To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Business model themes.
Books on the topic 'Business model themes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 books for your research on the topic 'Business model themes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse books on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Baryshnikov, Nikolay, and Denis Samygin. A strategic model for the sustainability of agrarian business: the options, risks, solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25264.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph substantiates the parameters of the formation of the concept of sustainability of the agricultural economy, summarizes the tools of financial management of the agricultural sector. The analysis of liquidity and diagnostics of efficiency of agricultural business is carried out on the example of commodity producers in the region.the models of agricultural policy for managing financial resources and sources of their formation are based on them.
The investment attractiveness is assessed and the financial and economic risks of agricultural business are measured. Financial solutions have been developed to optimize sustainability in the context of recommendations for improving liquidity and stabilizing the efficiency of the agricultural business.
The publication is intended for managers and specialists of agribusiness management, researchers and teachers of higher educational institutions.
2
Mischenko, Aleksandr, and Anastasiya Ivanova. Optimization models for managing limited resources in logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082948.
Full textAbstract:
In the proposed monograph, optimization models for managing limited resources in logical systems are considered. Such systems are primarily used by industrial enterprises, transport companies and trade organizations, including those that carry out wholesale activities. As a rule, the efficiency of these objects largely depends on how rational use of limited resources such as: consumer camera business, labor, vehicles, etc. In this paper, various approaches to managing such resources are considered both for deterministic models and for the situation when a number of model parameters are not specified exactly, that is, for stochastic models. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the stability of models to the occurrence of various types of risk events, both by the structure of the solution and by the functionality. It is addressed to senior students, postgraduates and masters studying in the specialty "Management" and "Logistics", as well as specialists in the field of logistics systems modeling.
3
Meade, Douglas S., ed. In Quest of the Craft. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-820-0.
Full textAbstract:
INFORUM is a research project started more than forty five years ago by Clopper Almon. The focus is on the development of dynamic, interindustry, macroeconometric models to forecast the economy in the long run. Over the last 30 years, the Inforum approach to model building has been shared by economists in many different countries. Researchers have focused much of their efforts to developing a linked system of international interindustry models with a consistent methodology. A world-wide network of research associates use similar methods and a common software obtaining comparable results to produce studies of common interest to the group. Inforum partners have shared their research in an annual conference since 1993. The XXII Inforum World Conference was held in Alexandria, Virginia in September 2014 and this book contains a selection of papers presented during the sessions. All these contributions share an empirical and pragmatic orientation that is very useful for policymakers, business, and applied economists. Some papers are devoted to specific topics (productivity, energy, international trade, demographic changes) and some others are oriented to model building and simulations.
4
Uruntaeva, Galina, and Ekaterina Gosheva. Psychology of cognition preschooler in professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074084.
Full textAbstract:
The monograph is devoted to analysis of professional and pedagogical activity of educator of preschool educational organizations in the aspect of cognition of preschool children. Describes the conceptual presentation of these activities, including structural-functional model of the activities to knowledge and activities for analysis of its process and results in order to assess its effectiveness. In accordance with the business model for knowledge of child the proposed system of professional training of future educators for its development in the learning process at the University, partly experimentally tested.
Intended for researchers, professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher of preschool educational institutions, teachers and practitioners of preschool education and teachers and students of psychological and pedagogical universities.
5
Cevelev, Aleksandr. Material management of railway transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064961.
Full textAbstract:
In the monograph reviewed the development of the inventory management of railway transport in the new economic environment of market economy.
According to the results of theoretical research, innovative and production potential of the supply system of railway transport the main directions and methods of transformation of the restructuring process under the corporate changes of JSC "RZD", positioned value system of the logistics of railway transportation, and developed a classification model used logistical resources.
Evaluation of activity of structural divisions of Russian Railways supply is proposed to be viewed through an integrated and comprehensive approach to the development of systems of balanced indicators of supply and prompt handling of material resources, the implementation of which allows to distribute the strategic objectives of the company "Russian Railways" activities in the system of logistics of the Railways and also to involve in economic circulation of excessive and unused inventories of material and technical resources and efficiently reallocate them among enterprises at the site of the railway.
Recommendations for the implementation of the developed algorithms and models are long term in nature and are based on the concept of logistics management and improve the business processes of the logistics system.
Will be useful for managers and specialists of directorates of logistics of Russian Railways supply, undergraduates and graduate students interested in the economy of railway transport.
6
Kleiterp, Nanno. Banking for a Better World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983519.
Full textAbstract:
When we look at all the challenges facing the world, including inequality, population migration, and climate change, we can see a role for development banking in nearly all of them. But will that role be played for good or ill? This book brings together two people who collectively draw on their forty-five years of experience in that world to argue that development banking can-and must-play a constructive role. We only need to read the news to find public outrage at tales of short-sighted greed in the financial world. But what happens when banks invest in long-term sustainability? Readers will find a fascinating example in the journey of the Dutch development bank FMO. At times global in perspective, at other moments intimately personal, Banking for a Better World interweaves candid anecdotes with development history, as well as banking lessons with client interviews, to deliver a powerful argument for a business model that generates profit through impact, and impact through profit. This is an important and accessible must-read for anyone involved in banking, business, policy making, and civil society as a whole. Banking for a Better World challenges us to start finding overlaps between our own lives and global issues and to bridge the distance between our personal needs and those of our planet.
7
Florens, Jean-Pierre, Velayoudom Marimoutou, and Anne Peguin-Feissolle. Econometric Modeling and Inference (Themes in Modern Econometrics). Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Find full text
8
Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Business Model Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 6 explores the dynamics of business model innovation by discussing the interactions between Sony and Apple over the minidisc and the MP3 player. Seemingly, a period of business model renewal is likely to be followed by business model replication. Both renewal and replication can be internally driven, or externally driven. Combining types of business model innovation (replication versus renewal) with business model orientation (strategy-driven versus customer-driven) gives four variations of business model transformation: exploit and improve, explore and dominate, exploit and connect, and explore and connect. This chapter considers four firms for illustration: DSM, the Port of Rotterdam Authority, NXP Semiconductors, and IHC Merwede. If one thinks of the four approaches as quadrants in a matrix, these cases show how firms can change their position within that matrix over time.
9
Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 1 starts with the case of Kodak and the development of the electronic still camera to illustrate the pivotal importance of business model innovation. This opening chapter looks at why business model innovation is needed, sets out the research model and key research questions, and outlines the main elements to be discussed in subsequent chapters. These include: the changing competitive environment; business model innovation strategies; levers of business model innovation; catalysts and inhibitors in business model innovation; and competitive advantages of new business models. These elements form the basis of the present research model. Chapter 1 sets out a series of questions that will be addressed in this book.
10
Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Managing Business Model Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 7 describes the decisive role of management in business model innovation. It considers each of the approaches in the business model innovation matrix and examines the role played by top and middle managers. It gives the example of how TomTom went through a recursive cycle of renewal and replication, with a visionary CEO as the main driver. A number of potential traps in business model innovation and how managers may avoid them are discussed. This chapter explores various warning signs that might indicate to management that a change of business model is required and examines, through case examples, the many different ways in which firms can combine replication and renewal.
11
Gould, Charles. The Co-operative Business Model. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.42.
Full textAbstract:
The author shows that the future success of the co-operative business model will depend on its ability to distinguish itself, not only from the corporate form, but also from the variety of social economy options. It must be democratically controlled and independent from government, and it needs a supportive legal framework and access to capital for start-up and growth. The long-standing and globally accepted Statement on Co-operative Identity sets forth the accepted Principles that define a co-operative. With the Blueprint for a Co-operative Decade, co-operatives are now prepared to position themselves as the most participatory business model and as leaders in sustainability— environmental, social, and economic—at a time when these are priorities for the emerging generation.
12
Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. How Firms Modify Their Business Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 3 describes how firms tackle business model innovation in practice. Most simply replicate their successful business model, a few try to fundamentally renew theirs, but many cannot change, suffering from ‘business model fixation’. Some corporate entrepreneurs replicate the existing model in one part of the firm but develop a radical new one elsewhere (dual focus). This chapter examines when, why, and the extent to which firms and industries focus on replication, renewal, or dual focus approaches. It considers how replication and renewal contribute to a firm’s performance, and to what degree this depends on the level of environmental dynamism and competitiveness. It is of note that one in three firms is in a permanent state of fixation, ignoring any warning signs that they should change.
13
Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Enablers and Inhibitors of Business Model Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 5 discusses the different catalysts and inhibitors which firms encounter when they innovate their business model, including the various factors that prevented the Dutch telecoms company KPN from renewing its business model. There follows an analysis of how factors such as the organizational culture and style of leadership, the characteristics of the CEO, the degree of external orientation, organizational characteristics, and institutional stakeholders can delay or speed up business model innovation. The roles played, for example, by transformational leadership, the length of the tenure of the CEO, the corporate governance regime, absorptive capacity, and innovative culture are then considered. Case evidence from DSM, Randstad, Roche Diagnostics, and Shell supports the findings. Finally, the chapter considers various journeys that firms may undertake in the transformation of their business model.
14
Westerhoff, Frank, and Reiner Franke. Agent-Based Models for Economic Policy Design. Edited by Shu-Heng Chen, Mak Kaboudan, and Ye-Rong Du. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199844371.013.40.
Full textAbstract:
With the help of two examples, this chapter illustrates the usefulness of agent-based models as tools for economic policy design. The first example applies a financial market model in which the order flow of speculators, relying on technical and fundamental analysis, generates intricate price dynamics. The second example applies a Keynesian-type goods market model in which the investment behavior of firms, relying on extrapolative and regressive predictors, generates complex business cycles. It adds a central authority to these two setups and explores the impact of simple intervention strategies on the model dynamics. On the basis of these experiments, the chapter concludes that agent-based models may help us understand how markets function and evaluate the effectiveness of various stabilization policies.
15
Moura, Luciano Raizer. A caminho da Indústria 4.0 – Fundamentos e orientações para a transformação digital na Indústria. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-336-7.
Full textAbstract:
The world is going through the 4th Industrial Revolution, with major changes in people's lives, in cities, in companies. The adoption of modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things, Big Data and Analytics, among others, is redesigning the way of living, having fun, buying, studying and doing business. The world is increasingly digital and industries, which still produce products from the real world, such as food, clothing, furniture, electronics, machines, among others, need to modernize and undergo the digital transformation of their businesses. In this book, On the way to Industry 4.0, Professor Luciano Raizer presents the theme in a simple and direct way that allows the reader to understand what is, the importance, impacts, technologies and models of Industry 4.0. Based on his postdoctoral studies developed at Fraunhofer Institute, of Germany, Prof. Raizer presents the results of research with industries from Espírito Santo State making a comparative analysis with the German Industry in relation to the maturity in Industry 4.0. It also presents ways that companies can develop with guidelines to transition from the conventional model to Industry 4.0 model.
16
Cohen, Mary Ann, James Bourgeois, Weston Fisher, and David Tran. How to Establish An Integrated Ambulatory Care Program Co-Located in An HIV Clinic. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
The pragmatic aspects of all steps involved in establishing an integrated psychiatry (and other mental health) care model in a HIV outpatient clinic are discussed in detail in this chapter. These include initial outreach inquiry, interdepartmental discussion, business case analysis, logistics in establishing clinical routines and operating relationships, utilization management, information technology, and research and educational opportunities specific to this model of collaborative care. The beneficial aspects of integrated care include increased engagement and retention in HIV care and decreased HIV morbidity and mortality. A biopsychosocial approach provides a model for compassionate and multidimensional care. Readers are encouraged to apply this framework within the parameters of their local institutions when establishing integrated psychiatric care models in HIV clinics.
17
Kinyanjui, Mary Njeri. African Markets and the Utu-Ubuntu Business Model: A Perspective on Economic Informality in Nairobi. African Minds, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47622/9781928331780.
Full textAbstract:
The persistence of indigenous African markets in the context of a hostile or neglectful business and policy environment makes them worthy of analysis. An investigation of Afrocentric business ethics is long overdue. Attempting to understand the actions and efforts of informal traders and artisans from their own points of view, and analysing how they organise and get by, allows for viable approaches to be identified to integrate them into global urban models and cultures. Using the utu-ubuntu model to understand the activities of traders and artisans in Nairobi's markets, this book explores how, despite being consistently excluded and disadvantaged, they shape urban spaces in and around the city, and contribute to its development as a whole. With immense resilience, and without discarding their own socio-cultural or economic values, informal traders and artisans have created a territorial complex that can be described as the African metropolis. African Markets and the Utu-buntu Business Model sheds light on the ethics and values that underpin the work of traders and artisans in Nairobi, as well as their resilience and positive impact on urbanisation. This book makes an important contribution to the discourse on urban economics and planning in African cities.
18
Automation 2020. VDI Verlag, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/9783181023754.
Full textAbstract:
Preface Our future is the world we are going to live in, attracting our fantasies, speculations, fears and hopes. We really would like to know something about it and want to be prepared. Therefore, we observe trends. An obvious trend is that our world gets more and more connected. Information is seamlessly following and doing this quickly. We learn that data can build business and influences people and society. AUTOMATION brings people together who are interested in the future of automation. Many of us already shape this feld in factory automation and process automation, we create methods and synergies, digital business models, we use artifcial intelligence and autonomous systems and latest communication technologies like 5G in automation. Let us learn together how existing businesses can be changed and new businesses can be created by a couple of enablers clearly at sight when you know how and why to look for them. Let us challenge our minds, our behaviors and get ready for our fut...
19
Moore, Geoff. Virtue Ethics in Business Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793441.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter is the first of two which provide a summary of, and draw lessons from, the academic work which has been conducted using the framework which Alasdair MacIntyre’s work provides. It focuses on business organizations. It is thematic in its approach considering first whether anything and everything can be considered to be a practice; exploring two particular practices—accounting and open source software—to see what we may learn from them; revisiting the idea of organizational purpose and the virtuous organizational mapping; considering the role of organizational members in promoting virtuous organizations; and exploring the need for a conducive mode of institutionalization, and also a conducive environment, if virtuous organizations are to thrive. In doing so, it illustrates these themes by considering practical applications in investment advising, human resource management, banking, health and beauty retailing, pharmaceuticals, garment manufacturing, Fair Trade, and car manufacturing.
20
Widiger, Thomas A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is arguably the predominant model of general personality structure. There is a considerable body of research supporting its construct validity and practical application. There have been a few books specifically concerning the FFM, but to date there has not yet been a text that brings together in one location all that is known about the FFM. The book begins with an overview chapter on the FFM, followed by in-depth discussions regarding the nature, etiology, importance, and mechanisms of each of the FFM domains. The vast body of research concerning the construct-validity support for the FFM is then provided, including its robustness, factor analytic support, childhood antecedents, cross-language presence, cross-species presence, behavior and molecular genetics, and brain structure and function. The text then provides considerable discussion of the importance and application of the FFM across diverse social concerns, including personality assessment, business and industry, health psychology, marital-family therapy, adult psychopathology, child psychopathology, and clinical utility. There is no comparable text with this much information concerning the validity and utility of the FFM. The text concludes with a final overview chapter.
21
Hamera, Judith. Unfinished Business. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348589.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Unfinished Business argues that Michael Jackson and Detroit, both as material entities with specific histories and as representations with uncanny persistence, have something valuable to teach us about three decades of structural economic transition in the United States, and particularly about the changing nature of work and capitalism between the mid-1980s and 2016. They teach us about the racialization and aesthetics of these changes, how they operate as structures of feeling and representations as well as shifts in the dominant mode of production, and about how industrialization’s successor mode, financialization, uses imagery both very similar to and very different from that of its predecessor. The book uses the methods of performance studies to advance three major points. First, figural economies of tropes, dance and theater conventions, and actual performances shape and reflect the ways structural economic change in the United States between the mid-1980s and 2016 congeals into public spectacles, circulates through a wide variety of media, and offers “lessons” to be learned about normative and aberrant relations to capital in transitional times. Second, Michael Jackson and Detroit illuminate the operations of these figural economies with special clarity. Third, Jackson’s and Detroit’s figural potential resides in their capacities to both complicate and bring fictive coherence to the intertwining of race, work, and capital in this period. Sites examined include Jackson’s performances, media coverage of his life, plays featuring Detroit, plans for the city’s postindustrial revitalization, and Detroit installations the Heidelberg Project and Mobile Homestead.
22
Baars, Robert, and Marco Verschuur. Inclusive and climate smart business models in Ethiopian and Kenyan dairy value chains (CSDEK) : practice briefs : 2019-2020. Van Hall Larenstein, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31715/2020.2.
Full textAbstract:
This booklet presents sixteen 'practice briefs' which are popular publications based on 12 Master and one Bachelor theses of Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences (VHL). All theses were commissioned through the research project entitled 'Inclusive and climate smart business models in Ethiopian and Kenyan dairy value chains (CSDEK)'. The objective of this research is to identify scalable, climate smart dairy business models in the context of the ongoing transformation from informal to formal dairy chains in Kenya and Ethiopia.
23
Hudnut-Beumler, James. Afterword. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190280192.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The essays in this volume present the case for attending to the business aspects of religious activities in American religious history. Individual essays model useful approaches for pursuing these dimensions of religious organizations without neglecting their religious dimensions. Some of the essays are also models for critical inquiry into the sometimes self-serving compromises religious individuals and groups make with market capitalism in contemporary American life. The essay considers why previous theologically inclined scholars have neglected the kind of inquiry represented by the volume and celebrates the Business Turn as a “Big Idea” in the historiography of American religion worthy of emulation by other scholars interested in pursuing the nature of the American religious enterprise. By following flows of funds and bodies, watching who is raising money for what philanthropy, and how religious businessman and philanthropists justify themselves, the volume’s authors upset common assumptions about American religion.
24
Scott, Dominic, and R. Edward Freeman. Models of Leadership in Plato and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198837350.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book draws on Plato’s philosophy to throw light on contemporary leadership theory and practice. It combines an account of his thought with applications to modern case studies and approaches, in both politics and business. Rather than attempting to give a single ‘one-size-fits-all’ definition of leadership, his strategy was to break it into its different strands. He presents several ‘models’ of leadership, most of them images or analogies: the leader as doctor, navigator, artist, teacher, shepherd, weaver, or sower. Each model points to features of leadership that we intuitively recognize to be important (e.g. curing a social malaise, charting a new course, or weaving together the social fabric). Some were already in wide circulation in Plato’s time, like the shepherd and the navigator. What he did was to make them much richer and more complex. The book goes through the models individually, setting out the essentials of Plato’s thought and then illustrating each model with modern case studies—eighteen in total, including presidents, CEOs, and Nobel laureates. There is also a chapter comparing Plato’s models with four recent leadership approaches. Highly innovative in its approach, this book presupposes no prior knowledge of Plato, although those familiar with his philosophy will find it a fruitful way of re-reading his work. But the focus is first and foremost on leadership, rather than celebrating Plato’s achievements: the priority is to present a multi-faceted approach, which does justice to the complex phenomenon of leadership.
25
Chen, Calvin P. Organizing Production across Regions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190846374.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Wenzhou, once a neglected locale on China’s southeastern seaboard, has in the post-Mao era experienced tremendous economic growth and produced some of the country’s most successful entrepreneurs. With the acceleration of Chinese out-migration in the post–Cold War era, key features of the “Wenzhou model”—extensive use of social capital, self-reliance, and risk-taking—have appeared among Chinese businesses across Europe. This chapter examines this phenomenon through a cross-regional ethnographic approach. Although ethnography is typically site-specific, for the purpose of tracing diaspora practices and experiences, it is feasible and fruitful to conduct ethnography across areas. Such an approach illuminates surprising parallels between the “Wenzhou model” and its newer incarnation in Prato, Italy. It also traces economic success of the Chinese there to their ability to recognize and exploit certain similarities between Wenzhou and Prato, and to the Wenzhounese’s long-standing ability to adapt core business practices to “fit” better with different environments.
26
Prassl, Jeremias. Humans as a Service. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The rise of the gig economy is disrupting business models across the globe. Platforms’ digital work intermediation has had a profound impact on traditional conceptions of the employment relationship. The completion of ‘tasks’, ‘gigs’, or ‘rides’ in the (digital) crowd fundamentally challenges our understanding of work in modern labour markets: gone are the stable employment relationships between firms and workers, replaced by a world in which everybody can be ‘their own boss’ and enjoy the rewards—and face the risks—of independent businesses. Is this the future of work? What are the benefits and challenges of crowdsourced work? How can we protect consumers and workers without stifling innovation? Humans as a Service provides a detailed account of the growth and operation of gig-economy platforms, and develops a blueprint for solutions to the problems facing on-demand workers, platforms, and their customers. Following a brief introduction to the growth and operation of on-demand platforms across the world, the book scrutinizes competing narratives about ‘gig’ work. Drawing on a wide range of case studies, it explores how claims of ‘disruptive innovation’ and ‘micro-entrepreneurship’ often obscure the realities of precarious work under strict algorithmic surveillance, and the return to a business model that has existed for centuries. Humans as a Service shows how employment law can address many of these problems: gigs, tasks, and rides are work—and should be regulated as such. A concluding chapter demonstrates the broader benefits of a level playing field for consumers, taxpayers, and innovative entrepreneurs.
27
Prassl, Jeremias. Levelling the Playing Field. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers the implications of the on-demand economy for consumers and markets. It shows how, for both consumers and workers, the on-demand bargain can unravel rather quickly: users potentially end up paying a much higher price and receive worse-quality services than promised. In addition, the gig-economy business model can lead to significant tax losses, as taxpayers are left to make up the shortfall and subsidize the industry in myriad ways. When these problems for consumers, workers, and taxpayers are added to the questionable economics behind many platforms’ business models, as discussed in the first chapter, it is not difficult to see why some suggest that the platforms should be banned. This chapter, however, argues against such drastic moves: we would destroy all benefits and innovation, and leave at least some consumers and workers worse off. Employment law is key to creating a level playing field for competition, which fosters innovation.
28
Mugione, Fiorina, and Fulvia Farinelli. Promoting Entrepreneurship for Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Recognizing the role of entrepreneurship as a catalyst for development and a means to address sustainable development challenges, this chapter illustrates UNCTAD’s approach to promoting entrepreneurship from a policy perspective. It draws lessons from the implementation of UNCTAD’s Entrepreneurship Policy Framework (EPF) and reiterates the need for holistic entrepreneurship policies according to the six priority areas identified by the EPF. It also highlights how policymakers can create an enabling entrepreneurial environment which also takes into account inclusive and sustainable business models, thereby expanding opportunities for all and addressing the needs of socially disadvantaged groups. For aspiring entrepreneurs from such groups, who tend to have lower levels of entrepreneurship skills and greater difficulty in navigating the business and regulatory environment, governments need to tailor policy measures to help them manage and grow their businesses. In this way, entrepreneurship policies can contribute to the achievement of the UNGA’s 2015 sustainable development goals.
29
Bazen, Jacques. University spin-offs and economic impact on semi-peripheral regions in the Netherlands. Hogeschool Saxion, lectoraat Regio Ontwikkeling, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14261/f58678f3-daa8-4422-aab7c7fcafa8966d.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, several aspects of Saxion spin-offs have been analysed, the numbers, workplaces, location, migration, gender issues, different economic sectors and survival rates. The main question underlying all these analyses was what the impact of Saxion as university of applied sciences is on the regional economy of the two regions in which it is located. From the literature, the concept of an entrepreneurial ecosystem, as explanatory factor for the observations that in certain regions more graduates or staff members start their own business and that such an ecosystem helps small fledgling businesses to survive and grow is an interesting concept. Unfortunately, the theoretical foundations are still not fully crystallized, therefore measuring the actual influence of such entrepreneurial ecosystems is still a difficult exercise. In this study, Saxion spin-offs from two regions, Twente and the Cleantech Region, have been analysed, and several differences in terms of number of spin-offs, employment, migration patterns and survival rates have been identified. Since the spin-offs are from the same university of applied sciences, with the same policy regarding support of entrepreneurship and both regions are located outside of the economic core regions of the country, it appears as if the strength of the regional context, the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem and the business opportunities it provides is a factor in explaining why there are more spin-offs in Twente (even when controlling for the larger size of the Saxion campus in this region). If one assumes that the strength of the entrepreneurial ecosystem is stronger in Twente (among others because of existing business networks, the availability of a world class research university, the University of Twente and a business support organization like Novel-T), it would explain why spin-offs located in this region on average offer more workplaces, and have a higher survival rate than in the Cleantech Region. Gender differences related to entrepreneurship are present in Saxion spin-offs, female graduates and staff members are much less likely to start a spin-off company than their male counterparts. When females do start, their spin-offs are on average much smaller in terms of workplaces offered. Their businesses have on average an equal survival rate than those started by a male entrepreneur. Findings from the literature on the subject and the numbers found in this study suggest that there is a need for specific programs in Saxion targeting females, to at least think about starting their own business. Also, specific mentoring programs for spin-offs with female entrepreneurs may help to let these businesses grow and increase their regional economic impact. Saxion spin-offs can be found in many different sectors, something understandable given the broad spectrum of study programs in Saxion. Even though most spin-offs remain micro sized businesses, certain economic sectors seem to offer better scalable business models, especially in sectors such as industry, information and communication technology businesses and business support services. The number as well as employment in the more innovative and internationally competitive topsectors is much higher in the region Twente than in the Cleantech Region, possibly another consequence of the – apparently – stronger regional entrepreneurial ecosystem in Twente. An often-stated argument for regional economic development is that investing in spin-off companies will help to create workplaces in the region, since companies are not very likely to move. In this study, the data on migration of spin-offs have been compared with the migration of graduates, based on the HBO-monitor survey. It is not possible to one-on-one compare the two datasets, as the migration of spin-offs is calculated for the first five years of their existence and the HBO-monitor is held around one and a half year after graduation. Still, w
30
Jappelli, Tullio, and Luigi Pistaferri. The Economics of Consumption. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199383146.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Consumption decisions are crucial determinants of business cycles and growth. Knowledge of how consumers respond to the economic environment and how they react to the risks that they encounter during the life cycle is therefore crucial for evaluating stabilization policies and the effectiveness of fiscal packages implemented in response to economic downturns or financial crises. Do anticipated income changes have a different impact on consumption than unanticipated shocks? Do all consumers respond in the same way, or does the response vary by the economic circumstances and consumers’ characteristics? Do the rich increase consumption less than the poor when their income changes? In the past decades, economist have proposed many analytical perspectives, and studied these questions with a variety of data and approaches. This book attempts to guide readers through the most important theoretical papers in the field, and to evaluate theoretical models using facts or available empirical estimates. It is divided into three parts. The first seven chapters provide the basic ingredients of models with intertemporal choice, guiding the reader from a model without uncertainty to intertemporal models with precautionary saving and borrowing constraints. The central part of the book reviews recent empirical literature on the effect of income changes on consumption and on the relevance of precautionary saving. The last four chapters contain a selection of various extensions of the intertemporal model studied in the first part of the book.
31
Fancourt, Daisy. Conceptualizing and planning interventions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter outlines the first four stages in the process of designing and delivering arts in health interventions. Using business models from industry, management, and health care, it provides a step-by-step guide to conceptualizing and planning effective arts in health interventions that meet a real need within health care. It shows how to scope national and local opportunities, identify specific challenges that the arts could address, select appropriate target groups, understand the needs of patients, public, and staff, undertake consultations, identify relevant research, develop initial ideas, plan for a pilot, and model the impact that the intervention could have. These steps will provide the foundation for a creative and novel intervention with the potential to have real impact and sustainability.
32
Firpo, Christina Elizabeth. Black Market Business. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752650.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This book is a grassroots social history of the clandestine market for sex in colonial Tonkin. It explores the ways in which sex workers, managers, and clients evaded the colonial regulation system in the turbulent economy of the interwar years. The book argues that the confluence of economic, demographic, and cultural changes sweeping late colonial Tonkin created spaces of tension in which the interwar black-market sex industry thrived. The clandestine sex industry flourished in sites of legal inconsistency, cultural changes, economic disparity, rural–urban division, and demographic shifts. As a nexus of the many tensions besetting late colonial Tonkin, the black-market sex industry serves as a useful lens through which to examine these tensions and the ways they affected marginalized populations. More specifically, an investigation of this black market shows how a particular population of impoverished women — a group regrettably understudied by historians — experienced the tensions. Drawing on an astonishingly diverse and multilingual source base, the book includes detailed cases of juvenile prostitution, human trafficking, and debt-bondage arrangements in sex work, as well as cases in Tonkin's bars, hotels, singing houses, and dance clubs. Using GIS technology and big data sets to track individual actors in history, it serves as a model for teaching new methodological approaches to conducting social histories of women and marginalized people.
33
Kurucz, Elizabeth C., Barry A. Colbert, and David Wheeler. The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. Edited by Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Abagail McWilliams, Jeremy Moon, and Donald S. Siegel. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199211593.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to provide a general summary of the key value propositions evident in the research on the business case for corporate social responsibility (CSR), described as four general ‘types’ of the business case, or four modes of value creation. It then presents a critique of these approaches (including identifying some problems inherent in the construct of CSR itself) and offers some principles for constructing a ‘better’ business case. Its intent is not to conduct a thorough review of studies analyzing the relationship between CSR and financial performance, as that has been well done elsewhere. Rather it seeks to unearth assumptions underlying dominant approaches in an effort to build a more robust business case for CSR that can move beyond existing limitations.
34
Beckert, Jens, and Richard Bronk, eds. Uncertain Futures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Uncertain Futures considers how economic actors visualize the future and decide how to act in conditions of radical uncertainty. It starts from the premise that since dynamic capitalist economies are characterized by relentless innovation and novelty, they exhibit an indeterminacy that cannot be reduced to measurable risk. The organizing question then becomes how economic actors form expectations and make decisions despite the uncertainty they face. The current microfoundations of standard economics cannot handle genuinely uncertain futures. Instead, uncertainty requires an entirely new model of economic reasoning. This edited volume helps lay foundations for this new model by showing how economic actors in practice form expectations in conditions of uncertainty. It draws on groundbreaking research in economic sociology, economics, anthropology, and psychology to present theoretically grounded empirical case studies that demonstrate the role of imaginaries, narratives, and calculative technologies—and their various combinations—in enabling economic actors to form expectations and cope with uncertain futures. The book examines risk management techniques, finance models, and discounted cash-flow models as well as methods of envisaging the future that overtly combine calculation with narrative structure and imaginaries. These include central bank forward guidance, economic forecasts, business plans, visions of technological futures, and new era stories. Considerable attention is given to how these fictional expectations influence actors’ behaviour, coordinate action, and provide the confidence to act, and how they become instruments of power in markets and societies. The market impact of shared calculative devices, social narratives, and contingent imaginaries underlines the rationale for a new form of narrative economics.
35
Lott, Marie Sumner. Publishing Chamber Music. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039225.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines the institution of chamber music publishing by looking closely at three internationally significant publishers. In all three cases, publishers sought to balance their production of “monumental” and “ephemeral” products to establish and maintain a reliable source of income and new musical material for themselves and, by extension, the musicians who relied upon them. Individually, the three firms represent different models with diverse priorities and business strategies: a small business established by a chamber music lover and copyright activist (Hofmeister); a larger firm that grew with the musical marketplace, changing hands at several points and evolving to address the needs of a growing public (Peters); and a midsize firm that specialized in practical music for private and public use (Schlesinger, later Lienau-Schlesinger). Together, these three companies provides a picture of the music business as it developed throughout the Romantic era.
36
Dalton, Russell J. Civil Society Mobilizing Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.003.0004.
Full textAbstract:
Social groups are often considered schools of democracy where people learn participatory norms and develop participatory skills. This chapter describes the levels of activity for five social groups: political parties, unions and business associations, religious groups, leisure groups, and other groups. The analyses then show the positive relationship between group activity and various modes of activity across the established democracies. There is also a social-status bias in these effects. Higher-status individuals are more active in social groups, which gives them an additional bonus in becoming politically active. Thus social groups generally widen the participation gap defined by social status alone.
37
Martin, Daniel, and Yotam Heineberg. Social Dominance and Leadership. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.35.
Full textAbstract:
Leadership is usually a mandatory component of business education. Here we used the model of transformational leadership, and operationalized leadership consistently with the Values in Action Leadership scale. Social dominance orientation is a hierarchical belief-system that attributes social rank, ranging from high to low. Business students have been found to have higher levels of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO. Accordingly, 371 working business students were sampled to establish the relationship between SDO and transformational leadership capacity. The mediational impact of compassion was assessed. This study found high levels of competitive and hierarchical world conceptualization was significantly and sometimes strongly negatively linked to these constructs (Martin et al., 2014). We also discuss preliminary results of an interpersonal compassion-based intervention. The research suggests the opportunity to broaden psychological well-being of employees with impactful interventions, since negative behaviors within an institution can raise healthcare costs and lower job performance.
38
Kogut, Bruce. Methodological Contributions in International Business and the Direction of Academic Research Activity. Edited by Alan M. Rugman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234257.003.0025.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the field of international business has been strongly driven by innovations in research design and methodologies. This article emphasizes this role in order to suggest that progress is engaged when a community collectively is able to ride upon common methods, schemas, and templates. Research in international business has contributed its own methodological and design that served as a template for subsequent efforts. This article documents briefly three contributions: Raymond Vernon's multinational database, foreign direct investment studies, and the choice of foreign entry mode. It turns then to two current areas of research (i.e. organizational ecology and comparative national systems) that might benefit from agreement on design and method. In focusing on these contributions, it neglects other major contributions to international business research, especially that of business history that has indisputably created successful research programmes with defined methodologies.
39
Archibald, Robert B. The Rhetoric of Higher Education in Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190251918.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Crisis rhetoric dominates the conversation about higher education. This chapter provides a few fictional stories about the future of colleges and universities facing today’s stresses. It introduces the threats that US higher education faces. These include internal threats, classified as those that come from conducting business as usual in the traditional model of producing a college education; environmental threats, broader economic changes in the world outside of higher education that make the current financial model for colleges and universities more challenging; and technological threats, that is, the expansion of online education. The chapter also discusses reasons apocalyptic predictions of disruption and bankruptcy for large segments of the US higher education system are overblown.
40
Müller-Lietzkow, Jörg, ed. Beyond Digital. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905240.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, digitisation has significantly changed the media industry. Today, digital business models are at home in almost all forms of the media. But what will come next? Will new technological developments in the field of AI or block chain, for example, have an impact? And above all: Where does media economic research go from the debate about business models? Are these developments happening so fast that we hardly have time to develop real (new) theories? This volume seeks answers to these pressing questions. The further development of media economics as an academic field will depend on whether and how this is achieved. With contributions by Harald Rau; Daniela Marzavan & Anke Trommershausen; Henriette Heidbrink; Tassilo Pellegrini & Michael Litschka; Britta M. Gossel, Andreas Will & Julian Windscheid, Christian Zabel, Sven Pagel, Verena Telkmann & Alexander Rossner; Sibylle Kunz, Sven Pagel & Svenja Hagenhoff; Jonas D. Bodenhöfer, Christopher Buschow & Carsten Winter and Jörg Müller-Lietzkow.
41
Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Disruptive Technologies Driving Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Since the dawn of the industrial revolution, technologies have had a disruptive impact on business and society. The proliferations of technology-based start-ups in the last decade are significant change agents for job creators and creators of business environments. Marginal improvements are creating disruption and new business models by building upon the disruptive power of technology. Mobile phones have become an extension of our arm with an average person checking it 150 times a day. These amazing changes are not the beginning and are certainly not the end. The primary change driver has been technology and today things are changing even faster. This is beginning to drive a reduction in poverty, an increase in labor standards, greater access to consumer goods, and the facilitation of cultural exchange. Cost-of-living improvement is, on a grander scale, staging for a brave new world of peace.
42
Führung gestaltet. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748903611.
Full textAbstract:
The central question addressed in the generational debate at the Socio-Economics Conference 2019 was ‘What do I expect from modern management culture?’. Generational change, digitalisation and cultural change are not only putting socio-economics and health management companies to the test, but the working world in general is becoming more dynamic, traditional business models and structures are undergoing transformation processes and disruptive developments are replacing normal phases of renewal and regeneration. These conference transcripts highlight, among other things, innovative ways of thinking, agile structures, management without a hierarchy, diversity management, managers in the future and a healthy business culture. The time of steady change is over; a time of radical change has begun.
43
Davies, William. Corporate Governance Beyond Neoliberalism. Edited by Jonathan Michie, Joseph R. Blasi, and Carlo Borzaga. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684977.013.31.
Full textAbstract:
Corporate governance has long been theorized and criticized within the template provided by neoliberalism. This assumes that social relations will become most honest and productive when modelled on market relations. Yet this also results in a business culture of mistrust and endless audit. Participatory governance forms have certain advantages, which need clearly understanding and articulating. Firstly, they treat dialogue as a better principle for relations within the firm than competition. Secondly, they treat ambiguity of value as a virtue, which can yield innovation. However, there is insufficient training, expertise, and practice for these advantages to come properly to light. As a result, we remain too often stuck with a dysfunctional model, whose failures are met with calls for more of the same.
44
Ferrarini, Guido, and Eugenia Macchiavello. FinTech and Alternative Finance in the CMU. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter focuses on FinTech, which offers firms and individuals new ways for accessing alternative sources of finance. It first examines the main types of alternative finance which technology has helped to develop and could further complement the traditional markets, focusing on marketplace investing and its perspectives in Europe. It then analyzes financial return crowdfunding as an application of marketplace investing; its main business models, such as investment-based and loan-based crowdfunding; and the risks and benefits deriving from them. Next, it compares the different regulatory models applicable to crowdfunding at EU and member states' levels, distinguishing between the traditional approach, which extends existing banking or financial regulation to these new sectors, and the ‘innovative’ approach contemplating ad hoc regimes for crowdfunding. The final section suggests a tailored policy approach to marketplace investing in the Capital Markets Union.
45
Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. Implementation and the Process of Ongoing Improvement (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
Whereas the concepts and tools described in this book are intuitive, simple, and easy to understand, their implementation and the process of ongoing improvement are not trivial and require a great deal of management attention. The chapter describes the change-management process. It starts with a full business/functional diagnosis of the organization and goes through an implementation plan draft, training and knowledge transfer, and establishing value enhancement teams. Then, the organization should establish tools for monitoring and control and ensure sustainability through a process of ongoing improvement. The chapter also presents the 3–1–1 model for implementing changes in hospitals. As hospitals are highly complex organizations with multitudes of entities with many interactions among them, the 3–1–1 model guides managers where to focus their efforts. The process of ongoing improvement can use the “traffic lights” system for sustainability and continuous value creation.
46
Gehrke, Britta, and Enzo Weber. Reforming the Labour Market in Good and Bad Times. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter discusses how the effects of structural labour market reforms depend on whether the economy is in expansion or recession. Based on an empirical time series model with Markov switching that draws on search and matching theory, we propose a novel identification of reform outcomes and distinguish the effects of structural reforms that increase the flexibility of the labour market in distinct phases of the business cycle. We find in applications to Germany and Spain that reforms which are implemented in recessions have weaker expansionary effects in the short run. For policymakers, these results emphasize the costs of introducing labour market reforms in recessions.
47
Schiller, Wendy J., and Charles Stewart. A Theory of Indirect Election. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163161.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter analyzes the indirect elections of U.S. senators in state legislatures within a broader theoretical framework of how parties interact with institutional and electoral settings to affect electoral and policy outcomes. It identifies key participants in Senate campaigns during this period—candidates for U.S. Senate, business interests, political party organizations, and state legislators—and constructs a model for how these stakeholders interacted with each other within the structure of legislative choice for U.S. senator along four dimensions—candidate identification, candidate nomination, election criteria, and system responsiveness. It also discusses how an anticipated indirect Senate election might have affected voter turnout in the preceding state legislative election.
48
Joshi, Mahesh K., and J. R. Klein. Lifestyle Innovations Generating New Businesses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827481.003.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Life-altering technology is not only improving our lifestyle but also creating new business models. Integration of technology into everyday life is a primary driver of changes in lifestyle. Whether visible or not, today’s technology is everywhere. Consumers come home from work to a smart house that greets them with music, emails them the foods the refrigerator needs, and through spatial phase imaging technology senses their mood. Without human intervention it changes its presentation based on data indicators embedded in everything. The house recognizes mood and compares it with past behaviors, facial reactions, timeline, and acts accordingly. All this happens through a standard security camera with pixelate three-dimensional technology. The same technology can identify the anti-social elements in a crowd, enhance security at any public event venue, and allow doctors to see under our skin without intrusion.
49
Croft, John. Intervention. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199355914.003.0017.
Full textAbstract:
The virtues of collaboration have been much trumpeted, but on what basis is it seen to have advantages for composition, and is the enthusiasm for it warranted? In this Intervention, composer John Croft exposes some of the underlying reasons for the focus on collaboration, among them spurious business models, misconceived notions of research, a culture of accountability and the confusion of innovation with originality. He concludes by highlighting the virtues of solitariness, the resistance to influence and single-mindedness in composition.
50
De Laurentis, Giacomo, Eugenio Alaio, Elisa Corsi, Emanuelemaria Giusti, Marco Guairo, Carlo Palego, Luca Paulicelli, et al. Rischio di credito 2.0. AIFIRM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47473/2016ppa00030.
Full textAbstract:
The EBA Guidelines on loan origination and monitoring (hereinafter "GL LOM") undoubtedly represent a substantially new piece of the banking regulatory framework. In fact, for the first time, the regulator moves into a topic that was traditionally outside the scope of financial regulation, so far almost exclusively focused on aspects directly linked to both micro- and macro-prudential stability, notably through capital and liquidity management requirements and guidelines on Business Model and Internal Governance. The credit management process, and in particular loan origination and monitoring, has always been typically considered as a business issue under sole responsibility of banks, as it is considered one of the "core" processes (if not the "core" process) of the banking business. As a matter of fact, since the issue of the capital requirement regulation (i.e., Basel II and Basel III), and the introduction of the use requirements for the rating systems, the regulator moved very close, but not yet, to prescribe specific credit assessment criteria, while dictating methodological and organizational requirements for the authorization of the rating systems, and leaving substantial freedom to banks to define their own models and embedded assessment criteria and indicators. With the GL LOM, the regulator takes a further step, remarkably beyond its traditional remit, dictating principles and rules for the evaluation of the credit quality of borrowers. The starting point for this new approach from the regulator can be found in the ECB guidelines on Non-Performing Loans, later endorsed by the Bank of Italy Guidelines for Less Significant Banks, aimed at encouraging banks to define their NPL management processes and establish reduction plans to achieve NPL ratio targets in line with the regulator's expectations. Consistently with the focus on NPL, the regulation on Calendar Provisioning, amending the CRR was issued; as being a Regulation, it involves all banks, and not only significant ones (for which the ECB Addendum also applies). In addition, the new definition of default (the so-called "new Dod") has defined stricter criteria for the transition of exposures to the default status and also made the return of "cured" exposures to the performing status more difficult. The combined effect of these regulatory changes has been to make the default of counterparties not only more probable but also much more "expensive" for the banks. The natural “next step” of these regulatory changes was to "move backward" into the management process covering loan origination and monitoring . The EBA's stated objective with the issuance of the GL LOM is to define "robust and prudent" standards of lending practices so as to maintain a low level of NPLs in the future. Therefore, the focus of the GL LOM is the definition of requirements (some outlined as prescriptions, others in terms of principles) for the creditworthiness assessment of counterparties and for the management of the related data and information. Notwithstanding the fact that the Final Report has articulated the principle of proportionality much more clearly as compared to the Consultation Paper, the GLs set out three macro-categories of counterparties for which specific requirements are defined: • Individuals • Micro and small businesses • Medium and large companies. The GL LOM also provide recommendations about the valuation of guarantees both at origination and during ongoing monitoring, encouraging the use of advanced statistical models. The GL LOM focus on real estate guarantees, while financial collateral is outside the scope of the GL LOM. In the mind of the regulator, the GL LOM should not only reflect industry practices, but also incorporate the latest supervisory guidance on lending, and provide the stimulus to include ESG, AML/CTF and the use of innovative technologies into banking origination and, where applicable, monitoring processes.