyses clarify butterfly species within the genus Speyeria despite evidence of a recent adaptive radiation." Scholarly Commons, 2019. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3583.
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The North American genus Speyeria is an especially challenging radiation of butterflies due to ongoing hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, and similar morphological characters among species. Adaptive radiations often require considerable evidence in order to resolve the evolutionary relationships of closely related individuals. Previous studies of this genus have found paraphyly among species and have been unable to disentangle these taxa due to a lack of data and/or incomplete sampling of the genus. As a result, the interspecific relationships among Speyeria remain unresolved. In an attempt to achieve phylogenetic resolution of the genus, we conducted population genomic and phylogenomic analyses of all North American Speyeria species, as well as several subspecies, based on genome wide markers using the SbfI restriction enzyme and restriction site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Together, our analyses recovered 16 species within Speyeria, validating previous taxonomic work. However, consistent with recent molecular analyses, internal relationships have poor support. This lack of resolution indicates Speyeria represent an ongoing adaptive radiation, with incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, and lack of postzygotic reproductive barriers, supporting this hypothesis.
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Neef, Götz-Georg. "Comparative phylogeography of five swallowtail butterfly species (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in South Africa : ecological and taxonomic implications." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013574.
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With current biota under constant threat of extinction, it is important to ascertain where and how biological diversity is generated and partitioned. Phylogeographic studies can assist in the identification of places and processes that indicate the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. Forest fragmentation has a big effect on local extinction and loss of genetic diversity of forest-restricted taxa, along with divergence and speciation of forest biota. This study aims to understand the effects of these processes on a number of forest-dwelling butterflies using a comparative phylogeographic approach. Mitochondrial DNA of five different Papilio species with different degrees of forest specificity was analysed using phylogenetic methods. In addition, the subspecific taxonomy of P. ophidicephalus was investigated using morphometrics of discal spots on the wings and nuclear DNA analysis along with mitochondrial DNA analysis. The results show that the forest-restricted species (P. ophidicephalus and P. echerioides) have more genetic structure and less genetic diversity than the more generalist species (P. dardanus, P. demodocus and P. nireus). This could be due to inbreeding depression and bottlenecks caused by forest fragmentation. As forest patches become smaller, the population size is affected and that causes a loss in genetic diversity, and increasing habitat fragmentation disrupts gene flow. The intraspecific taxonomy of P. ophidicephalus is far from revealed. However, this study shows there is evidence for the different subspecies when comparing morphological results and genetic results. From the evidence provided here it is suggested that P. ophidicephalus should be divided into two separate species rather than five subspecies.
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Simões, Catarina Cordeiro. "Species richness and composition of butterfly assemblages (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) along the altitudinal gradient of Serra da Estrela." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20707.
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Os gradientes altitudinais são importantes modelos em ecologia pois permitem, numa escala reduzida, estudar a influência da variação de diversas variáveis ambientais nos padrões de biodiversidade existentes. Estes padrões são influenciados por diversos factores, desde variáveis climáticas às relacionadas com a perturbação humana. Nesta tese é estudada a variação na composição das comunidades de borboletas ao longo do gradiente altitudinal na Serra da Estrela e são testadas duas hipóteses sobre os padrões de riqueza específica ao longo do gradiente altitudinal: a regra de Rapoport e o “Mid Domain Effect” (MDE). Foram assinaladas 70 espécies de borboletas neste estudo e constatou-se que a variação na riqueza de espécies de borboletas apresenta um padrão “mid peak” apoiando o MDE. Verificou-se também que as comunidades de borboletas do mesmo nível altitudinal são mais semelhantes entre si independentemente da vertente em que se encontram e são também mais semelhantes com as comunidades dos níveis altitudinais adjacentes. Finalmente, a análise da distribuição de algumas espécies ameaçadas de borboletas torna evidente a necessidade de realização de mais estudos sobre a biologia da conservação deste grupo de animais em Portugal; Abstract:
Altitudinal gradients are important ecological models because they allow us to study the influence of diverse environmental variables in the existing biodiversity patterns. These patterns are influenced by various factors, from climatic variables to variables related to human disturbance. In this thesis we studied the variations in the composition of the butterfly assemblages along the altitudinal gradient of Serra da Estrela and we tested two hypotheses regarding the species richness patterns along the altitudinal gradient: Rapoport’s rule and the Mid Domain Effect (MDE). In this study 70 butterfly species were marked recorded and it was observed that the butterfly species richness presents a mid-peak pattern supporting the MDE. It was also noted that the butterfly assemblages in the same altitudinal level show more similarity within themselves regardless of the slope they are found in, and are also more similar to the assemblages present in the adjacent altitudinal levels. Finally, the distribution of some threatened butterfly species was analyzed and it became evident the need to do more studies regarding the conservation biology of this animal group in Portugal.
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Kramp, Katja [Verfasser], and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmitt. "Comparative European phylogeography of mountain forest and peatland species using the example of two plant and two butterfly species / Katja Kramp ; Betreuer: Thomas Schmitt." Trier : Universität Trier, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1197699856/34.
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Fitzsimmons, James. "Ecological Responses to Threats in an Evolutionary Context: Bacterial Responses to Antibiotics and Butterfly Species’ Responses to Climate Change." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23807.
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Humans are generally having a strong, widespread, and negative impact on nature. Given the many ways we are impacting nature and the many ways nature is responding, it is useful to study responses in an integrative context. My thesis is focused largely (two out of the three data chapters) on butterfly species’ range shifts consistent with modern climate change in Canada. I employed a macroecological approach to my research, drawing on methods and findings from evolutionary biology, phylogenetics, conservation biology, and natural history. I answered three main research questions. First, is there a trade-off between population growth rate (rmax) and carrying capacity (K) at the mutation scale (Chapter 2)? I found rmax and K to not trade off, but in fact to positively co-vary at the mutation scale. This suggests trade-offs between these traits only emerge after selection removes mutants with low resource acquisition rates (i.e., unhealthy genotypes), revealing trade-offs between remaining genotypes with varied resource allocation strategies. Second, did butterfly species shift their northern range boundaries northward over the 1900s, consistent with climate warming (Chapter 3)? Leading a team of collaborators, we found that most butterfly species’ northern range boundaries did indeed shift northward over the 1900s. But range shift rates were slower than those documented in the literature for more recent time periods, likely reflecting the weaker warming experienced in the time period of my study. Third, were species’ rates of range shift related to their phylogeny (Chapter 3) or traits (Chapter 4)? I found no compelling relationships between rates of range shift and phylogeny or traits. If certain traits make some species more successful at northern boundary range expansion than others, their effect was not strong enough to emerge from the background noise inherent in the broad scale data set I used.
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Parsons, Kristene Teal. "Age, Growth and Reproduction of Western North Atlantic Butterfly Rays (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae), with the Description of Two New Species." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639565.
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Batoid fishes are among the most threatened and least understood chondrichthyan species worldwide due to their large body size, conservative life-history characteristics, and predominantly coastal distributions where fishing and habitat degradation threaten the stability of populations. A lack of empirical life history data is widespread across batoid taxa — nearly half of all species are considered data deficient, thus hindering species assessments and the development of effective management strategies. Furthermore, many batoid taxa are in need of taxonomic re-examination. Increasing our understanding of life history traits that determine population productivity, such as age and size at maturity, growth rate, and fecundity is prerequisite to examining the potential for populations to increase or stabilize in response to fishing mortality.
The Butterfly Rays (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae) are comprised of 10 globally distributed species that inhabit shallow coastal regions and are commonly caught in benthic fishing gears targeting commercially valuable species. Two species are recognized in the western Atlantic: the Spiny Butterfly ray, Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus 1758), and the Smooth Butterfly Ray, G. micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801). Previous life history studies on U.S. Butterfly Rays were often spatially and temporally limited, which may bias conclusions due to underrepresentation of some life stages, and lead to inaccurate biological characterizations. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variability in body shape, and inter- and intraspecific inconsistencies in taxonomic characters (e.g., disk coloration, tail banding patterns) have contributed to substantial taxonomic confusion in the Gymnuridae.
To address knowledge gaps in the life history and taxonomy of western Atlantic Butterfly Rays, this dissertation describes the age and growth of G. altavela, the reproductive biology of G. altavela and G. micrura, and the taxonomic status of G. micrura. The largest male and female G. altavela were estimated to be 11 and 18 yrs old, respectively. Disk width at maturity was 1278 mm and 946 mm for male and female G. altavela, respectively, and was significantly greater in Atlantic G. micrura (male: 390 mm; female: 551 mm) than Gulf of Mexico G. micrura (male: 298 mm; female: 448 mm). Maximum fecundity was seven in G. altavela, and ranged from six to 12 in G. micrura from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, respectively. Based on geographical variation in life history parameters, morphology, and genetics, a re-description and proposed neotype for G. micrura is presented, and two new species and holotypes are described from the Atlantic (Gymnura n. sp. A) and Gulf of Mexico (Gymnura n. sp. B). In U.S. waters, Gymnura n. sp. A may be more vulnerable than Gymnura n. sp. B to indirect fishing mortality due to its larger size, potential later age at sexual maturity, and lower fecundity, since the probability of an individual encountering fishing gear before successfully reproducing is likely greater. This disseratation provides empirical support for the conservation and sustainable management of Atlantic Butterfly Rays. Careful consideration of species-specific taxonomy and biology is required to accurately assess the vulnerability of contemporary populations to extinction risk, and to document and maintain the true biodiversity of this taxon.
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Davis, Samantha Lynn. "Evaluating threats to the rare butterfly, Pieris virginiensis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1431882480.
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Skarped, Linnéa. "Vertical stratification and species composition of Nymphalidae butterfly assemblages in tree-fall gaps and understory in Madidi National Park, Bolivia." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108770.
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Rainforest is a dynamic ecosystem where species are affected by numerous biotic and abiotic factors. One important abiotic factor for many species is the availability of sunlight. The understory habitat under the closed undisturbed canopy is comparably constant with regard to sunlight and therefore also humidity and temperature. The canopy regulates the amount of sunlight that will reach the ground, which means that changes in canopy cover will change the understory environment. The main natural disturbances that affect the structure of rainforest are tree falls, that resulting in tree-fall gaps. The aim of this study was to compare the vertical stratification and species composition of fruit-feeding Nymphalidae butterflies between tree-fall gaps of different sizes and undisturbed understory in a primary rainforest in Madidi National Park, Bolivia. Fruit-baited traps were suspended at ground level (2 m) and in canopy (10-15 m) in 5 tree-fall gaps and adjacent undisturbed understory, a total of 40 traps. There were more species rich assemblages in gaps both at ground level and in canopy, compared to understory. The data show that there are different species assemblages in tree-fall gaps, undisturbed understory, canopy and at ground level. The vegetation structure affected by the amount of sun light was an important factor affecting butterfly assemblages. There was a tendency that differences among gap assemblages increased with gap size. These results indicate the importance of the mosaic pattern caused by natural tree-fall gaps, they contain specific resources that favor different butterfly assemblages.
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Alexander, Laura. "Comparative Biology of Three Species of Costa Rican Haeterini." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2014. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1843.
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Documenting life history characteristics of populations, especially of herbivorous insects such as butterflies, is fundamental to the ecological study of tropical rainforests. However, we know relatively little about tropical forest butterflies. Here, I combine information gathered using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) approach with manipulative and observational experiments in a natural environment to explore aspects of the population biology of three closely-related species of Costa Rican fruit-feeding understory butterflies (Cithaerias pireta, Dulcedo polita, and Pierella helvina), specifically: vertical stratification, attraction to and persistence in fruit-baited traps, relative abundance and distribution, movement patterns, probabilities of recapture and daily survival, and factors that affect those probabilities. Among the three focal species there were differences in capturability, recapturability, spatial distribution, and degree of vertical stratification. Males appear to fly within smaller home ranges than females, and P. helvina can traverse the entire forest reserve in a single day. These findings have implications for the genetic diversity of these populations and for the risk of local extinction in the face of changing ecological conditions.
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Giovenardi, Ricardo. "ESTUDO DA DIVERSIDADE DE BORBOLETAS (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) EM DUAS LOCALIDADES NO MUNICÍPIO DE FREDERICO WESTPHALEN, RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2007. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5256.
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Contributing to the butterflies diversity knowledge from Estacional Decidual Forest of Rio Grande do Sul State, a systematic survey was carried out in two localities of the Municipal District of Frederico Westphalen: Villa Faguense Municipal Park and Schöenstatt Sanctuary, from March 2005 to April 2006. In 140 hours of sampling, were registered 3129 individuals distributed in 174 species. Of the sampled species, 56,32% belong to the Nymphalidae family
(12 subfamilies), 19,54% to Hesperiidae (2 subfamilies), 6,32% to Papilionidae (1 subfamily), 8,05% to Pieridae (3 subfamilies), 6,32% to Lycaenidae (2 subfamilies) and 3,45% to Riodinidae (1 subfamily). Ten species sampled were still no published for the State: Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer, 1779), Dynamine athemon (Linnaeus, 1758), Myscelia orsis (Drury, 1782), Pareuptychia summandosa (Gosse, 1880), Taygetis laches marginata (Staudinger, 1887), Yphthichoides castrensis (Schaus, 1902), Caligo eurilochus brasiliensis (Felder, 1826), Urbanus doryssus albicuspis (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869), Eurybia pergaea (Geyer, 1832), Lemonias zygia (Hübner, 1807). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was higher in Villa Faguense Municipal Park, place less disturbed, and smaller in Schöenstatt Sanctuary. The Simpson and Berger-Parker dominance indexes had been more representative in Schöenstatt Sanctuary, with higher number of abundant species, and less representative in Villa Faguense
Municipal Park. Among the species captured 131 (75.29%) are accidental, 25 (14.37%) are accessory and 18 (10.34%) are constant species.Contribuindo para o levantamento sistemático e o conhecimento de borboletas da Floresta Estacional Decidual de Frederico Westphalen, foram realizadas saídas de campo mensais em duas localidades no Município, entre março de 2005 e abril de 2006. Em um total de 140 horas de amostragem, foram registrados 3129 indivíduos distribuídos em 174 espécies. Destas, 56,32% das espécies pertencem à família Nymphalidae (12 subfamílias), 19,54% Hesperiidae (2 subfamílias), 6,32% Papilionidae (1 subfamília), 8,05% Pieridae (3 subfamílias), 6,32% Lycaenidae (2 subfamílias) e 3,45% Riodinidae (1 subfamília). Foram registradas 10 espécies de borboletas ainda não publicadas para o Estado: Euptoieta hegesia (Cramer, 1779), Dynamine athemon (Linnaeus, 1758), Myscelia orsis (Drury, 1782), Pareuptychia summandosa (Gosse, 1880), Taygetis laches marginata (Staudinger, 1887), Yphthichoides castrensis (Schaus, 1902), Caligo eurilochus brasiliensis (Felder, 1826), Urbanus doryssus albicuspis (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869), Eurybia pergaea (Geyer, 1832), Lemonias zygia (Hübner, 1807). O ìndice de Diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foi maior no Parque Municipal da Vila Faguense, local menos perturbado, e menor no Santuário de Schöenstatt. Os índices de dominância de Simpson e Berger-Parker, por sua vez, foram mais representativos no Santuário de Schöenstatt, com maior número de espécies abundantes, e menos representativos no Parque Municipal da Vila Faguense. Foram registradas em Frederico Westphalen 131 (75,29%) espécies acidentais, 25 (14,37%) espécies acessórias e 18 (10,34%) espécies constantes.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon, and N/A. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20071130.134932.
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The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.
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Eastwood, Rodney Gordon. "Ant Association and Speciation in Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): Consequences of Novel Adaptations and Pleistocene Climate Changes." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365668.
Full textAbstract:
The butterfly family Lycaenidae (including the Riodinidae) contains an estimated 30% of all butterfly species and exhibits a diverse array of life history strategies. The early stages of most lycaenids associate with ants to varying degrees, ranging from casual facultative coexistence through to obligate association where the long-term survival of the butterfly is dependent on the presence of its attendant ants. Attendant ants guard the butterflies against predators and parasites during their vulnerable period of larval growth and pupation. The caterpillars, in return, reward the ants by providing attractive secretions from specialized glands in their cuticle. The prevalence of caterpillar-ant associations in the species rich Lycaenidae is in contrast with other Lepidoptera, where ant association appears only as isolated cases in otherwise non ant-associated lineages. This has led to the proposal that ant association may have influenced lycaenid diversification or even enhanced the rates of speciation in the group. In contrast, facultative ant-associated butterflies exhibit high levels of host plant integrity, so it is reasonable to assume that host plants may have played a significant role in their diversification. Since the influence of ants (or plants) on diversification is independent of geographic speciation modes such as vicariance or peripheral isolates, there is an underlying inference of sympatric speciation. Certain prerequisites thought to be important for sympatric speciation, such as mating on the host plant (or in the presence of the appropriate ant) as well as ant dependent oviposition preferences are characteristic of many obligate myrmecophiles. Not surprisingly, it has been suggested that evidence for sympatric speciation is more likely to be found in the Insecta since this additional mode of diversification could account for the large numbers of insect species. This thesis tested the diversification processes in obligate and facultative ant associated lycaenids using comparative methodologies in hierarchical molecular phylogenetic analyses. First, several hypotheses relating to the influence of ants on diversification in obligately ant associated lycaenid butterflies were tested in a phylogeographic analysis of the Australian endemic Jalmenus evagoras. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that regional isolation of butterfly subpopulations coincident with locally adapted ant taxa could generate a phylogenetic pattern in which related lycaenids would be seen to associate with related or ecologically similar ants. Likewise, ecological shifts in habitat preferences by lycaenids could lead to co-diversification with habitat specialist ants, even though in both cases, the ants may play only an incidental role in the diversification process. A comparative methodology was then applied in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Jalmenus to test for a signal of diversification consistent with shifts in ant partners, and to infer the processes by which ants could influence speciation. Several other specific hypotheses relating to monophyly and taxonomy were also examined. Comparative analysis of the Jalmenus phylogeny found that attendant ant shifts coincided with high levels of sympatry among sister species. This pattern could be explained by sympatric speciation; however, data suggested it was more likely that ant shifts occurred during butterfly population expansions as a result of vegetation and climate changes in the Pleistocene. Fragmentation of populations associating with novel ants could promote rapid ecological and behavioural changes and this could result in reproductive isolation of conspecifics when in secondary contact. Diversification would then continue in sympatry. In contrast, secondary contact of populations associating with the same ant species would result in homogenisation of the two lycaenid lineages or the extinction of one. A phylogeographic analysis of the facultative myrmecophiles, Theclinesthes albocincta/T. hesperia, was then undertaken to infer the evolutionary processes (such as the effects of host plant shifts) that could result in extant demographics. Species-specific questions of taxonomy, relative population ages and dispersal routes in arid Australia were also addressed. Results from the analysis suggested the two taxa were conspecific and had diversified in the late Pleistocene as a consequence of isolation in refugia in and around the arid areas of mainland Australia. However, as was the case in the J. evagoras population analysis in which attendant ant shifts were not detected, host plant shifts were not detected in the population analysis of T. albocincta/hesperia. Host plant or attendant ant shifts manifest more frequently at the species level, thus it was necessary to test the influence of host plant shifts at this higher level. The comparative methodology was then applied to a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the facultative ant-associated section Theclinesthes (comprising Theclinesthes, Sahulana and Neolucia) to test for modes of diversification consistent with host plant shifts. The relative importance of other influences on diversification was also assessed. Akin to the Jalmenus analysis, the prediction that sister species ranges should broadly overlap when a shift in host plants had taken place was upheld in the comparative analysis. Species in the genera Jalmenus and Theclinesthes were found to have diversified in the Pleistocene so were subject to the same climatic oscillations that influenced patterns of vegetation expansion and contraction across much of Australia. Thus, the similarity and predictability of relationships in the comparative analyses based on biological data suggested that host plant shifts have influenced diversification in facultative myrmecophiles by inhibiting gene flow in secondary contact in similar fashion to that of attendant ant shifts identified in the Jalmenus phylogeny. Interpretation of data in these analyses suggested that allopatric diversification was the most common mode of speciation. Isolation was inferred to be the result of fragmentation following long distance dispersal across wide expanses of marginal habitat, or vicariance following the closing of biogeographical barriers. However, attendant-ant and host-plant shifts clearly played an important role in the diversification process, and in the maintenance of species integrity among lycaenid butterflies. Furthermore, exceptions to the predicted patterns of range overlap and ecological shifts provided clues to additional modes of diversification including shifts in habitat preferences and an unusual temporal shift following changes in specific host plant phenology resulting in allochronic diversification. Inferring modes of diversification using comparative methods based on range overlap and biological traits in a phylogenetic context is not new; however, the interpretation presented in this thesis is in contrast with contemporary methods. It is clear that the patterns of species range overlap and the ecological preferences of sister taxa are intimately related among lycaenid species that diversified during the Pleistocene. As a result, different influences on diversification can be highlighted in phylogenies when applying existing comparative methodologies but without necessarily drawing the same conclusions about modes of diversification. A more inclusive explanation for patterns of range overlap among sister taxa is detailed, a consequence of which is a method for estimating rates of extinction in a phylogeny where comprehensive distributional, biological and taxonomic data are available. These patterns and predictions may be applicable to a range of taxa, especially those that have diversified in the Pleistocene. Plans for future studies are outlined.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Jaschinsky, Sylvia [Verfasser], Jeremy Gutachter] Thomas, Josef [Gutachter] [Settele, and Robin F. A. [Gutachter] Moritz. "Are there really cryptic species within the myrmecophilous butterfly species Phengaris (Maculinea) teleius and P. (M.) nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)? : analyses across Eurasian distribution ranges, confusing effects of the endosymbiotic bacterial parasite Wolbachia, and implications for Phengaris (Maculinea) conservation / Sylvia Jaschinsky ; Gutachter: Jeremy Thomas, Josef Settele, Robin F. A. Moritz." Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1226762026/34.
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Kristiansen, Evan B. "Phylogeography of a highly variable butterfliy species in Western North America: Speyeria callippe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)." Scholarly Commons, 2014. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/183.
Full textAbstract:
Traditionally, methods for phylogenetic and phylogeographic inference have relied heavily on morphological data. Molecular data can provide an independent assessment of patterns and are particularly desirable when morphology may be under natural selection. Herein we present a phylogeographic analysis of the highly polytypic butterfly, Speyeria callippe. Samples were drawn from 71 populations across western North America. Phylogeographic trends are inferred from analysis of the gene Cytochrome oxidase subunit I ( CoI ). Patterns of mtDNA diversity imply historical panmixia and Mid-to-late Pliocene divergence from other Speyeria approximately xx mya. Diversification within the species appears to have occurred primarily during the Pleistocene. The data partially support a hypothesis of multiple waves of diversification following the climatic fluctuations of glacial and interglacial periods. Speyeria callippe was found to be paraphyletic containing both Speyeria egleis and Speyeria edwardsii. The genetic variation observed within S. callippe was highly structured reflecting local geography. However, this did not extend to larger scales as subspecies and major color pattern groups were not recovered as monophyletic, consistent with the large amount of overlapping morphological variation. Overall, intraspecies differentiation in morphology and mtDNA observed here indicate S. callippe is a young species complex with potentially adaptive color pattern variation that is in a relatively early stage of sorting into geographically separate entities.
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Carter, David Gerald. "Insect egg glue : an investigation of the nature and secretion of insect egg glues, with special reference to the human louse, Pediculus humanus and the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/250982.
Full textAbstract:
The primary aim of the thesis was to investigate the nature and secretion of insect egg glues. Very little work has been done on this group of secretions, even though they are essential to the survival of a wide range of insect pest species. Knowledge of how they work could lead to the production of repellants or solvents which could be used as non-toxic means of control. Initial studies were performed on the cabbage white butterfly. Histological and histochemical techniques were employed to examine the structure and composition of the glue and glue glands. Separated glue was chemically analysed, and the amino acid composition of major protein components was determined. Butterflies were induced to lay eggs on a variety of surfaces, and the tensile strength of glue deposited in different chemical environments was investigated. The physical structure of the glue was examined. A treatment which destroyed the strength of butterfly glue was identified. Techniques perfected on the butterfly were then applied to the human clothing louse. A detailed examination of the louse reproductive system was carried out, using a combination of dissection, histology, and electron microscopy. The egg laying behaviour of head lice and clothing lice was compared with that reported in other species. The physical structure of the glue was investigated using polarised light and electron microscopy. The structure and formation of louse eggs was examined, including a study of the transmission of symbiotic organisms into developing oocytes. Development of embryos inside the body of the female was observed in some cases, and these were successfully cultured in vitro until they hatched. The respiratory openings of the louse egg were positively identified. The preference of lice for laying eggs on different fabrics was studied. An attempt was made to discourage lice from laying eggs on hair by coating it with Prolong. The possibility of using Prolong as a control method for developing eggs and active stages was assessed. Use of Prolong in combination with wetting agents was also investigated.
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Hůlka, Jiří. "Výpočtová predikce tvárného porušování." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234203.
Full textAbstract:
The issue of ductile damage prediction can be generally divided in two types of tasks. The first one is to preventing the initiation of ductile damage with is most common group of calculation today. The second task can be described as aimed damaging, such as machining, cutting, etc. The significant development of this issue occurred in recent decades by help of development and access to powerful computational techniques and new experimental possibilities. However, the behaviour of ductile damage at multiaxial proportional and non-proportional loading is insufficiently described. This thesis helped to clarify some of the unknown this topic. It contributed to the understanding of selected materials behaviour at room temperature and quasistatic loading. Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was selected for detail study of ductile damage. A large number of experiments were performed on this material, such as uniaxial tensile tests of smooth and notched specimens, upsetting tests of smooth cylinder and special cylinder with dimple, butterfly specimens, notched tube specimens and penetration tests. Experimental results is used for calibration of five so-called simple criteria, taking into account fracture strain and stress triaxiality (Equivalent fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, simplify Bao-Wierzbicki, RT, RTCL) and universal criteria (Bai-Wierzbicki, Xue-Wierzbicki, EMC, LOU, KHPS). SPT potentially enable the determination of actual mechanical behaviour using only a fraction of specimen volume compared to standard specimen. It is promising tool to improve accuracy when assessing working life of components in operation. The inverse numerical simulation loop of SPT was designed using program OptiSLang on the basis of detailed sensitivity analysis. It was achieved 2% deviation of yield strength and 6% deviation of ultimate strength obtained from tensile tests. A several modification of SPT specimen was suggested for universal criteria calibration of small material volume. The 3D numerical model was built for numerical simulation with ductile damage simulation. The criteria KHPS and EMC gave the most accurate results.
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BARTOŇOVÁ, Alena. "Factors influencing butterfly diversity of the species-rich Submediterranean region." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-396461.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis focuses on the history, current state, and conservation of butterfly diversity in the Submediterranean grasslands and Palaearctic steppes. The thesis is introduced with the summary of Cenozoic history of the steppe biome in Eurasia. Then it consists of three studies. The first study describes butterfly communities and microhabitat selection of a steppe specialist butterfly Proterebia afra in two relic grassland areas in the Balkans. Based on genetic markers and samples covering the whole distribution ranges, the second and third studies assess the phylogeography of two steppe butterflies, P. afra and Pseudophilotes bavius, distributed in the Irano-Anatolian region, the Balkans, as well as the northern Palaearctic steppes.
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Sun, Min-Shiuan, and 孫旻璇. "Species-diversity patterns and potential indicators of butterfly at different elevations." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mjqa7s.
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Lu, Sheng-Shan. "Biology and conservation of the threatened Karkloof blue butterfly Orachrysops ariadne (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10223.
Full textAbstract:
The Karkloof blue butt erfly, Orachrysops ariadne (Butler), is endemic to the
Mistbelt grassland of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa, and is currently
Red-listed as 'Vulnerable' . O. ariadne is univoltine and on the wing in March and April, when it utilizes eight species of nectar plants. This study confirmed that the
larval hostplant is Indigofera woodii H. Bol. var. laxa H. Bol., an erect variety. It was
also confirmed that this butterfly is ant-dependent, with the young larva being taken
into the nest of Camponotus natalensis (F. Smith) where development continues, including pupation.
This study compares the ecological conditions at the four known locations so as to
make informed decision s regarding its conservation. A large proportion of the
grassland in KwaZulu-Natal has been aforested and cultivated, and at least 92% of the
Mistbelt has been transformed, with only about 1% in good condition remaining.
Predictions on the habitat and habit at requirements of this species are necessary for
developing a conservation strategy and action plan. Here , we propose O. ariadne as
an indicator species for Mistbelt grass land. Saving enough of the remaining Mistbelt
grassland is crucial, not just for the survival of the Karkloof blue, O. ariadne, but also
for the Mistbelt grassland community as a whole.
The population structure and movement of Orachrysops ariadne and O. subravus
were studied by mark-release-recapture methods in 1999. There were 290 O. ariadne
marked over 48 days between March and April, 124 (42 .8%) were recaptured at least
once. Of 631 O. subravus marked over two months between September and
November, 311 (49 .3%) were recaptured at least once. Both species exhibited
protandry, male appearance about one to two weeks earlier. The sex ratio of O.
ariadne is heavily male biased 5.6 :1 (246 males and 44 females), and the sex ratio of
O. subravus is 1.6:1 (387 males and 244 females). The Jolly-Seber model was used to estimate daily population numbers (N ᵢ), survival rates (Ø ᵢ), recruitment rates (B ᵢ),
proportion of marked animals in the total population (α ᵢ ), and the number of marked
animals at risk (M ᵢ) . Average residence times of male adults were generally similar in
both species in the range of 5.36-5.44 days, and were slightly longer for male than for
female O. subravus (by 4.09 days). 0. ariadne is a strong and rapid back and forth
flier, covering mean recapture distances of 157 m, almost twice that of 0. subravus,
principally in search of scarce nectar sources. The extreme rarity of 0. ariadne is not
so much to do with behaviour, survivorship or longevity, but rather the butterfly is
limited in distribution by suitable habitat for both larva and adult.
The aim of management is to optimize the habitat so that it best meets the present
and future needs of the butterfly. The effects of the current fire regime on the butterfly,
host plant and ant host were evaluated here. It is recommended that burning only take
place after the larvae have hatch ed and gone underground with the ant host. Using
GPS and GIS, core, quality habitat characteristics were defined. In cooperation with
the landowner at one site, alien invasive plants are being removed to increase the area
of quality habitat. Availability of host plants is limiting for success of the butterfly in
the field. Guidelines are provided for propagation and introduction of the host plant, so as to provide the butterfly with more oviposition sites.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Advani, Nikhil Kishore. "Thermal ecology of the Glanville Fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6299.
Full textAbstract:
Anthropogenic climate warming is predicted to accelerate over the next century, with potentially dramatic consequences for wildlife. It is important to understand as well as possible how different organisms will respond to this stress. This project seeks to gain a better mechanistic understanding of the thermal biology of the Glanville Fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) at the latitudinal and elevational extremes of its range. Investigation of the temperatures at which adult butterflies took spontaneous flight revealed a significant difference between populations from the elevational extremes, with insects from high elevation taking flight at lower thoracic temperatures than those from low elevation. Contrary to expectation, there was no systematic effect of latitude on takeoff temperature. If these measures represent adaptation to climate, then these effects are not simple and the influences of elevation and latitude are not the same. Investigation of thermal tolerance across all life cycle stages found no difference in larval performance between the populations tested. There was however an effect of treatment. This suggests that in M. cinxia, even populations from different extremes of the range may not differ in their thermal tolerance. The effect of treatment suggests that there is temperature-induced plasticity. The adaptive significance of this has been explored to some extent. Investigation of heat shock protein expression between the latitudinal extremes finds no difference in Hsp21.4 expression when exposed to heat stress, however both Hsp20.4 and Hsp90 were upregulated in response to heat stress. For Hsp20.4, there were significant differences in expression between the populations. Finally, a species distribution model using maximum entropy techniques was conducted for M. cinxia, predicting both the current and future (2100) distributions of the species. The model closely matches the known current distribution, and predicts a clear northward range shift in response to climate change.text
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Lin, Yueh-Hsien, and 林岳賢. "Calling for the ants: using vibrational calls to attract ants by a myrmecophilous butterfly species." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/59xkqs.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
生命科學系
104
Effective communication may increase work efficiency and hence increase the fitness of a population. Myrmecophiles break the ants' communication codes to associate with ants to profit from ants such as gaining protection. Larvae of lycaenid butterflies have developed myrmecophilous organs to penetrate ant communication by providing food resource or mimicking the chemical signal of ants to attract tending ants. Most studies focus on how the myrmecophilous organs attract tending ants. Recently, some researches have found some myrmecophilous butterfliesuse substrate-borne vibration to attract ants. It is believed that vibrational communication may be common among insects. But, only a few studies have described the vibrational behavior in myrmecophilous butterflies. By phonograph-stylus recording experiment, I have found that the larvae and pupae of myrmecophilous butterfly Spindasis lohita could make three specific larval calls and one pupal call. And, its tending ants Crematogaster rogenhoferi could make only one type of call. Furthermore,results of playback experiment indicated that ants reacted more benevolent toward butterfly calls. This is the first study that myrmecophilous butterflys’ vibrational calls are recorded in Taiwan. I also provide another case study in using vibrational calls to attract ants. This could provide further information about ant-butterfly interaction.
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WU, BING-RUEI, and 巫秉叡. "Insects and the fairy imagery combining character designs Taiwan endemic species of butterfly as an example." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99vb79.
Full textAbstract:
碩士玄奘大學
視覺傳達設計學系碩士班
103
Fairy characters are commonly seen at arts and literatures as legendary creatures. The wings of characters are mostly derived from wings of insects. Besides dragonflies or bees, the wing shapes of butterflies are frequently used as reference to fairy characters. First of all, this thesis traces back the fairy characters from previous novels and paintings. Secondly, the paper referenced the wings shape and lifestyle of Taiwan unique butterfly species to combine with images of small fairies. After analyzing the definition and methodology of character design in the industry, the author designs a series of fairy characters and draws illustration which belongs to the concept image of the character. We are looking forward to know this creative thesis to be used as references to creative art works like video games or comics, and also to awake the conscious of conservation of Taiwan butterflies.
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Yu, Lin Ching, and 林青鈺. "Establishing A Data Bank for Butterfly-Attractive Plants, and The Assessment of Planting Design and Species Selection on Commercial-Based Net House Butterfly Garden in Central Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15432057341876653282.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東海大學
景觀學系
97
In recent years Taiwan has attached importance to the ecological sustainability and the environmental education, and established many net-house butterfly gardens one after another. However, a successful net-house butterfly garden must have a professional planting plan and design, a proper species selection on butterfly-attractive plants and a planting layout, and introduce viewing species butterflies so as to attract tourists' and recover the butterflies. After the garden is opened, it is necessary to have a constant and professional maintenance management so that a good net-house butterly gardn can be sustainably managed, and its nice-looking appearance can attract tourists to enter the garden. However, good net-house butterfly gardens are rare these days. Therefore, this study was made to probe the planting design and the species selection for the commercial net-house gardens in central Taiwan. Then, the butterfly-viewing value was assessed. According to the assessment, an improving proposal was brought up to increase the viewing and visiting values, and increase the tourists’ intension of viewing the butterfly gardens. Besides, a databank of butterfly-attractive plants should be established so as to understand the relationship between the butterfly species and the butterfly-attractive plants. The databank information would be for the future reference on designing a butterfly garden, selecting proper plant species and managing a garden. This study adopted relevant documents, field investigation, interviews with professionals' and the assessment on professionals' questionnaires. The research findings showed that there were about 60 butterfly species which could be recovered in commercial net-house butterfly gardens of Central Taiwan. Among these species, Idea leuconoe, Papilio memnon, Graphium sarpedon, Papilio xuthus and Papilio demoleus had more butterfly viewing value. Next to them were Euploea mulciber and Danaus chrysippus. Therefore, on selecting recovery butterfly species, above butterfly species could be a priority. As to the precious and rare properties, Spindasis syama, Spindasis lohita, Idea leuconoe and Graphium cloanthus were rarer. Therefore, on butterfly species selection, if a mature technology was used to recover the precious and rare butterfly species, it would be able to increase more viewing value on commercial net-house butterfly garden, and create sightseeing and educational functions for butterfly garden. Besides, after the establishment of databank for butterfly-attractive plants, it was found that the viewing-purpose plants of nectar plants which attracted the most butterflies were ordered from Sambucus formosana, Lantana camara, Chrysanthemum arisanense, Eupatorium sp. to Duranta repens. The food plants which attracted the most butterflies were ordered from Miscanthus sinensis, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Setaria palmifolia, Yushania niitakayamensis to Celtis formosana. For both nectar and food plants, the recommended plants were Lantana camara, Citrus sp., Polygonum cuspidatum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Tagetes erecta , Gnaphalium affine, Polygonum chinense , Justicia procumbens , Evodia meliaefolia and Asclepias curassavica .
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"Ecological Effects of Stream Flow Permanence on Butterfly and Plant Communities of Sonoran Desert Streams." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.34853.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Stream flow permanence plays a critical role in determining floristic composition, abundance, and diversity in the Sonoran Desert, but questions remain about the effects of stream flow permanence on butterfly composition, abundance, and diversity. Understanding the effects of flow permanence on butterflies and relevant subsets of butterflies (such as butterflies whose host plants are present) and comparing them to these same effects on plants and relevant subsets of plants (such as butterfly nectar plants and larval host plants) provided insight into pollinator and riparian conservation and restoration.
I surveyed four Sonoran desert stream sites, and found significant relationships between flow permanence and plant and butterfly species richness and abundance, as well as strong relationships between plant and butterfly abundance and between plant and butterfly species richness. Most notably, my results pointed to hosted butterflies as a break-out category of butterflies which may more clearly delineate ecological relationships between butterfly and plant abundance and diversity along Sonoran Desert streams; this can inform conservation decisions. Managing for hosted (resident) butterflies will necessarily entail managing for the presence of surface water, nectar forage, varying levels of canopy cover, and plant, nectar plant, and host plant diversity since the relationships between hosted butterfly species richness and/or abundance and all of these variables were significant, both statistically and ecologically.Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Plant Biology 2015
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Kearley, Ruth Elizabeth. "A comparison of leafhopper, butterfly, and skipper species richness on prairie restorations and remnants in south central Wisconsin." 2007. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/152644233.html.
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Broehm, Jason E. "Conserving endangered species on non-federal land a critical analysis of the Karner blue butterfly habitat conservation planning in Wisconsin /." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/42004874.html.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-106).
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Chang, Kuan-Chung, and 張冠中. "Butterfly larvae recognition and App development based on texture features - A case study of common species for Yangming Mountain in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4254g5.
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碩士國立高雄科技大學
電腦與通訊工程系
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This paper, based on pattern recognition, develops and implements a butterfly larvae identification system for common species in Yangming Mountain, Taiwan. In light of that texture features of butterfly larvae are special to individual species and only a limited number of training images can be collected, this paper tends to design the recognition algorithm using traditional machine learning methods with texture feature adopted. Thanks to the repeated texture feature in the same image, a segmentation pre-processing is proposed to obtain multiple sub-images for increasing training samples. The classification accuracy is further improved by a ballot box scheme for all sub-images of a test image. Among the others, the Histogram of Gradients (HOG) is selected as the texture feature and the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is chosen as the classifier. For those species having either similar or unobvious texture, using only texture feature might cause classification error. In order to improve the recognition accuracy, this paper further proposes a modified algorithm supplemented by color features. Among them, the statistics of hue and saturation are selected as color features and the K-Nearest Neighbors method (KNN) is chosen as the classifier. As regards the implementation, the proposed system is implemented on a smart phone by developing an application (App) of the Android operating system. An interactive user interface is provided to guide the user to shoot with the built-in rear camera and assist in cutting out the foreground part as the image to be recognized. Some experiments are performed to show that the proposed butterfly larvae identification system can yield good recognition results.
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KOLLROSS, Jan. "Transektový monitoring motýlů České republiky: Výsledky z prvních sedmi let." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371743.
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The thesis presents data from butterfly transects monitoring, carried out for 7 years on 36 transects established both within nature reserves and unprotected landscapes throughout the Czech Republic and walked three times a month between April and September. Only seven transects were monitored for the whole monitoring period. There were 192 771 individual butterfly records on 127 species of butterflies and burnet moths, i.e. 76.5% of the Czech fauna of the targeted groups). Data on their abundances are for the first time available for the Czech Republic. The distribution of individual species abundances approximated a lognormal model. The abundant species were generalists of non-wooded habitats, which prosper in the intensively managed landscapes of the Czech Republic. Trends of abundance, determined by the TRIM program, were estimable for 92 species. Over the monitored period, the relative abundance of nine species significantly decreased, while those of of seven species significantly increases. The remaining 76 did not display unequivocal trends, but still, 17 are likely increasing and 29 likely decreasing. Comparing the trends with the life history and bioclimatic traits of the butterflies showed that species whose abundance did not change possess traits typical for generalist butterflies (mobile species, overwintering in later life stages, longer flight period etc.), while decreases were more common among thermophilic species. Splitting the analyses for data originating from reserve vs. unprotected areas suggested that mesophilic species and species of more advanced successional stages prosper outside of reserves, whereas thermophilic species tend to decline there, and that an opposite pattern applies to reserves. I discuss recommendations for future of the monitoring Czech butterfly monitoring scheme.