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Journal articles on the topic 'Butene'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Bachl, F., and H. D. Lüdemann. "Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Self-Diffusion in Liquid Linear Hydrocarbons." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 41, no. 7 (July 1, 1986): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1986-0711.

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The pressure and temperature dependence o f the self-diffusion coefficients D of n-butane, n-pentane, n-hexane, n-decane, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene and 2-butyne were determined in the liquid state by NM R-techniques at pressure up to 200 MPa and temperatures up to 450 K. The results are taken as tests for the various dynamical models and compared to results obtained by M D calculations. The activation parameters for translational transport and the parameters for the RHS-m odel are derived and discussed.

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2

BELELLI, PATRICIA G., and NORBERTO J. CASTELLANI. "A THEORETICAL STUDY OF UNSATURATED OLEFIN HYDROGENATION AND ISOMERIZATION ON Pd(111)." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 03 (June 2008): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08011329.

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The addition of hydrogen to the carbon–carbon double bond of 2-butenes adsorbed on Pd (111) was studied within the density functional theory (DFT) and using a periodic slab model. For that purpose, the Horiuti–Polanyi mechanisms for both complete hydrogenation and isomerization were considered. The hydrogenation of cis and trans-2-butene to produce butane proceeds via the formation of eclipsed and staggered-2-butyl intermediates, respectively. In both cases, a relatively high energy barrier to produce the half-hydrogenated intermediate makes the first hydrogen addition the slowest step of the reaction. The competitive production of trans-2-butene from cis-2-butene requires the conversion from the eclipsed-2-butyl to the staggered-2-butyl isomer. As the corresponding energy barrier is relatively small and because the first of these isomers is less stable than the second, an easy conversion is predicted.

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3

Shu, Miao, Chuang Shi, Jing Yu, Xiao Chen, Changhai Liang, and Rui Si. "Efficient selective hydrogenation of 2-butyne-1,4-diol to 2-butene-1,4-diol by silicon carbide supported platinum catalyst." Catalysis Science & Technology 10, no. 2 (2020): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy01877h.

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4

Manzanares I., Carlos, Victor M. Blunt, and Jingping Peng. "Spectroscopy of C-H stretching vibrations of gas-phase butenes: cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene." Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, no. 16 (April 1993): 3994–4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100118a013.

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5

Bethardy, G. A., Xiaouang Wang, and David S. Perry. "The role of molecular flexibility in accelerating intramolecular vibrational relaxation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-090.

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Evidence is presented to show that intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR) is faster in flexible molecules when the initially prepared vibration is close to the bond about which the large-amplitude motion occurs. In each of 1-pentyne, ethanol, and propargyl alcohol, IVR lifetimes are known for two different hydride stretches and in each molecule internal rotation connects gauche and trans conformers. In each case the vibration that is closer to the center of flexibility shows faster relaxation. This trend is supported by the available IVR lifetimes for other flexible molecules (hydrogen peroxide, 1-butene, n-butane, methyl formate, and propargyl amine) and for some "rigid" molecules (1-butyne, isobutane, propyne, trans-2-butene, and tert-butylacetylene). The lifetimes for the halogenated molecules, 2-fluoroethanol, 1,2-difluoroethane, trans-1-chloro-2-fluoroethane, and trifluoropropyne are all in the range expected for rigid molecules. An algorithm is presented for the consistent calculation of IVR lifetimes from discrete frequency-resolved spectra, which range from the sparse through intermediate coupling cases. Wherever possible, the reported lifetimes have been calculated (or recalculated) from the original line positions and intensities. The lifetimes may be compared directly to those deduced from homogeneously broadened spectral features with a Lorentzian contour.

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6

Rode, C. V., P. R. Tayade, J. M. Nadgeri, R. Jaganathan, and R. V. Chaudhari. "Continuous Hydrogenation of 2-Butyne-1,4-diol to 2-Butene- and Butane-1,4-diols." Organic Process Research & Development 10, no. 2 (March 2006): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op050216r.

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7

MANZANARES I., C., V. M. BLUNT, and J. PENG. "ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopy of C-H Stretching Vibrations of Gas-Phase Butenes: cis-2- Butene, trans-2-Butene, 2-Methyl-2-butene, and 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene." ChemInform 24, no. 32 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199332030.

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8

Krampera, František, and Ludvík Beránek. "Kinetics of individual reactions in reaction network 1-butanol-di-(1-butyl) ether-butenes-water on alumina." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 4 (1986): 774–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19860774.

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The complex system of six reactions occurring when 1-butanol is dehydrated on alumina at 260 °C was investigated. Initial kinetics of 1-butanol, di-(1-butyl) ether and 1-butene transformations were analyzed and best fitting rate equations for all reactions were selected. The inhibiting effects of water on initial rates was quantitatively expressed. Very low conversion data provided additional evidence for the validity of the parallel-consecutive reaction network of alcohol dehydration. In all the alkene-forming reactions, 1-butene was the primary product which was then isomerized into a mixture of cis- and trans-2-butenes.

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9

Sánchez-García, José-Luis, Brent E. Handy, Ilse N. Ávila-Hernández, Angel G. Rodríguez, Ricardo García-Alamilla, and Maria-Guadalupe Cardenas-Galindo. "Structure, Acidity, and Redox Aspects of VOx/ZrO2/SiO2 Catalysts for the n-Butane Oxidative Dehydrogenation." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050550.

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ZrOx/SiO2 and VOx/ZrOx/SiO2 catalysts (5 wt %–25 wt % Zr, 4 wt % V) were prepared by grafting zirconium and vanadium alkoxides on Aerosil 380. All samples were characterized by temperature programmed reduction, N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and ammonia adsorption microcalorimetry. Tetragonal ZrO2 and zircon (ZrSiO4) were present at 25 wt % Zr, but only amorphous zirconia overlayer existed for lower loadings. At lower Zr loadings (5 wt %–10 wt % Zr), exposed silica surface leads to V2O5 crystallites and isolated VO4 species, although V reducibility behavior changes, from being similar to VOx/SiO2 (5 wt % Zr) to showing VOx/ZrO2 behavior at 10 wt % Zr, and a diminished total amount of reducible V. Highly acidic ZrO2 sites are covered by the vanadium grafting, forming weaker sites (60–100 kJ/mol NH3 adsorption strength). Catalytic conversion and selectivity for the oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butane (673 K, n-C4/O2 = 2.2) over VOx/ZrOx/SiO2 show that 1,3-butadiene is favored over cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene, although there is some selectivity to the 2-butenes when VOx/ZrO2 behavior is evident. At low Zr loadings, butadiene formed during reaction acts as the diene species in a Diels–Alder reaction and gives rise to a cyclic compound that undergoes further dehydrogenation to produce benzaldehyde.

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10

Agaguseynova, Minira M., Gunel I. Amanullayeva, and Zehra E. Bayramova. "CATALYSTS OF OXIDATION REACTION OF BUTENE-1 TO METHYLETHYLKETONE." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 2 (January 29, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186102.5693.

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The available and simple metal complex systems of catalytic oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons were developed. It is shown that these systems catalyze the selective liquid-phase oxidation of butene-1 to methyl ethyl ketone by molecular oxygen at low temperature. The best results were revealed using Cu(I)Cl monovalent chloride. The catalyst for the production of methylethylketone is a binary system containing complexes of copper and palladium chloride at a molar ratio of 2:1. Hexamethylphosphoramide is used as the ligand and palladium chloride complex as an additional complex contains benzonitrile. A combined catalyst has been offered. It allows to carry out the oxidation reaction of butene to methyl ethyl ketone under mild conditions (low temperature, atmospheric pressure) with high selectivity and yield of the desired product. The proposed binary system is able to coordinate molecular oxygen and butene-1, and thus it becomes possible to conduct the oxidation reaction not directly between butene-1 and O2, and using a specific complex catalyst system allowing them to react with each other in an activated coordinated state. Absorption properties of catalysts synthesized on the bases of transition metals have been studied and activation of molecular oxygen and butane-1 has been determined. As a result of interaction of coordinated oxygen and butane-1 it is possible to carry out oxidation reaction to methylethylketone in mild condition. The specific feature of the offered binary catalyst is irreversible absorption of molecular oxygen. Mild conditions of the reaction proceeding decreases considerably amount of by-products and simplify obtaining and separation of the main product-methylethylketone. Due to the fact that the absorption of O2 is irreversible and it is possible to easily remove the excess amount of O2 after the formation of the oxygen complex. The developed method has the advantage from the point of view of safety.Forcitation:Agaguseynova M.M., Amanullayeva G.I., Bayramova Z.E. Catalysts of oxidation reaction of butene-1 to methylethylketone. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 2. P. 53-57

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11

Dyson, Paul J., David J. Ellis, and Thomas Welton. "A temperature-controlled reversible ionic liquid - water two phase - single phase protocol for hydrogenation catalysis." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 5-6 (May 1, 2001): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v01-084.

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An ionic liquid water system that undergoes a reversible two phase single phase transformation dependent upon temperature has been used as a novel medium for the transition-metal-catalyzed hydrogenation of a water soluble substrate. At room temperature, the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidizolium tetrafluoroborate, containing [Rh(η4-C7H8)(PPh3)2][BF4] catalyst, forms a separate layer to water containing 2-butyne-1,4-diol. In a stirred autoclave the mixture was pressurized with hydrogen to 60 atm (1 atm = 101.325 kPa) and heated to 80°C giving a homogeneous single phase solution. On cooling to room temperature, two phases reform, with the ionic liquid phase containing the catalyst and the aqueous phase containing a mixture of 2-butene-1,4-diol and butane-1,4-diol products that can be simply removed without catalyst contamination.Key words: ionic liquids, biphasic catalysis, hydrogenation, rhodium.

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12

Haimi, Piia, Petri Uusi-Kyyny, Juha-Pekka Pokki, Minna Pakkanen, and Kari I. Keskinen. "Vapour–liquid equilibrium for the ethyl ethanoate+1-butene, +cis-2-butene, +trans-2-butene, +2-methylpropene, +n-butane and +2-methylpropane." Fluid Phase Equilibria 230, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2004.10.023.

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13

Dell’Era, Claudia, Juha-Pekka Pokki, Petri Uusi-Kyyny, Minna Pakkanen, and Ville Alopaeus. "Vapour–liquid equilibrium for the systems diethyl sulphide+1-butene, +cis-2-butene, +2-methylpropane, +2-methylpropene, +n-butane, +trans-2-butene." Fluid Phase Equilibria 291, no. 2 (May 2010): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2010.01.006.

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14

Pasanen, Matti, Petri Uusi-Kyyny, Juha-Pekka Pokki, Minna Pakkanen, and Juhani Aittamaa. "Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium for 1-Propanol + 1-Butene, +cis-2-Butene, + 2-Methyl-propene, +trans-2-Butene, +n-Butane, and + 2-Methyl-propane." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 49, no. 6 (November 2004): 1628–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je049959i.

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15

Hemer, Ivan, Věra Moravcová, and Václav Dědek. "Reaction of 1,4-dibromohexafluoro-2-butene with O- and N-nucleophiles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 3 (1988): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19880619.

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Reaction of 1,4-dibromohexafluoro-2-butene (I) with sodium methoxide, ethoxide or isopropoxide in the corresponding alcohols proceeds with allylic rearrangement under formation of 3-alkoxy-4-bromohexafluoro-1-butenes II-IV. A kinetic study has proven the SN2’ mechanism for reaction of I with potassium phenoxide leading to 4-bromo-3-phenoxyhexafluoro-1-butene (V). Also the reaction of I with ammonia, affording 3-amino-4-bromo-2,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenenitrile (IX), is compatible with the allylic rearrangement by SN2’ mechanism. On the contrary, reaction of I with diethylamine gave no rearrangement product and, after hydrolysis, afforded N,N-diethyl-4-bromo-2,3,3,4,4-pentafluorobutanamide (XVI) and N,N-diethyl-4-bromo-2,3,4,4-tetrafluoro-2-butenamide (XVII) in the ratio 85:15.

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16

Seo, Hyun, Jong Kwon Lee, Ung Gi Hong, Gle Park, Yeonshick Yoo, Jinsuk Lee, Hosik Chang, and In Kyu Song. "Direct Dehydrogenation of n-Butane Over Pt/Sn/Zn/γ-Al2O3 Nano-Catalyst: Effect of Zn Content." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 8318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11243.

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A series of Pt/Sn/XZn/γ-Al2O3 nano-catalysts with different Zn content (X = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 wt%) were prepared by a sequential impregnation method. They were applied to the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane to n-butene and 1,3-butadiene. The effect of zinc content of Pt/Sn/XZn/γ-Al2O3 nano-catalysts on their physicochemical properties and catalytic activities in the direct dehydrogenation of n-butane was investigated. The catalytic performance of Pt/Sn/XZn/γ-Al2O3 nano-catalysts strongly depended on zinc content. Among the catalysts tested, Pt/Sn/0.5Zn/γ-Al2O3 nano-catalyst showed the best catalytic performance in terms of yield for total dehydrogenation products (TDP, n-butene and 1,3-butadiene). TPR (temperature-programmed reduction) and H2-chemisorption experiments were carried out to measure metal-support interaction and Pt surface area of the catalysts. Experimental results revealed that metal-support interaction and Pt surface area of the catalysts were closely related to the catalytic performance. Yield for TDP increased with increasing metal-support interaction and Pt surface area of the catalysts.

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17

Guan, Jiwen, Roshan Daljeet, and Yang Song. "Pressure-selected reactivity between 2-butyne and water induced by two-photon excitation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 95, no. 11 (November 2017): 1212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0155.

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High-pressure photochemistry between 2-butyne (H3CC≡CCH3) and trace amount of H2O was investigated at room temperature using multiline UV radiation at λ ≈ 350 nm and monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. Instead of the expected polymerization of 2-butyne, the IR spectral analysis suggests the formation of cis- and trans-2-butene, as well as 2-butanone, as the primary products. The possible reaction mechanisms and production pathways of these products were examined, where the dissociation of water molecule as the other reactant is believed as the essential step of the photochemical reaction. We further found that initial loading pressure of the mixture can not only substantially influence the reaction kinetics, but also regulate the accessibilities to some reaction channels, which was evidenced by quantitative analysis of the characteristic IR bands of 2-butene and 2-butanone. The relative abundance of two products is found to be highly dependent on pressure and radiation time. This study provides attractive physical routes in the absence of solvents, catalysts, and radical initiators, to synthesis the relevant products with a great selectivity and feasibility.

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18

Wiberg, Kenneth B., Yi-gui Wang, Patrick H. Vaccaro, James R. Cheeseman, Gary Trucks, and Michael J. Frisch. "Optical Activity of 1-Butene, Butane, and Related Hydrocarbons." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 108, no. 1 (January 2004): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp030361b.

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19

Boretskaya, A. V., I. R. Il’yasov, and A. A. Lamberov. "Structural and Electron Properties of High-Disperse Particles of the Active Component of Pd/Al2O3 Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Butadiene-1,3." Kataliz v promyshlennosti 19, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0387-2019-2-114-122.

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Studies of the influence of acidity of alumina supports on properties of supported palladium particles were aimed at improving the activity of catalysts for hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons of pyrolysis gasoline fraction. High-disperse palladium particles demonstrate the high catalytic activity but their electron deficiency make them suffering from blocking with unsaturated hydrocarbons. NH3 TPR, TEM and XPS techniques were used for studying aluminopalladium catalysts; different acidities of the catalyst supports resulted from their chemical modification with various agents. The catalysts were tested for lab-scale hydrogenation of butadiene-1,3. Against the non-modified samples, the catalysts supported on modified alumina provided a lower conversion of butadiene-1,3 but a higher selectivity to butene-1. A higher conversion of butadiene-1,3 at the preserved selectivity to butene-1 and butane was observed in the presence of the catalyst supported on base-modified alumina.

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20

You, Nansuk, Jin-Heong Yim, Seong Jun Lee, Jae Ho Lee, Young-Kwon Park, and Jong-Ki Jeon. "Positional Isomerization of Butene-2 over Nanoporous MCM-48 Catalysts." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 11 (November 1, 2007): 3800–3804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.042.

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Positional isomerization of butene-2 to butene-1 was investigated over nanoporous MCM-48 catalysts. The effects of the method and the amount of aluminum incorporation into MCM-48 on the catalyst characteristics were studied, with respect to the butene-2 isomerization reaction. Incorporation of aluminum into MCM-48 using a post-synthetic grafting method (P) or direct sol–gel method (D) increases the total acid amount due to the increase in the Lewis acidity level. From the results of butene-2 isomerization, the yield of butene-1 was increased although the selectivity of butene-1 was decreased due to an increase of byproducts such as i-butene, cracked fraction, and C5+ hydrocarbons. This trend is nearly identical over both catalyst preparation methods; the effect of Al incorporation method on the butene-1 yield and the selectivity appeared negligible. The maximum yield of butene-1 was 27.1 wt% by feeding pure butene-2 in the reaction condition as follows: a temperature of 450 °C, atmospheric pressure, and with the WHSV at 70 h−1.

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21

Zheng, Huidong, Jingjing Chen, Fangdi Wu, and Suying Zhao. "Molecular dynamics simulation on the interfacial features of supercritical 1-butene/subcritical water." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 13, no. 08 (December 2014): 1450066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633614500667.

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We studied the interfacial features of 1-butene/water and extraction process of 2-butanol by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The infinite dilute diffusion coefficients of 1-butene in water is larger than that of 2-butanol, and one important reason is that 2-butanol molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. 1-butene is more soluble in water under supercritical condition than that under subcritical condition. 1-butene under supercritical condition can extract more 2-butanol from aqueous solution than that under other conditions. A process of producing 2-butanol by the direct hydration of 1-butene is more competive when it operates under the supercritical conditions of 1-butene which due to a higher solubility of 1-butene in water, a larger diffusion coefficient of 1-butene and a lower 2-butanol concentration in water.

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22

Giroux, L., M. H. Back, and R. A. Back. "The photolysis of ethylene at 193 nm." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-176.

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The photolysis of ethylene has been studied at pressures from 50 to 3000 Torr using a pulsed ArF excimer laser at 193.3 nm. Major products were acetylene, n-butane, 1-butene, ethane, and 1,3-butadiene, with smaller amounts of propane, propene, methane, and allene. Quantum yields varied with pressure and reaction time; the latter dependence is ascribed to secondary photolysis of butene and butadiene. The reaction products are accounted for by three primary processes:[Formula: see text]followed by reactions of H, [Formula: see text] and C2H5 radicals. The vibrationally excited C2H3radical can decompose to H + C2H2 or can be stabilized by collision. The pressure dependence of the quantum yields of the primary processes [1]–[3] is complex, and a photodissociation mechanism involving several intermediates and excited states of ethylene is presented to account for the present results and previous measurements at 185 nm. Keywords: ethylene, uv photolysis.

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23

Van Ginkel, C. G., H. G. J. Welten, S. Hartmans, and J. A. M. De Bont. "Metabolism of trans-2-Butene and Butane in Nocardia TB1." Microbiology 133, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-133-7-1713.

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24

Cui, Peng, Guoying Zhao, Hailing Ren, Jun Huang, and Suojiang Zhang. "Ionic liquid enhanced alkylation of iso-butane and 1-butene." Catalysis Today 200 (February 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.06.008.

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25

Kotov, S. V., V. N. Filin, K. V. Prokof'ev, I. S. Morozova, and L. D. Kalinina. "Two-stage synthesis of oligobutenetoluenes from commercial butane-butene fraction." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 27, no. 4 (April 1991): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01129513.

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26

Rakhimov, M. N., T. M. Beloklokova, Zh F. Galimov, and A. V. Pankratov. "Stability of properties of catalysts for butane-butene fraction oligomerization." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 34, no. 6 (November 1998): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02694127.

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27

Leigh, William J., Kangcheng Zheng, and K. Brady Clark. "Cyclobutene photochemistry. Substituent and wavelength effects on the photochemical ring opening of monocyclic alkylcyclobutenes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 11 (November 1, 1990): 1988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-305.

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The photochemical ring opening of cis- and trans-3,4-dimethyl-, 1,3,4-trimethyl-, and 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1, 3, and 4, respectively) has been investigated in hydrocarbon solution with 193 nm and 214 nm light sources. Ring opening is non-stereospecific in all cases at both wavelengths. The ratio of dienes formed by the formally allowed to formally forbidden pathways in the photolysis of these compounds is highest (ca. 2) for the trimethylcyclobutenes, and approximately 1 for both cis and trans isomers of the di- and tetramethylcyclobutenes with 193 nm excitation. The diene distributions from photolysis of all compounds but cis-3 show slight wavelength dependence. Gas- and solution-phase UV absorption spectra are reported for 3 and 4, and indicate that there are at least three singlet excited states accessible in the 185–230 nm region in these molecules. The π,R(3s) state is the lowest energy state in the gas phase in 3 and 4. The results verify that orbital symmetry factors do not play a role (or a consistent one, at least) in controlling the stereochemistry of the reaction, but they do not allow a firm assignment of the excited state(s) responsible for ring opening. Direct photolysis of these compounds also results in fragmentation to yield Z-2-butene (from cis-3 and 4) or E-2-butene (from trans-3 and 4) in addition to propyne or 2-butyne. The 2-butenes are formed with greater than 90% stereospecificity in all cases. The structures of the four 3-methyl-2,4-hexadiene isomers obtained from photolysis of 3 have been assigned on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and the results of thermolysis of the two cyclobutene isomers. Keywords: cyclobutene, photolysis, Rydberg, orbital symmetry, far-UV, solution phase, UV spectra.

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28

Still, Ian W. J., and Donna Kaye T. Wilson. "α-Oxosulfines: reactions with alkenes and alkynes." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 964–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-129.

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Thiochroman-4-one 1,1-dioxide has been successfully converted into 3-sulfinylthiochroman-4-one 1,1-dioxide and the reactions of this α-oxosulfine with a series of alkenes have been carefully investigated. The α-oxosulfine was found to react as a Diels–Alder diene with 2-methylpropene, Z- and E-2-butene, 2-ethyl-1-butene, 1-pentene, Z-2-pentene, and cyclopentene and cyclohexene to produce a new group of heterocyclic compounds, the 2,3-dihydro-5H-1,4-oxathiino[3,2-c][1]benzothiopyrans, in yields ranging from 21 to 42%. In all cases, formation of the Diels–Alder adduct was accompanied by a second type of product, identified as the product of electrophilic addition (EA) of a sulfenium species to the alkene, in lesser yields, ranging from 9 to 18%. When the trapping dienophile used was 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, only the EA adduct was obtained, in 28% yield. Formation of only the EA type of adduct was also observed in reactions of the α-oxosulfine with 2-butyne (21%) and with the thione 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane-3-thione (di-tert-butyl thioketone) (16%). Attempts to prepare the α-oxosulfines corresponding to the following ketones are also described: thiochroman-4-one 1-oxide, isothiochromanone and isothiochromanone 2,2-dioxide, tetrahydrothiophen-3-one 1,1-dioxide, 3,3,5,5-tetramethylcyclohexanone, and 2-indanone. Keywords: Diels–Alder, electrophilic addition, sulfenic acid.

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29

Hanaoka, Toshiaki, Masaru Aoyagi, and Yusuke Edashige. "n-Butene Synthesis in the Dimethyl Ether-to-Olefin Reaction over Zeolites." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060743.

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Zeolite catalysts that could allow the efficient synthesis of n-butene, such as 1-butene, trans-2-butene, and cis-2-butene, in the dimethyl ether (DME)-to-olefin (DTO) reaction were investigated using a fixed-bed flow reactor. The zeolites were characterized by N2 adsorption and desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). A screening of ten available zeolites indicated that the ferrierite zeolite with NH4+ as the cation showed the highest n-butene yield. The effect of the temperature of calcination as a pretreatment method on the catalytic performance was studied using three zeolites with suitable topologies. The calcination temperature significantly affected DME conversion and n-butene yield. The ferrierite zeolite showed the highest n-butene yield at a calcination temperature of 773 K. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the six values obtained using N2 adsorption/desorption and NH3-TPD analyses, and the n-butene yield. The contribution rate of the strong acid site alone as an explanatory variable was 69.9%; however, the addition of micropore volume was statistically appropriate, leading to an increase in the contribution rate to 76.1%. Insights into the mechanism of n-butene synthesis in the DTO reaction were obtained using these parameters.

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30

Shesterkina, Anastasiya A., Anna A. Strekalova, Elena V. Shuvalova, Gennady I. Kapustin, Olga P. Tkachenko, and Leonid M. Kustov. "CuO-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Supported on SiO2 and Al2O3 for Selective Hydrogenation of 2-Methyl-3-Butyn-2-ol." Catalysts 11, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11050625.

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In this study, novel SiO2- and Al2O3-supported Cu-Fe catalysts are developed for selective hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyne-2-ol to 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol under mild reaction conditions. TEM, XRD, and FTIR studies of adsorbed CO and TPR-H2 are performed to characterize the morphology, nanoparticle size, and particle distribution, as well as electronic state of deposited metals in the prepared catalysts. The deposition of Fe and Cu metal particles on the aluminum oxide carrier results in the formation of a mixed oxide phase with a strong interaction between the Fe and Cu precursors during the calcination. The highly dispersed nanoparticles of Fe2O3 and partially reduced CuOx, with an average size of 3.5 nm and with strong contact interactions between the metals in 5Cu-5Fe/Al2O3 catalysts, provide a high selectivity of 93% toward 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol at complete conversion of the unsaturated alcohol.

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31

Arnold, Donald R., and Shelley A. Mines. "Radical ions in photochemistry. 21. The photosensitized (electron transfer) tautomerization of alkenes; the phenyl alkene system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-105.

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Alkenes, conjugated with a phenyl group, can be converted to nonconjugated tautomers by sensitized (electron transfer) irradiation. For example, irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of the conjugated alkene 1-phenylpropene, the electron accepting photosensitizer 1,4-dicyanobenzene, the cosensitizer biphenyl, and the base 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine gave the nonconjugated tautomer 3-phenylpropene in good yield. Similarly, 2-methyl-1-phenylpropene gave 2-methyl-3-phenylpropene, and 1-phenyl-1-butene gaveE- and Z-1-phenyl-2-butene. The reaction also works well with cyclic alkenes. For example, 1-phenylcyclohexene gave 3-phenylcyclohexene, and 1-(phenylmethylene)cyclohexane gave 1-(phenylmethyl)cyclohexene. The proposed mechanism involves the initial formation of the alkene radical cation and the sensitizer radical anion, induced by irradiation of the sensitizer and mediated by the cosensitizer. Deprotonation of the radical cation assisted by the base gives the ambident radical, which is then reduced to the anion by the sensitizer radical anion. Protonation of the ambident anion at the benzylic position completes the sequence. Reprotonation at the original position is an energy wasting step. Tautomerization is driven toward the isomer with the higher oxidation potential, which is, in the cases studied, the less thermodynamically stable isomer. The regioselectivity of the deprotonation step is dependent upon the conformation of the allylic carbon–hydrogen bond. The tautomerization of 2-methyl- 1-phenylbutene gave both 2-phenylmethyl-1-butène and 2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-butene (E and Z isomers), while 2,3-dimethyl- 1-phenylbutene gave only 3-methyl-2-phenylmethyl-1 -butene. In the latter case, steric interaction of the methyls on the isopropyl group prevents effective overlap of the tertiary carbon–hydrogen bond with the singly occupied molecular orbital, thus inhibiting deprotonation from this site. Keywords: photosensitized, electron transfer, alkene, tautomerization, radical cation.

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32

Elashkar, Ahmed H., Devaborniny Parasar, Alvaro Muñoz‐Castro, Cara M. Doherty, Matthew G. Cowan, and H. V. Rasika Dias. "Cover Feature: Isolable 1‐Butene Copper(I) Complexes and 1‐Butene/Butane Separation Using Structurally Adaptable Copper Pyrazolates (3/2021)." ChemPlusChem 86, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202100006.

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33

Yoon, Cheonho, Michael X. Yang, and Gabor A. Somorjai. "Reactions of 1-Butene andcis-2-Butene on Platinum Surfaces: Structure Sensitivity ofcis-2-Butene Isomerization." Journal of Catalysis 176, no. 1 (May 1998): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.1998.1990.

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34

Faghihian, H., and M. Pirouzi. "Cis/trans-but-2-ene adsorption on natural and modified clinoptilolite." Clay Minerals 44, no. 3 (September 2009): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2009.044.3.405.

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AbstractAdsorption of cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene on clinoptilolite-rich tuff and ion-exchanged forms was investigated. Clinoptilolite samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, chemical analysis and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Adsorption isotherms for cis and trans 2-butene on purified clinoptilolite (Cp) and modified forms (Na-Cp, K-Cp, Ca-Cp and Mg-Cp) were obtained at pressures up to 2.7 atm. and at 25ºC. The results show that natural clinoptilolite has a considerable potential for separation of the two hydrocarbons. Mg-Cp samples showed maximal uptake of both cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene.

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35

Strazdaite, Simona, Ruta Bariseviciute, Justinas Ceponkus, and Valdas Sablinskas. "Conformational isomerism of 1-butene secondary ozonide as studied by means of matrix isolation infrared absorption spectroscopy." Open Chemistry 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0077-3.

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AbstractTheoretical calculations of structures, stability and vibrational spectra of 1-butene secondary ozonide (SOZ) conformers were performed using DFT method B3LYP with a 6-311++G(3df, 3pd) basis set. The calculations predict six staggered structures of 1-butene SOZ. The FTIR spectra of 1-butene SOZ isolated in Ar, N2 and Xe matrices were recorded. It was found that nitrogen is the best suited for the matrix isolation of 1-butene SOZ. The bandwidth of the spectral bands of the ozonide isolated in nitrogen was as narrow as 2 cm−1. For the first time the existence of five conformers of 1-butene SOZ were confirmed experimentally by means of matrix isolation infrared absorption spectroscopy. The equatorial gauche (∠OCCC=−66.1°) conformer was proved theoretically and experimentally to be the most stable. It was found that due to high potential barriers of the conformational transitions annealing of the matrix is useless for the assignment of spectral bands to various conformers of 1-butene SOZ. Using the hot nozzle technique the van’t Hoff experimental plots were made for three additional conformers of 1-butene SOZ and experimental ΔH values for these additional conformers were established. The crystallization problems of 1-butene SOZ are discussed which accounts for the rich conformational diversity of the ozonide as well as high conformational barriers for axial-equatorial transitions.

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36

Murcko, Mark A., Henry Castejon, and Kenneth B. Wiberg. "Carbon−Carbon Rotational Barriers in Butane, 1-Butene, and 1,3-Butadiene." Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, no. 40 (January 1996): 16162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9621742.

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37

Takita, Yusaku, Kazuo Kurosaki, Yukako Mizuhara, and Tatsumi Ishihara. "Novel Catalysts for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Iso-Butane to Iso-Butene." Chemistry Letters 22, no. 2 (February 1993): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1993.335.

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38

Domokos, L., L. Lefferts, K. Seshan, and J. A. Lercher. "Isomerization of Linear Butenes to iso-Butene over Medium Pore Zeolites." Journal of Catalysis 197, no. 1 (January 2001): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2000.3056.

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39

Bandosz, Teresa J. "Analysis of Silica Surface Heterogeneity Using Butane and Butene Adsorption Data." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 193, no. 1 (September 1997): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1997.5042.

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40

Olivier, Marie-Georges, Karl Berlier, and Roger Jadot. "Adsorption of Butane, 2-Methylpropane, and 1-Butene on Activated Carbon." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 39, no. 4 (October 1994): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00016a029.

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41

Garbowski, Edouard, and Michel Primet. "Spectroscopic study of the cokefaction of butene and butane on alumina." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 81, no. 2 (1985): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19858100497.

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42

Solymosi, F. "Aromatization of n-butane and 1-butene over supported Mo2C catalyst." Journal of Catalysis 223, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2004.01.006.

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43

Miyano, Yoshimori, Osamu Mitsuoka, Hirofumi Ikeda, Akimasa Ouchi, Tomoki Ono, Kayoko Tsuchida, and Yoko Tateishi. "Henry's Law Constants and Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients of Propane, Propene, Butane, 2-Methylpropane, 1-Butene, 2-Methylpropene,trans-2-Butene,cis-2-Butene, 1,3-Butadiene, Dimethyl Ether, Chloroethane, and 1,1-Difluoroethane in 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol and 3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 50, no. 6 (November 2005): 2106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je050343i.

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44

WU, PING, JOHNNY TRUONG, YONGSHUN HUANG, and JIAXING LI. "REGIOSELECTIVITY INVESTIGATION FOR THE PYROLYSIS OF XANTHATES: A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 12, no. 07 (November 2013): 1350064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633613500648.

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MP2/6-31+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) method was employed to investigate the pyrolyses of O -sec-butyl S -methyl xanthate (Chugeav reaction) and S -sec-butyl O -methyl xanthate, which gave regioselective products of E-butene, Z-butene and 1-butene. Both procedures were found to have 13 possible pathways, of which nine pathways would generate the alkene products. For O -sec-butyl S -methyl xanthate, the computational results indicated that the most favorable three pathways corresponded to a two-step mechanism, with the rate-determining step to be a thion sulfur atom involved six-membered ring transition states. The calculated products distribution was consistent with the experimental observations. However, for S -sec-butyl O -methyl xanthate, thiol-participated four-membered ring transition states were found to be more energetically favored than the six-membered ring transition state to produce 1-butene, which can be attributed to a larger sulfur atomic size than an oxygen atom. As the calculation result, only trace amount of 1-butene could be obtained with a major product being E-butene and Z-butene as a minority.

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45

Xia, Jingjing, Abdullah M. Asiri, Khalid A. Alamry, Ping Wu, and Zhihao Huang. "Pyrolysis of (thio)carbonates via computation analysis." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, no. 06 (September 2018): 1850041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633618500414.

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The regioselective production of alkenes from (thio)carbonates was calculated by MP2/6-31G(d) method via pyrolysis processes. Four (thio)carbonates were calculated in this paper. They are S-sec-butyl O-methyl thiocarbonate (I), O-sec-butyl S-methyl thiocarbonate (II), sec-butyl methyl thioncarbonate (III), and sec-butyl methyl dithiocarbonate (IV). Thirteen potential thermolysis routes were revealed for the pyrolysis of each substance, including nine routes to produce regioselective alkenes and four rearrangement/decompose alternatives. Among nine alkene generation routes, six-membered ring transition states via a two-step mechanism required the lowest energy, while the other routes exhibited higher energy barriers. The calculation results demonstrated an alkene distribution hierarchy of 1-butene [Formula: see text] E-butene [Formula: see text] Z-butene for substances I and II, and an order of E-butene [Formula: see text] 1-butene [Formula: see text] Z-butene for substances III and IV.

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46

Kim, Heejin, and Yousung Jung. "Can Metal–Organic Framework Separate 1-Butene from Butene Isomers?" Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 5, no. 3 (January 15, 2014): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz402734x.

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47

Hu, Yun Feng, Bo Yang, Lin Jie Hu, and Li Jie Liu. "The Preparation of Modified ZSM - 35 and its Catalysis Effect Analysis on N-Butene Isomerization." Advanced Materials Research 898 (February 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.898.140.

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In order to study the effect that the modified ZSM - 35 as a catalyst brings to n-butene isomerization catalysis. In this paper, by considering the performance analysis brought by different silica alumina ratio, reaction temperature, concentration of nitrogen and macro porous silica gel embellish acting on butene isomerization reaction of modified ZSM - 35 molecular sieve catalyst , Al2O3 samples being "15" shows better performance; Adding appropriate amount of silicon carbide catalyst or modified silicone can further improve the selectivity of butene; Nitrogen dilution has certain help in improving butene isomerization reaction performance.

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48

Olaofe, O., and P. L. Yue. "Mechanism of the dehydration of 1-butanol over zeolites." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 8 (1985): 1834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19851834.

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The product distribution from the dehydration of 1-butanol over zeolites (13X, 4A, ZNa) has been investigated to gain insight of the reaction mechanism. The formation of 2-alkenes (cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene) in the absence of isomerization reactions during the catalytic dehydration of 1-butanol over zeolites is unambiguous evidence in favour of a positively charged intermediate, indicating that reaction proceeds via a E1 type of mechanism. Experimental data also showed the preferential formation of cis-2-butene over that of trans-2-butene. The predominance of E1 type mechanism increases with increasing temperature.

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49

Berndt, T., I. Kind, and H. J. Karbach. "Kinetics of the Gas-Phase Reaction of NO3Radicals with 1-Butene,trans-Butene, 2-Methyl-2-butene and 2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene Using LIF Detection." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 102, no. 10 (October 1998): 1486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.199800017.

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50

Chen, Ai-Qi, and Maciej Radosz. "Phase Equilibria of Dilute Poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) Solutions in Ethylene, 1-Butene, and 1-Butene + Ethylene." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 44, no. 4 (July 1999): 854–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je9803126.

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