Journal articles on the topic 'Business networks – China'
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Ding, Qiang, and Michele Akoorie. "Constructing Global Business Networks in China." Journal of East-West Business 15, no. 3 (July 2009): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669860903436192.
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Kim, Hyejin. "Transnational Korean Networks and Business in China." Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 7 (August 9, 2018): 1143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1489044.
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Burt, Ronald S., and Katarzyna Burzynska. "Chinese Entrepreneurs, Social Networks, and Guanxi." Management and Organization Review 13, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 221–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.6.
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ABSTRACTIntending to clear space for rigorous integrative research bridging theory and research across East and West, we highlight four conclusions from exceptional data on the networks around Chinese entrepreneurs: (1) The broker networks associated with business success in the West are also associated with success in China; (2) The trust correlates of closed networks in the West are similarly correlated in China; (3) History and trust proven in events emerge as especially important to the Chinese entrepreneurs; (4) High-quality network data on Chinese business leaders are a practical reality. We use the results to define a network perspective on guanxi ties that can be common ground for integrating results across East and West, and guide future research on the role networks play in Chinese business.
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Meares, Carina, Trudie Cain, and Paul Spoonley. "Bamboo Networks: Chinese Business Owners and Co-Ethnic Networks in Auckland, New Zealand." Journal of Chinese Overseas 7, no. 2 (2011): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325411x595431.
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Abstract As part of a larger research project examining the settlement of immigrant business owners in Auckland, New Zealand, this research examines the nature of the connections that these Chinese business owners have with their employees, suppliers and customers. The results suggest a significant reliance on networks that involve co-ethnics, especially for the China-born but even for those Chinese business owners who were New Zealand-born. Overall, the research indicates the key role that relational embeddedness plays in the establishment and development of migrant businesses.
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Gao, Hongzhi, Monica Ren, Jing Zhang, and Ruoyi Sun. "Network gatekeeping in SME exporters’ market entry in China." International Marketing Review 33, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-06-2014-0191.
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Purpose – Small and medium-sized exporters (SMEs) are driven to develop a network entry strategy to tap into a new foreign market. The purpose of this paper is to draw on the network perspective to evaluate how a network gatekeeper facilitates a foreign SME exporter’s entry into local business networks in China. Design/methodology/approach – The single case study method was adopted. The Ule New Zealand Mall, an online shopping platform that sells New Zealand products in China, was selected in this case study. The authors applied the critical incident technique to evaluate the position of New Zealand Post (as a home country-based network gatekeeper), the roles within the position, and the key outcome of the network gatekeeping. Findings – The study discovers two key roles of network gatekeepers: bridging the gap in trust between outsider networks and insider networks; and reducing the costs of experiential learning for SME exporters. Finally, this study concludes that the “brokered insidership” position acquired by SME exporters is the key outcome of network gatekeeping in foreign market entry. Originality/value – This study advances the understanding of theories of structural holes, business network and gatekeeping. The authors articulate the critical position assumed by a network gatekeeper in bridging two otherwise disconnected business networks, and their key roles in networking. The study also proposes a new network concept – “brokered insidership”.
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Burt, Ronald S., and Bat Batjargal. "Comparative Network Research in China." Management and Organization Review 15, no. 1 (March 2019): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2019.8.
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ABSTRACTUsing recent substantive results on China and the West, we highlight some virtues to Mill's method of residues for comparative network research. The result is research that combines the emic-etic approaches discussed by Leung (2009) with the spirit of Whetten's (2009: 49) efforts to make ‘theory borrowing more context sensitive’. We draw on recent comparative research about the competitive advantage enjoyed by network brokers, trust facilitated by embedding a relationship in a closed network, the subset of Chinese relations that constitute guanxi, the idea of American and European guanxi, different business environments maintained by the same network mechanism, cocoon networks, small-world networks, the longer history apparent in Chinese networks, and job search via colleagues, friends, and family. We also illustrate the value of data graphs for the expository value of the method of residuals in comparative network analyses.
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Lin-chun, Wu. "China and the United States: Business, Technology, and Networks, 1914–1941." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02702002.
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This paper studies the activities of American enterprises, technology, and related business organizations and engineering groups in China from the outbreak of World War i to the Pacific War and explains how these activities helped establish connections between China and the world. It borrows the concept of “networks” from Professor Sherman Cochran’s extraordinary book titled Encountering Chinese Networks, but broadens the scope of the term to include activity at the level of management and competition, as well as placing Sino-American relations in transnational perspective. Using a multi-archival approach to examine China’s major attempts at internationalization, this article focuses on the cases of the American Asiatic Association, the American Chamber of Commerce of China, and the Association of Chinese and American Engineers to show how these networks played important roles in the development of Chinese-American relations. It also discusses the issues of standardization, “scientific management,” and professionalism of entrepreneurs and engineers in influencing network making.
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Gao, Hongzhi, Monica Ren, and Qing Miao. "Toward a Yin-Yang Balancing Perspective of Relational (Guanxi) Gatekeeping in International Exchange Relationships in China." Journal of International Marketing 26, no. 2 (June 2018): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.16.0131.
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China is an extremely complex and “insider-controlled” market for foreign businesses. This study offers a yin-yang balancing perspective of international exchange relationships in China. The authors investigate how “relational gatekeepers” play a key role in achieving a dynamic balance between Western companies and local partners in international exchange relationships. In-depth interviews are conducted with 41 business managers based in China, Australia, and New Zealand. Guided by the yin-yang balancing frame, the authors develop four key constructs of relational gatekeeping: the gatekeeper resources of mianzi (insider status) and renqing (insider favor) and the gatekeeper capabilities of zao shi (creating favorable momentum) and ying shi (leveraging favorable momentum). The yin-yang frame provides a process view of business relationships that accepts paradoxical conditions and embraces dynamic network momentum, resources, and capabilities. The study concludes by showing the theoretical implications for network theory and for the field of dynamic balancing and suggests the managerial implications for an international company aiming to engage relational gatekeepers to break into insider (guanxi)-controlled local business networks.
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Guan, Chenghua, and Ye Fan. "The Impact of Social Networks on the Operating Efficiency of Chinese Technology Business Incubators." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072727.
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Based on data reflecting 1202 technology business incubators (TBIs) in China from 2016 to 2018, this study measures the operating efficiency of TBIs in China through their use of the data envelopment analysis(DEA) and analyzes the impact of network tie strength, network size, and network centrality on the operating efficiency of TBIs through Tobit, while discussing differences among specific regions. The results demonstrate that the operating efficiency of TBIs in China is increasing. The average operating efficiency of TBIs in the eastern region has increased annually, reaching its highest levels in China in 2018. Moreover, the average operating efficiency of TBIs in the northeastern and western regions is low. Network size and network centrality have a significant positive impact on the overall operating efficiency of the TBI, and network tie strength has an inverted U-shape form of impact. The established time, size, nature, and reputation of TBIs have a significant positive impact on the operating efficiency of the TBI. In the western China, geographical location has a positive correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. However, in the northeastern region, the nature of the TBI has a negative correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. This is the first use of full sample data to study the operation efficiency of Chinese TBIs from the perspective of social networks.
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Cao, Xin, Peng Li, Xiaozhi Huang, and Limin Fan. "The dual mechanism of social networks on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance: Empirical evidence from china." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0263674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263674.
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The effects of social networks on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance have been well documented in the international literature, and two dimensions of social networks have also been identified: business ties and political ties. However, few efforts have been made to examine whether there are different mechanisms of business ties and political ties. Based on social network theory and boundary spanning theory, we build a model of a dual mechanism of social networks, and the business ties and political ties of social networks that correspond with information processing and the external representation of boundary spanning theory. Using the data of Chinese listed companies in 2005–2013 and 2013–2017 to test the model, the results indicate that (1) in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance, the role of social networks has a dual mechanism. (2) Business ties play a mediating role in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. Business ties are conducive to a company’s information acquisition and knowledge sharing and play the role of information processing. (3) Political ties play a U-shaped moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance and assume the role of external representation.
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Krug, Barbara, and Hans Hendrischke. "Framing China: Transformation and Institutional Change through Co-evolution." Management and Organization Review 4, no. 1 (March 2008): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00092.x.
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This paper proposes a new institutional perspective to explain not only the diversity of local business systems in China but also how this diversity results from the integration of major institutional forces. We model the emergence of China's business systems as a co-evolutionary process unfolding along a business–government and a micro–macro-level dimension structured by intergovernmental institutional competition, business to business and business to government networking and public-private corporate governance. We find that: (i) China's emerging business system is the result of local institutional competition at the micro level that reduces the need for national (macro) institutions and impacts on the local implementation of national (including supranational) policies; (ii) the interaction between government and business is structured through networks which operate according to an economic rationale while drawing on cultural norms and traditions; and (iii) local businesses interact with local governments to recombine productive factors and reorganise firms and industries in line with local institutions. We conclude that the astonishing adaptability of Chinese businesses as well as the risk of corruption and lack of formal control at local government level are elements of locally differentiated business systems which are held together by an overarching institutional architecture.
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Wu, Weiwei, Haoyu Zhang, Siqi Lin, and Frank Witlox. "Evolution of Air Transport Networks under Different Airline Business Models: The Case of Three Chinese Airlines." E3S Web of Conferences 235 (2021): 03051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123503051.
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This study was conducted to compare the evolution process of air transport networks (ATNs) under different airline business models, and empirically analyzed the causes of evolution differences combining with airline market behaviors. Three representative Chinese airlines (China Southern Airlines, Spring Airlines, and Lucky Air) that belong to three business models (full-service, low-cost, and regional) were examined. Based on mathematical statistics and complex network theory, from spatial pattern, topological feature and central city, the result showed that the airlines have their own unique evolution characteristics of ATNs driven by different business models. China southern airlines as state-owned full-service network carrier, its ATN is easily affected by national policy. Spring Airlines has more flexible and diverse choice in choosing target markets and the ATN had a transformation from a mono-centric divergence network to a two-centric regional one. Lucky Air as a regional feeder carrier, whether navigable airports or navigable routes increasingly concentrated within the southwest of China. This information is important for government to improve the national ATN by developing targeted airlines.
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Wang, Liqiang, Shijun Liu, Li Pan, Lei Wu, and Xiangxu Meng. "Building and Analyzing of Enterprise Network." International Journal of Web Services Research 13, no. 3 (July 2016): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2016070104.
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Social business moves beyond linear, process-driven organizations to create new, dynamic, networked businesses that focus on customer value. Enterprise network (EN) is used to support social business by maximizing current and future opportunities and facilitate network-enabled processes, which can lead to value co-creation. EN is a multi-level hypergraph model with enterprises, employees, products and other related entities. In this paper the authors refine the EN model and present the foundation of EN to support social businesses. Then they introduce a case study on China automobile supply network (CASN). For the similarity with social networks, they verify power-law and small world theories in EN with statistical results on this data set. These theories are fitful in EN, but some new characteristics exist. The structure of EN consists of star-shaped clusters and the authors extract ego networks taking suppliers and manufacturers as the ego respectively. With the structure and distribution features of EN, they present the enterprise business similarity analysis method based on common-neighbors. And they also introduce the tentative work to detect Dunbar circles in EN. To analyze the data in a more intuitional and effective way, the authors use some data visualization tools to process the data in EN.
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Chen, Qiaoyi, Zhao Chen, Zhikuo Liu, Juan Carlos Suárez Serrato, and Daniel Yi Xu. "Industrial Energy Regulation: The Role of Business Conglomerates in China." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211072.
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This paper characterizes the importance of ownership networks of firms that are subject to a prominent energy regulation in China: the Top 1000 Enterprises Energy-Saving Program. We use data on the activities of regulated and unregulated firms that are part of the same conglomerate to study the overall importance of conglomerates as well as their geographic concentration. Accounting for business networks of regulated firms significantly increases the fraction of output that is affected by the regulation. We also document that most related firms of Top 1000 firms are located in the same province.
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Matthew Scott, Jonathan, Richard T. Harrison, Javed Hussain, and Cindy Millman. "The role of guanxi networks in the performance of women-led firms in China." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-03-2013-0014.
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Purpose – This exploratory study aims to examine how knowledge acquired via guanxi (networks and connections) is enabling women in China to overcome a number of significant barriers and challenges in order to start and grow successful businesses. Design/methodology/approach – The authors undertook two in-depth interviews to qualitatively investigate the use of guanxi as a means of overcoming various barriers faced by Chinese women in establishing and growing their businesses. Findings – The findings suggest that family background (and, in particular, support from parents and spouses), experience, training, education and finance are key success factors influencing the performance of women-led firms in China. The experiences of the two entrepreneurs in the study demonstrate the importance of mentors in helping to develop a woman's business acumen and providing the right contacts to help overcome potential barriers to developing a successful business. Research limitations/implications – While this study provides a useful first step to better understanding the role of guanxi networks in supporting women-led ventures in China, further research is needed to test the generalizability of the findings. Originality/value – This study contributes to the limited prior research focusing on the important role of guanxi networks in assisting Chinese women to successfully launch and grow new ventures.
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Karhunen, Päivi, Riitta Kosonen, Daniel J. McCarthy, and Sheila M. Puffer. "The Darker Side of Social Networks in Transforming Economies: Corrupt Exchange in Chinese Guanxi and Russian Blat/Svyazi." Management and Organization Review 14, no. 2 (June 2018): 395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2018.13.
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ABSTRACTThis article addresses corruption as a negative practice displaying the ‘darker side’ of social capital in Chinese guanxi and Russian blat/svyazi networks. It presents a conceptual framework integrating several research streams to establish a conceptual linkage between social network characteristics and three forms of corruption between business persons and public officials: cronyism, bribery, and extortion. We argue that the forms of corruption in a society are determined by the nature of social network ties and their underlying morality, with particularistic and general trust being key factors. Our framework depicts networks as three concentric circles representing three types of corruption resulting from their corresponding types of reciprocity: open, closed, and negative. We then apply the framework to the practice of guanxi in China and blat/svyazi in Russia. We propose that different network characteristics and different forms of corruption may help explain what we label the ‘China-Russia paradox’ of why corruption and high economic growth have co-existed in China, at least in the short term, but less so in Russia. We conclude with ethical and legal implications for doing business in those two transforming economies and offer suggestions for future research.
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Song (宋沧珠), Changzoo, and Haiying Li (李海英). "The Advantage of Transnational Coethnic Networks." Journal of Chinese Overseas 17, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 318–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341447.
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Abstract This is a case study of the cross-ethnicization and globalization of an ethnic food by entrepreneurial Korean Chinese. Korean Chinese (also referred to as Joseonjok or Chaoxianzu) in China came from a strong agricultural background with little tradition of commerce and no tradition of consuming lamb meat. However, when Xinjiang-style barbecue-lamb skewers were introduced to their community in the early 1980s, Korean Chinese fell in love with this exotic food. Soon, Korean Chinese entrepreneurs began opening their own barbecue-lamb-skewer restaurants. Within the next two decades, they transformed this humble street food into a luxurious gourmet food through various innovative measures. They also globalized the barbecue-lamb-skewer business by expanding it to other cities in China, South Korea, Japan, the United States and beyond. Based on fieldwork conducted in Korean Chinese communities in China, South Korea and Japan, we found that their transnational coethnic networks were the key behind this intriguing success in ethnic entrepreneurialism. This paper explores how the Korean Chinese developed their transnational coethnic networks, and how these networks contributed to this formerly non-coethnic lamb-skewer business.
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Graça, Sandra Simas, and Virginie Pioche Kharé. "Building social-capital networks and relationship commitment in China and India." European Business Review 32, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 823–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ebr-09-2019-0219.
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Purpose This study aims to develop a framework based on drew social capital theory and the literature on guanxi to examine and compare a buyer’s willingness to commit to a supplier in the context of informal social-capital networks in the two largest emerging markets of China and India. The two main objectives of the study included an examination of the influence of communication behavior and conflict resolution on the development of social-capital networks and a comparison of the influence of distinct dimensions of social-capital networks on a buyer’s commitment to a supplier. Design/methodology/approach Data was collected in China and India from random samples of buyers. The model was tested using structural equation modeling. Findings Findings revealed that communication and conflict resolution contribute significantly to build trust, increase social benefits and promote mutual collaboration between buyers and suppliers in both China and India. However, social benefits were found to have a greater influence on commitment in India, whereas collaboration was found to have a greater influence on commitment in China. Practical implications The study demonstrates the importance of social capital theory to explain the informal social capital network and commitment development. Results provide practitioners with specific strategies to build social capital in China and India and improve committed relationships with buyers. Originality/value This study advances theory development within the context of emerging markets. It is unique as it includes the two most populous and fast-growing emerging markets in one study.
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Ng, Daniel C. W., and Kris Law. "Impacts of informal networks on innovation performance: evidence in Shanghai." Chinese Management Studies 9, no. 1 (April 7, 2015): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-05-2013-0077.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present an empirical study on how informal networks affect innovation performance of firms in Shanghai. This study is a preliminary attempt to understand the effect of informal networks on innovation performance. Shanghai is selected as the region for data acquisition due to a prominent economic role in China. It is specifically to answer the research question regarding the impact of Chinese informal social network on innovation performance (in Shanghai). Design/methodology/approach – This paper attempts to explore the quantitative effect of informal networks on innovation performance in regard to group behavioural characteristics among executives in China. Findings – A total of 1,000 executives were invited, and there were 315 valid samples returned. Significant correlations are noted in key network variables against innovation performance. The results and findings generally support the hypotheses that “Education”, “Business Referral” and “Experience” are three core constructs exerting substantial influence in innovation performance. However, it is interesting to note that the connectivity and size of informal networks do not matter. Informal networks show no significant influence on innovation performance. Practical implications – This indicates stereotypes in Shanghai social business networks prioritizing on highly educated acquaintances, referral activities and working experiences. Originality/value – This study explores uncovered territory in organization innovation regarding the infiltration of informal networks, particularly in Chinese communities. Though the research context is Shanghai, the effect of informal networks on innovation performance can be extrapolated to other Chinese societies, such as Taiwan and Hong Kong.
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Krug, Barbara, and Hans Hendrischke. "China incorporated: property rights, networks, and the emergence of a private business sector in China." Managerial Finance 29, no. 12 (December 15, 2003): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074350310768625.
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Tham, Siew Yean, Soo Khoon Goh, and Ai Ping Teoh. "Yew Chian Haw: the internationalization journey of a developing country’s small-medium enterprise." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 4 (December 14, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2022-0132.
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Learning outcomes (i) To determine the push and pull factors for a developing country SME to internationalize via exports. (ii) To evaluate the use of social networks in the internationalization journey of Yew Chian Haw (YCH). (iii) To analyse how a developing country SME adapts to local conditions in order to sustain and grow the business in a foreign country. Case overview/synopsis Yew Chian Haw (YCH) was a small and medium enterprise (SME) producing herbal and healthcare products in Penang, Malaysia. This case study traced the company's internationalization journey, focusing on how the owner used his social networks based on common ethnic ties and language to penetrate the external markets by establishing trading companies in each of his export destinations, from Singapore to Hong Kong and later to Taiwan and China. These internationalization activities also helped him cultivate deeper local networks and enhance his business opportunities in each investment destination. The social network approach has important implications for SME firms such as YCH. The network strength helped to overcome entry barriers to foreign markets and enabled YCH to tap into local complementary resources such as local networks to sustain the internationalization process. Yew’s successful internationalization journey prompted him to focus on the external market for his company’s herbal soup products. But now he must decide whether to continue the internationalization journey in the existing external markets he has penetrated or to expand towards other markets such as Northeast Asian markets like Japan and Korea, as these countries have high income and purchasing power. However, Yew has no extensive social network in both countries, especially in terms of ethnic ties and common language. Yew therefore, had a dilemma: should he just continue expanding the existing external markets he has successfully penetrated, or should he move forward and seek to enter new markets where his current social networks may be weak or non-existent? Complexity academic level This case study is relevant for DBA, MBA, Master and undergraduate (International Business and Business Economics) students Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 5: International Business
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Burzynska, Katarzyna, and Sonja Opper. "Interbank Relations, Environmental Uncertainty, and Corporate Credit Access in China." Management and Organization Review 16, no. 3 (July 2020): 595–628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2020.25.
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ABSTRACTWe hypothesize that informal bank networks influence corporate credit access in China. Our sample comprises a panel of 515 corporations listed on China's stock exchanges with a total of 1,052 firm-year observations, holding a total of 7,009 major bank loans from 183 distinct banks between 2007 and 2012. Results support the hypothesis that closure in bank networks facilitates credit access. We further show that the positive closure-performance association offers fewer advantages if financial markets and the legal infrastructure are relatively well developed. Our findings contribute to an emergent literature examining how informal networks can productively substitute weak formal institutions, and how the interplay between informal networks and network embeddedness shapes individual and corporate strategies.
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Deng, Xin. "Father-daughter succession in China: facilitators and challenges." Journal of Family Business Management 5, no. 1 (April 13, 2015): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfbm-05-2014-0011.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore factors facilitating and impeding succession from father to daughter in family businesses in China. Design/methodology/approach – Using explorative case study approach this study examines the experiences of four female successors at different stages of taking over family businesses. Findings – Contrary to previous studies on female succession, daughters in this study were groomed to run the family business, and encouraged to become involved in it at an early stage. Confucian values on parent-child relationships and family also encouraged daughters’ participation in the family business and in maintaining productive working relationships with their fathers. However, inheriting and maintaining a father’s Guanxi networks pose a daunting challenge for daughters, and daughters may need more time to establish their authority. Originality/value – While confined by the limited number of cases, this study contributes to the under-explored research area of father-daughter succession by highlighting some unique cultural, social and historical factors influencing female successors in the Chinese context.
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Chen, Jason C. H., Binshan Lin, Lingli Li, and Patty S. Chen. "Logistics management in China: A case study of Haier." Human Systems Management 23, no. 1 (March 5, 2004): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/hsm-2004-23102.
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Chinese businesses began with a weak foundation in the intense world trade environment, similar to the many other companies that grew from developing countries. How were these Chinese businesses able to compete with foreign competitors armed with strong capital structures and efficient communication networks? Haier is an excellent example of how Chinese companies have successfully adapted to and prospered in the global economy, using information technology as a strategic weapon to improve its competitive advantage and further to create collaborative advantage. Haier's growth is miraculous: in less than two decades, it grew from a state-owned refrigerator factory into an innovative international giant. The company has become China's first global brand and the fifth largest appliance seller in the world. What are the secrets of Haier's success? Many researchers have conducted extensive studies on Haier's management and found the key is Management Information Systems such as e-Commerce and logistics systems that improve business operations between its suppliers, customers, and business partners. This article recounts the journey of Haier's achievements to excellence through its MIS, and provides analyses of the company's business model, the market chain management model.
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Bandeira, Suzana, Arnoldo José De Hoyos Guevara, Tereza Stefani, and Janaína Rute Da Silva Dourado. "Relationship Networks and China’s Increasing Presence in Brazil – Looking at Entrepreneurship and Cooperation." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 4, no. 1 (May 23, 2013): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2013v4i1p17-34.
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The study of interpersonal relationship networks belongs to a long and extensive multidisciplinary academic research field. Although the subject is not a new one, there has been an increase in the interest of the role of social networks in the business world. This article discusses a kind of network very peculiar to Chinese communities’ way of life: the Guanxi. Ever more emigrating to countries of occidental culture, the Chinese bring with them their way of being and doing business to which the Guanxi is a significant cultural trait. Knowing this type of relationship increases the possibilities of success for those who intend to do business with the Chinese, both in Brazil and in China. The article encompasses a theoretical framework, exposing Chinese and Occidental theories about relationship networks, allowing a broad understanding of how Guanxi works. Interviews and the relevant analysis of their contents complement the exploratory and qualitative research.
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Burt, Ronald S. "Network Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs: Density, Hierarchy, and Success in China and the West." Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 43, no. 1 (August 24, 2018): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1042258718783514.
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This article is about the network theory of advantage applied to entrepreneurship and an area-probability sample of 700 Chinese entrepreneurs, using 2,193 American and European managers as a baseline comparison group. The article deals with how certain entrepreneurs are disadvantaged by their networks, the contrasting forms that disadvantage takes in China and the West, the role of family in the Chinese networks, and ultimately the robustness of network theory to the cultural, structural, and content variations discussed.
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Li, Xiao, and Luqi Xiao. "Network and International WeChat Agent Purchasing Business." SHS Web of Conferences 181 (2024): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418104014.
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With the development of globalization and the Internet, a new type of e-commerce, namely international WeChat agent Purchase (also known as “Daigou”), has achieved success. This is a kind of business that WeChat merchants represent their customers for overseas shopping. These sole proprietorships include a large number of international students, tourists, and long-term Chinese expatriates. They combine the networks of their purveyors and customers to sell foreign products on WeChat, the most popular national communication application and use the price difference between these products in China and other countries as a profit opportunity. In this case, the customer and the purchasing agents had become interconnected nodes and form a unique commercial operation mode, which is not only building a commercial network and constructing based on a kind of social network. Through this approach, the purchase agent established their own business and commercial system. This article will analyze the operation mode of its business and the method of purchase agents building their customer network, the profitability of companies in this business network, and the role of network in the profit-making.
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Guo, Chun, and Jane K. Miller. "Guanxi Dynamics and Entrepreneurial Firm Creation and Development in China." Management and Organization Review 6, no. 2 (July 2010): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2010.00180.x.
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Guanxi networks are critical for achieving entrepreneurial success in China. Informed by the literatures on network-based entrepreneurship and guanxi, this study used a multiple-case method to examine the development of Chinese entrepreneurs' guanxi networks in the entrepreneurial process. Data induction based on within- and cross-case analyses of six entrepreneurial firms revealed three major findings. First, guanxi network dynamics in terms of network structure, governance mechanisms, and network content change systematically across the stages of the entrepreneurship process. Second, the usefulness of guanxi ties (such as family, business associates, or government officials) is contingent on the stage of the entrepreneurial process as well as on industrial-level factors. Third, in knowledge-intensive industries, cultivating and maintaining guanxi can be achieved through knowledge and information exchange rather than traditional gift-giving or favours. The overall conclusion is that guanxi is still of paramount importance for Chinese entrepreneurs in the midst of China's transformation from a centrally planned to a socialist market economy. We propose a stage model of guanxi network development in the entrepreneurial process and discuss implications for future research.
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Su, Dejin, and Yeong-Gil Kim. "What Promotes International Sustainable Development of Green Ventures? The Joint Effects of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Home Country-Based Networks." Journal of Korea Trade 26, no. 4 (June 30, 2022): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2022.26.4.39.
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Purpose - Along with the growing awareness of environmental sustainability, international green entrepreneurship is expected to realize international sustainable development (ISD) by introducing ecological innovation results, using fewer resources consumption, and reducing negative environmental impacts. Building upon contingency theory and social network theory, this paper attempts to explore the role of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) as contingent factors that might impact the effectiveness of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in promoting ISD among green ventures.
Design/methodology - Original data were collected from 127 green ventures in China based on the random sampling technique. These green ventures mainly focus on the lower use of energy or materials, lower CO2 emissions, and higher ecological benefits located in the Fujian province, which highlights green economic growth and economic cooperation with international markets. Moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to test our hypotheses concerning the main relationship between EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking) and ISD as well as the moderating effects of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) on the main relationship.
Findings - Empirical results indicate that: first, both innovativeness and proactiveness positively affect ISD; second, both technology ties and business ties at home might significantly strengthen the positive relationship between innovativeness (or proactiveness) and ISD. However, this study did not find significant moderating effects of technology ties or business ties at home on the relationship between risk-taking and ISD.
Originality/value - Since previous literature often gives more focus on the host country context of social networks, this study shifts to a home country-based network context. Therefore, our research might enrich the international green entrepreneurship literature by empirically investigating the contingent value of home country-based networks in the relationship between EO and ISD in the context of an emerging economy such as China.
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Björkman, Ingmar, and Sören Kock. "Social relationships and business networks: The case of Western companies in China." International Business Review 4, no. 4 (January 1995): 519–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(95)00023-2.
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Lee, Khan‐Pyo, and Jang‐Ho Choi. "Automobile industry, guanxi, and social networks in China." Chinese Management Studies 7, no. 2 (June 7, 2013): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-aug-2010-0021.
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Chen, Haisheng, Shuang Chen, Di Wang, and Manhong Shen. "Business credit network characteristics and impact on green economy efficiency: Evidence from the Greater Bay Area around Hangzhou Bay of China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): e0284019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284019.
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In regions where the development of formal finance is relatively lagging behind, commercial credit has partially replaced the role of formal finance and facilitated the development of the private economy and even the country, thus making commercial credit an important entry point for understanding and promoting sustainable economic development. Taking the Hangzhou Bay Greater Bay Area as a case study, based on the City Business Credit Environment Index (CEI) from 2015 to 2019, we examine the characteristics of business credit networks using social network analysis and discuss the impact of business credit on urban green economy efficiency heterogeneity by drawing on spatial econometrics. The study confirms that the structure of business credit networks in the Hangzhou Bay Greater Bay Area tends to be dense, the network density and number of connections show growth, the spatial network structure is taking shape, and the strength of spatial connections among cities has increased. Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Jiaxing and Shanghai are at the centre of the network and play a radiation-driven role. The business credit network in the Hangzhou Bay Greater Bay Area is characterised by self-stability and has evolved from a multi-centre to a single centre. Business credit is negatively correlated with the efficiency of the green economy in the Hangzhou Bay Area, which is a departure from the Chinese "financial development paradox". In terms of heterogeneity, the relationship remains consistent for port cities and open coastal cities in general, while the effect is less pronounced for cities above sub-provincial level. The study concludes that, with the high-quality economic development of the Hangzhou Bay Greater Bay Area, the Chinese "financial development paradox" does not exist in the region at this stage, which also highlights the need to accelerate the construction of a Chinese-style modernisation theory and practice system.
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Tam, Steven. "From understanding business guanxi to practising it: a golden rule for MNCs in China." Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 7, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-06-2016-0008.
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Purpose This article reveals a managerial issue that multinational corporations (MNCs) in China are at a strategic crossroad where their employees are competing with the same sources of guanxi networks for different business deals simultaneously. Design/methodology/approach Triggered by a real company case in China and guided by a literature review on business guanxi, the author bridged them into a specific inquiry, as little was known and should be further examined. Findings The author identified a paradoxical/applied scenario in MNCs between the use of guanxi and overall firm performance damaged by overusing it. Research limitations/implications Empirical studies are deemed necessary to seek more understanding between the role of guanxi and MNCs in China. Practical implications Guanxi is not a straightforward guarantee of business achievements in China. Management should note the influence of its actors – own employees – who can potentially diminish the positive returns of guanxi on overall firm’s achievements because of non-obvious interplays among employees and “contacts” on the overlapping guanxi networks. The larger the organisation, the higher the risk is. Originality/value This article proposes a new line of thoughts for practitioners about the effect of business guanxi on overall firm performance and serves as a starting point for academics to explore empirical research. The concept of overlapping guanxi networks is institutionalised and discussed. A three-step rule is also suggested for MNCs as a basic solution.
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ZHANG, Mei. "The Research on the Role Status of China’s Software Service Outsourcing Based on the Partnership of Service Outsourcing Networks." Do Business and Trade Facilitation Journal 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6914/dbtf.020101.
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China has been greatly engaging in global outsourcing services. Despite the increase in global outsourcing services industry, yet the service trade is in deficit and the export trades in service mainly concentrate on the travel, transportation and other business service, both of which indi-cate the comparatively low competitiveness of Chinese service in the world. The nature of partnerships involved between China’s service business undertakers and their overseas clients have not received adequate attention in the scholarly literature. The study analyzed three possible types of outsourcing networks partnership which include tactical, strategic and transformational partnership. Based on software development “waterfall model”, the network role status in undertaking outsourcing service of China are explained and the analysis results show that the tactical partnership plays a key role on the value chain of China’s software outsourcing in the global networks. It is concluded that China’s low value chain in software outsourcing networks is determined by the tactical partnership. Some suggestions on how to improve China’s software outsourcing industry include culti-vating the leading enterprises, building up an intermediary organization, enlarging the clustering effect in industrial park and taking advantage of the Belt and Road Initiative market and Japanese market.
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Chung, Stephanie Po-Yin. "Surviving Economic Crises in Southeast Asia and Southern China: The History of Eu Yan Sang Business Conglomerates in Penang, Singapore and Hong Kong." Modern Asian Studies 36, no. 3 (July 2002): 579–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x02003037.
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Prologue: Business Environment and Economic BehaviorFor more than two decades, sociologists, historians and economic geographers have produced many case studies on Chinese family businesses. A major consensus of these works suggests that ‘networking’, especially ethnic and familial, is extremely important to Chinese businesses. Various models and theories have been employed to explain this phenomenon. Notable among these explanations is the idea of Chinese entrepreneurship. According to this idea, such ethnicity-based groups as the Cantonese and the Fujianese (of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian), are regarded to be culturally oriented towards business entrepreneurship and the cultivation of business networks. Before the outbreak of the Asian economic crisis in October 1997, many researchers believed that ‘Chinese entrepreneurship’ and the ‘business culture of networking’ contributed to the success of Chinese businesses in Asia (especially in the ‘Four Little Dragons’ of coastal Asia). For example, Confucian ethics and its emphasis on familial and ethnic networks is regarded as an asset for business expansion by Chinese international enterprises based in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. After the outbreak of the crisis, more research on the nature of Chinese entrepreneurship and the culture of networking was carried out. This research started from a different angle. The reliance on politically secured economic privileges (i.e.; nepotism), was identified as a defect of networking and thus, one of the major underlying causes of the crisis. The claim that the culture of networking contributes to business success actually offers a readily available explanation for its failure as well (see for examples Redding, 1990; Yeung, 1997; Yeung, 1998).
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Kong, D. Y., and X. H. Bi. "Impact of Social Network and Business Model on Innovation Diffusion of Electric Vehicles in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/230765.
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The diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) involves not only the technological development but also the construction of complex social networks. This paper uses the theory of network control to analyze the influence of network forms on EV diffusion in China, especially focusing on the building of EV business models (BMs) and the resulting effects and control on the diffusion of EVs. The Bass model is adopted to forecast the diffusion process of EVs and genetic algorithm is used to estimate the parameters based on the diffusion data of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) in the United States and Japan. Two different social network forms and BMs are selected, that is, battery leasing model and vehicle purchasing model, to analyze how different network forms may influence the innovation coefficient and imitation coefficient in the Bass model, which will in turn result in different diffusion results. Thereby, we can find the appropriate network forms and BMs for EVs which is suitable to the local market conditions.
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Chang, Ning Jennifer. "Vertical Integration, Business Diversification, and Firm Architecture: The Case of the China Egg Produce Company in Shanghai, 1923–1950." Enterprise & Society 6, no. 3 (September 2005): 419–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700014610.
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This article is a case study of a Chinese indigenous firm in the refrigerated egg-packing industry during the interwar period. I argue that the China Egg Produce Company (CEPC) was quick to grasp Western management in terms of vertical integration and business diversification. In addition, this firm took advantage of embedded social relations and social networks to construct a strong “internal architecture.” As a result, CEPC not only rivaled some six to eight British and American enterprises, but also took the lead in persuading them to form an international cartel during the 1930s. The data presented in this case study shows the surprising vitality and adaptability of Chinese businesses and suggests that China was in the process of developing a modern business system prior to the chaotic events of the late 1940s.
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Horak, Jakub. "Sanctions as a Catalyst for Russia’s and China’s Balance of Trade: Business Opportunity." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14010036.
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Economic sanctions are among the most powerful instruments of international policy. However, this study, using the example of the so-called anti-Russian sanctions, shows that in the global economy, countries are rapidly using other alternatives, and sanctions in the case analyzed act as a catalyst for balance of trade between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China. The study is based on a highly topical sophisticated model of neural networks, which provides clear results confirming the unintended positive effect. The time series and aggregated data became inputs into multilayer perceptron networks, while the methodology used enabled eliminating of both too large averaging and extreme fluctuations of the equalized time series. Out of 10,000 networks created for each variable and each time lag, five showing the best characteristics given by correlation coefficients and absolute residual sums were retained. Thus, the created equalized time series were able to describe the basic trend of the actual development of export and import, while also capturing their local extremes. The interpolation of the two time series shows that the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation in 2014 have clearly strengthened its balance of trade with the People’s Republic of China. The results of the study also predict further growth in the balance of trade between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China, although this development may be delayed by current events.
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SAMUSENKO, Svetlana A. "The role of social capital in the formation and development of entrepreneurial ecosystems of digital valleys." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 20, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 308–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.20.2.308.
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Subject. This article analyses the competitive opportunities of the business ecosystems of the digital valleys of the USA, Israel, India, and China. Objectives. The article aims to identify and systematize the key characteristics of the business ecosystems of digital valleys from the standpoint of the network theory. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis. Results. The article identifies horizontally- and vertically-integrated networks supported by government. The article describes the common characteristics of successful business ecosystems of digital valleys. Conclusions. The article concludes that the key success factors of the best practices of digital valleys are the use of the regional peculiarities and advantages, scientific and financial potential, and the development of various institutions and business culture. The network characteristics of cohesion, diversity and fluidity are getting changed, and they depend on the institutional environment and public administration patterns.
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j, j., and j. j. "External Cost-Benefit of Emission Control Routes between Korea and China Liner Shipping Networks." International Academy of Global Business and Trade 19, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20294/jgbt.2023.19.5.17.
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Purpose - International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations on air pollution for the shipping industry have been strict, and various related policies and projects are being implemented internationally to demonstrate eco-shipping. This study aims to design a new scheme for eco-shipping, namely Emission Control Routes (ECR) regarding ship operations, and to estimate social, environmental, and economic benefits through its implementation.
Design/Methodology/Approach - This study employed Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) analysis based on voyage segments to design the ECR domain. In addition, this analysis was conducted using data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) for 1,728 port calls in liner shipping between Korea and China. Finally, the amount of external cost was estimated by scenario analysis, which set the speed limit within ECR waters at 10, 11, and 12 knots.
Findings - The results found that if the ECR system is implemented in the liner service between Korea and China, social and environmental costs can be reduced by 26.17% - 40.61%, and ship operators can achieve cost savings of 45.07% - 66.99% in fuel costs.
Research Implications - This study is crucial as it explores a new direction of air environment policy for the shipping industry, and analyzes the cost-effectiveness following the scenario condition for implementing the ECR strategy. In addition, political performance can be created synergistically when existing environmental policies have the potential for collaboration with the Emission Trading System (ETS).
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de Graaff, Nana. "China Inc. goes global. Transnational and national networks of China’s globalizing business elite." Review of International Political Economy 27, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 208–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1675741.
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Osburg, John. "Making Business Personal: Corruption, Anti-corruption, and Elite Networks in Post-Mao China." Current Anthropology 59, S18 (April 2018): S149—S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/695831.
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MOAZZIN, GHASSAN. "Sino-Foreign Business Networks: Foreign and Chinese banks in the Chinese banking sector, 1890–1911." Modern Asian Studies 54, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 970–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x18000318.
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AbstractAt the turn of the twentieth century, foreign bankers viewed China as one of the up-and-coming markets for international banking. This led to a rapid influx of foreign banks into the banking sector of the China coast. Consequently, foreign banks became a major presence in the treaty ports, where they financed China's foreign trade, provided loans to the Chinese government, and supplied Chinese banks with credit. However, their operations in the Chinese banking sector were always dependent on interaction with Chinese banks. Previous scholarship has largely portrayed the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks in terms of the former dominating and controlling the banking sector of China's treaty ports. This article challenges this view and shows that the relationship between foreign and Chinese banks was one of interdependence rather than one-sided control. It demonstrates how foreign banks had to adapt their business practices to the Chinese business environment and how they were integrated into existing Chinese business networks. Moreover, this article reveals how Chinese entrepreneurs could use their relationship with foreign banks for the benefit of their own business networks and exploit information asymmetries between foreign and Chinese banks to generate profits. The result of the development of this interdependent relationship between foreign and Chinese banks, and of the integration of the former into existing Chinese business networks was the formation of Sino-foreign business networks, which played an important role in making possible the operations of financial markets in China's transnational treaty port economy.
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Aaltio, Iiris, and Jiehua Huang. "The guanxi ties of managers in mainland China – a critical analysis based on gender." Gender in Management: An International Journal 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2018): 577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-01-2018-0006.
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Purpose Inadequate social networks are often seen as an explanation of the under-representation of women in management. Networks contain culture-specific features, as in China where the term guanxi is used, defined as a shared common identification held by two or more individuals (Jacobs, 1979). In several studies, guanxi has been found to relate positively to success at work both for the individual and the organization, but little is known about it from gender and career perspectives. Referring especially to the earlier studies by Chow and Ng (2004), the purpose of this paper is to address the meaning of guanxi networks for top women IT managers in mainland China. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected data from 21 women managers in mainland China, using a questionnaire about the composition and structure of their core guanxi networks and face-to-face interviews which allowed ample opportunity to elaborate the participants’ responses to items included in the questionnaire and their perspectives to using guanxi in general. The authors used both data in an interpretive analysis. Findings It was found that: there is a significant effect of female-to-male dyads concerning power and work-related guanxi bases, such as influence; there is a significant effect of female-to-female dyads concerning questions of private life and crisis, and women IT managers have a relatively limited guanxi base. The findings of this paper support Ibarra’s (1993) suggestion that a common strategy for women is to use and develop a functionally differentiated network. Based on findings, the authors further suggest that in building a successful managerial career, women managers in China need to reflect their gender, be gender-sensitive in building up their networks and stay incorporated at the core networks in the organization whatever gender they represent. They also suggest that because networks are dependent on culturally bound definitions (like guanxi), even the guanxi practices may vary locally in different parts of China. Research limitations/implications Women managers are important role models for younger female candidates and the possibility to close connections with them is relevant. Because networks are dependent on culturally bound definitions (like guanxi), even the guanxi practices may vary locally in different parts of China. For further studies, the authors suggest to focus on the consequences of guanxi practice limitations to women managers’ careers, especially from the perspective of private life responsibilities and the possible problematic nature of power ties between the gender(s). Originality/value Even if working life is becoming more and more global, the local and culture-based nature of networking remains. This paper contributes on the extensive research on social networking practices in China, often described in terms of guanxi, which has seldom been investigated using critical gender perspective.
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Chu, Angela Mai Chi, and Cathy H. C. Hsu. "Principal–Agent Relationship Within a Cruise Supply Chain Model for China." Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 45, no. 6 (January 15, 2021): 998–1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1096348020985328.
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Changes in travelers’ booking habits and the evolution of technology have come to threaten the existence of traditional travel agents (TAs). However, the cruise industry still relies heavily on TAs as its main distribution channel. A qualitative study was conducted to investigate the networks, relationships, and power distribution between cruise companies and TAs using a triangulation method via a tourism supply chain model. Principal–agent (P-A) theory was taken as the framework to describe various parties’ relationships and roles. Several TA business models were identified, including group blocks (i.e., guaranteed and nonguaranteed) and charter cruises (i.e., retail for resale and corporate; meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions). Results show an imbalance of power between parties due to unique business practices and customer preferences in Mainland China. Principals (i.e., cruise companies) were found to rely excessively on agents (i.e., TAs) to create demand, with the growing number of cruise lines leading agents to overpower principals. The alliance among TAs further affected the principal–agent relationship. A refined tourism supply chain model tailored to the cruise industry is thus proposed herein; this cruise supply chain model simplifies the complicated business network relationships between cruise companies and TAs in China.
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Li, Xiao, Jiarou Cao, Zhenggang Liu, and Xinggang Luo. "Sustainable Business Model Based on Digital Twin Platform Network: The Inspiration from Haier’s Case Study in China." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030936.
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Sustainability and digitalization have become the main direction of transformation of enterprises. Building a digital twin platform network can provide enterprises with a comprehensive view of products, manufacture, supply chain, customer experience, and profitability, which is conducive to the construction of a sustainable business model. The purpose of this paper is to study how enterprises use digital twin platform networks to generate economic, social and environmental benefits in various dimensions and their coupling relationships. Based on the literature review, this paper constructs a five-dimensional framework of a sustainable business model, and analyses the coupling relationship between dimensions. Using Haier as a way to verify the five-dimensional framework, it explores the dynamic mechanism of the Haier digital twin platform network, constructs an integrated framework based on coupling perspective and compares it with other two home appliance enterprises. The study shows that, through the digital twin platform network, enterprises can remove the disadvantage of focusing on a single product life cycle, and form a comprehensive network, so as to promote overall sustainable upgrades. This paper draws generic strategies and digital transformation suggestions for enterprises to innovate the sustainable business model. The conclusion enriches the research on sustainable business models both theoretically and practically and provides a feasible reference for the transformation of enterprises in digital economy environment.
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SHAN, Wei. "Explaining Unemployment among Uighurs in China." East Asian Policy 09, no. 03 (July 2017): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930517000290.
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The high unemployment rate in China’s Uighur community has been cited as a factor for the occurrence of a series of ethnic violence. Uighurs are disadvantaged in the job market mainly because of their poor Mandarin language ability. They are socially insulated from the Han-dominated business networks, and are less proactive and enterprising in work than Han. Overall, the unemployment issue of Uighurs is a product of multiple causes, which requires a comprehensive policy plan.
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Li, Dehui, Libo Fan, and Zhenning Yang. "Network curse effects: research based on listed manufacturing enterprises in China." Nankai Business Review International 10, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 91–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nbri-09-2017-0053.
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Purpose Although the importance of network embeddedness attracted much attention in recent years, the interpretations of the underlying mechanism almost focus on the positive effects and neglect the potential negative aspects. This paper aims to use Chinese listed manufacturing enterprises, in the perspective of network embeddedness, to analyze whether resource curse effects exist in strategic networks of enterprises. Design/methodology/approach This paper examines the resource curse effect that exists in enterprise networks through analysis of enterprise’s total factors productivity compared with those of its industry peers with different degrees of embeddedness. This paper then uses several different methods, such as clustered fixed and random effect model, core and peripheral model, and generalized method of moments estimation in endogenous checks, to detect network curse effects and reveal three potential mechanisms, including overinvestment, extra maintaining cost and innovation extrusion. Findings This paper finds that excessive network embeddedness hinders continuous improvement of productivity, which is derived from three mechanisms: excessive network embeddedness makes information redundancy among enterprises, and the imitate-follow effect makes excessive investment seriously; enterprises have to encounter more problems and difficulties, such as information coordination and benefit negotiation, to maintain network relationship, which leads to extra cost; enterprises with abundant network resources may tend to more emphasis on marketable operational abilities, resulting in resource decentralization and less investment on innovation, which is finally not beneficial to productivity improvement in the long run. Originality/value Compared with previous literatures, this paper not only enriches the understanding of negative mechanisms in enterprise`s network embeddedness, but also unfolds the inconsistency of network embeddedness effects in practice and finds new evidence that the two types of network embeddedness are consistent in certain circumstances.
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Berger, Ron. "Mastering the Art of Jugaad and Guanxi." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2014100102.
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Purpose: Successfully entering foreign markets is a major issue in the field of international business. Cultural ignorance increases uncertainty that hinders a firm's international performance. Research has shown that the impact of cultural differences is one of the biggest obstacles to entering the Chinese and Indian markets, which are seen as one of the more important and growing markets in the last decade. This paper builds a framework for analyzing and choosing effective business strategies across the divide between very different business systems and cultures. It assists western firms in how to enter these complex markets and increase the probability of success. Design/methodology/approach: the proposed conceptual model hinges on social networking theory. Three different strategies are presented based on the different cultural, political and historical settings of China and India. Findings: the paper builds a framework for India and China structured around three core attributes to building social networks. It shows what international firms need to do in-order to build social networks that allow access to the local markets and decrease business risks. Practical implications: the proposed conceptual models enable marketers to cope even with the most complex markets and improve their probability for success. Originality/value: the literature review demonstrates that researchers have not dealt in-depth with the social constructs of social networks, especially in India. The paper depicts the commonality and differences between the two countries and serves as a basic business model when penetrating these markets.
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Li, Min, Fangbin Xiao, Yang Cheng, Bi-Jun Xie, Chen-Yun Liu, and Baoni Xu. "Exploring the relationship between network position and innovation performance." Chinese Management Studies 14, no. 1 (November 21, 2019): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-10-2018-0717.
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Purpose This paper aims to attempt to explore the influence of network position on innovation performance, specifically for companies from a less-developed area in China. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a social network analysis method based on the data of high and new tech companies from Jiangxi province, China. It relies on Ucinet 6.212 software for data processing. Findings The present work, on the one hand, reveals that a high and new tech company from Jiangxi province tends to achieve better innovation performances if it is in the central position of its social network. On the other hand, it indicates that the same type of company from the same area does not always accomplish better innovation performance, even it possesses more structural holes. Originality/value The conclusions of this paper suggest that a high and new tech company from a less-developed area in China should build up its position closer to the center when constructing a social network. Meanwhile, the company should also exert more effort into managing its networks, as only building structural holes offers little help with operations besides showing that it has a broad social network.