Relevant bibliographies by topics / Business networks – China

Academic literature on the topic 'Business networks – China'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Business networks – China"

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Ding, Qiang, and Michele Akoorie. "Constructing Global Business Networks in China." Journal of East-West Business 15, no. 3 (July 2009): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669860903436192.

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Kim, Hyejin. "Transnational Korean Networks and Business in China." Europe-Asia Studies 70, no. 7 (August 9, 2018): 1143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2018.1489044.

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Burt, Ronald S., and Katarzyna Burzynska. "Chinese Entrepreneurs, Social Networks, and Guanxi." Management and Organization Review 13, no. 2 (May 16, 2017): 221–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2017.6.

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ABSTRACTIntending to clear space for rigorous integrative research bridging theory and research across East and West, we highlight four conclusions from exceptional data on the networks around Chinese entrepreneurs: (1) The broker networks associated with business success in the West are also associated with success in China; (2) The trust correlates of closed networks in the West are similarly correlated in China; (3) History and trust proven in events emerge as especially important to the Chinese entrepreneurs; (4) High-quality network data on Chinese business leaders are a practical reality. We use the results to define a network perspective on guanxi ties that can be common ground for integrating results across East and West, and guide future research on the role networks play in Chinese business.
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Meares, Carina, Trudie Cain, and Paul Spoonley. "Bamboo Networks: Chinese Business Owners and Co-Ethnic Networks in Auckland, New Zealand." Journal of Chinese Overseas 7, no. 2 (2011): 258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179325411x595431.

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Abstract As part of a larger research project examining the settlement of immigrant business owners in Auckland, New Zealand, this research examines the nature of the connections that these Chinese business owners have with their employees, suppliers and customers. The results suggest a significant reliance on networks that involve co-ethnics, especially for the China-born but even for those Chinese business owners who were New Zealand-born. Overall, the research indicates the key role that relational embeddedness plays in the establishment and development of migrant businesses.
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Gao, Hongzhi, Monica Ren, Jing Zhang, and Ruoyi Sun. "Network gatekeeping in SME exporters’ market entry in China." International Marketing Review 33, no. 2 (April 11, 2016): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imr-06-2014-0191.

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Purpose – Small and medium-sized exporters (SMEs) are driven to develop a network entry strategy to tap into a new foreign market. The purpose of this paper is to draw on the network perspective to evaluate how a network gatekeeper facilitates a foreign SME exporter’s entry into local business networks in China. Design/methodology/approach – The single case study method was adopted. The Ule New Zealand Mall, an online shopping platform that sells New Zealand products in China, was selected in this case study. The authors applied the critical incident technique to evaluate the position of New Zealand Post (as a home country-based network gatekeeper), the roles within the position, and the key outcome of the network gatekeeping. Findings – The study discovers two key roles of network gatekeepers: bridging the gap in trust between outsider networks and insider networks; and reducing the costs of experiential learning for SME exporters. Finally, this study concludes that the “brokered insidership” position acquired by SME exporters is the key outcome of network gatekeeping in foreign market entry. Originality/value – This study advances the understanding of theories of structural holes, business network and gatekeeping. The authors articulate the critical position assumed by a network gatekeeper in bridging two otherwise disconnected business networks, and their key roles in networking. The study also proposes a new network concept – “brokered insidership”.
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Burt, Ronald S., and Bat Batjargal. "Comparative Network Research in China." Management and Organization Review 15, no. 1 (March 2019): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mor.2019.8.

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ABSTRACTUsing recent substantive results on China and the West, we highlight some virtues to Mill's method of residues for comparative network research. The result is research that combines the emic-etic approaches discussed by Leung (2009) with the spirit of Whetten's (2009: 49) efforts to make ‘theory borrowing more context sensitive’. We draw on recent comparative research about the competitive advantage enjoyed by network brokers, trust facilitated by embedding a relationship in a closed network, the subset of Chinese relations that constitute guanxi, the idea of American and European guanxi, different business environments maintained by the same network mechanism, cocoon networks, small-world networks, the longer history apparent in Chinese networks, and job search via colleagues, friends, and family. We also illustrate the value of data graphs for the expository value of the method of residuals in comparative network analyses.
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Lin-chun, Wu. "China and the United States: Business, Technology, and Networks, 1914–1941." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 27, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02702002.

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This paper studies the activities of American enterprises, technology, and related business organizations and engineering groups in China from the outbreak of World War i to the Pacific War and explains how these activities helped establish connections between China and the world. It borrows the concept of “networks” from Professor Sherman Cochran’s extraordinary book titled Encountering Chinese Networks, but broadens the scope of the term to include activity at the level of management and competition, as well as placing Sino-American relations in transnational perspective. Using a multi-archival approach to examine China’s major attempts at internationalization, this article focuses on the cases of the American Asiatic Association, the American Chamber of Commerce of China, and the Association of Chinese and American Engineers to show how these networks played important roles in the development of Chinese-American relations. It also discusses the issues of standardization, “scientific management,” and professionalism of entrepreneurs and engineers in influencing network making.
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Gao, Hongzhi, Monica Ren, and Qing Miao. "Toward a Yin-Yang Balancing Perspective of Relational (Guanxi) Gatekeeping in International Exchange Relationships in China." Journal of International Marketing 26, no. 2 (June 2018): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jim.16.0131.

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China is an extremely complex and “insider-controlled” market for foreign businesses. This study offers a yin-yang balancing perspective of international exchange relationships in China. The authors investigate how “relational gatekeepers” play a key role in achieving a dynamic balance between Western companies and local partners in international exchange relationships. In-depth interviews are conducted with 41 business managers based in China, Australia, and New Zealand. Guided by the yin-yang balancing frame, the authors develop four key constructs of relational gatekeeping: the gatekeeper resources of mianzi (insider status) and renqing (insider favor) and the gatekeeper capabilities of zao shi (creating favorable momentum) and ying shi (leveraging favorable momentum). The yin-yang frame provides a process view of business relationships that accepts paradoxical conditions and embraces dynamic network momentum, resources, and capabilities. The study concludes by showing the theoretical implications for network theory and for the field of dynamic balancing and suggests the managerial implications for an international company aiming to engage relational gatekeepers to break into insider (guanxi)-controlled local business networks.
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Guan, Chenghua, and Ye Fan. "The Impact of Social Networks on the Operating Efficiency of Chinese Technology Business Incubators." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072727.

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Based on data reflecting 1202 technology business incubators (TBIs) in China from 2016 to 2018, this study measures the operating efficiency of TBIs in China through their use of the data envelopment analysis(DEA) and analyzes the impact of network tie strength, network size, and network centrality on the operating efficiency of TBIs through Tobit, while discussing differences among specific regions. The results demonstrate that the operating efficiency of TBIs in China is increasing. The average operating efficiency of TBIs in the eastern region has increased annually, reaching its highest levels in China in 2018. Moreover, the average operating efficiency of TBIs in the northeastern and western regions is low. Network size and network centrality have a significant positive impact on the overall operating efficiency of the TBI, and network tie strength has an inverted U-shape form of impact. The established time, size, nature, and reputation of TBIs have a significant positive impact on the operating efficiency of the TBI. In the western China, geographical location has a positive correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. However, in the northeastern region, the nature of the TBI has a negative correlation with the operating efficiency of the TBI. This is the first use of full sample data to study the operation efficiency of Chinese TBIs from the perspective of social networks.
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Cao, Xin, Peng Li, Xiaozhi Huang, and Limin Fan. "The dual mechanism of social networks on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance: Empirical evidence from china." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0263674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263674.

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The effects of social networks on the relationship between internationalization and firm performance have been well documented in the international literature, and two dimensions of social networks have also been identified: business ties and political ties. However, few efforts have been made to examine whether there are different mechanisms of business ties and political ties. Based on social network theory and boundary spanning theory, we build a model of a dual mechanism of social networks, and the business ties and political ties of social networks that correspond with information processing and the external representation of boundary spanning theory. Using the data of Chinese listed companies in 2005–2013 and 2013–2017 to test the model, the results indicate that (1) in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance, the role of social networks has a dual mechanism. (2) Business ties play a mediating role in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance. Business ties are conducive to a company’s information acquisition and knowledge sharing and play the role of information processing. (3) Political ties play a U-shaped moderating role in the relationship between internationalization and firm performance and assume the role of external representation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Business networks – China"

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Ng, Ping-kit Freeman. "Strategic networks in greater China : information technology product cases /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19908830.

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Lau, Po-wah Chris, and 劉寶華. "Japanese business networks: Hong Kong case studies." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30433265.

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Fellner, Amira. "Role of Culture in Economic Development: China Study of China and Latin America." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/236.

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The purpose of my thesis is to demonstrate the economic development of China and Latin America. My reason for choosing these two regions for my study is because they are both Third World Nations. My intention on writing this thesis is to prove that culture and the informal business networks of China are the major forces of what is driving the Chinese economy ahead of Latin America. I will explain how the definition of culture ties in with the economic society of both regions. In writing about culture, I will attempt to explain if there really is a difference between trust in each society. To better interpret this thesis, I came up with several variables of economy that will help explain each region's development. These variables are federal direct investment (FDI), labor, and funding of businesses in each region. In my study, I present the different approaches that are taken by each region to attract FDI. In addition, I will explain how and if informal networking is beneficial to the work force and the funding of businesses in each region. The majority of my research for this thesis consisted on reviewing past articles of scholarly journals. From these journals I drew conclusions of my own and compared them to other scholars' work. I also analyzed such websites like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank and various others to be able to come up with my own findings necessary to complete my thesis. To anticipate the conclusion, this thesis notes how important it is for each region to find its own unique way to attract FDI and how culture can impact the development of an economy. In my thesis, I am including the importance of trust in the society and the significance of the informal business networks on the Chinese economy.
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Gu, Fang Flora, and 顧芳. "Three studies on business-to-business relations: effects of fairness, guanxi, and national animosity on firmperformance in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3625342X.

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Fan, Tak-yu David, and 范德瑜. "An analysis on business networks of the vertical transportation industry in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267129.

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Zhao, Shaoyu. "Social networks, business strategy, and competitive advantage of private enterprises in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42329/.

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This study focuses on how the social networks of entrepreneurs shape the business strategies adopted by the Chinese private enterprises and the role of social networks in sustaining competitive advantage. Using data collected from 418 surveys and 53 interviews with private entrepreneurs in Guangdong Province in 2013, this study investigates how entrepreneurs embedded in different business-to-business (B2B) networks and business-to-government (B2G) networks perceive the role of social networks in the design and implementation of business strategies. This study also explores the types of political participation private entrepreneurs use to overcome discrimination that undermines their legitimacy and constrains access to resources. The findings from logistic regression and analysis of interviews indicate that private entrepreneurs perceive that B2B networks enable their firms to access accurate information to seize business opportunities, and strengthen long-term oriented buyer-supplier relationships. B2G networks help private firms to overcome the administrative obstacles and access state controlled resources. Private entrepreneurs also employ various political strategies to advance their interests. They usually value more highly membership of the People’s Congress (PC) or People’s Political Consultative Conference (PPCC) over membership of the Communist Party in strengthening B2G connections and establishing firm legitimacy. Overall, this study of Guangdong entrepreneurs contributes to the business literature in seeking to integrate theories about social networks and business strategy. It provides empirical data on how the private enterprises in China use their social networks in business. The results extend the understanding of social network in business strategy and contribute to the studies on social network theory and strategic management in transition countries. A deeper understanding of the role of the social networks in the business environment in China helps managers to choose a more suitable strategy to compete in the market.
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Mikhailitchenko, Andrei G. "Symbiotic networks in SME internationalization a U.S.- China- Russia study /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1206296716.

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Thesis (D.B.A.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.
Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 8, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-214). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.
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吳炳杰 and Ping-kit Freeman Ng. "Strategic networks in greater China: information technology product cases." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126914X.

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Bao, Qiong. "High tech entrepreneurship : an exploratory study of entrepreneurial network competence in China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/668.

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Leong, Gary, and 梁偉章. "Business network of telecommunication industry in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31267439.

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Books on the topic "Business networks – China"

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Menkhoff, Thomas, and Solvay Gerke. Chinese entrepreneurship and Asian business networks. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.

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ChinacomBiz 2008 (2008 Hangzhou, China). Communications and networking in China: 1st international business conference, ChinacomBiz 2008, Hongzu, China, August 2008 : revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 2009.

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Thomas, Menkhoff, and Gerke Solvay, eds. Chinese entrepreneurship and Asian business networks. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.

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Beringer, Sandra. Guanxi als Erfolgsfaktor: Europäische Unternehmen in China. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007.

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ISEC 2001 (2nd 2001 Hong Kong, China). Electronic commerce technologies: Second international symposium, ISEC 2001, Hong Kong, China, April 26-28, 2001 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2001.

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Beng, Tan Chee, ed. Chinese transnational networks. London: Routledge, 2007.

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Gong ye he xin xi hua bu xin xi zhong xin. Zhongguo qu kuai lian chan ye fa zhan bao gao (2018): Development of blockchain industry in China (2018). Beijing: Jing ji ri bao chu ban she, 2018.

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Luo, Jiade. Social networking and chinese indigenous management. Reading, UK]: Paths International Ltd, 2014.

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International, Conference on Electronic Commerce and Business Intelligence (2009 Beijing China). ECBI 2009: 2009 International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Business Intelligence : proceedings, 6-7 June 2009, Beijing, China. Los Alamitos, Calif: IEEE Computer Society, 2009.

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ISEC, 2001 (2001 Hong Kong China). Electronic commerce technologies: Second international symposium, ISEC 2001, Hong Kong, China, April 26-28, 2001 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Business networks – China"

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Kim, Hyejin. "South Korean and Korean Chinese Business Relations in China." In International Ethnic Networks and Intra-Ethnic Conflict, 61–85. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230107724_4.

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Miller, Joseph C., and Xiaoyun Chen. "Technology Acquisition and Business Performance Under Guanxi: The Moderating Role of Business Networks and Government Relationships in China." In Proceedings of the 2008 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 296. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10963-3_177.

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Man, Yuanyuan, Shuai Wang, Tianyu Zhang, T. J. Wong, and Irwin King. "Corporate Leaders Analytics and Network System (CLANS): Constructing and Mining Social Networks among Corporations and Business Elites in China." In Neural Information Processing, 610–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12637-1_76.

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Buchanan, Neilson S., Alan Peres, and John Fleming. "Business, Industry, and CHINs." In Information Networks for Community Health, 317–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2246-0_18.

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Bath, Vivienne, and Tianqi Gu. "Foreign Investment, Investment Treaties and Corruption in China and Hong Kong." In Corruption and Illegality in Asian Investment Arbitration, 209–34. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9303-1_8.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the interaction of domestic regulation of corruption in China and Hong Kong and the increasing number of international arbitration cases brought by and against China. In conjunction with the enormous growth in foreign investment in China since it opened up at the end of the 1970s, China has developed a comprehensive network of international investment agreements (IIAs). Hong Kong is also a party to about 30 IIAs in its own name. Government and business corruption and bribery have been a problem in both jurisdictions. China and Hong Kong have taken active steps to criminalize, and to investigate and prosecute, corruption and to participate in major international initiatives relating to corruption. While corruption has, so far, made a limited appearance in the small number of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) cases brought by investors against China and cases brought against other states by Chinese and Hong Kong investors, based on existing material, a number of tentative conclusions and recommendations can be made. China should move towards a higher level of transparency, both in relation to ISDS cases and to its domestic criminal law system; both China and Hong Kong should play a more active role in prosecuting bribery by enterprises outside China, including by joining the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Officials; and, finally, China should consider including provisions relating to corruption in its future IIAs in order to demonstrate its commitment to the international war on corruption in business.
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Xu, Xiaoyu, Hongxiu Li, and Jukka Heikkilä. "Understanding Individuals’ Switching of eService: An Empirical Study of Social Network Games Switching Intentions in China." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 85–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39808-7_8.

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Yang, Guang, Dengping Li, and Yan Wen. "Does Network Infrastructure Improve the Information Efficiency of Regional Capital Market?—Quasi Natural Experiment Based on “Broadband China” Strategy." In Business Intelligence and Information Technology, 734–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92632-8_69.

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Jansson, Hans, and Susanne Sandberg. "The Mixture of Network Marketing Types in Emerging Markets: The Case of Swedish MNCs in China." In Marketing Challenges in a Turbulent Business Environment, 389–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19428-8_104.

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Tsai, Beth. "Film Festivals in Taiwan: Lurking on the Periphery." In Rethinking Film Festivals in the Pandemic Era and After, 211–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14171-3_11.

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AbstractThis chapter investigates an ongoing geopolitical shift concerning the status of festivals in Taiwan—exemplified by the Taipei Film Festival and the Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards—and their future challenges instigated by the global pandemic. I consider film festivals in Taiwan to be lurking on the “periphery” and argue they should not be prescribed as secondary and unnoticed (in terms of prestige and influences). Instead, we need to identify the center (Western Europe and wealthy North America) versus the periphery paradigm in which the global festival circuit continued to reinforce power relations where mid- or lower-ranking film festivals had to wrestle with the hierarchy of status. This chapter begins by tracing how the pandemic preparedness in Taiwan allowed most Taiwanese film festivals to conduct business as usual. Yet this local advantage—abetted by the country’s history and political dissension with the People’s Republic of China (PRC)—is impeded by the collateral implications from disrupted festivals worldwide. The impacts of Covid-19 continue to further expose the unequal power relations within the globalized festival network, despite the survival and strife for the success of mid-level and regional film festivals.
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Jia, Shaofeng, Yu Wang, Hoaithuong Do, Boris Gojenko, and Caixia Man. "Basin Governance and International Cooperation." In Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Impact of Climate Change and Human Interventions, 327–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0759-1_9.

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AbstractIntegrated basin governance means integrated water governance taking basin as the spatial unit. It deals with rules of integrated water resources management, including the establishment of governance bodies, the definition of interests and roles of stakeholders, the principles and regulations of decision-making, and the arrangement of decision-making procedures. For trans-national basins, international cooperation for integrated basin governance is necessary that is mainly embodied by basin cooperation mechanisms. The implementation of international basin cooperation depends on a number of mechanisms. There are about fifteen cooperative mechanisms in the Mekong Region divided into two groups: intra-regional mechanisms (cooperation among Mekong countries) and mechanisms between Mekong countries and non-basin partners. MRC, GMS and LMC are the three most active mechanism. Within the Lancang-Mekong River Basin, each country has particular perspectives about international basin cooperation. China is very active in Basin cooperation and has invested a lot of resource in this regard, but is sensitive to the intervention from countries outside the region. Cambodia and Laos, with most territory located within the Basin and essential or even majority of foreign investment from China, are active to diversify their international cooperation while maintaining close cooperation with China. Most of the inflow of foreign investments into Myanmar comes from Asian countries, followed by European countries and the United States, and is influenced by its domestic political situation. Thailand has been a relatively stable recipient country of foreign investment for a long time and has benefited significantly, it has now become a donor country, playing an important leading role in basin cooperation. Vietnam’s foreign investment mainly comes from Japan, Korea, and ASEAN. Vietnam plays the leading role in environmental cooperation in Lower Mekong Cooperation with the United States, and has actively participated in the “One Decade of Green Mekong” initiative in Mekong-Japan cooperation. Some countries outside the basin, such as the United States, Japan, India, Korea, India and international organizations such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank, have significant influence on basin governance. Social participation in Lancang-Mekong River Basin governance plays a very important role. A variety of stakeholders, ranging from global network initiatives to local NGOs, from business enterprises to communities, have been actively engaging in the governance of the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. They have adopted different strategies (e.g., scientific research, capability building, policy advocacy, and citizen engagement) to exert influence on various issues such as climate change, biodiversity, hydropower development, and sustainable livelihood, revealing overlapping and interacting mechanisms of participation. The future trend of basin cooperation is more optimistic along with the consensus strengthening and capacity building, although there may be still some interferent brought by big power competition and interest disputations.
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Conference papers on the topic "Business networks – China"

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Li, Cong, Lin Feng, and Li Ma. "Business Process Reengineering for Better Sale of China Lubricant Enterprises." In 2013 5th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicn.2013.139.

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Li, Xing-nan, Zan-hong Wu, and Kang Sun. "A time-related business scheduling strategy in software defined networks." In 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7576090.

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Sun, Chuanfeng, Guihuang Jiang, and Jingqiang Zhang. "Study on the Hotspot and Cooperation Networks Evolution of Science and Technology Policy Research in China." In ICIBE 2023: 2023 the 9th International Conference on Industrial and Business Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3629378.3629408.

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Horák, Jakub, Petr Šuleř, and Jaromír Vrbka. "Comparison of neural networks and regression time series when predicting the export development from the USA to PRC." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.017.

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Purpose – artificial neural networks are compared with mixed conclusions in terms of forecasting performance. The most researches indicate that deep-learning models are better than traditional statistical or mathematical models. The purpose of the article is to compare the accuracy of equalizing time series by means of regression analysis and neural networks on the example of the USA export to China. The aim is to show the possible uses and advantages of neural networks in practice. Research methodology – the period for which the data (USA export to the PRC) are available is the monthly balance starting from January 1985 to August 2018. First of all, linear regression as the relatively simple mathematical method is carried out. Subsequently, neural networks as the computational models used in artificial intelligence are used for regression. Findings – in terms of linear regression, the most suitable one appeared to be the curve obtained by means of the least squares methods by negative-exponential smoothing, and the curve obtained by means of the distance-weighted least squares method. In terms of neural networks, all retained structures appeared to be applicable in practice. Artificial neural networks have better representational power than traditional models. Research limitations – the simplification (quite a significant one) appears both in the cases of linear regression and regression by means of neural networks. We work only with two variables – input variable (time) and output variable (USA export to the PRC). Practical implications – in practice, the results – especially the method of artificial neural networks – can be used in the measurement and prediction of the development of exports, but especially in the short term. It can be stated that due to great simplification of the reality it isnʼt possible to predict extraordinary situations and their effect on the USA export to the PRC. Originality/Value – the article focuses on the comparison of two statistical methods, in particular, artificial intelligence is not used in such applications. However, in many economic industries, it has proven better results. It is found that artificial neural networks are able to effectively learn dependencies in and between the time series in the form of export development data.
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Cieślik, Ewa. "THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND CHINESE DIGITAL SILK ROAD." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0018.

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Over the recent decades, the changes in the paradigm of international trade have been observed. As the result of decreasing of trade barriers as well as the reduction in trade costs allowed companies to divide their production into stages and to locate it in different countries according to their competitive advantage. Eventually, the production process has become more fragmented, both geographically and vertically. It means that intermediate products are shipped across boarders many times and every exporting economy provides some value added according to its competitive advantage. As a result, global value chains have become one of the most important feature of international trade. Following (Gereffi & Fernandez-Stark, 2011), in this study global value chains are defined as “the full range of activities that firms and workers do to bring a product from its conception to its end use”. Humphrey and Schmitz (2002) pointed out four types of upgrading in global value chains: product, process, functional and chain. Product and process upgrading involve companies retaining their positions in global value chains by enhancing productivity gains through adopting new product processes or “new configurations of product mix”. Thus, functional upgrading involves a slicing up the global value chains into new activity which generates higher value added, e.g. own brand manufacturing. In turn, chain upgrading involves a going up to new activity, which needs higher skills and capital and value added. Milberg and Winkler (2013) offered similar classifications of upgrading. Production fragmentation has caused a rapid increase in trade in intermediate goods as often companies offshore an intermediate stage of production process. Offshoring production has been typical to manufacturing (Timmer, et al., 2012), however, services have been often overlooked, but play a major role, especially in supporting global value chains (Kommerskollegium 2013). In turn, Digital Silk Road, announced in 2015, has become a significant part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative strategy. China has implemented this strategy as a part of its long-term technological plan, under which China provides support to its exporters, including many well-known technology companies and builds a network of cooperation with selected countries in the field of technology, including ICT infrastructure, services, 5G networks, e-commerce, etc. China's rapid technological changes must not go unnoticed by trading partners, including analysed European countries, which, to maintain international competitiveness, are increasing the technological advancement and enhancing market protection against Chinese technology. Until recently, the value added from China to European countries was concentrated mainly on medium technology industries and value added from Europe to China focused more on advanced goods and services. Nowadays, there is a redirection of Chinese value added to high-tech activities (including service activities), which reflects China's ambition to build an economy that leads to innovation and industry 4.0. The transition of the CEE states’ economic and political systems initiated in the early 1990s, earned them the EU membership in 2004. The accession to the EU’s structures meant that these countries achieved the free-market economy status and they should be treated as the full member of the global business networks. Moreover, the decline in trade costs (transport and transaction), greater openness of their market and the removal of trade barriers have all helped the CEE states to join global value chains. Hence, the CEE economies are going to be more heavily involved in global production linkages. Many empirical studies have presented the close and dynamic integration of these countries with the EU market (especially the EU-15) and in a more limited scope with the whole global economy as well (Behar and Freund 2011). Generally, democratisation, the strengthening of political and economic relations (particularly with the EU), and the modernisation of many sectors (including financial sector, more advanced industries), were common elements of the CEE countries long-term development policies. One of their priorities was the redirection of foreign trade towards the EU and joining the global production linkages where China has become the core producer. Recently, the role of the economy in global value chains is more determined by the advancement of value added that it offers. Companies move toward services and innovations in the business model (Nenenen & Storbacka, 2010) and introduce industry 4.0 (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, 2016). A symptom of these novelty is a concept of servicification of manufacturing (Neely et al. 2011) and cross-sectoral connections, which have reconstructed traditional global value chains (Naude et al. 2019) and, together with Industry 4.0, is expected to change the landscape of global manufacturing. As a result of facilitation of manufacturing, economies placed in the downstream market can improve their role in global value chains. In Europe, this can be an opportunity for most Central and Eastern European countries. Analyzing changes in CEE’s role in technological global value chains, we should take into account its two most important value-added suppliers: China and Germany, as well as their most important value-added buyer - Germany. These three economies established a sort of value added flows triangle. The regional supply chains built by Germany in the CEE allowed it to maintain a comparative advantage in sectors important for the economy, while helping the CEE countries join global value chains, positively influencing economic growth, but also reducing them to entities operating in less advanced stages of production (Jacoby, 2010; Fortwengel, 2011). Today, Germany also cooperates strongly with China (as a result of Digital Silk Road), and the CEE economies (especially the Visegrad Group) are increasingly dependent on Chinese value added, still linked to German value added. The most visible connections can be found in automotive and electronics. Hence, the question is: how strong are these links in servicification of manufacturing and whether there are visible trends in value-added flows in between this triangle in the era of industry 4.0 and Chinese Digital Silk Road. The research question seems to be relevant, thus in the subject literature, little is known about the mentioned relations (Roland Berger, 2021). The research method based on the analysis of data from the OECD Trade in Value Added databases, containing the world input-output tables for the period 2005–2018. The system of balance equations in the input-output model for one economy has been adopted to a multi-economy model. The model is described in more detail in (Koopman et al. 2013 or Hummels et al, 2001) and is based on the decomposition of gross exports. The method includes not only estimates of total value added in global value chains, but also calculations at both the mezoeconomic level and cross-sectoral flows of value added (including servicification of manufacturing). The results of analysis showed that most relations between economies continued to deepen the imbalance in flows of value added. The CEE economies are making their manufacturing increasingly dependent on advanced services (both from Germany and China). On the other hand, the share of CEE services to Chinese and German manufacturing is decreasing or remains steady. However, some trends could be observed in the last years, especially between Germany and China. German manufacturing is starting to rely more on Chinese value added (information and communication technologies services and the subgroup computer programming, consultancy and information services activities in manufacturing, information and communication technologies services' value added in transport equipment), although previously Germany provided more of these services to China. In telecommunications in manufacturing between CEE and Germany, the trend has turned against CEE. However, there was no direct compensation between pairs of economies, but the decrease in German value-added flows to China resulted in a much larger increase in value-added from China in German manufacturing. If the presented changes in flows were to reflect the effectiveness of Chinese industry 4.0 and Digital Silk Road. These strategies serve their purposes and increases not only the advancement of Chinese value-added exports, but also makes important economies dependent on this added value. On the contrary, the industry 4.0 strategy in CEE has not improved its position in the triad. Germany has still a strong position as a provider of value added, but its dependence on foreign value added is high, which derives from the links with CEE.
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Chen, Lu-Jui. "KNOWLEDGE IS POWER: HOW SUBSIDIARY CREATE KNOWLEDGE BY RELATIONAL EMBEDDEDNESS AND KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS." In MBP 2024 Tokyo International Conference on Management & Business Practices, 18-19 January. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.8081.

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In this study, the relationship between environmental competitiveness and knowledge creation in subsidiaries is examined, suggesting that external relational embeddedness serves as a mediator and knowledge spillover acts as a moderator of this relationship. We analyzed a sample of 189 subsidiaries in Shanghai, Mainland China. The findings indicate that environmental competitiveness has a positive effect on the external embeddedness of subsidiaries. Specifically, subsidiary external relational embeddedness not only directly affects subsidiary absorptive capacity and knowledge creation but also has a fully mediating effect on this relationship. Regarding the effect of knowledge spillovers, only unconscious knowledge spillovers allow subsidiaries to expand their relational networks, increase their sources of knowledge, and notably increase their opportunities for knowledge creation. Both the theoretical and empirical implications are further discussed.
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Meng, Qiunan, Jian Lou, Xun Xu, and Shiqiang Yu. "Pricing Method for Service-Oriented Manufacturing With Support Vector Machine." In ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2752.

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To evaluate the effects of customers’ participation levels in various business activities on pricing in service-oriented manufacturing, the indices of pricing are proposed through extracting the influential factors in the four stages (i.e., design, manufacturing, production and services) from the whole value chain to comprehensively reflect customers’ demands. A new pricing model based on these indices is formulated by Support Vector Machine (SVM). It can predict a more accurate product price regarding the products’ similarity by the values of the influential factors that are determined in terms of business activities participated by customers. Finally, a case study from a molding company in China is conducted to verify the effectiveness of this pricing methodology. The results indicate that the model by SVM fares better in comparison with that by Back Propagation Neural Networks in small scale samples, especially in the performances of generalization and robustness. The outcomes also testify that this price prediction methodology can increase the accuracy of a product’s price as well as the customer’s satisfaction.
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LI, KE-WEI, and HANG FU. "RESEARCH ON THE EVOLUTION AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF NATURAL GAS TRADE NETWORK IN COUNTRIES ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35644.

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This paper analyzes the characteristic structure and influencing factors of the natural gas trade network between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" by building an international trade network model and a least squares regression model. Research shows that: China, Russia, the United Arab Kingdom, and Turkey are central countries in the natural gas trading network, and have certain influence and control over other countries in the network, which is in line with the "The 80/20 Rule". The degree of heterogeneity of the weighted network structure is decreasing. The gap between large trading countries and small countries is shrinking. In terms of influencing factors, the difference in per capita carbon dioxide and urbanization has positive and negative effects on the trade volume between China and the countries along the route, respectively.
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Xia, Zhonghua, Bangfan Liu, Li Dong, Dongliang Zhang, Zhenfeng Wang, and Yongkui Liu. "On the Network copyright’s Protec-tion in China." In 2013 International Conference on Information, Business and Education Technology (ICIBET-2013). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icibet.2013.163.

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Liang, Xuedong, Siyuan Huang, Sipan Li, Qunxi Gong, and Gengxuan Guo. "Business Environment Evaluation Based on Entropy-Topsis Model: Evidence from China." In 2021 7th Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnisc54316.2021.00079.

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Reports on the topic "Business networks – China"

1

Bernal, Richard L. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean: Potential and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009313.

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China has recently become the third largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world and is a major source of development aid for developing countries, including those in the Caribbean. The capital flows it provides have taken the form of loans to governments to finance infrastructure projects and to expand production of oil and other raw materials. There have been indications of interest in further investment in the Caribbean from Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. This is driven by both state policy, which seeks to more actively integrate China into the global economy, and enterprise-level interests by both state and private enterprises. Caribbean governments have generally been receptive to prospective incoming FDI. This paper identifies the instances of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean to date and discusses the potential for further investment, highlighting opportunities in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, mining, infrastructure, and fishing. The factors influencing the emergence of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean include: the ongoing learning process by both investors and the governments of host countries; the performance of vanguard companies; transnational ethnic business networks; the local business environment; and the policies of Caribbean governments.
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Fernandez-Stark, Karina, Penny Bamber, and Vivian Couto. Analysis of the Textile and Clothing Industry Global Value Chains. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004638.

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The textile and apparel industry is a highly globalized, multi-trillion-dollar sector. Today, production networks are dominated by low-cost Asian countries with very large labor-pools, which has made it increasingly difficult for other producers around the world to compete, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). While the region has participated in the industry, there are currently no LAC countries amongst the leading ten exporters. The COVID-19 pandemic, together with rising geopolitical tensions between the US and China, however, has disrupted this well-established business model over the past two to three years. This creates the most significant opportunity of the past decade to reconfigure the geography of the supply chain; as a small, but long-term supplier, with proximity to the worlds largest single market, Central America is well-positioned to benefit from these changes. Nonetheless, the region needs to upgrade various aspects of their GVC participation in order to become a serious contender in the reconfiguration of the industry. Key policies should focus on developing human capital through industry-specific training initiatives; intensifying investment attraction efforts; and aggressively investing in both hard and soft infrastructure to reduce barriers to trade and enhance lead time responsiveness.
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Fernandez-Stark, Karina, Penny Bamber, and Vivian Couto. Analysis of the Textile and Clothing Industry Global Value Chains: Summary. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004663.

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The textile and apparel industry is a highly globalized, multi-trillion-dollar sector. Today, production networks are dominated by low-cost Asian countries with very large labor-pools, which has made it increasingly difficult for other producers around the world to compete, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). While the region has participated in the industry, there are currently no LAC countries amongst the leading ten exporters. The COVID-19 pandemic, together with rising geopolitical tensions between the US and China, however, has disrupted this well-established business model over the past two to three years. This creates the most significant opportunity of the past decade to reconfigure the geography of the supply chain; as a small, but long-term supplier, with proximity to the worlds largest single market, Central America is well-positioned to benefit from these changes. Nonetheless, the region needs to upgrade various aspects of their GVC participation in order to become a serious contender in the reconfiguration of the industry. Key policies should focus on developing human capital through industry-specific training initiatives; intensifying investment attraction efforts; and aggressively investing in both hard and soft infrastructure to reduce barriers to trade and enhance lead time responsiveness.
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BACCELLI, François, Sébastien CANDEL, Guy PERRIN, and Jean-Loup PUGET. Large Satellite Constellations: Challenges and Impact. Académie des sciences, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62686/3.

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The New Space Age (NewSpace) marks the advent of a new era in the use of space, characterized by the opening of space to new players, the use of new space technologies, new functionalities for satellites in orbit, and the development of satellite constellations, mainly in the fields of communications and Earth observation. These developments are underpinned by first-rate scientific and technological advances, as well as considerable public and private investment, in particular in the USA, China and, to a lesser extent, Europe. Fleets of small low- and medium-orbit satellites are replacing or complementing the large geostationary satellites that predominated in the previous period. Whereas space used to be reserved to a small number of states and major industrial groups, one is now witnessing the emergence of new space states, new industrial groups such as SpaceX or Amazon, and many start-ups. One also observes the emergence of companies with launching and satellite manufacturing capacities, which are also taking on the role of telecommunication operators and content producers. The most visible result of the deployment of these new space networks is the ability to provide high-speed, low-latency Internet connections to any point on the globe. Combined with Earth observation capabilities, these new communications resources also enable real-time action to be taken in any region, including those with no equipment other than terminals. In addition, these space networks are remarkably resilient compared with terrestrial networks. Geostrategic and military considerations combine with rapidly evolving business models to explain the massive investments currently being made in this domain. However, the lack of international regulation in the field is leading to a race to occupy orbits and frequencies, which has already had serious consequences for a whole range of scientific activities. These constellations have a potentially negative impact on astronomy in the visible and infrared optical domains, as well as on radio astronomy. They also raise a major problem in terms of space congestion, with an increase in the amounts of satellite debris resulting from launches or collisions between satellites, and the possibility of reaching a phase of chain reaction collisions. In addition, from an environmental point of view, the consequences of the proliferation of launches and uncontrolled re-entries into the atmosphere are equally worrying. What’s more, the lack of regulation in the field also leads to a loss of sovereignty, since these new satellite communication networks do not comply with any of the rules that states impose on terrestrial communication networks operating on their territories. A sustainable, global solution must be found to these problems, before major and potentially irreversible damage is inflicted on the planet’s environment, geostrategic balances, democracy, and science. While the Acad´emie des Sciences considers that France and Europe need to step up their scientific and industrial actions in this field in order to benefit from the remarkable advances of these new networks, and ultimately leverage the benefits of a resilient and secure communications network, the Acad´emie also recommends working in parallel to strengthen regulation of the field with the aim of assuring sustainable access to orbital and frequency resources, as well as protection for negatively impacted fields, foremost among which are astronomy and the environment.
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