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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Butterfly and aphid ecology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Matthews, Jeffrey N. A. "Aggregation and mutualism in insect herbivores." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317724.

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2

Westgarth-Smith, Angus Roy. "The North Atlantic Oscillation, climate change and the ecology of British insects." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6594.

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Evidence is accumulating that climate change is having a significant effect on a wide range of organisms spanning the full range of biodiversity found on this planet. This study investigates the ecological role of climate change, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and habitat change on British insect populations. Despite the NAO having a considerable effect on British weather, the role of the NAO on British insects has not previously been studied in great detail. The World's two best entomological time series datasets were used – the United Kingdom Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS) and the Rothamsted Insect Survey of aphids – both surveys with very large sample sizes and high quality data. Summary of main findings: 1. Warm weather associated with a positive NAO index caused the spring migration of the green spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum), a pest species of spruce trees (Picea) to start earlier, continue for longer and contain more aphids. An upward trend in the NAO index during the period 1966-2006 is associated with an increasing population size of E. abietinum. 2. The NAO does not affect the overall UK butterfly population size. However, the abundance of bivoltine butterfly species, which have a longer flight season, were more likely to respond positively to the NAO compared to univoltine species, which show little or a negative response. 3. A positive winter NAO index was associated with warmer weather and earlier butterfly flight dates. For bivoltine (two generations in a year) species, the NAO affects the phenology of the first generation, and then the timing of the second generation is indirectly controlled by the timing of the first generation. The NAO influences the timing of the butterfly flight seasons more strongly than it influences population size. 4. Butterfly data from Monks Wood National Nature Reserve in Cambridgeshire showed that the NAO does not affect the abundance of the whole butterfly community, but it does affect the population size of some species. The NAO does not affect butterfly diversity, but there were decreases in butterfly diversity and number of species with time. 5. The total number of butterflies counted at Monks Wood was constant for most of the time series. However, the population size of the ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus) increased from very low numbers to more than half the total number of butterflies counted each year. Therefore the total population size of all the other species has decreased considerably. 6. The NAO was more important than climate change in determining the flight phenology of the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina) at Monks Wood. In conclusion, the NAO affects the abundance of some species of British butterfly, and an aphid species, with a stronger effect on the timing of flight rather than abundance. There was evidence for a long-term decrease in the biodiversity of butterflies at Monks Wood and this decrease is likely to continue.
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3

Veen, Franciscus Johannes Frank van. "Aphid hyperparasitoids : taxonomy, ecology and evolution." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313144.

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4

Gwynn, David Mark. "The evolutionary ecology of an aphid parasitoid system." Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494447.

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This thesis focuses on a question central to the field of evolutionary ecology; how variation is maintained within populations. Focusing on a model system based around the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) I reveal substantial levels of genetic variation in every fitness related trait examined. Theory suggests that such variation may commonly be maintained by life-history trade-offs operating between different traits, but experimental examples of these traits are exceedingly rare within the literature. Populations of the pea aphid show high levels of variation in the ability to successfully defend against natural enemy attack, and to date this reason for this prolonged variation has remained unexplained.
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5

Oliver, Thomas Henry. "The ecology and evolution of ant-aphid interactions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/4412.

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The evolution of species interactions is a fascinating subject, and one of vital importance if we are to understand how biological communities change over time. This thesis considers the interaction between aphids (Homoptera) and ants (Formicidae). Ants tend aphids for sugary honeydew and in return provide a variety of protective services. A literature review in Chapter 1 introduces the subject and provides background information. Chapter 2 considers ant- aphid interactions in a community setting. Specifically, I consider the fitness effects of the ant- aphid interaction on host plants. Net benefits or costs to plants depend on the densities of ants and aphids; these densities may themselves change depending on context dependent factors. Chapters 3 and 4 consider how semiochemicals can allow species to respectively maintain or avoid synchrony in space and time with mutualists or antagonists. Chapter 3 shows ladybirds avoid prey patches guarded by ants by reducing oviposition in response to ant semiochemicals. Chapter 4 shows that aphid walking dispersal can be limited by ant semiochemicals. This may be adaptive for aphids to remain in areas of enemy- free space. Alternatively, if levels of kin competition are high limited dispersal could be costly to aphids. In Chapter 5 I consider interactions between invasive and native ants. Ecological dominance in ants may be mediated by the ability to monopolise honeydew- producing resources. Chapter 6 explores ants’ decisions whether to tend or prey upon aphids. Predation of aphids depends on colony demand (e.g. through cues from the presence of larvae) as well as the quality or quantity of supply (e.g. increased predation of unproductive aphids). Finally, Chapter 7 deals with macroevolutionary patterns in the interaction between ants and aphids. Specifically, I identify ecological traits that characterise aphid- tending ants. A final discussion chapter summarises how ant-aphid interactions fit into existing mutualism theory.
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6

Entwistle, J. C. "Forecasting cereal aphid outbreaks in England." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377693.

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7

Melling, T. M. "The ecology and population structure of a butterfly cline." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377453.

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8

Mondor, Edward Brian. "The ecology and evolution of aphid alarm signaling behaviour." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61665.pdf.

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9

Knaebe, Silvio. "The ecology of the subspecies of the pea aphid." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302205.

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The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) was one of the first aphid species for which different biotypes were described. Subsequently, the differences between biotypes were found to be consistent in time and space and several of them were given subspecies status. The differences between the subspecies is mainly ecological, their use of certain plants (the so-called marker hosts). There are hardly any differences in the morphology of the subspecies with the exception of that from Restharrow (Ononis spec. ). The performance and survival of aphids on several host plants were used to determine the degree of separation between the pea aphid subspecies and their marker hosts. To confirm the genetic basis of the host plant relations of the subspecies they were crossed. Few of the crosses showed hybrid dysfunction. The performance and survival of the hybrid clones confirmed that host plant relationships were genetically determined. There was also indication of a trade off. However, there was no indication that "Hopkin's host selection principle" played a big role in the utilisation of non-preferred host plants, with possible exception of clover. The different taxa differ significantly in body sizes. Clones from crop plants were generally bigger than those from wild plants. The genetic component of the size difference accounted for nearly 50 percent of the variances in size in wild clones. By comparing the performance of reciprocal crosses between subspecies on the marker hosts of the parents, no evidence was found that the specialised symbionts are specialised for particular marker hosts. This indicates that the aphid's genotype is the main determinant of host plant usage in the pea aphids. Furthermore, these aphids prefer their respective marker hosts. The connection between preferencea ndp erformancew as partly broken by hybridising the subspecies. The only subspecies that produces winged males and therefore has the ability to colonise other host plants, and thus the opportunity to mate with females of other subspecies, preferred sexual females of its own subspecies. The separation of the subspecies is further enhanced by the behaviour of egg laying females, which preferred to oviposit on their marker hosts. Hatching time of the eggs was also associated with the ecology of their marker host plants and probably the life history of the aphid, i.e. the subspecies that host alternates hatched first. The ecological separation between the subspecies was not confirmed by a molecular analysis, which even failed to separate the morphologically distinct subspecies from Ononis from the others taxa. The pea aphid complex is a good example of sympatric taxa, which is isolated from one another by their preference for particular marker hosts. That is, host plant is the main pre-zygotic separation mechanism, which is likely to lead the development of post-zygotic separation mechanism and eventually to fully independent species.
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10

Wade, Frances Antoniette. "Population dynamics of the sycamore aphid (Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank)." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11947.

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11

Newton, C. "Overwintering strategies of the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376062.

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12

Tosh, Colin Robert. "Host plant specialisation in the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298436.

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13

Souter, Robert. "The ecology and conservation of the Ringlet butterfly (Aphantopus hyperantus)." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340040.

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14

Bonner, Tony Jo. "Ecology and physiology of the aphid pathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/324346.

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Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiere and Hennebert (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) is an obligate pathogen of invertebrates, especially aphids, and has therefore been studied as a possible biological control agent for a number of years. However, a number of important physiological and ecological questions regarding optimal conditions for conidial production and transmission 0 f the fungus through an aphid population had to be answered. This thesis investigated some of these aspects. Solid and liquid media were used to culture the fungus, and E. neoaphidis was cultured on a fully defined medium for the first time. A sporulation monitor and digital image analysis was used to quantify conidial production from E. neoaphidis biomass produced in vivo and in vitro. This was a completely novel method and is useful for gathering data on large numbers of conidia, 50 that size distributions can be constructed and the physiological status of the conidia inferred from this. E. neoaphidis infected aphid cadavers produced more, smaller conidia when grown in vitro. Biomass harvested from exponential growth phase in fed batch culture produced significantly more conidia than biomass harvested from any other growth phase although further work on the nutritional requirements of E. neoaphidis in vitro is required. The duration of the conidial discharge was also greatest from biomass harvested at the exponential phase and therefore. biomass harvested from the exponential phase should be used if the fungus is to be applied as a control agent. E. neoaphidis biomass kept at low humidity during simulated winter conditions produced infective conidia after 24 weeks, indicating that mycosed cadavers may act as a reservoir to infect the next season's hosts. Pesticides adversely affected the growth and production of conidia by E. neoaphidis, with herbicides having the least deleterious effects, and therefore being most compatible in an integrated pest management program. Laboratory and field studies were used to assess the transmission of E. neoaphidis through aphid populations. Position of the inoculum on the host plant affected the primary transmission of the fungus through aphid populations in the laboratory and in the field, and secondary transmission of the fungus in the laboratory. It is therefore important to apply the fungus to where it will maximally spread. There was some evidence for effects of host and inoculum density on the transmission of the fungus, especially in the laboratory, indicating that, in practice, the fungus is unlikely to spread rapidly through low densities of aphids and therefore to achieve control of such populations, a high inoculum density may be required. There was also very Iittle transmission of the fungus via aphid vectors to susceptible aphid populations on different host, although as a general observation, vectoring of conidia by the wind may be very important. The smaller conidia produced by in vivo biomass may be vectored more easily by wind than the large conidia produced in vitro.
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15

Amador, Rocha Elise. "Insect urban ecology : aphid interactions with natural enemies and mutualists." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/73311/.

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Cities are novel and fast changing environments. We have little understanding of how urbanisation affects ecological patterns and processes. In Chapter One I review the literature (with an emphasis on arthropods) concerning the general effects of urbanisation on biodiversity, how urban greenspaces are structured, the main characteristics of urban ecological populations and communities, and how trophic dynamics and species interactions are affected by urban environments. The experimental chapters of this thesis focuses on addressing gaps in knowledge concerning how species interactions respond to increasing levels of urbanisation, by using aphids and their natural enemies and ant mutualists as a model system. In Chapter Two I explore the local and fine scale environmental drivers of naturally occurring assemblages of aphids, and their coccinelid and syrphid predators, in urban gardens. Ladybirds are the only group affected by increased urbanisation, while aphids and hoverflies vary as a function of host plant abundance and garden plant richness, which in themselves are indirect consequences of urbanisation. In Chapter Three, I investigate the main biotic and abiotic factors that affect the recruitment of naturally occurring predators, parasitoids and mutualists in experimental colonies placed on an urbanisation gradient. In Chapter Four, I build on this to consider how two aphid species, each differentially attended by mutualists, are influenced by urbanisation. In both chapters I found a higher sensitivity of predators to increased urbanisation, while ants appear to particularly benefit from the creation of these novel habitats. In Chapter Five I explore if there is a differential response of predator functional groups to urban green spaces, and I confirm my hypothesis that specialist predators respond more strongly to increased abundance and size of green space in urban areas. In Chapter Six I investigate which features of urban habitats have a greater influence in the outcome of interspecific competition, and my results suggest that an increased abundance of ants in urban habitats may act in concert with abiotic features of urbanisation to affect the dynamics of competition synergistically. In the seventh and final chapter, I discuss the main findings, contributions and future directions in the field of urban ecology.
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16

Shreeve, T. G. "The population biology of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria (L.) (Lepidoptera : Satyridae)." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353595.

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17

Thacker, Jonathan I. "The role of density dependence and weather in determining aphid abundance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387849.

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18

Ravenscroft, Neil Owen Maxwell. "The ecology and conservation of the chequered skipper butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas)." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU043366.

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This study investigated the ecology of the chequered skipper butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas) and was designed to reveal aspects particularly relevant to its conservation. C.palaemon is a rare species confined to a small area on the west coast of Scotland and was once common in central England. It was one of only four butterflies given full legal protection in the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981 and thus has a high conservation priority. The study was funded by the nature Conservancy Council. C.palaemon occurs at specific sites throughout its range but, in contrast with other butterflies that occupy precise habitats, does not exhibit colonial characteristics i.e. it exists at low density and has an open population structure with a high degree of dispersal of adults from the flight area. This may be attributable to the abundant semi-natural resources in the region, posing few barriers to movement. It is a butterfly of woodland edge and scrub habitats but adults make use of other areas, such as wet meadows. Features important to adults are shelter, abundant nectar sources for females and areas that provide favourable conditions for mate location by males. Larvae also occur at low density but in different situations to adults. Although some are found within the obvious flight areas, many more probably occur elsewhere, indicating the large area of habitat C.palaemon requires. They have a long development period, in excess of four months, and the availability of the foodplant, Molinia caerulea Moench, in good condition at the end of the year is critical to survival. M.caerulea is common and widespread in Scotland but the majority of this becomes unsuitable for feeding before larvae have completed development. Only where it grows in areas with a favourable water supply and soil relations, usually with soil-enriching plants, that enhance the quality of M.caerulea and prolong its season, can larvae survive. Hence, it is proposed that the length of season available to larvae is important and success may also be determined by the timing of the adult flight period, which is already early in the year.
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19

Smee, Melanie Rose. "Population ecology and genetics of the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3223.

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The past two decades have witnessed an unprecedented decline in Lepidopteran species, with more than a third of the UK’s butterflies now either considered threatened, or already lost from the country. The vulnerable marsh fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia, after a long term loss in the UK of 73% in abundance, has become an almost iconic species as the target of many well-funded conservation projects across the UK. Despite extensive ecological studies, populations of E. aurinia are shown in Chapter 2 to still be declining in south-west UK even after recommended management strategies have been implemented. This necessitates the need for prompt research beyond that of management requirements and butterfly habitat preferences. In Chapter 3, microsatellite markers (EST-SSRs) were developed for E. aurinia and using these markers in Chapter 4, it is shown that E. aurinia populations in southern UK and Catalonia, Spain, are severely genetically differentiated at all geographical scales, and genetically depauperate, causing huge concerns for the conservation of this enigmatic and ecologically important species. Dispersal is fundamental to metapopulation existence and survival. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI – an enzyme in the glycolysis pathway) is a well-endorsed candidate gene for dispersal, extensively studied in the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia) and Orange Sulphur (Colias eurytheme). In Chapter 5, an analysis across 27 sites in the UK discovered six non-synonymous SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) within PGI. A single charge-changing SNP of interest showed no evidence of balancing selection, contrary to findings in M. cinxia, instead appearing to be neutral when analysed alongside microsatellite markers developed in Chapter 3. No link was found between genotype and flight, morphology or population trend. These findings challenge the emerging perspective that PGI could be used as an adaptive molecular marker for arthropods. Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria capable of dramatically altering the reproductive system of their host. In Chapter 6, a PCR-based diagnostic in conjunction with MLST (multi-locus sequence typing) identified 100% prevalence of a single strain of Wolbachia across all sampled E. aurinia populations in the UK. Total prevalence suggests that Wolbachia probably has little phenotypic impact on its host, but the potential impacts of this endosymbiont on uninfected populations should be considered during any management plans for the conservation of E. aurinia. Current management plans will need to incorporate all areas of research, from basic ecological requirements to molecular adaptation and unseen manipulators of host biology, to be able to fully and effectively conserve declining fragmented species.
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20

Harker, Rebecca Jane. "The conservation ecology of the wall brown butterfly Lasiommata megera (L.)." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520925.

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21

Webb, Mark Robert. "Ecology and conservation of the large copper butterfly, Lycaena dispar batavus." Thesis, Keele University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243951.

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22

James, Mike. "Ecology and conservation of the Sinai Baton Blue butterfly, Pseudophilotes sinaicus." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404053.

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23

Ide, Junya. "Behavioural ecology and habitat utilization of the satyrine butterfly Lethe diana." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/150030.

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24

Armour, Hazel Louise. "Response of green spruce aphid populations to variation in host plant genotype." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390113.

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25

Collins, Catherine Matilda. "Aspects of the ecology of two stem feeding willow aphid species." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249673.

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26

Edwards, T. L. "The ecology of the spruce shoot aphid Cinara pilicornis (Homoptera-Aphididae)." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378742.

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27

Dewhirst, Sarah Yvonne. "Aspects of aphid chemical ecology : sex pheromones and induced plant defences." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11485.

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28

Turner, Andrea J. "A species-centred approach to identify locations for the restoration of chalk grassland." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302447.

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Azerefegne, Ferdu. "The sweet potato butterfly Acraea acerata in Ethiopia : ecology and economic importance /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5701-7.pdf.

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30

Tozer, D. J. "The population ecology of the large pine aphid, Cinara pinea, on the Scots Pine, Pinus sylvestris." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376426.

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31

Brereton, Thomas Mark. "Ecology and conservation of the butterfly Pyrgus malvae (grizzled skipper) in south-east England." Thesis, University of East London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244988.

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32

Bryan, K. M. "The responses of carabid and staphylinid beetles to patches of their cereal aphid prey." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481551.

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33

Wu, Gi-Mick. "On handling costs and host choice in aphid-parasitoids: from individual behaviour to evolutionary patterns." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103627.

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Foraging animals incur handling costs when capturing, subduing, or killing their resources. Handling costs are hypothesized to influence the dietary choices of animals and influence the structure of ecological communities. It is not clear, however, whether trophic interactions found in communities correspond to individual decisions. This thesis investigated the determinants of handling costs and their consequences for host choice by aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) at the level of individuals and communities. Laboratory experiments using the parasitoid Aphidius colemani showed that the cost of handling a host aphid (Myzus persicae) is inversely related to the parasitoid:host body size ratio. Further experiments showed that developmental temperature influences the handling time of parasitoids by affecting parasitoid body size. The defences of aphids are expected to impose a handling cost to parasitoids. The cornicle secretions of the aphid Sitobion avenae, however, did not increase the handling time of the parasitoid A. rhopalosiphi in laboratory experiments. This is likely because cornicle secretions have an altruistic function rather than self-preservation. Hence, consumer:resource body size ratio seems the principal determinant of handling time in aphid- parasitoid interactions. When given a choice, female parasitoids preferred hosts that maximized their foraging rate (value/handling time) as predicted by optimal foraging. At the level of communities, the relationship between handling time and body size ratio is expected to result in a positive association between the body size of optimally foraging consumers and of their resources. Comparative studies of aphid-parasitoid revealed no relationship between handling time and body size ratio, but showed a clear positive correlation between consumer and resource body sizes. Further phylogenetic analyses revealed that the correlation between aphid and parasitoid body sizes can be attributed entirely to their evolutionary history (phylogeny). This thesis showed that body sizes of aphids and parasitoids influence handling costs and host choices, but that this result does not scale up to ecological communities. Rather, the host choice of parasitoids for different species of aphids is explained by phylogeny. I discuss the potential implication of these results for scaling behaviour and for applied ecology.
L'exploitation des ressources impose un coût de manipulation pour capturer, poursuivre, ou tuer une ressource. Les coûts de manipulation devraient influencer les choix des animaux et conséquemment, la structure des communautés. Le comportement d'exploitation au niveau individuel pourrait ne pas être valide pour les communautés où plusieurs espèces interagissent. L'objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les facteurs influençant le coût de manipulation chez les parasitoïdes de puceron (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae) et les conséquences pour le choix d'hôte au niveau individuel et des communautés. Des expériences en laboratoire sur le parasitoïde Aphidius colemani ont démontré que le coût de manipulation d'un hôte (Myzus persicae), diminue lorsque le ratio de taille parasitoïde:puceron augmente. De plus, la température de développement des parasitoïdes influence leur temps de manipulation en modifiant leur taille corporelle. Les défenses des hôtes devraient influencer le temps de manipulation des parasitoïdes, mais des expériences en laboratoire ont démontré que l'utilisation de sécrétions corniculaires par le puceron Sitobion avenae n'affecte pas le temps de manipulation du parasitoïde Aphidius rhopalosiphi. Ce résultat serait lié à la fonction altruiste des sécrétions corniculaires. Il semblerait donc que le ratio de taille consommateur:ressource soit le principal facteur influençant le coût de manipulation des parasitoïdes de puceron. Au niveau des communautés, cette relation devrait donner lieu à une corrélation positive entre la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes. Des analyses comparatives ont démontré que le coût de manipulation n'est pas lié au ratio de taille consommateur:ressource à l'échelle de la communauté, mais que la taille corporelle des parasitoïdes et de leurs hôtes sont néanmoins positivement corrélées. Par contre, cette corrélation peut être attribuée complètement au passée évolutif (phylogénie) des animaux plutôt qu'à leur choix d'hôte. Cette thèse a démontré que la taille corporelle des pucerons et des parasitoïdes influence le coût de manipulation et le choix des hôtes des parasitoïdes, mais que ce résultat ne s'applique pas à l'échelle des communautés. Le choix d'hôte lorsque différentes espèces de puceron sont présentes serait plutôt expliqué par la phylogénie. Je discute des conséquences de ces résultats pour l'étude du comportement à plusieurs échelles.
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34

Davis, Samantha Lynn. "Evaluating threats to the rare butterfly, Pieris virginiensis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1431882480.

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35

Pareja, Martín. "Tritrophic interactions and chemical ecology of a non-crop plant-aphid-parasitoid system." Thesis, University of Reading, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433457.

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36

Martínez, von Ellrichshausen Andrés Santiago. "Chemical ecology and olfactory behaviour of an aphid parasitoid and a lacewing predator." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/1308.

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Female parasitoid (Aphidius colemani) olfactory preference was consistently biased in olfactometer experiments towards the Brassica cultivar on which it was reared when offered other Brassica cultivars as alternatives using either whole plants or detached leaves. Using gas chromatography, differences could be detected in the volatile composition of whole plants and detached leaves of five Brassica cultivars and the volatiles responsible for the fine distinctions the wasps are capable of making between plant cultivars are suggested. By subjecting female wasps to olfactory conditioning protocols, studies were carried out to understand the learning process for individual green leaf volatiles (6-carbon molecules), known to elicit behavioural responses in many insect species. Wasps were exposed to primary alcohols with differing carbon chain lengths in conjunction with aphids in an attempt to condition the wasps to the alcohols. When tested for learning, wasps changed their responses towards alcohols with molecules consisting of between 5 and 6 carbon atoms. The effect of cold temperature on olfactory preference was also investigated. After treating females at 0 °C for 0.5 h or longer, preference for the odour of the Brassica cultivar on which they were reared was lost for one hour after the cold treatment had finished, after which, the preference returned. However, when Brassica or unencountered plant odours were presented with clean air as the alternative choice, females could discern plant odour even immediately after the cold treatment. This suggests that the olfactory and locomotive systems were not altered by cold, whereas responses arising from learning-produced memories appear to have been inhibited temporarily and revealing underlying innate responses. The results indicate that temperature treatments could offer the possibility of dissecting innate and learnt behaviours in these parasitic wasps. The importance of controlling humidity arising from odour choices in olfactometers is also observed. In addition to assessing the parasitoid’s behaviour, various aspects of the role that neomatatabiol, a chemical compound closely related to aphid sex pheromone was investigated in relation to its role in the chemical ecology of the green lacewing Peyerimhoffina gracilis.
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37

Carrillo, J. R. "Ecology of and aphid predation by the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. in grassland and barley." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371145.

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38

Liu, Huidong. "Environmental change in former and present Karner Blue butterfly habitats." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1210181611.

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39

Al, Dhaheri Shaikha S. O. "The ecology and conservation of the Pearl bordered Fritillary Butterfly (Boloria euphrosyne) in Scotland." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted: no access until Nov. 20, 2013, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=58979.

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40

Moore, John Lawrence. "The ecology and re-introduction of the chequered skipper butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon in England." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403442.

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41

De, La Mater David. "Range-Wide Variation in Common Milkweed Traits and its Effect on Larvae of the Monarch Butterfly." W&M ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550153884.

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Plants play an important role in structuring ecological communities from the bottom up through interactions with herbivores, and environmental variation can affect these interactions. We use the interaction between common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) and the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to examine 1) the role of environmental variation in dictating plants traits, and 2) how those variations affect herbivores. We quantified intraspecific trait variation in 53 natural common milkweed populations, then remeasured these traits when population representatives were regrown in a common garden to control for environmental variation. We then measured growth, performance, and survival of monarch larvae feeding on these same plants. Our findings indicate distinct spatial patterns in traits throughout the range of A. syriaca, but these patterns dissipate when genets are regrown in a common environment. When monarch larvae are raised on these milkweeds, those fed on plants from the Northeast gain more weight than those fed on plants from the Northcentral and Southcentral regions. These results can better inform monarch conservation efforts; current conservation efforts have been focused on milkweed restoration in the Midwest, but an increased focus on milkweed restoration in the Northeast may be beneficial. Furthermore, we demonstrated plasticity in specific plant traits in response to environmental change, which could have theoretical implications in light of current and projected changes in climate.
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White, Peter J. T. "Spatial and temporal patterns and predictors of butterfly species richness in Canada throughout the 20th century." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27196.

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There is great interest in ecology to determine the drivers of species richness. For many taxa, and in natural circumstances, temperature is often found to be a good predictor of richness. The goal of this thesis was to determine, amongst several human-related and natural, environmental and ecological variables, the most important broad-scale predictors of butterfly species richness across Canada. Also, I presented a test of whether spatial relationships are adequate surrogates for the temporal relationship between richness and predictor variables. Using precisely georeferenced and dated butterfly records across Canada, I created butterfly species richness maps for two periods (1900-1930 and 1960-1990), and then related them to candidate predictors. Natural variables such as temperature, precipitation and soil type tended to explain most of the variance in species richness, while human-related variables such as habitat fragmentation, habitat heterogeneity and pesticide density added very little. A comparison of temporal and spatial relationships showed that temperature was a consistent predictor of richness through time and space, but that the impact of human activities on richness differed. My results are consistent with the species-energy hypothesis while showing that human-related variables are not having a large measurable effect on butterfly species richness patterns in Canada at broad scales. Also of critical importance in this thesis is the difference I found between the spatial and temporal relationships of richness vs. human activity level. I show that the assumption commonly made in macro-ecology that spatial variables are appropriate surrogates for temporal ones, is not always correct.
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43

Sutherland, Jamie Phillip. "Resource assessment and utilisation by aphidophagous syrphids, and its implications for integrated pest management." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389530.

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44

Weeks, Jennifer Ashley. "Context dependent outcomes in a butterfly-ant mutualism: The role of ant nutrition and signaling." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280223.

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Food-for-protection mutualisms, interactions between two species in which one species provides protection from aspects of the biotic environment in exchange for a nutritional reward, show an exceptional degree of context dependency. The occurrence, strength, and outcome of these interactions often depend on the ecological context in which they take place. However, the causes and consequences of such context-dependent variation remain poorly understood. The protection mutualism involving lycaenid butterflies and ants provides an opportunity to explore many aspects of the ecology and evolution of interspecific interactions including the importance and predictability of ecological factors that produce context-dependent investment or outcomes in interspecific interactions. Ant-tended lycaenid larvae produce carbohydrate-rich secretions that are collected by attendant ants. In exchange for this food reward, ants may confer developmental benefits and protect larvae from predators and parasitoids. Both participants in this mutualism are capable of responding to changing ecological conditions and, thus, can quickly alter their level of investment or decision to participate in the interaction. In Appendix A, I present the results of field work that illustrate that ant tending provides the lycaenid butterfly, Hemiargus isola, with effective protection from parasitoid attack and enhanced larval survival. Lycaenids on plants from which ants were excluded were almost twice as likely to be parasitized as were lycaenids feeding on plants to which ants had access. In Appendix B, I present the results of laboratory experiments that show that the tentacular organ signal employed by H. isola is a generalized signal, conveyed by either a simple, tactile stimulus or a secretion of low volatility, which evokes an alarm response in attendant ants. Furthermore, I provide evidence to suggest that the function of the tentacular organ signal is context dependent and mediates lycaenid investment in the mutualism. In Appendix C, we present the results of laboratory experiments that demonstrate that altering the ratio of carbohydrate and protein resources available to ants influences their decision to participate in the mutualism with H. isola. Significantly more ants from colonies fed a low carbohydrate/high protein diet tended lycaenids relative to ants fed a high carbohydrate/low protein or high carbohydrate/high protein diet.
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Slater, Jennifer M. "Effects of the maternal rearing environment on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) trophic interactions." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238395.

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The maternal rearing environment (MRE) of an organism can be a key determinant of an organism's host choice decisions, its own fitness, or the fitness of its offspring. Here, it is investigated if the MRE of an organism can influence lower or higher trophic levels. A series of reciprocal cross-over experiments was conducted using pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), bean (Vicia faba) or pea (Pisum sativum) plants, and an aphid natural enemy, the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi, as model organisms. In each experiment, pea aphid offspring experienced either the same or an alternative plant host to that experienced by their mothers. This PhD showed that the MRE of pea aphids and parasitoid wasps was not a main contributory factor of host choice decisions or offspring fitness but influenced mother parasitoid wasp fecundity. Additionally, the MRE of pea aphids influenced the foliar nutrient concentration of pea plants when infested with the aphid's offspring. First, over shorter infestation periods, variation in foliar nitrogen and essential amino acid concentrations of pea leaves could be explained by pea aphid MRE. Over longer infestation periods, variation in foliar nitrogen and essential amino acid concentrations of pea leaves was explained by a combination of pea aphid MRE and aphid genotype. Second, the 13C concentration of pea leaf tissue, an indicator of stomatal aperture and leaf water stress, varied with pea aphid MREs over longer infestation periods. However, stomatal conductance and the expression of abscisic acid-responsive genes did not vary in a manner that was consistent with leaf water stress. Additional components of an organism's maternal rearing conditions are considered, including symbioses, as a more realistic MRE compared with that observed in nature. Taking account of MREs could provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the fitness of many organisms interacting in natural and managed ecosystems.
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46

Maier, Celia. "The behaviour and wing morphology of the meadow brown butterfly (Maniola jurtina L.) in Britain : the influence of weather and location." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1998. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/5aa9edb0-b9dc-4819-bf36-72f5d3ba1f52/1/.

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Understanding the influence of climate and weather on butterfly abundance and distribution, as well as the morphological, physiological and life-history traits associated with populations living in different geographic and climatic areas, is critical to the consideration of how they respond to environmental change. Using Maniola jurtina as a model species, research was conducted to determine the effect of meteorological variables on the behaviour of this species in south central England and north west Scotland, and to determine whether variation in wing morphology is adaptive in terms of thermoregulatory efficiency. Temperature, solar radiation and wind speed were recorded simultaneously with timed behavioural observations, which were made on transect walks and whilst following individual butterflies. Thoracic temperatures were recorded in the field, and wing size and darkness determined using digital image analysis. Warm-up rates of butterflies of known wing morphology were determined under laboratory conditions. In the north, conditions are cooler, cloudier and windier; habitat is more restricted and butterflies were found to be at lower density than in the south. Temperature and solar radiation intensity influenced duration of flight, feeding and basking (butterflies in both regions used both dorsal and lateral basking postures), with the largest effects being shown for the southern popUlation. Males from both regions flew for significantly longer than females and northern males flew for significantly longer than those from the south. Northern butterflies are larger and darker than those from the south, but there is no significant difference in thoracic temperatures between the regions. Smaller, darker butterflies were active at lower air temperature and solar radiation intensity than larger, paler individuals. Although northern butterflies show morphological and behavioural adaptations to marginal weather conditions and low population density, a model of egg production estimates that fecundity of northern females is reduced by 16% compared to those in the south.
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47

Hopkins, D. P. "The chemical ecology of host plant associated speciation in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Homoptera: Aphididae)." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11933/.

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Previous work on pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) host-plant associated races has attributed their divergence to genes involved in chemosensory functions and metabolism of chemicals. In this study the host plant metabolic processes that drive A. pisum host plant race formation were investigated. First, profiles of aphid acceptance of plants were developed using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. The acceptance of four A. pisum clones from two host races, associated with Medicago sativa or Trifolium pratense, was profiled across nine Medicago and ten Trifolium plant species. Acceptance profiles correlated strongly with aphid performance on plants. Aphid acceptance profiles were then compared with untargeted metabolomic profiles of plants, using random forest regression. Analysis revealed a small number of compounds that explained a large proportion of the variation in the A. pisum races differential acceptance of plant species. Two of these compounds were identified using tandem mass spectroscopy as L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine, suggesting a possible link to the expression of a specific plant metabolic pathway. M. sativa and T. pratense plants were then pre-exposed to two divergent A. pisum clones. Aphid responses to pre-exposed and control plants were then profiled using EPG. The results suggested that M. sativa and T. pratense plants differ in their fixed (constitutive) and dynamic (induced or suppressed) responses to aphid attack. Exposing M. sativa plants to A. pisum clones appeared to also cause a change in the concentration of L-tyrosine, further suggesting a role of plant metabolic pathways in A. pisum divergent acceptance behaviour. The same two aphid clones were tested to see if they responded positively or negatively to diets containing varied concentrations of L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine, but no conclusive evidence of aphid repulsion or attraction was found. This project identified that elements of plant chemical ecology could underlie divergent selection among A. pisum host races.
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Qayyum, Abdul. "Comparative behavioural studies on two closely related aphid parasitoids, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) and Aphidius colemani (Viereck) sharing the same host species, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302322.

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49

Mason, Sam. "Within-Flight-Period Dynamics Driven By Phenology And Transect Quality, Not Patch Size Or Isolation, In A Specialist Butterfly, Panoquina Panoquin." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593091614.

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As sea levels rise, coastal salt marshes, and the organisms for which they provision, face existential threats. A first step in understanding how projected marsh loss and reconfiguration may impact obligate species is to define their contemporary distribution and temporal shifts in structure using dynamic occupancy models. While occupancy models have commonly been applied to multi-annual butterfly studies, few have investigated population dynamics within a single-season. Here, we used Bayesian dynamic use models to define within-flight-period trends in adult salt-marsh skipper (Panoquina panoquin) use and state change probability. In doing so, we developed and validated a fully-Bayesian test for closure, and documented the ecology, behavior and detectability of this previously unstudied marsh-specialist butterfly. We found evidence that transects in our study system were open to changes in state across the field season, and, consequently, that transect use probability varied considerably by month from 0.35 to 0.84. Latent salt-marsh skipper phenology and transect quality were better predictors of within-flight-period dynamics than marsh area or isolation. This research highlights how variable population dynamics can be within a period of time commonly assumed to be static.
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Gange, Alan Christopher. "The ecology of the alder aphid "Pterocallis alni" (Degeer) and its role in integrated orchard pest management." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1985. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-ecology-of-the-alder-aphid-pterocallis-alni-degeer-and-its-role-in-integrated-orchard-pest-management(20ddfb21-20f5-48d9-8e0e-db9d338a182b).html.

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The black-kneed capsid bug, Blepharidopterus angulatus(Fallen) is an important colonizer of orchards in late summer. Capsids develop on alder windbreaks feeding on the aphid Pterocallis alni(Degeer). When the aphid population declines adult bugs move to nearby orchards where they feed on pest species. The biology and ecology of P. alni has been examined in order that predator populations may be manipulated. Aphid populations increase rapidly to a peak, then suddenly decline. A high initial population results in a peak in mid July, low initial numbers result in a peak in early August. Pruning of the windbreaks can alter the population cycles of the aphid. P. alni is polymorphic and crowding results in the production of winged individuals. The crowding stimulus acts pre and post natally. Flight is stimulated by crowding and emigrating alatae colonize other alder trees. Sexual forms of the aphid are produced as a response to a shortening of the daylength in autumn. In field conditions adult aphids produce a reproductive sequence of virginoparae, males and finally oviparae. Egg laying and distribution were examined and winter mortality monitored. Arthropod predators are the main cause of egg loss and greatest mortality occurs in early winter. The food quality of alder leaves for the aphids deteriorates in early summer. Poorer food, rising temperatures and increased crowding result in smaller aphids which are less fecund. Recruitment to the population falls and numbers collapse when emigration exceeds recruitment. The emigration of B. angulatus from alder is closely synchronized with the abundance of P. alni. The key mortality factor in bug populations is theloss of reproductive females. However, female capsids tend to remain on the windbreak unless their prey disappears completely. If this occurs, both sexes will migrate to the orchard. Capsid numbers and movements are indirectly affected by cultural practices of the alder resulting-in changes in aphid abundance
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