Journal articles: 'Butanol Spectra'

1

Koegl, Matthias, Mohammad Pahlevani, and Lars Zigan. "A Novel Approach for Measurement of Composition and Temperature of N-Decane/Butanol Blends Using Two-Color Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Nile Red." Sensors 20, no. 19 (October 8, 2020): 5721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195721.

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In this work, the possibility of using a two-color LIF (laser-induced fluorescence) approach for fuel composition and temperature measurements using nile red dissolved in n-decane/butanol blends is investigated. The studies were conducted in a specially designed micro cell enabling the detection of the spectral LIF intensities over a wide range of temperatures (283–423 K) and butanol concentrations (0–100 vol.%) in mixtures with n-decane. Furthermore, absorption spectra were analyzed for these fuel mixtures. At constant temperature, the absorption and LIF signals exhibit a large spectral shift toward higher wavelengths with increasing butanol concentration. Based on this fact, a two-color detection approach is proposed that enables the determination of the butanol concentration. This is reasonable when temperature changes and evaporation effects accompanied with dye enrichment can be neglected. For n-decane, no spectral shift and broadening of the spectrum are observed for various temperatures. However, for butanol admixture, two-color thermometry is possible as long as the dye and butanol concentrations are kept constant. For example, the LIF spectrum shows a distinct broadening for B20 (i.e., 80 vol.% n-decane, 20 vol.% butanol) and a shift of the peak toward lower wavelengths of about 40 nm for temperature variations of 140 K.

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Mishra, Yogeshwar Nath, Ajeth Yoganantham, Matthias Koegl, and Lars Zigan. "Investigation of Five Organic Dyes in Ethanol and Butanol for Two-Color Laser-Induced Fluorescence Ratio Thermometry." Optics 1, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/opt1010001.

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In this article, we compare absorption and temperature-dependent fluorescence spectra of five organic dyes for 2c-LIF (two-color laser-induced fluorescence) thermometry in ethanol and butanol. The dyes fluorescein, eosin Y, rhodamine B, rhodamine 6G, and sulforhodamine 101 individually mixed in ethanol and butanol were studied at liquid temperatures of 25–65 °C. The self-absorption spectral bands are analyzed along with intensity ratios and the respective sensitivities for one-dye and two-dye 2c-LIF thermometry are deduced. For one-dye 2c-LIF, rhodamine B showed the highest sensitivity of 2.93%/°C and 2.89%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. Sulforhodamine 101 and rhodamine 6G showed the least sensitivities of 0.51%/°C and 1.24%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. For two-dye 2c-LIF, rhodamine B/sulforhodamine 101 exhibited the highest temperature sensitivities of 2.39%/°C and 2.54%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively. The dye pair eosin Y/sulforhodamine 101 showed the least sensitivities of 0.15%/°C and 0.27%/°C in ethanol and butanol, respectively.

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3

Tsuchikawa, Satoru, and H. W. Siesler. "Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring of the Diffusion Process of Deuterium-Labeled Molecules in Wood. Part I: Softwood." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 6 (June 2003): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203322005364.

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The diffusion process of several molecules (D2O, n-butanol (OD) and t-butanol (OD)) in softwood (Sitka spruce) was investigated by means of a deuterium exchange method and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) polarization spectroscopy. The location of OH groups in different states of order of cellulose in wood was clarified by analyzing the FT-NIR transmission spectra ranging from 7200 to 6000 cm−1. Four absorption bands were assigned to 2 × v(OH) absorptions of the amorphous regions, OH groups in semi-crystalline regions, and two types of intramolecular hydrogen-bonded OH groups in the crystalline regions, respectively. The saturation level of accessibility was very different for these absorption bands (i.e., 70–80, 60, and 40–50% for the amorphous, semi-crystalline, and crystalline regions, respectively). However, the saturation accessibilities for each absorption band varied little with molecular structure and geometry of the diffusants. The diffusion rate of D2O was much faster than that of n-butanol (OD) and t-butanol (OD) for all states of orders. The size effect of the butanols led to slight differences in the diffusive transport in the crystalline regions.

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Guidoni, A. Giardini, S. Piccirillo, D. Scuderi, M. Satta, T. M. Di Palma, M. Speranza, A. Filippi, and A. Paladini. "Photochemical R2PI study of chirality and intermolecular forces in supersonic beam." International Journal of Photoenergy 3, no. 4 (2001): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x01000307.

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One and two-color, mass selected R2PI spectra of theS1←S0transitions in the bare(+)-(R)- 1-phenyl-1-ethanol(ER) and its complexes with different solvent molecules (solv) (-)-(R)-2-butanol(BR) or(+)-(S)-2-butanol(BS), (—)-(R)-2-pentanol (TR) or(+)-(S)-2-pentanol(TS) and(-)-(R)-2-butylamine(AR) or(+)-(S)-2-butylamine(AS), have been recorded after a supersonic molecular beam expansion. The one-color R2PI excitation spectra of the diastereomeric complexes are characterized by significant shifts of their band origin relative to that of bareER. The extent and the direction of these spectral shifts are found to depend upon the structure and the configuration ofsolvand are attributed to different short-range interactions in the ground and excited states of the complexes. In analogy with other diastereomeric complexes, the phenomenological binding energy of the homochiral cluster is found to be greater than that of the heterochiral one. Preliminary measurements of excitation spectrum of(+)-(R)-1-Indanol(IR) is also reported.

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Brei, Volodymyr. "OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS OVER CERIUM-OXIDE CATALYST: CORRELATION BETWEEN THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF THE REACTION AND THE CHEMICAL SHIFT δ (R13 COH)." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 85, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/0041-6045.85.8.2019.66-72.

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The oxidation of thirteen alcohols over sup-ported CeO2/Al2O3 catalyst with 10 wt.% of CeO2 have been studied using a desorption mass-spec-trometry technique. A catalyst sample 4–6 mg in quartz cuvette was evacuated at 100 0C, cooled to room temperature, and then adsorption of a alco-hol was provided. After vacuumation of alcohol excess, the TPR profiles of products of alcohol oxidation were recorded at sweep rate 2 a.u.m./sec and heating rate of 15 0C/min using MX-7304A monopole mass- spectrometer. Identification of formed aldehydes and ketones was provided on the bases of their characteristic ions in obtained mass-spectra, namely, acetaldehyde (m/e = 29, 44); pro-panal (29, 58); acetone (43, 58); butanal (44, 43); methyl propanal (43, 41, 72), 2-butanon (43, 72); methoxyacetone (45, 43); cyclohexanone (55); ace-tophenone (105, 77); benzaldehyde (77, 106). It was shown that the oxidation of several alcohols pro-ceeds in a wide temperature interval from 130 to 280 0C. So, peak of formaldehyde formation from me-thanol adsorbed on CeO2/Al2O3 is observed at 280 0C whereas peaks of methyl glyoxal and water formation from adsorbed hydroxyacetone are re-corded at 135 0 C. The linear correlation between activation energy of reaction and chemical shift δ (R13COH) of studied alcohols was found as Ea= 183 –1.4δ (kJ/mol). Respectively, the maximum oxi-dation rate, for instance, for methanol (50 ppm) is observed at 280 0C, for ethanol (58 ppm) at 215 0C, for n-butanol (62 ppm) at 200 0C, for n-propanol (64 ppm) at 190 0C, for 2-butanol (69 ppm) at 160 0C, for hydroxyacetone (69 ppm) at 135 0C, and for 1-phenylethanol (70 ppm) at 130 0C. Thus, ability of alcohols to oxidation decreases with increase of their electronic density on carbon atom of alcohol group in following order: 1-phenyl ethanol ≈ hyd-roxyacetone ≈ cyclohexanol > allyl alcohol ≈ 2-bu-anol ≈ i-butanol ≈ i-propanol > methoxypropanol-2 ≈ n-propanol ≈ n-butanol ≈ benzyl alcohol ≈ ethanol >> methanol. On an example of ethanol, the scheme of alcohol oxidation on ceria that assumes the addition of atomic oxygen to C–H bond of alcoho-lic group with intermediate acetaldehyde hydrate formation is discussed.

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6

Kwaśniewicz, Michał, and Mirosław A. Czarnecki. "The Effect of Chain Length on Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectra of Aliphatic 1-Alcohols." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817732253.

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Effect of the chain length on mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectra of aliphatic 1-alcohols from methanol to 1-decanol was examined in detail. Of particular interest were the spectra-structure correlations in the NIR region and the correlation between MIR and NIR spectra of 1-alcohols. An application of two-dimensional correlation analysis (2D-COS) and chemometric methods provided comprehensive information on spectral changes in the data set. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis evidenced that the spectra of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol are noticeably different from the spectra of higher 1-alcohols. The similarity between the spectra increases with an increase in the chain length. Hence, the most similar are the spectra of 1-nonanol and 1-decanol. Two-dimensional hetero-correlation analysis is very helpful for identification of the origin of bands and may guide selection of the best spectral ranges for the chemometric analysis. As shown, normalization of the spectra pronounces the intensity changes in various spectral regions and provides information not accessible from the raw data. The spectra of alcohols cannot be represented as a sum of the CH3, CH2, and OH group spectra since the OH group is involved in the hydrogen bonding. As a result, the spectral changes of this group are nonlinear and its spectral profile cannot be properly resolved. Finally, this work provides a lot of evidence that the degree of self-association of 1-alcohols decreases with the increase in chain length because of the growing meaning of the hydrophobic interactions. For butyl alcohol and higher 1-alcohols the hydrophobic interactions are more important than the OH OH interactions. Therefore, methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol have unlimited miscibility with water, whereas 1-butanol and higher 1-alcohols have limited miscibility with water.

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7

Peng, Shu Ge, Jun Na Liu, Xiao Fei Liu, Yu Qing Zhang, and Jun Zhang. "PVP Stabilized Ruthenium (0) Nanorods as Effective Catalysts in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Sodium Borohydride." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1577.

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Poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) - stabilized ruthenium (0) nanorods have been successfully synthesized by refluxing ruthenium (Ⅲ) chloride (RuCl3) in low boiling point alcohols (including ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol) using microwave heating for the first time. The effects of low boiling point alcohols on the preparation and catalytic property of ruthenium nanorods were discussed. UV-Vis absorption spectra indicated ruthenium nanorods could be synthesized in n-butanol after 2 h refluxing, far below the refluxing time in ethanol and n-propanol. The activation energy of the hydrolysis of NaBH4 catalyzed by Ruthenium (0) nanorods obtained in ethanol, n-propanol, and n-butanol were determined to be 41.1, 33.3, and 27.9 kJ / mol, respectively.

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8

Doroshenko, Irina, Valeriy Pogorelov, and Valdas Sablinskas. "Infrared Absorption Spectra of Monohydric Alcohols." Dataset Papers in Chemistry 2013 (October 24, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7167/2013/329406.

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FTIR spectra of homologous series of monohydric alcohols which belong to the class of partly ordered liquids were registered. The molecules of monohydric alcohols containing hydroxyl group are able to form hydrogen-bonded clusters in the condensed phase. The existence of clusters is clearly observed from the position and the contour of the stretch OH band in the vibrational spectra of liquid alcohols. In this work, the experimentally registered FTIR spectra of liquid n-alcohols from methanol to decanol are presented as well as the same spectra of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, and hexanol in gas phase.

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9

Czarnecki, Mirosław A., Hisashi Maeda, Yukihiro Ozaki, Masao Suzuki, and Makio Iwahashi. "Resolution Enhancement and Band Assignments for the First Overtone of OH Stretching Mode of Butanols by Two-Dimensional Near-Infrared Correlation Spectroscopy. Part I: sec-Butanol." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 7 (July 1998): 994–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944643.

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The first paper in a series devoted to self-association in neat butanols presents the results of two-dimensional (2D) near-infrared (NIR) correlation analysis of temperature-induced spectral variations of sec-butanol. By taking advantage of resolution enhancement in the 2D correlation spectra, it was possible to identify spectral features due to vibrations of the free and associated OH groups in the first-overtone region. On the basis of a few assumptions, band assignments of the various types of OH bonds have been proposed. The monomer band (near 7100 cm−1) can be resolved into three components; two of them are due to a rotational isomerism (7089 and 7116 cm−1), and the third one is attributed to the free terminal OH groups in linear polymers (7055 cm−1). The presence of the 7055 cm−1 band implies that the intensity of the monomer peak cannot be used as a measure of the concentration of the monomer species (except in very diluted solutions). Thus, previous estimations of equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters associated with hydrogen-bond dissociation have been subject to unacceptable error. At higher temperatures, a new band near 6550 cm−1 becomes visible. This band originates from bended OHO bond, mostly in the cyclic polymers. In order to obtain more detailed information on the complex mechanism of the thermal dissociation of hydrogen-bonded sec-butanol in the pure liquid phase, the entire experimental temperature range was divided into narrower ranges, and then 2D correlation analysis was performed for smaller data sets. It has been shown that the variations of population of the polymeric species and the cyclic dimers are faster than the corresponding changes for the monomers. At elevated temperatures an appreciable dissociation of the cyclic species takes place.

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10

Cimrová, Věra, Mariem Guesmi, Sangwon Eom, Youngjong Kang, and Drahomír Výprachtický. "Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films Formed by Two-Step Sequential Method: Solvent–Morphology Relationship." Materials 16, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031049.

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Thin films made of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskites prepared by a two-step sequential deposition method using various solvents for formamidinium iodide (FAI) - isopropanol, n-butanol and tert-butanol, were studied with the aim of finding a correlation between morphology and solvent properties to improve film quality. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their photophysical properties were studied by means of absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. XRD patterns, absorption and PL spectra proved α-phase formation for all selected solvents. An excessive amount of PbI2 found in perovskite films prepared with n-butanol indicates incomplete conversion. Thin film morphology, such as grain and crystallite size, depended on the solvent. Using tert-butanol, thin films with a very large grain size of up to several micrometers and with preferred crystallite orientation were fabricated. The grain size increased as follows: 0.2–0.5, 0.2–1 and 2–5 µm for isopropanol, n-butanol and tert-butanol, respectively. A correlation between the grain size and viscosity, electric permittivity and polarizability of the solvent could be considered. Our results, including fabrication of perovskite films with large grains and fewer grain boundaries, are important and of interest for many optoelectronic applications.

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11

Førland, Geir M., Fred O. Libnau, Olav M. Kvalheim, and Harald Høiland. "Self-Association of Medium-Chain Alcohols in n-Decane Solutions." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 10 (October 1996): 1264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904854.

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Self-association of medium-chain alcohols in n-decane solutions has been studied by infrared absorption of the fundamental OH stretching vibration. The alcohols investigated were 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol. Infrared spectra were acquired for varying alcohol molalities, the highest concentration being 0.2 mol/kg. The spectra for each alcohol were collected in a data matrix. The bilinear multicomponent data were successfully resolved into spectra and concentration profiles by a multivariate method. The result indicates that monomers dominate the spectral variance in the low-molality region, while cyclic oligomers dominate in the upper concentration range. It further indicates that minor amounts of open-chain aggregates may be present. The monomer and cyclic tetramer appear to be the dominant species, while the amount of open-chain aggregates was negligible even in the low-molality region. The equilibrium constants for the monomer–tetramer association reactions ( K1–4) were calculated by a least-squares method. The calculated values for the equilibrium constants, based on the molality, range from 138 to 106 for the linear alcohol molecules. The result shows that 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol have similar constants, while 1-propanol displays a markedly higher value. The equilibrium constants obtained for 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol were 77 and 39, respectively. The considerably lower values for the branched alcohol molecules indicate that steric interaction between the chain prevents self-association into larger aggregates.

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Wojtków, Dagmara, and Mirosław A. Czarnecki. "Two-Dimensional Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared and Near-Infrared Correlation Study of the Structure of Butyl Alcohol/Water Mixtures." Applied Spectroscopy 61, no. 9 (September 2007): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207781745900.

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The effect of temperature on attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) and near-infrared (NIR) transmission spectra of pure butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, 2-methyl-propan-1-ol, 2-methyl-propan-2-ol, and mixtures with a small water content (XH2O ≤ 0.1) have been examined. The spectra were analyzed using a two-dimensional (2D) correlation approach. Two kinds of correlation analysis were performed: IR–IR and NIR–NIR homo-correlation and IR–NIR hetero-correlation. Our results reveal that the addition of small to moderate amounts of water does not destroy the structure of alcohol. The presence of water stabilizes the structure of alcohols and this effect is more evident for sec-butanol and tert-butanol. The ATR-IR spectra provide information on the most associated species, whereas absorption of the smaller associates and the free OH group is hardly seen. On the contrary, in the NIR spectra the absorption of the free OH groups dominates. The ability of resolution enhancement in the hetero-correlation asynchronous spectra is reduced as compared to that in the homo-correlation spectra. On the other hand, peaks may appear in the hetero-correlation synchronous spectra that are not observed in the homo-correlation contour plots. The positions of the synchronous peaks were used for evaluation of anharmonicity constants. These values for the free OH group do not depend on the experimental conditions. In contrast, the anharmonicity constants for the bonded OH groups determined from the spectra of pure alcohols may significantly differ from those obtained from diluted solutions.

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13

Schriver, Louise, André Schriver, Stefan Peil, and Otto Schrems. "Hydrogen-bonded complexes of perfluoro-t-butanol with acetone and nitromethane in low temperature solutions and matrices." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1520–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-225.

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Infrared spectra are reported for binary complexes between perfluoro-tert-butanol as proton donor and nitromethane and acetone as bases. The complexes have been investigated in low temperature solutions and in cryogenic matrices. The spectra have been evaluated in terms of frequency shifts (ΔVOH), half widths (FWHH) and anharmonicities (κ) caused by the hydrogen bonding of these complexes. The influence of the environment (solvents and solid matrices) as well as temperature on the spectra of the complexes has also been studied and is discussed in detail. Key words: hydrogen bonding, temperature effects, solutions, matrix.

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14

Md Nayeem, Sk, M. Kondaiah, K. Sreekanth, and D. Krishna Rao. "Ultrasonic Investigations of Molecular Interaction in Binary Mixtures of Cyclohexanone with Isomers of Butanol." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2014 (December 18, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/741795.

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Ultrasonic speed, u, and density, ρ, have been measured in binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanone with the isomers of butanol (n-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol) at 308.15 K over the entire range of composition. Molar volume (Vm), adiabatic compressibility (ks), intermolecular free length (Lf), acoustic impedance (z), and their excess/deviation along with Δu have been calculated from the experimental data. These values have been fitted to Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation. Positive values of VmE, Δks, LfE and negative values of zE, Δu have been observed for all the liquid mixtures indicating the existence of weak interactions between components. Rupture of H-bond or reduction in H-bond strength of isomers of butanol or breaking of the structure of one or both of the components in a solution causes the existence of dispersions in the present investigated binary mixtures. The data obtained from V-m,1, V-m,2, and excess partial molar volumes V-m, 1E, V-m, 2E, reflects the inferences drawn from VmE. Furthermore, FTIR spectra support the conclusions drawn from excess/deviation properties. The measured values of ultrasonic speed for all the investigated mixtures have been compared with the theoretically estimated values using empirical relations such as, Nomoto, Van Dael and Vangeels, Impedance and Rao specific sound speed.

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15

Qassim, Rabab H., and Enas J. Kadhem. "Phytochemical Investigation and Anti-angiogenic Examination of Iraqi Vigna radiata L. Seeds and Sprouts." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 29, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol29iss2pp37-47.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents of two different parts of Vigna radiata (seeds and sprouts), and identify their anti angiogenic activity .the goal was achieved by Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening for crude ethanolic extract of two parts of plant ; rat aorta anti-angiogenesis assay had been conducted for both extracts . isolation , separation and purification of some phytochemical constituents that belong to important groups (flavonoids) from n-butanol fraction extract of Vigna radiata plant had been done in pure form by using preparative thin layer chromatography ( PTLC ) and then subjected to different spectral analytical and physicochemical techniques to identify their chemical structure : melting point ( M. P) , thin layer chromatography ( TLC ) high performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC ) , Fourier transforms infrared spectra ( FTIR ) . and high performance thin layer chromatography ( HPTLC ).the result showed that the existence of coumarin , alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids , terpenoids, phytosterol and saponin.Vitexin and isovitexin were isolated in pure form .n-butanol fraction of sprouts showed highest percentage of blood vessels inhibition ( 88%) in comparison to n-butanol fraction of seeds which showed (56%). There IC50 were 58.8µg/ml and 56.6 µg/ml respectively. The difference of anti angiogenic activity may be related to the variation of concentration of the bioactive constituents or appearance of new bioactive constituents during germination. Keywords: Vigna radiata, vitexin, isovitexin ,high performance thin layer chromatography HPTLC , high performance liquid chromatography HPLC

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Atabani, AE, M. Mekaoussi, Gediz Uguz, Orhan Arpa, Abdulkadir Ayanoglu, and Sutha Shobana. "Evaluation, characterization, and engine performance of complementary fuel blends of butanol–biodiesel–diesel from Aleurites moluccanus as potential alternative fuels for CI engines." Energy & Environment 31, no. 5 (August 4, 2018): 755–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18790953.

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Biodiesel has gained worldwide attention due to its renewable aspects. However, it needs more quality improvement. Recently, butanol has been considered as a favorable alternative fuel or additive over methanol and ethanol in compression ignition (CI) engines. In this regard, the present work deals with the evaluation of butanol–diesel–biodiesel blends as potential alternative fuels. In this work, biodiesel has been produced from Aleurites moluccanus oil followed by blending with Euro-diesel and butanol. Important characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and cloud point besides FT-IR, UV-vis spectra, TGA, DSC and NMR (13C and 1H) were analyzed. Some important engine and emission performance parameters, such as BP, BSFC, CO, HC, NOx and EGT were also studied in this work. Results revealed that blending butanol and Euro-diesel with biodiesel improves the properties of pure biodiesel such as kinematic viscosity (2.41–3.55 mm2/s) and density (841.8–884.6 kg/m3), while maintaining an acceptable range for cold flow properties that are analogous to Euro-diesel. In addition, reduction in BP (24.65–26.35%), HC (52.57–38.71%), and CO (39.18–30.4%) was observed for all the blends at full load compared to Euro-diesel. However, increases in both BSFC (38.17–41.14%) and NOx (24.18–8.35%) were observed. Overall, the blends appear to be good alternatives to biodiesel–diesel blends. Thus, butanol–biodiesel–diesel blends can be considered as potential sustainable fuels for fossil diesel.

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Yang, Liu Zhi, Xin Xin Xiao, Miao Miao Zheng, and Yan Qi Liu. "Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of V-Type Amylose-Alcohol Complexes." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1596.

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In this paper, B-type microcrystalline starch made a combination with ethanol, butanol, hexanol and octanol respectively under certain conditions, a series of V-type amylose-alcohol complexes were prepared. Infrared absorption spectra of obtained Vethanol, Vbutanol, Vhexanol, Voctanol were measured qualitatively to determine the certain alcohol in V-type complexes; Further application of principal component analysis (PCA) with SPSS13.0, DPS7.05 statistical software for analysis calculation of infrared absorption spectra. The result showed that the content of alcohol in Vethanol, Vbutanol, Vhexanol, Voctanol were 19.8%, 14.1%, 9.79% and 8.3%.

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18

Kurzer, Frederick, and Zakir Kapadia. "Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-spirocyclohexanes, Part 4. Birch Reduction of Spirodiisophor-6-ones." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 47, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1992-0420.

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Birch reduction of spirodiisophorones by sodium in liquid ammonia - t-butanol reduces their normally inert 6-keto-group, producing the corresponding secondary alcohols, the 6-hydroxygroup of which assumes the endo- or exo-configuration. 3´-Oximinospirodiisophor-6-one is converted predominantly into the 6-endo-hydroxy-compound , from which the 3´,6-endo-ketol is obtainable by the action of sodium bisulphite. 3´-eq(and ax)-Hydroxyspirodiisophor-6-one each yield a pair of stereoisomeric 3´,6-diols, distinguished by their spectral characteristics and derivatives. Spirodiisophora-3´,6-dione yields a mixture of the same four diols, three of which are isolable in low yield. The structure of selected compounds is correlated with their assigned 13C NMR spectra.

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Juszyńska, E., K. Hołderna-Natkaniec, M. Massalska-Arodź, I. Natkaniec, E. Ściesińska, and J. Ściesiński. "IINS, MIR, and DFT Investigations of Vibrational Spectra of 3, 3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol and 3, 3-Dimethyl-2-Butanol." Acta Physica Polonica A 113, no. 4 (April 2008): 1131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.113.1131.

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20

Gao, Jie, Yafei Guo, Shiqiang Wang, Tianlong Deng, Yu-Wei Chen, and Nelson Belzile. "Interference of Lithium in Measuring Magnesium by Complexometry: Discussions of the Mechanism." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/719179.

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There is usually a large concentration of magnesium in the brine of salt lakes and as a consequence it is difficult to measure Mg2+accurately with the complexometric titration by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) because of the large levels of Li+also coexisting in brine samples. In this study, a relationship between the relative error related to the number of drops of the indicator and the NMR spectra of anhydrous ethanol and n-butanol, with or without LiCl, was analyzed and compared. It was then possible to suggest a mechanism to explain the interference of Li+when measuring Mg2+and to control the interference in the alcohol mixture because Li+can then complex with the alcohols and mainly form a complex with n-butanol.

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21

Zhao, Yixing, and Gordon R. Freeman. "Article." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-035.

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The energy and asymmetry of the optical absorption spectrum of solvated electrons, es- , change in a nonlinear fashion on changing the solvent through the series HOH, CH3OH, CH3CH3OH, (CH3)2CHOH, (CH3)3COH. The ultimate, quantum-statistical mechanical, interpretation of solvated electron spectra is needed to describe the solvent dependence. The previously reported optical spectrum of es- in tert-butanol was somewhat inaccurate, due to a small amount of water in the alcohol and to limitations of the infrared light detector. The present note records the remeasured spectrum and its temperature dependence. The value of the energy at the absorption maximum (EAmax) is 155 zJ (0.97 eV) at 299 K and 112 zJ (0.70 eV) at 338 K; the corresponding values of G epsilon max (10-22 m2 aJ-1) are 1.06 and 0.74. These unusually large changes are attributed to the abnormally rapid decrease of dielectric permittivity of tert-butanol with increasing temperature. The band asymmetry at 299 K is Wb/Wr = 1.8.Key words: optical absorption spectrum, solvated electron, solvent effects, tert-butanol, temperature dependence.

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Dobrzycki, Lukasz. "Towards clathrates. 2. The frozen states of hydration of tert-butanol." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 233, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2017-2074.

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AbstractA new crystal structure oftert-butanol and water crystallizing as the decahydrate is reported. The crystallization of the mixture in the desired molar ratio was performed in a capillary placed directly on a goniometer of a single crystal diffractometer at 200 K and ambient pressure using focused IR laser radiation. The crystals were grown while the melting zone formed by the IR laser was moved along the capillary. Usually the crystallization process should be long enough (hours) in order to obtain a good quality single crystal. However, in the case oftert-butanol decahydrate, such a long process led to separation of the ice and alcohol. Only fast crystallization taking tens of seconds allowed crystallization of the desired crystalline phase. In the decahydratetert-butanol molecules are located in channels formed by water molecules. Hydroxyl groups are anchored to the water framework via hydrogen bonds. All water molecules in the structure have hydrogen atoms disordered equally over two sites; the hydroxyl group is likewise disordered. This effect is observed at both, 200 K and 100 K. Raman spectra recorded for the crystalline phase suggest dynamic disorder at higher temperature, converting to static at lowerT. The decahydrate oftert-butanol, together with already known itsdi- andhepta-hydrates, display similar features to those observed for series oftert-butylamine hydrates. The latter structures behave as frozen steps of amine hydration observed as crystal structures leading, at maximum dilution, to hexagonal ice. Hydrates oftert-butanol nicely follow this tendency completing the relationship found for thetert-butylamine: water system.

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23

Ren, Zong-Li, Jing Hao, Ping Hao, Xiu-Yan Dong, Yang Bai, and Wen-Kui Dong. "Synthesis, crystal structure, luminescence and electrochemical properties of a Salamo-type trinuclear cobalt(II) complex." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 73, no. 3-4 (April 25, 2018): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2017-0191.

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AbstractA trinuclear Co(II) complex, [{CoL(C4H9OH)}2-(OAc)2Co]·C3H7NO, was synthesized by the reaction of a Salamo-type chelating ligand (H2L=4,42′-dinitro-2,2′-[1,2-ethylenedioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol) with cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate inn-butanol, and characterized by elemental analyses, X-ray crystallography, FT-IR and UV/Vis spectra. In the Co(II) complex, there are two ligand L2−units, twoμ2-acetate ions, two coordinatedn-butanol molecules and one non-coordinatedN,N-dimethylformamide molecule. The Co(II) atoms in the structure of the Co(II) complex adopt slightly distorted octahedra geometries. Furthermore, through intermolecular C–H···O, O–H···O and C–H···π interactions, infinite layer-like, plane-like and 3D supramolecular structures are constructed. The fluorescence and electrochemical properties of the Co(II) complex have also been investigated.

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Wu, Jing, Hong-Juan Liu, Xiang Yan, Yu-Jie Zhou, Zhang-Nan Lin, Shuo Mi, Ke-Ke Cheng, and Jian-An Zhang. "Efficient Catalytic Dehydration of High-Concentration 1-Butanol with Zn-Mn-Co Modified γ-Al2O3 in Jet Fuel Production." Catalysts 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9010093.

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It is important to develop full-performance bio-jet fuel based on alternative feedstocks. The compound 1-butanol can be transformed into jet fuel through dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation. In this study, a new catalyst consisting of Zn-Mn-Co modified γ-Al2O3 was used for the dehydration of high-concentration 1-butanol to butenes. The interactive effects of reaction temperature and butanol weight-hourly space velocity (WHSV) on butene yield were investigated with response surface methodology (RSM). Butene yield was enhanced when the temperature increased from 350 °C to 450 °C but it was reduced as WHSV increased from 1 h−1 to 4 h−1. Under the optimized conditions of 1.67 h−1 WHSV and 375 °C reaction temperature, the selectivity of butenes achieved 90%, and the conversion rate of 1-butanol reached 100%, which were 10% and 6% higher, respectively, than when using unmodified γ-Al2O3. The Zn-Mn-Co modified γ-Al2O3 exhibited high stability and a long lifetime of 180 h, while the unmodified γ-Al2O3 began to deactivate after 60 h. Characterization with X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, pyridine temperature-programmed desorption (Py-TPD), pyridine adsorption IR spectra, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), showed that the crystallinity and acid content of γ-Al2O3 were obviously enhanced by the modification with Zn-Mn-Co, and the loading amounts of zinc, manganese, and cobalt were 0.54%, 0.44%, and 0.23%, respectively. This study provides a new catalyst, and the results will be helpful for the further optimization of bio-jet fuel production with a high concentration of 1-butanol.

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Nicolov, Imirela, Doina Georgescu, Emiliana Laura Andreici Eftimie, Simona Cinta Pinzaru, Roxana Roman, Ionut Ledeti Rita Ambrus, Adelina Cheveresan, and Nicolae M. Avram. "DFT Study of Structure, IR and RAMAN Spectra for Betulinic Acid Solvatomorphs." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6861.

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Combined experimental and theoretical studies on molecular structure of the betulinic acid solvatomorph of ethanol, 2-butanol and isopropyl alcohol solvents, grown by recrystallization method, are reported. Theoretical investigations, in the frame of DFT, are done using the new method of the betulinic acid solvatomorph molecule extraction from the corresponding molecular crystal, based on typical fragmentation scheme and chemical connectivity. For all electrons, a localized basis set of Gaussian type functions TZVP and local gradient corrected functional BP86 were used. Good correlation was found between the calculated and experimental data. Slight differences in the lattice modes spectral range (0-200 cm-1) from experimental Raman spectra suggest slight differences in the crystalline network and highlight the powerful Raman approach in evidencing BA pseudo-polymorphs or solvatomorphs. Data obtained suggest that incorporated solvents to the solvates generaly induced changes in crystal symmetry, intermolecular arrangements, stoichiometry and hydrogen bonding interactions of the analysed solvatomorphs.

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Liau, Leo C. K., Thomas C. K. Yang, and Dabir S. Viswanath. "Reaction Pathways and Kinetic Analysis of PVB Thermal Degradation Using TG/FT-IR." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 8 (August 1996): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963905231.

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Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) was thermally degraded in a thermogravimetry (TG) in nitrogen atmosphere. Evolving gases during PVB degradation were continuously analyzed with an FT-IR instrument. The main products identified were butyraldehyde, 2-butenal, butanoic acid, acetic acid, 2,5-dihydrofuran, and butanol. The IR spectra of mixture gases were resolved on the basis of the spectrum of pure species. The intensity of IR absorbance for each species was recorded as a function of temperature, and the temperature-dependent quantitative information for each species was calculated and used to evaluate the kinetic parameters. Activation energy and preexponential factors were evaluated for each species under the assumption of a parallel degradation mechanism and first-order kinetics. In addition to this detailed analysis, the polymer weight loss information measured by TG was used to determine the overall kinetic parameters. Results showed that activation energy obtained by both methods was consistent.

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Ghalib, Suroor A., and Enass J. Kadhim. "The Investigation of Some Phytochemical Compounds Found in Anchusa strigosa L. Grown Naturally in Iraq." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 30, no. 1 (June 19, 2021): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol30iss1pp179-188.

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Anchusa strigosa L.: Hardy annual biennial or perennial herb, with hairs especially on the leaves., flowers generally regular. Commonly named (Lisan Althour) in Iraq, from Boraginaceae family. The plant contains phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, and terpenoids. The Whole plant part defatted with n-hexane for 24 hours. The defatted plant material extracted using absolute methanol by Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours, the extract fractionated by solvents of different polarity: petroleum ether- chloroform - ethylacetate- and n-butanol respectively. The n-butanol fraction hydrolyzed with 10% HCl for 5 hours by reflex to break down the glycosidic linkage. Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, genistein, and silybin were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction by preparative layer chromatography which identified by high performance liquid chromatography HPLC, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra, thin- layer chromatography TLC and melting point. Since the plant contain alkaloids so acid- base extraction performed for crude extract resulting from the maceration of the plant parts in methanol (cold method) to obtain the alkaloid that isolated by preparative layer chromatography and then identified by Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The aim of this research was to carry out a phytochemical study of this plant since no previous phytochemical investigation work had been done on this species in Iraq.

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Dai, Tran Duc, Dao Duc Thien, and Nguyen Thanh Tam. "Flavone glycosides from Uraria crinita." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.63(2).03-06.

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Four flavone glycosides including apigenin 7-O-β-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol 7-O-β-glucoside (2), rhoifolin (3), and 3′-methoxyapiin(4) were isolated from the n-butanol extract of the whole plant Uraria crinita collected in the phu Tho province, Vietnam. Their structures were elucidated by 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra and compared with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1-3 were obtained from the genus Uraria for the first time.

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Patel, Shivani P., Ashvin N. Prajapati, H. P. Vankar, and V. A. Rana. "Dielectric Dispersion Response of Binary Mixtures of n-Butanol and Valeronitrile." Advanced Materials Research 1169 (March 18, 2022): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e8zq99.

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Complex permittivity spectra of various concentrations (0.0 → 1.0) of n-Butanol and its mixtures with Valeronitrile were obtained in the radio and microwave frequency range (0.2 GHz to 20 GHz) using Vector network analyzer (VNA). Complex permittivity data points were fitted into Havriliak-Negami Model. CNLS fitting using LEVMW software used to obtain dielectric parameters. Excess static dielectric constant and excess inverse relaxation time for the binary mixtures were calculated and fitted in Redlich-Kister polynomial to derive the binary coefficients and standard deviations. Variation of these parameters were discussed in terms molecular interaction between molecular species.

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30

Jankulovska, Mirjana, Lidija Šoptrajanova, Ilinka Spirevska, Katica Čolančevska-Ragenoviќ, and Saško Ristovski. "Investigation of solvent effects on electronic absorption spectra of some substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 29, no. 1 (June 15, 2010): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2010.171.

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The influence of the polarity of the solvent and hydrogen bonding on the electronic absorption spectra of some previously synthesized substituted 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thiones was studied. The electronic absorption spectra of investigated compounds were recorded in the region from 190 nm to 360 nm in eight protic (water, ethylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol and tert-butanol) and five aprotic (acetonitrile, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and dioxane) solvents. Their absorption maxima appeared in the region between 250 nm and 260 nm as a result of the electron transitions in the 1,2,4-triazoline-3-thione ring. Using the method of linear solvation energy relationships (LSER), the effects of solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding on the electronic absorption spectra were interpreted. The results have shown that the influence of the aprotic solvents is more significant compared to that of the protic solvents.

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Hinic, Ivana, Goran Stanisic, and Zoran Popovic. "Influence of the synthesis conditions on the photoluminescence of silica gels." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 68, no. 12 (2003): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0312953h.

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The photoluminescence spectra of silica xerogel samples synthesized with ethanol as solvent and xerogel where the ethanol was exchanged by water before drying are reported. In addition, the photoluminescence spectrum of a silica cryogel synthesized with tert-butanol as solvent was investigated. The samples were modified by formamide. Bands at 2.00, 2.20, 2.32 and 2.46 eV were identified. In the photoluminescence spectra of all samples. The band at 2.00 eV is caused by the presence of silane, and the band at 2.20 eV is connected with the nonstoichiometric composition of silica. The photoluminescence band at 2.32 eV was found to originate from the organic groups of the solvent. The origin of this band are E? defect centers, which is a prominenet paramagnetic defect in conventional a ? SiO2.

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Sokolova, Maia, Stephen J. Barlow, Galina V. Bondarenko, Yuri E. Gorbaty, and Martyn Poliakoff. "Comparison between IR Absorption and Raman Scattering Spectra of Liquid and Supercritical 1-Butanol." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 110, no. 11 (March 2006): 3882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp055931h.

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Pires, W. A. D., K. L. Nixon, S. Ghosh, R. A. A. Amorim, R. F. C. Neves, H. V. Duque, D. G. M. da Silva, D. B. Jones, M. J. Brunger, and M. C. A. Lopes. "Electron impact ionization of 1-butanol: I. Mass spectra and partial ionization cross sections." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 430 (July 2018): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2018.03.011.

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Nguyen, Tung Thanh, Thuong Thi Nguyen, Phu Hoang Dang, Trong Nguyen Huu Phan, and Nhan Trung Nguyen. "Chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of the stems of Buchanania lucida Blume (Anacardiaceae)." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, T5 (November 29, 2018): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1it5.550.

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There is no research on the chemical constituents investigation and bioactivity evaluation of Buchanania lucida Blume (Anacardiaceae). From the stems of Buchanania lucida collected at Dong Nai province, the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts were prepared. Four phenolic compounds: protocatechuic methyl ester (1), aloe-emodin (2), naringenin (3), and glucosyringic acid (4) were isolated from these extracts. The chemical structure of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and comparison with published data. These compounds were first reported in Buchanania lucida.

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Ojo, James O., and David A. Oyegoke. "On the Extraction of Vanadium (V) by Alkanols: A comparative Study of 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol Isomers as Extractants for Vanadium (V) Extraction from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions." International Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n3p9.

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Further to the previous study on the extractive recovery of V(V) from HCl solution by some alkanols, the extraction of V(V) from HCl solutions by 1-pentanol and 3-methyl -1-butanol (isomers) dissolved in n-heptane were investigated in the present study, still propelled by the need to proffering viable alternatives to the scarce and relatively costly organophosphorous extractants, and also compare the extraction efficiency of straight- and branched-chain extractants. At the studied pH range (0.5-4.0) with 1-penttanol as extractant, the percentage V(V) extraction (extraction efficiency, E%) reached optimum E%= 40.0 at pH of 3.0 and for 3-methyl-1-butanol, optimum E% was 36.7 at pH 2.0. Increasing concentration of HCl at the studied range (1.0 – 6.0 mol L-1) was found to have an appreciable effect on percentage V(V) extraction. With both extractants, E% peaked at 5.0 and 6.0 mol L-1HCl with values 70.0 and 66.7% for 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol respectively.With increase in the concentration of extractants, both extractants produced a trend of increased/decreased in E% for V(V), suggesting the extraction of two different species. The optimal percentage extraction values were 70.0 and 66.7% observed at log [1-pentanol] = 0.86 mol L-1 and log[3-methyl-1-butanol]=0.86 mol L-1 , in that order. The determined enthalpy change. for 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol systems were -80.4/120 kJ mol-1 and -203.0/254.7 kJ mol-1 respectively, indicating exothermic/endothermic extraction processes. The isomer 3- methyl -1-butanol gave a higher extraction efficiency after a three-stage extraction (E% = 92.5) than 1-pentanol (E% = 83.4). Recycling experiment revealed both to be recyclable. From slope analysis, analytical and spectra data, the extracted complexes have been formulated as VO2Cl.nROH and (VO2Cl)m.nROH (where m>> n) at low and high concentrations of extractant, respectively. On the whole, 3-methyl-1-butanol was assessed as fairly better as an extractant for vanadium (V) at lower temperature experimental conditions. The effect of methyl branched-chain played an insignificant role on the extraction.

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Qi, Jinsong, Shixun Wang, Arsenii Portniagin, Stephen V. Kershaw, and Andrey L. Rogach. "Room Temperature Fabrication of Stable, Strongly Luminescent Dion–Jacobson Tin Bromide Perovskite Microcrystals Achieved through Use of Primary Alcohols." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 2738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102738.

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Lead-free two-dimensional metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising light-emitting materials due to their improved stability and attractive optical properties. Herein, a facile room temperature wet milling method has been developed to make Dion–Jacobson (DJ) phase ODASnBr4 perovskite microcrystals, whose crystallization was accomplished via the aid of introduced primary alcohols: ethanol, butanol, pentanol, and hexanol. Due to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, the use of ethanol promoted the formation of non-doped ODASnBr4 microcrystals, with an emission peaked at 599 nm and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of 81%. By introducing other primary alcohols with weaker intermolecular hydrogen bonding such as butanol, pentanol, and hexanol, [SnBr6]4− octahedral slabs of the DJ perovskite microcrystals experienced various degrees of expansion while forming O–H…Br hydrogen bonds. This resulted in the emission spectra of these alcohol-doped microcrystals to be adjusted in the range from 572 to 601 nm, while keeping the PL QY high, at around 89%. Our synthetic strategy provides a viable pathway towards strongly emitting lead-free DJ perovskite microcrystals with an improved stability.

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Pavlík, M., D. Pavlíková, and S. Vašíčková. "Infrared spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis of maize growing under different nitrogen nutrition." Plant, Soil and Environment 56, No. 11 (November 16, 2010): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/190/2010-pse.

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For metabolomic analysis of maize plants growing under different nitrogen nutrition sequential extraction of fresh biomass was used and isolated fractions were characterized and evaluated using IR spectra. The IR spectra of individual fractions were evaluated in relation to the nitrogen rates (2 g or 4 g N), to applied fertilizers (ammonium nitrogen or urea ammonium nitrate solution) and sampling period. For butanol fraction, typical bands of flavonoids, polar phospholipids, steryl glycosides, analogues of ecdysteroids were characterized. The IR spectra of BuOH fraction showed changes of relative contents of isolated compounds mainly affected by nitrogen rates. For water fraction bands of organic acids, salts of organic acids, flavonoid glycosides and oligopeptides (phytochelatins and/or glutathione) were the most significant. The results showed an increased induction of oxalic acid in plants after 4 g N application. Degradation of this acid induced oxidative stress, therefore strong correlation among contents of oxalic acid, flavonoids and compounds with amide nitrogen (glutathione) was observed in plants growing under 4 g nitrogen nutrition. The glutathione-ascorbate cycle protects plants against oxidative damage.

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Mi, Yuan Zhu, and Yue Luo. "Actinozoan-Like Carbon Materials Prepared via a Solvothermal Route." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.983.

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Actinozoan-like carbon materials with high yields have been successfully synthesized via a solvothermal route in a stainless steel autoclave. In this process, polyethylene glycol, magnesium acetate and n-butanol were used as starting materials. The resulting products were characterized with X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The actinozoan-like carbon materials have diameters ranging from 100 nm to 120 nm, and lengths ranging from several microns to dozens of microns. The optimal reaction conditions to obtain actinozoan-like carbon materials are 500 °C and 12h.

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Kipkemboi, Pius K., and Allan J. Easteal. "Vibrational spectroscopic studies of aqueous solutions of tert-butyl alcohol and tert-butylamine." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-102.

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Raman and FT-IR absorption spectra of aqueous tert-butyl alcohol (t-BuOH) and tert-butylamine (t-BuNH2) in the region of the OH and NH2 stretching and bending modes have been measured as a function of organic co-solvent concentration in the whole co-solvent mole fraction region. The major observed changes of the aqueous binary solution spectra compared with the solvent spectra are a loss or gain of band intensity. In particular, the observed changes in intensities and linewidths of some bands were significantly more pronounced at low concentrations of organic co-solvents in water, where t-BuOH and t-BuNH2 tend to integrate into the water structure. Clear evidence of structural enhancement of the network is obtained in dilute solutions as well as destruction of the network by hydrophobic interactions as the concentration is increased. Generally, the interpretation of the spectra is in agreement with the capacity of the hydrophobic co-solvent to break the structure of water in the more concentrated aqueous solutions and to enhance the structure in dilute solutions. Vibrational intensities and frequency shifts of some bands show definite trends with varying the concentration of the solutions. In the concentration-dependence study, unusual linewidth changes of certain bands were observed.Key words: infrared, Raman spectra, aqueous, tert-butanol, tert-butylamine.

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Jewely, Hind M., and Thukaa Z. Abdul-Jalil. "Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Caffeic Acid and p-Coumaric acid from N-butanol Fraction of Iraqi Osteospermum ecklonis (F. Asteraceae)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 02 (June 25, 2022): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.12.2.31.

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Osteospermum ecklonis, known as the African daisy, is a member of the Asteraceae family that includes more than 600 genera of various daisies. Traditionally O. ecklonis was used for its whitening effect to fight skin hyperpigmentation, implemented recently in several anti-scar topical formulations and as a promising remedy with anti-parasitic activity in India to treat malaria. The available literature survey revealed no studies about Iraqi O. ecklonis phenolic acids, especially caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Therefore, the objective of this study was to extract and isolate these powerful phenolic acids for their promising pharmacological activities. This goal was achieved using 85% methanol followed by fractionation with different solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) that differ in their polarities. Two phenolic acids were isolated from aerial parts n- butanol fraction by preparative thin-layer chromatography (PLC), then identified by measuring melting point (m.p.), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra, and by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This study implements a consensus about the Iraqi O. ecklonis plant as a promising plant for its different secondary metabolites, especially the phenolic acids, which detected novelty in this study.

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Mackie, R. A., R. Browning, C. J. Latimer, S. W. J. Scully, and K. F. Dunn. "A search for circular dichroism in the VUV photofragmentation mass spectra of 2-amino-1-butanol." Chirality 14, no. 6 (2002): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.10074.

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Stuzhin, Pavel A., Pavel Tarakanov, Svetlana Shiryaeva, Anna Zimenkova, Oscar I. Koifman, Elisa Viola, Maria Pia Donzello, and Claudio Ercolani. "Porphyrazines with annulated diazepine rings 4: Synthesis and properties of MgII tetradiazepinoporphyrazine carrying exocyclic styryl fragments." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 16, no. 07n08 (July 2012): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424612501052.

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A novel tetradiazepinoporphyrazine MgII complex bearing eight peripheral styryl substituents, [St8TDzPAMg(H2O)] ( St = -CH=CHAr , where Ar = 4-methoxyphenyl ) was prepared by template cyclotetramerization of the corresponding precursor — 5,7-distyryl substituted diazepino-2,3-dicarbonitrile — in the presence of MgII butoxide in n-butanol. UV-visible and 1H NMR spectral data indicate that the complex is strongly aggregated in non-coordinating solvents (dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene), it is dimeric in pyridine, whereas it is predominantly monomeric in dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide. The fluorescence response is high for solutions in which the monomeric form is prevalent, but it is strongly quenched as the content of the dimer is increased. Evidence was obtained that dimerization occurs due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding between acidic CH2 groups in the diazepine ring (6H form) of one molecule with meso- and/or diazepine N atoms of another molecule, dimerization being also contributed by the presence of chlatrated water. In the presence of fluoride anions the dimer is destroyed with formation of the monomeric species, which is changed to the 1H form upon heating, as indicated by 1H NMR spectra.

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Aaron, J. J., M. D. Gaye, C. Párkányi, C. Boniface, T. W. N. Bieze, S. S. Atik, K. S. Raghu Veer, L. von Szentpály, and R. Ghosh. "Solvent Effects upon the Electronic Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Pteridines and Riboflavin and Their Ground and First Excited Singlet State Dipole Moments." Pteridines 3, no. 3 (September 1991): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1991.3.3.153.

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The electronic absorption. fluorescence excitation, and fluorescence emission spectra of a series of pteridines (lumazine, xanthopterin, isoxanthopterin, biopterin) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) were measured at room temperature (298 K) in a number of solvents covering a wide range of polarities (dioxane, ethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol. 2-propanol, ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dimethyl sulfoxide). The effects of the solvent upon the spectral properties are discussed. Experimental groundstate dipole moments were measured for selected compounds and were used in combination with the spectral data to evaluate their first excited singlet-state dipole moments by means of the solvatochromic shift method (Bakhshiev's and Kawski-Chamma-Viallet's equations based on the variation of the Stokes shift with the solvent dielectric constant-refractive index term). The theoretical ground and excited singlet-state dipole moments for all pteridines and riboflavin were calculated as a vector sum of the π-component (obtained by the PPP method) and the a-component (obtained from a-bond moments). A second set of theoretical values was obtained by using the CNDO/2method. A good agreement was observed between the experimental and the theoretical values. Excited singlet-state dipole moments are higher than the ground state values by 1 to 6 Debye units for all the pteridines under study with the exception of xanthopterin.

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Adebayo, Abiodun Humphrey, Aristotle Balade, and Omolara Faith Yakubu. "GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF VIBURNUM OPULUS (L) EXTRACT AND ITS TOXICITY STUDIES IN RATS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17350.

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Objectives: This study was aimed at establishing the antimicrobial and phytochemical profiles of Viburnum opulus (L) as well as the safety potential of the extract in albino Wistar rats.Methods: Ethanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions were prepared for both phytochemical assessment using gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis (GC-MS). Five groups of seven rats were used for the study. Group A received distilled water (control), while groups B to E were treated respectively with 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of V. opulus extract by abdominal canulisation for 28 days. Blood samples were obtained for biochemical analyses and the liver tissues were further processed for histological studies.Results: The GC-MS spectra revealed the existence of various phytoconstituents such as neophytadiene, germaciene, caryophyllene among others. High density lipoprotein and albumin were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in animals administered with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg bw of the leaf extract. Ethanol, butanol and water fractions of the leaf of V. opulus showed antimicrobial action against most of the organisms used in this study.Conclusion: The result indicates the V. opulus leaf extract contains a wild range of fatty acids and heterocyclic compounds with antimicrobial efficacy and no hepatic damage.

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Wu, Miao, Jinhui Pang, Xueming Zhang, and Runcang Sun. "Enhancement of Lignin Biopolymer Isolation from Hybrid Poplar by Organosolv Pretreatments." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/194726.

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Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource that has the potential to displace petroleum in the production of biomaterials and biofuels. In the present study, the fractionation of different lignin biopolymers from hybrid poplar based on organosolv pretreatments using 80% aqueous methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol at 220°C for 30 min was investigated. The isolated lignin fractions were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the lignin fraction obtained with aqueous ethanol (EOL) possessed the highest yield and the strongest thermal stability compared with other lignin fractions. In addition, other lignin fractions were almost absent of neutral sugars (1.16–1.46%) though lignin preparation extracted with 1-butanol (BOL) was incongruent (7.53%). 2D HSQC spectra analysis revealed that the four lignin fractions mainly consisted ofβ-O-4′ linkages combined with small amounts ofβ-β′andβ-5′ linkages. Furthermore, substitution ofCαinβ-O-4′ substructures had occurred due to the effects of dissolvent during the autocatalyzed alcohol organosolv pretreatments. Therefore, aqueous ethanol was found to be the most promising alcoholic organic solvent compared with other alcohols to be used in noncatalyzed processes for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefinery.

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Zvezhinskiy, Dmitry, Sergey V. Stepanov, Vsevolod Byakov, and Bożena Zgardzińska. "Effects of Local Heating and Premelting in the Terminal Part of the e⁺ Track." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.15.

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The terminal part of the e+ track (the positron blob) is formed during ionization slowing down and subsequent ion-electron recombinations produced by a positron. It releases up to 1 keV of energy, which is converted into heat within few picoseconds. If a bulk temperature of a medium is below, but close enough to its melting point, some region of a substance may melt, yielding a peculiar temperature dependence of the lifetime (LT) spectra. We have estimated properties of the molten region with a help of macroscopic heat con- duction equation and suggested a model describing temperature dependence of the ortho- positronium lifetime in frozen methanol, ethanol, butanol and water close to their melting points.

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Vejdělek, Zdeněk, Jan Metyš, Jiří Holubek, Miloš Buděšínský, Emil Svátek, Oluše Matoušová, and Miroslav Protiva. "Potentional anxiolytics and hypnotics: 1-(Alkanesulfonamidoalkyl)-6-aryl-8-halogeno-s-triazolo[4,3-a]-1,4-benzodiazepines and related compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 1 (1988): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19880132.

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7-Chloro-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-thione and its 5-(2-chlorophenyl) and 7-bromo-5-(2-chlorophenyl)analogues were reacted with N-(methanesulfonyl)- and N-(ethanesulfonyl)glycine and –alanine hydrazides (X-XIII) in boiling butanol to give the title compounds Iabc - IVabc. The alanine-derived substances IIIabc and IVabc were characterized by 1H NMR spectra as mixtures of two diastereoisomers. Similar reactions of 5-methylimidazole-4-carboxylic acid hydrazide (XIV) gave the s-triazolo[4,3-a]-1,4-benzodiazepines Vabc together with their ring-opened precursors XVI and XVII. The compounds prepared showed the activity profile of the anxiolytic and hypnotic 4H-s-triazolo[4,3-a]-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives.

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Sun, Xiu Ping, and Zai Chao Yu. "Study on Raman Spectra of Zinc Gluconate under Effect of Different Solvent." Key Engineering Materials 552 (May 2013): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.552.111.

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Raman spectrum is a kind of characteristic spectrum. The information of molecular vibration and rotation can be obtained by studying Raman spectrum. Raman spectrum will be changed because of molecular interaction under effect of different solvent. We selected zinc gluconate as the object of research. Zinc gluconate is dissolved respectively in ethyl chloride, benzene, ring of ethane，chloroform, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, n-propanol, n-butanol solution, and Raman spectra were tested. The change of molecular internal structure and the interaction of molecular functional groups are studied by means of measuring Raman frequency shift, bandwidth, and light intensity. Thus, the information of solute structure change can be obtained. Experiments show that when zinc gluconate dissolved in the organic solvent, molecular gap became larger, its velocity increased, and stretching vibration of associating OH key group became strong. Methylenes in polar and non-polar molecule interact, and the polarization changed. In different polar solvents, Raman spectra had different changes. When the bond length increases，the stretching vibration frequency of molecules moves to the direction of low frequency. It produces red shift instead of blue shift. The results of this paper provide a basis to study molecular interactions further.

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Sharma, Neha, Lekha Charan Meher, Krishna Chandra, Anjali Kumari, and Madhu Bala. "Chemical Modification of Camelina Oil based Unsaturated Fatty Acid for Renewable Biolubricant Base Stock." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 1 (2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22910.

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A green and eco-friendly method for preparation of oleochemicals from Camelina oil was developed for possible application for bio-lubricant basestocks, The steps involved are consisting of epoxidation of Camelina oil based fatty acid followed by further branching with wide range of alcohol such as 2-propanol, n-butanol, isoamyl alcohol and 2-ethylhexanol. These products were evaluated with physico-chemical properties such as acid value, oxirane oxygen content (OOC), hydroxyl value, low temperature properties, viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, viscosity index and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR. The appearance of peak at 824 cm–1 in the FTIR spectra was due to the formation of epoxy group and broad peak appeared at 3500-3300 cm–1 is for hydrogen bonded O-H stretching vibration of hydroxy group. The 1H NMR spectra showed a signal at 2.9-3.2 ppm region indicated CH-proton attached to the oxygen atom of the both epoxy group for epoxidized product, peaks for newly formed secondary alcohols emerged at 4.25-3.35 in alkoxy derivatives. The Camelina based synthetic product may find application in biolubricants base stock.

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Kawaguchi, Tomoaki, and Kaori Nagata. "Collagenase inhibition by water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract." Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology 8, no. 2 (February 25, 2019): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2019.18.

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Introduction: Collagenase plays an important role in the degradation of dermal matrix proteins leading to wrinkle formation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the inhibitory effect of water-pepper (Polygonum hydropiper L.) sprout extract on the activity of collagenase and to identify the inhibitory compounds.Methods: Collagenase inhibitory activity was measured by spectrophotometric assay. Activity-guided fractionation was performed using liquid-liquid extraction of water and n-butanol and Diaion HP-20 column chromatography, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction collection.Results: A methanolic extract of water-pepper sprout inhibited collagenase activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 156.7 μg/mL. Collagenase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 23.5 μg/mL) was found in 50% methanol eluate from the HP-20 column chromatography of the n-butanol soluble fraction. The active compound (IC50 = 1.9 μg/mL) in the eluate was isolated by HPLC and identified as quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside) from comparing retention time, UV-Vis absorption, and mass spectra with those of the standard. Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that hyperoside was an uncompetitive inhibitor against collagenase. Hyperoside was also the most abundant flavonoid present in the methanolic extract.Conclusion: These results suggest that water-pepper sprouts could be beneficial as a natural source of collagenase inhibitor which might be used for the treatment of skin aging.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Butanol Spectra'

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