Academic literature on the topic 'Business model themes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Business model themes"
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Grustam, Andrija S., Hubertus Vrijhoef, Antonio Cordella, Ron Koymans, and Johan L. Severens. "Care coordination in a business-to-business and a business-to-consumer model for telemonitoring patients with chronic diseases." International Journal of Care Coordination 20, no. 4 (December 2017): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053434517747908.
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Introduction For telemonitoring to support care coordination, a sound business model is conditional. The aim of this study is to explore the systemic and economic differences in care coordination via business-to-business and business-to-consumer models for telemonitoring patients with chronic diseases. Methods We performed a literature search in order to design the business-to-business and business-to-consumer telemonitoring models, and to assess the design elements and themes by applying the activity system theory, and describe the transaction costs in each model. The design elements are content, structure, and governance, while the design themes are novelty, lock-in, complementarities, and efficiency. In the transaction cost analysis, we looked into all the elements of a transaction in both models. Results Care coordination in the business-to-business model is designed to be organized between the places of activity, rather than the participants in the activity. The design of the business-to-business model creates a firm lock-in but for a limited time. In the business-to-consumer model, the interdependencies are to be found between the persons in the care process and not between the places of care. The differences between the models were found in both the design elements and the design themes. Discussion Care coordination in the business-to-business and business-to-consumer models for telemonitoring chronic diseases differs in principle in terms of design elements and design themes. Based on the theoretical models, the transaction costs could potentially be lower in the business-to-consumer model than in the business-to-business, which could be a promoting economic principle for the implementation of telemonitoring.
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Costa Climent, Ricardo, and Darek M. Haftor. "Value creation through the evolution of business model themes." Journal of Business Research 122 (January 2021): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.007.
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Gerdoçi, Blendi, Guido Bortoluzzi, and Sidita Dibra. "Business model design and firm performance." European Journal of Innovation Management 21, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-02-2017-0012.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on business model (BM) design by deepening the relationship between BM design themes and performance in a sample of firms based in a developing country. In particular, the authors deepen the relationship between business model novelty (BMN), business model efficiency (BME), the trade-off between novelty and efficiency – that the authors call BM ambidexterity – and performance. Design/methodology/approach Data are drawn from a sample of 107 manufacturing and service firms based in a developing country (Albania). Hierarchical regression is used to assess the impact on firm performance from the two BM design themes and their interaction. Findings The authors find novelty-centred BM design is significantly related to firm performance while efficiency-centred design has no direct effect on performance. However, the authors also find that BME positively moderates the relationship between BMN and firm performance. Research limitations/implications The relationship between BM design and firm performance can be better understood if contextualised. In the paper, the authors find that different types of BM designs have different impacts on the performance of firms based in a developing economy. While novelty matters, quite surprisingly the authors find no support for efficiency. Additionally, the authors find the interaction between the two design themes (BM ambidexterity) to have a positive impact on firm performance. Practical implications The surveyed firms based in a developing economy appear to benefit from novelty-centred BM designs. Efficiency-centred designs have a more ambiguous role: while efficiency alone seems not to pay off, an efficient BM design may facilitate the market exploitation of a novel design. Originality/value This study responds to a precise call for additional quantitative empirical studies on the relationship between BM and performance. The study also contributes to an emerging stream of research focused on BM ambidexterity.
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Dunn, Barbara. "Success Themes in Scottish Family Enterprises: Philosophies and Practices Through the Generations." Family Business Review 8, no. 1 (March 1995): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1995.00017.x.
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A series of workshops were held in Scotland to help family business managers identify and overcome obstacles to success. Core themes that emerged were family values, responsiveness to change, and family dynamics. The findings suggest that family enterprises have unique developmental characteristics with implications for economic and business development frameworks such as those in Scotland, which do not differentiate family businesses. A model is presented to analyze and categorize family enterprises in order to illustrate the issues facing family enterprises. The model provides insights into the source and effect of family values and family dynamics on the business and fosters business growth and development.
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Reinhold, Stephan, Florian J. Zach, and Dejan Krizaj. "Business models in tourism: a review and research agenda." Tourism Review 72, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tr-05-2017-0094.
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Purpose Business models and the business model concept have become a fixture of scholarly and managerial attention. With a focus on how actors create, capture and disseminate value, business model research holds the promise to inform the tourism sector’s search for ways to innovate and change outdated business practices. Yet, the concept has inspired little research tackling the contingencies of the tourism context. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap in this review and research agenda on business models in tourism. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the authors review and synthesize contributions from publications in EBSCO, Emerald Insight, ProQuest and Science Direct databases, that make explicit use of the business model concept in tourism (anytime up to September 2016). We conceptualize the identified articles as a coherent body of knowledge on business models in tourism with the objective of identifying common themes that characterize existing contributions. Findings From the review of 28 qualified articles, the authors identify four emergent themes: sector-specific configurations, the role of different value types, design themes for consistency and regulatory contingencies. These themes inform three domains in which the authors present avenues for tourism-specific studies on business models, as well as their management and innovation that the authors position in relation to the general business model literature. Originality/value This review details how researchers across disciplines conceptualize the business model. Together with the identified directions for further research, this literature review thus establishes a common conceptual basis and stock of knowledge for the study of business models in tourism research.
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Pio, Edwina. "Karmic assessment: evidence from business students." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53761/1.1.2.4.
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This paper reports the results of assessment as an embedded learning opportunity through evidence from a course on Management and Spirituality for business students offered in 2002 and 2003 in the USA and Europe. It discusses how assessment can be strategically used to nudge students’ minds through learning experiences that expand current mental models of being. The construct of Karma with its emphasis on the need to sow carefully to reap a rich harvest for humanity is the context within which the assessment is designed. The paper develops three interrelated themes: the first is the theoretical background on assessment and the need to integrate it with global citizenship and bottom of the pyramid awareness; the second theme sketches the three assessment tasks; while the final theme suggests a model for assessment which amalgamates the learning community, learning environment and individual introspection to achieve karmic assessment.
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Silvia, Cantele, and Serena Truzzi. "Sustainable Business Models: Literature Review of Main Contributions and Themes." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 5 (April 8, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n5p11.
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Literature on sustainable business models (SBM) has recently emerged and is rapidly expanding. This promising research field is aimed at intersecting traditional business model approaches with corporate sustainability. Most of the research to date has focused on existing case studies or examples of sustainability innovations in business models or on the use of frameworks and tools to categorise or design SBMs or suggest the stages of this innovative process towards sustainability. This article presents an integrative literature review aimed at describing the objective aspects of the SBM literature such as its temporal, industrial, geographical and methodological factors. As well as this descriptive analysis, the paper categorises the SBM literature in terms of its main purposes and themes. This categorisation is aimed at synthesising the main contributions of the SBM literature and to highlight gaps to suggest possible further developments. Despite presenting different perspectives on value (proposition, creation, delivery and capture), the current research on SBM has failed to take a holistic approach towards sustainable value measurement and representation in its models and frameworks.
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Novak, Ales. "Business Model Literature Overview." FINANCIAL REPORTING, no. 1 (September 2014): 79–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/fr2014-001004.
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The term ?business model' has recently attracted increased attention in the context of financial reporting and was formally introduced into the IFRS literature when IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was published in November 2009. However, IFRS 9 did not fully define the term ‘business model'. Furthermore, the literature on business models is quite diverse. It has been conducted in largely isolated fashion; therefore, no generally accepted definition of ?business model' has emerged. Therefore, a better understanding of the notion itself should be developed before further investigating its potential role within financial reporting. The aim of this paper is to highlight some of the perceived key themes and to identify other bases for grouping/organizing the literature based on business models. The contributions this paper makes to the literature are twofold: first, it complements previous review papers on business models; second, it contains a clear position on the distinction between the notions of the business model and strategy, which many authors identify as a key element in better explaining and communicating the notion of the business model. In this author's opinion, the term ‘strategy' is a dynamic and forward-looking notion, a sort of directional roadmap for future courses of action, whereas, ‘business model' is a more static notion, reflecting the conceptualisation of the company's underlying core business logic. The conclusion contains the author's thoughts on the role of the business model in financial reporting.
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Bashir, Makhmoor, M. Muzamil Naqshbandi, and Rayees Farooq. "Business model innovation: a systematic review and future research directions." International Journal of Innovation Science 12, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 457–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijis-06-2020-0081.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyze the literature on business model innovation by identifying its triggers, enablers, barriers, dimensions, outcomes and highlight avenues for future research. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of papers on business model innovation was conducted based on the recommendations of Tranfield et al. (2003) from 2000–2019. A total of 70 conceptual and empirical studies on business model innovation research spanning from 2000 to 2019 were analyzed based on different classification schemes. Findings The systematic review approach of this paper offers a new perspective in understanding business model innovation, bridges the gap in the extant literature by providing consolidation regarding the triggers, enablers, barriers, dimensions and outcomes of business model innovation and indicating avenues for future research. Research limitations/implications A review of literature on business model innovation carried out in this paper is expected to open up new horizons for future researchers to develop and empirically test frameworks related to business model innovation. The five themes identified to shed light on important aspects of business model innovation. These themes are expected to not only strengthen the theoretical foundations of business model innovation but also help practitioners develop and implement business model innovations in their organizations. In particular, the themes related to the enablers, barriers, triggers and outcomes of business model innovation can provide useful insights for practitioners. Originality/value This study is the first of its kind that has provided consolidation regarding the triggers, enablers, barriers, dimensions and outcomes of business model innovation.
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Kithae, Peter. "Towards MSE Technology Adoption Model for Business Growth in Kenya." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 5, no. 3 (2019): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.53.1004.
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Technology has been described as “the systematic application of scientific and other organized knowledge to practical task”. This study focused on youth-led MSES located in Makueni district of Kenya. A descriptive research design was used to carry out the study. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select a sample of 119 out of the target population of 396. A three-part questionnaire consisting of both quantitative and qualitative questions was the main instrument for collecting data. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected to reveal the strengths and show the main themes. Quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS software. From the study, it was revealed that most youths had adopted technology in the form of training and purchase of equipment and that very few experienced and well-established entrepreneurs were able to sub-contract and /or franchise. It was also revealed that technology adopted had impacted positively on the youth-led MSEs in that it has improved quality of goods produced; increased productivity of the enterprise; improved marketability of business products and thus steady growth and enhanced business competitiveness in the market. The MSE technology adoption model developed from the study suggested that a deliberate action aimed at enhancing technology adoption amongst MSEs need to be taken possibly through injection of more capital, provision of emerging quality improvement techniques and creation of MSE linkages and networks among others.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Business model themes"
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Fadul, Waad. "Data-Driven Health Services: an Empirical Investigation on the Role of Artificial Intelligence and Data Network Effects in Value Creation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447507.
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The purpose of this study is to produce new knowledge concerning the perceived user’s value generated using machine learning technologies that activate data network effects factors that create value through various business model themes. The data network effects theory represents a set of factors that increase the user’s perceived value for a platform that uses artificial intelligence capabilities. The study followed an abductive research approach where initially found facts were matched against the data network effects theory to be put in context and understood. The study’s data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with experts who were active within the research area and chosen based on their practical experience and their role in the digitization of the healthcare sector. The results show that three out of six factors were fully realized contributing to value creation while two of the factors showed to be partially realized in order to contribute to value creation and that is justified by the exclusion of users' perspectives in the scope of the research. Lastly, only one factor has limited contribution to the value creation due to the heavy regulations limiting its realization in the health sector. It is concluded that data network effects moderators contributed differently in the activation of various business model themes for value creation in a general manner where further studies should apply the theory in the assessment of one specific AI health offering to take full advantage of the theory potential. The theoretical implications showed that the data network factors may not necessarily be equally activated to contribute to value creation which was not initially highlighted by the theory. Additionally, the practical implications of the study’s results may help managers in their decision-making process on which factors to be activated for which business model theme.
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Sniukas, Marc. "The micro-foundations of business model innovation as a dynamic capability." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-microfoundations-of-business-model-innovation-as-a-dynamic-capability(d532332a-a98a-4bf9-8613-7353f08b12eb).html.
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This study adopts a dynamic capabilities perspective to explore the activities and processes through which business model innovation arises in established organisations. New and innovative business models are fundamental to the commercialisation of latest technologies, performance, competitive advantage, as well as the creation of value for customers, the focal company and its ecosystem. Yet, our current understanding of how established companies design and implement new business models is limited by a lack of empirical research. The dynamic capabilities perspective offers a promising route to investigate the managerial and organisational activities and practices through which business model innovation is enacted. Based on a review of the business model, business model innovation and dynamic capabilities literatures, business model innovation is framed as a dynamic capability and research questions are developed. These questions are investigated using grounded theory methodology, collecting and analysing data from five case studies from the manufacturing, financial services, media, consulting, and healthcare industries. Findings from an initial sample suggest a business model innovation process consisting of an inception, evolution and diffusion phase, encumbered by cognitive, emotional and behavioural challenges. Linking the findings to the dynamic capabilities perspective, three micro-foundations, namely, process orchestration, learning, and deployment mechanisms are identified. Findings from a subsequent theoretical sample not only unravel the underlying managerial and organisational activities of these micro-foundations, but also reveal further details on the challenges faced, as well as the key role of senior management for orchestrating and enacting this process and its underlying activities. Considered collectively the findings offer a novel understanding of how business model innovations come about in established organisations, a practice labelled ‘crafting business models in statu nascendi’. The dissertation closes with a discussion and synthesis of the findings, the theoretical contribution and managerial implications, as well as limitations of the present study and areas for future research.
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Mosunich, Marissa Anne. "A Simulation Model for Decision Support in Business Continuity Planning." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1610.
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Enterprises with a global supply network are at risk of lost revenue as a result of disruptive disasters at supplier locations. Various strategies exist for addressing this risk, and a variety of types of research has been done regarding the identification, assessment and response to the risk of disruption in a supply chain network.
This thesis establishes a decision model to support Business Continuity Planning at the first-tier supplier level. The decision model incorporates discrete-event simulation of supply chain networks (through Simio software), Monte Carlo simulation, and risk index optimization. After modeling disruption vulnerability in a supply chain network, costs of implementing all combinations of Business Continuity Plans are ranked and then tested in discrete-event simulation for further insight into inventory levels, unmet customer demand, production loss and related costs.
A case study demonstrates the implementation of the decision support process and tests a historical set of data from a large manufacturing company. Discrete-event simulation modeling of loss is confirmed to be accurate. The relevance of the model concept is upheld and recommendations for future work are made.
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Mehler, Anja. "Business model innovation in emerging markets : identifying common principles." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96220.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With developed economies experiencing slow growth, multinational corporations (MNCs) in various industries are looking to tap into the enormous potential of emerging economies. By identifying emerging markets as future markets, MNCs can increase their market share and profits, and grow through a diversified strategy that focuses on unconventional markets and customers with unserved needs. However, MNCs entering these markets cannot succeed by simply transferring business models, products, and services developed for mature economies as the needs of the new consumers in emerging markets require innovative and non-traditional business models and approaches. The research question for this study is to investigate if and to what level MNCs have to adapt their business model when entering or expanding their operations to emerging markets. Therefore, research has been done on four MNCs across a diverse range of industries. For collecting data, the research made use of a qualitative case-study research approach and is based primarily on findings from four in-depth interviews with strategy or marketing experts from MNCs across industries. Further information was obtained through deep research on publicly available information about the company. The research aimed to identify similarities in the business model of successful pioneers and to analyse common principles that could be of use for other MNCs when planning to enter unknown emerging markets. The interviews were conducted personally, telephonically, and via email. In a next step, the interviews were transcribed and common themes were extracted and combined with findings from further research. For collecting and ordering the information, Osterwalder & Pigneur’s (2010) business model canvas was applied. Finally, the findings were grouped, formulated and compared to existing literature in order to identify similarities, common principles or differences for new output propositions. The primary finding of the research was that specific factors, such as the difference in market conditions and environments, as well as in consumer preferences and needs, strongly influence the design of business models. A key differentiating factor was the choice between keeping traditional business models with a focus on global and centralized systems, processes, brands and products or designing business models that are adjusted or innovated to meet local market conditions and consumer trends. Another key finding was that a balanced portfolio of brands is a critical factor of success in emerging markets. To reach different market segments in emerging markets, MNCs need to offer mainstream as well as premium brands, all based on a strong brand identity and brand values. The partnership with local business partners and key stakeholders was identified as fundamental to be able to react to local business environments. Furthermore, the integration of local suppliers and communities, as well as the adjustment of the value chain to the local environment, has been seen as a key factor to reduce costs while gaining acceptance and building close relationships with the local community. In order to overcome local challenges of institutional voids and lacking knowledge in emerging markets, the research has shown that a collaborative strategy with local partners is of high importance. The research showed that MNCs with global brands follow both approaches. While some MNCs maintain a traditional business model for all its markets, other MNCs design their business model based on standardized systems and processes to the local environment. In terms of the level of innovation, it can be said that none of the researched MNCs showed an extremely high level of innovation. Common principles and activities that could be identified in the business model design for emerging markets between all researched MNCs, are as follows: (1) balanced portfolio of strong brands, (2) strong partnerships with local key stakeholders, (3) loyal relationships with consumers, (4) an efficient and cost-effective value chain, and (5) collaborative partnerships or acquisitions as a critical market entry strategy.
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Spies, Izak Jacob. "A growth rate model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/66023.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1988.INTRODUCTION: The object of this technical report is to enhance an already existing computer program which calculates the possible growth rate under certain given conditions. These enhancements would make the program more applicable to a variety of situations and possibly a more true indication of what would happen in real life. The existing program was initially written in the FORTRAN-77 language by J C d Bruin in 1982 and translated to the TRUE BASIC language in 1985. The main objective of the program is to determine the maximum growth % of a business subject to certain given parameters or constraints.
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Maloba, Ngako Daniel. "Outsourcing : a business model to improve municipal service delivery." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6173.
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Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study report concerns service delivery issues at municipal level which have emerged as areas of critical concern as far as they affect consumers of municipal services, interest groups and government as a whole. Background to investigation. The need to investigate the service delivery challenges at municipal level arose out of multiple newspaper reports reflecting on lack of satisfaction from end-users and authorities regarding quality of delivery. Organizations such as South African Local Government Association (SALGA) and South African National Civic Organization have both commissioned assessment of municipal service delivery performances, and the reports drafted thereof were both critical and unimpressive. Based on these reports, the author recognized the need to investigate the reasons for poor service delivery and to test the idea of adopting outsourcing as a complementary mechanism to the delivery of services that are currently being employed. Procedure used. The information gathering for this investigation was done by means of structured interviews with municipal managers and senior officials in the administration. Provinces which were covered in the study include Limpopo, Gauteng, and North West. Although it was desirable to include more provinces in the study, it was however not feasible owing to limited resources available. Related literature was examined to further enhance insight in the subject and also to search for added potential solutions to the service delivery problem. Results of investigation. The findings reveal that primary barriers to quality service delivery are lack of sufficient municipal capacity; shortage of skilled workers; budgetary constraints; lack of effective management systems to ensure that, when a service is sourced from outside, competent service providers are appointed and their performance satisfy and exceed expectation and requirements. The root causes to these service delivery challenges are, among other things, a consequence of economic development which stimulates demand for skilled workers in the private sectors, and limited resources in the coffers of government. To compound the challenges, municipalities are unable to attract, develop and retain the quantities and qualities of skilled workers they need, owing to the uncompetitive pay packages they offer. Literature has revealed that legislature, in the form of Municipal Systems Act, make provision for municipalities to explore service delivery mechanisms in order to supplement internal means (Municipal Systems Act, 32 of 2000). Conclusion. From the results and findings the following conclusions can be drawn: Owing to the present demand for service delivery and the inability of municipalities to build sufficient internal capacity, alternative mechanisms such as outsourcing, must be explored and employed. In addition, there is, however, a great need for management systems and structures to be established or upgraded to ensure that mileage from external service providers is maximized. Recommendation. Following the results of the investigation and the conclusion made, the following actions can be recommended: • Assess service delivery capabilities and identify gaps. • Establish service needs and requirements that can be sourced externally. • Set up robust management systems and support structures to ensure that outsourcing initiatives are guaranteed to be successful.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studieverslag het betrekking op munisipale diensleweringskwessies - 'n gebied wat sorgwekkende afmetings aanneem in die opsig dat verbruikers van munisipale dienste, belangegroepe en die regering as 'n geheel daardeur geraak word. Agtergrond van die ondersoek. Die behoefte aan 'n ondersoek na die uitdagings ten opsigte van dienslewering op munisipale vlak spruit uit verskeie koerantberigte wat die gebrek aan tevredenheid van eindgebruikers en owerhede aangaande die gehalte van dienslewering reflekteer. Organisasies soos die Suid-Afrikaanse Vereniging vir Plaaslike Regerings (SALGA) en die South African National Civic Organisation het beide die assessering van munisipale diensleweringsprestasies gelas. Die verslae wat hierna opgestel is, was krities en onindrukwekkend. Die outeur het, gebaseer op hierdie verslae, twee behoeftes geeien: die behoefte aan 'n ondersoek na die redes vir die swak diensverskaffing geeien, en die behoefte aan die uitkontraktering, soos wat tans aangewend word, as 'n aanvullende meganisme tot dienslewering. Die prosedure wat gevolg is. Die insameling van inligting vir hierdie ondersoek is gedoen deur gestruktureerde onderhoude met munisipale bestuurders en senior amptenare in die administrasie. Provinsies wat by die ondersoek betrek is, is Limpopo, Gauteng en Noordwes. Alhoewel dit wenslik is om meer provinsies in te sluit, was dit weens beperkte beskikbaarheid van hulpbronne nie uitvoerbaar nie. Verwante literatuur is geraadpleeg om verdere insig in die onderwerp te verkry en ook om bykomende moontlike oplossings te vind vir die probleem van dienslewering. Resultaat van die ondersoek. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat die primere struikelblokke in die pad van gehalte dienslewering die volgende is: gebrek aan munisipale bekwaamheid, tekort aan geskoolde werkers, beperkte begrotings, en 'n gebrek aan effektiewe bestuursisteme wat kan verseker dat, indien 'n diens uitgekontrakteer word, bekwame diensverskaffers aangestel word en dat hulle werksverrigting bevredigend is en verwagtinge en vereistes oortref. Die grondoorsaak vir hierdie uitdagings in dienslewering is o.a. die gevolg van ekonomiese ontwikkeling wat die aanvraag na geskoolde werkers in die privaatsektor stimuleer en hulpbronne in die staatskas beperk. Wat die uitdaging verder vergroot, is dat munisipaliteite, as gevolg van die onkompelerende besoldigingspakkette wal hulle aanbied, nie in staat is om die kwantiteit of kwaliteit geskoolde werkers wat hulle benodig te trek, ontwikkel of te behou nie. Literatuur het aan die lig gebring dat wetgewing, in die vorm van die Wet op Munisipale Rade, voorsiening daarvoor maak dat munisipaliteite diensverskaffingsmeganismes ondersoek ten einde interne vermoens aan te vul. Gevolgtrekking. Die volgende gevolgtrekkings kan afgelei word uit die resultate en bevindinge van die ondersoek: Te wyte aan die huidige aanvraag vir dienslewering en die onvermoe van munisipaliteite om voldoende interne bekwaamheid op te bou moet alternatiewe meganismes soos uitkontraktering ondersoek en aangewend word. Daar is egter ook 'n dringende behoefte dat bestuursisteme gevestig of opgegradeer word ten einde te verseker dat maksimale insette verkry word van eksterne diensverskaffers. Aanbevelings. Die volgende optrede word aanbeveel na aanleiding van die uitkoms van die ondersoek en die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom is: • Assesseer die geskiktheid van dienslewering en identifiseer die leemtes. • Stel vas watter diensbehoeftes en -vereistes suksesvol uitgekontrakteer kan word . • Vestig kragtige bestuur- en ondersteuningsisteme om te verseker dat uitkontrakteringsinisiatiewe gewaarborg is om suksesvol te wees.
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Elijah, J. J. "A strategic financial planning model." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49669.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This report contains a strategic management model to assess the impact on the EVA тм of the individual business units and the consolidated group total of a Company, when manipulating any of the key business drivers. The model has been designed to deliver a solution to the end-user that is simple to operate and presents graphical outputs to enhance understanding and interpretation. The sensitivity analysis, the EVA тм tree and the financial statements are presented in Excel. A simulation technique is used to forecast NOPAT values from a set of key drivers. The theories used to construct the model are explained and a hypothetical example is provided. The appendices also provide the concept of EVA тм, simulation techniques, list of assumptions and model instructions. The report is comprehensive enough to allow the reader to develop, implement and test a model of this nature. Opportunities for further research are also provided.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie bevat 'n strategiese bestuursmodel om die impak van individuele besigheidseenhede op ekonomiese waardetoevoeging (Engels: EVA тм) en die gekonsolideerde groeptotaal van 'n maatskappy, wanneer enige een van die sleutel besigheidsdrywers gemanipuleer word, te bepaal. Die model is ontwerp om 'n eenvoudige oplossing vir die eindgebruiker te verskaf en verskaf grafiese uiteensettings om verstaanbaarheid en interpretasie te vergemaklik. Die sensitiwiteitsanalise, ekonomiese waardetoevoegingsontleding en die finansiële state word in Excel weergee. 'n Simulasie tegniek is gebruik om NOPAT waardes van 'n stel sleutel drywers te voorspel. Die teorieë wat gebruik is om die model saam te stel, word aan die hand van 'n hipotetiese voorbeeld wat voorsien word, verduidelik. Die aanhangsels voorsien die konsep EVA тм, simulasie tegnieke, 'n lys van aannames en instruksies vir die model. Die verslag is volledig genoeg om die leser in staat te stel om 'n model van hierdie aard te ontwikkel, te toets en te implementer. Voorstelle vir verdere navorsing word voorsien.
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Janrattana, Jirasak. "How can Small and Medium Enterprise retail business in Thailand successfully compete through Business Model Innovation?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/how-can-small-and-medium-enterprise-retail-business-in-thailand-successfully-compete-through-business-model-innovation(4bf8547d-7a76-49ee-9776-e9ed7dbf0c39).html.
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Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) retail businesses in many countries, including Thailand, are facing challenges of high competition, as modern retail formats have grown rapidly in many Asian countries such as Singapore, Taiwan, China and Thailand (Howard, 2009). Thus, SME retail Businesses are facing an "innovate or die" situation, as non-adapting retail firms have always been and will continue to be driven out of the business (Evans, 2011). A new critical capability of retail business is the ability to configure and reconfigure its processes into a coherent blueprint - known in other words as a Business Model (Sorescu et al., 2011). The research question becomes "How can SME retail Business in Thailand successfully compete through Business Model Innovation?" Business Model Innovation requires system wide changes, since modifying one component always has network effects on other components (Tikkanen et al., 2005). There is no fixed method or successful formula that all companies will adopt; therefore disciplined experimentation and adaptation is recommended (Berman, 2011; Chesbrough, 2010; McGrath, 2010; Mitchell et al., 2003; Teece, 2010). However, most past studies on innovation are about large companies (Tim, 2004) and not many articles cover empirical studies on Business Model Innovation. In particular, few studies address the dynamic view (Demil and Lecocq, 2010; Svejenova et al., 2010; Sosna et al., 2010).This research focuses on the implementation of Business Model Innovation within SME retail business. The research uses a methodology called Action Research, and was conducted within the researcher's organization, which is a SME retail business in Thailand. This overcomes the practical challenges of studying SME business, which is related to limited opportunity to conduct empirical research. The study was conducted over the 4 year period from October 2010 to August 2014 by implementing Business Model Innovation in order to exploit opportunities in rural areas. Business Model concepts were employed as sources of innovation and units of analysis. Action Research consists of multiple cycles of changes and adaptation. It was found that Business Model concepts can be represented at different levels of abstraction from reality. At a high level of abstraction, the Business Model Canvas helps to understand the overview of the firm's business logic in a broad way, and provide ideas about what can be adapted. At the operational level, the Retailing Business Model provides a structural approach to the conceptualisation, planning and implementation of activities that support high level changes. In all, Business Model Innovation can be conceptualised as an ongoing learning process similar to the iterative cycles of Action research. These cycles consist of constructing actions, planning, taking actions and evaluating actions. The Business Model concepts at different levels of abstraction can be used for understanding and planning, as well as to capture learning experiences, both on the high level and on the operational level. Therefore, Business Model Innovation is a dynamic process where changes and learning happen continuously. Such a process enables SME retail businesses to improve their understanding of their Business Model and thus improve their chances of success?
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Smit, Brand. "A stakeholder management model for project management." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95663.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.In project management, stakeholders are key to ensuring the success of a project. However, research has found that not enough attention is given to the needs and influence of stakeholders. In the search of a holistic approach to stakeholder management, very few recommendations could be found in literature. The purpose of this research is to search for key elements in literature that can be used in the development of a generic model that guides the user in the process of stakeholder management in projects. Through the investigation of peer reviewed journal articles, a model was developed that can be used to manage a project’s stakeholders. A six-step model was developed, encompassing the identification, analysis, prioritisation, engagement, communication and review of stakeholder. The review step in the process is not a step that is performed in isolation, but is rather a review of the five previous steps. The review of stakeholders will be conducted when the project enters a new phase, at specific intervals or when a trigger event occurs. It is the finding of this investigation that enough research has been conducted within the stakeholder milieu to compile a holistic, generic stakeholder management model.
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Feit, Tori L. "Customer satisfaction survey development and evaluation model for local business." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002feitt.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Business model themes"
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Baryshnikov, Nikolay, and Denis Samygin. A strategic model for the sustainability of agrarian business: the options, risks, solutions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25264.
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The monograph substantiates the parameters of the formation of the concept of sustainability of the agricultural economy, summarizes the tools of financial management of the agricultural sector. The analysis of liquidity and diagnostics of efficiency of agricultural business is carried out on the example of commodity producers in the region.the models of agricultural policy for managing financial resources and sources of their formation are based on them.
The investment attractiveness is assessed and the financial and economic risks of agricultural business are measured. Financial solutions have been developed to optimize sustainability in the context of recommendations for improving liquidity and stabilizing the efficiency of the agricultural business.
The publication is intended for managers and specialists of agribusiness management, researchers and teachers of higher educational institutions.
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Mischenko, Aleksandr, and Anastasiya Ivanova. Optimization models for managing limited resources in logistics. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1082948.
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In the proposed monograph, optimization models for managing limited resources in logical systems are considered. Such systems are primarily used by industrial enterprises, transport companies and trade organizations, including those that carry out wholesale activities. As a rule, the efficiency of these objects largely depends on how rational use of limited resources such as: consumer camera business, labor, vehicles, etc. In this paper, various approaches to managing such resources are considered both for deterministic models and for the situation when a number of model parameters are not specified exactly, that is, for stochastic models. In this case, it is proposed to evaluate the stability of models to the occurrence of various types of risk events, both by the structure of the solution and by the functionality. It is addressed to senior students, postgraduates and masters studying in the specialty "Management" and "Logistics", as well as specialists in the field of logistics systems modeling.
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Meade, Douglas S., ed. In Quest of the Craft. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-820-0.
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INFORUM is a research project started more than forty five years ago by Clopper Almon. The focus is on the development of dynamic, interindustry, macroeconometric models to forecast the economy in the long run. Over the last 30 years, the Inforum approach to model building has been shared by economists in many different countries. Researchers have focused much of their efforts to developing a linked system of international interindustry models with a consistent methodology. A world-wide network of research associates use similar methods and a common software obtaining comparable results to produce studies of common interest to the group. Inforum partners have shared their research in an annual conference since 1993. The XXII Inforum World Conference was held in Alexandria, Virginia in September 2014 and this book contains a selection of papers presented during the sessions. All these contributions share an empirical and pragmatic orientation that is very useful for policymakers, business, and applied economists. Some papers are devoted to specific topics (productivity, energy, international trade, demographic changes) and some others are oriented to model building and simulations.
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Uruntaeva, Galina, and Ekaterina Gosheva. Psychology of cognition preschooler in professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1074084.
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The monograph is devoted to analysis of professional and pedagogical activity of educator of preschool educational organizations in the aspect of cognition of preschool children. Describes the conceptual presentation of these activities, including structural-functional model of the activities to knowledge and activities for analysis of its process and results in order to assess its effectiveness. In accordance with the business model for knowledge of child the proposed system of professional training of future educators for its development in the learning process at the University, partly experimentally tested.
Intended for researchers, professional and pedagogical activity of the teacher of preschool educational institutions, teachers and practitioners of preschool education and teachers and students of psychological and pedagogical universities.
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Cevelev, Aleksandr. Material management of railway transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064961.
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In the monograph reviewed the development of the inventory management of railway transport in the new economic environment of market economy.
According to the results of theoretical research, innovative and production potential of the supply system of railway transport the main directions and methods of transformation of the restructuring process under the corporate changes of JSC "RZD", positioned value system of the logistics of railway transportation, and developed a classification model used logistical resources.
Evaluation of activity of structural divisions of Russian Railways supply is proposed to be viewed through an integrated and comprehensive approach to the development of systems of balanced indicators of supply and prompt handling of material resources, the implementation of which allows to distribute the strategic objectives of the company "Russian Railways" activities in the system of logistics of the Railways and also to involve in economic circulation of excessive and unused inventories of material and technical resources and efficiently reallocate them among enterprises at the site of the railway.
Recommendations for the implementation of the developed algorithms and models are long term in nature and are based on the concept of logistics management and improve the business processes of the logistics system.
Will be useful for managers and specialists of directorates of logistics of Russian Railways supply, undergraduates and graduate students interested in the economy of railway transport.
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Kleiterp, Nanno. Banking for a Better World. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462983519.
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When we look at all the challenges facing the world, including inequality, population migration, and climate change, we can see a role for development banking in nearly all of them. But will that role be played for good or ill? This book brings together two people who collectively draw on their forty-five years of experience in that world to argue that development banking can-and must-play a constructive role. We only need to read the news to find public outrage at tales of short-sighted greed in the financial world. But what happens when banks invest in long-term sustainability? Readers will find a fascinating example in the journey of the Dutch development bank FMO. At times global in perspective, at other moments intimately personal, Banking for a Better World interweaves candid anecdotes with development history, as well as banking lessons with client interviews, to deliver a powerful argument for a business model that generates profit through impact, and impact through profit. This is an important and accessible must-read for anyone involved in banking, business, policy making, and civil society as a whole. Banking for a Better World challenges us to start finding overlaps between our own lives and global issues and to bridge the distance between our personal needs and those of our planet.
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Florens, Jean-Pierre, Velayoudom Marimoutou, and Anne Peguin-Feissolle. Econometric Modeling and Inference (Themes in Modern Econometrics). Cambridge University Press, 2007.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Business Model Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 explores the dynamics of business model innovation by discussing the interactions between Sony and Apple over the minidisc and the MP3 player. Seemingly, a period of business model renewal is likely to be followed by business model replication. Both renewal and replication can be internally driven, or externally driven. Combining types of business model innovation (replication versus renewal) with business model orientation (strategy-driven versus customer-driven) gives four variations of business model transformation: exploit and improve, explore and dominate, exploit and connect, and explore and connect. This chapter considers four firms for illustration: DSM, the Port of Rotterdam Authority, NXP Semiconductors, and IHC Merwede. If one thinks of the four approaches as quadrants in a matrix, these cases show how firms can change their position within that matrix over time.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 starts with the case of Kodak and the development of the electronic still camera to illustrate the pivotal importance of business model innovation. This opening chapter looks at why business model innovation is needed, sets out the research model and key research questions, and outlines the main elements to be discussed in subsequent chapters. These include: the changing competitive environment; business model innovation strategies; levers of business model innovation; catalysts and inhibitors in business model innovation; and competitive advantages of new business models. These elements form the basis of the present research model. Chapter 1 sets out a series of questions that will be addressed in this book.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Managing Business Model Transformation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 describes the decisive role of management in business model innovation. It considers each of the approaches in the business model innovation matrix and examines the role played by top and middle managers. It gives the example of how TomTom went through a recursive cycle of renewal and replication, with a visionary CEO as the main driver. A number of potential traps in business model innovation and how managers may avoid them are discussed. This chapter explores various warning signs that might indicate to management that a change of business model is required and examines, through case examples, the many different ways in which firms can combine replication and renewal.
Book chapters on the topic "Business model themes"
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Jonker, Jan, and Niels Faber. "Business Modelling." In Organizing for Sustainability, 19–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_2.
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AbstractA transition from a linear economy to a more sustainable and circular economy requires different business models. In this chapter, we provide you with an introduction to the nature and logic of business models. In essence, a business model is a description of how value creation between parties or partners is organized, at a particular moment, in a specific context, and given available resources. Conventional business modelling approaches have several weaknesses—the main point of criticism being their focus on creating financial value. With the Business Model Template (BMT), we try to resolve most of these criticisms. To do so we introduce three archetypal business models: the platform, community, and circular economy business models. This chapter provides an overview on how, over three stages and ten building blocks that together make up the Business Model Template, these archetypal business models will be used.
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Wilkinson, Ian F., Robert E. Marks, and Louise Young. "Toward Agent-Based Models of the Development And Evolution of Business Relations and Networks." In Unifying Themes in Complex Systems, 414–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85081-6_51.
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Rasmussen, Soley. "The Meaning of Social Web: A Framework for Identifying Emerging Media Business Models." In Emerging Themes in Information Systems and Organization Studies, 223–41. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2739-2_18.
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Rosa, Paolo, Claudio Sassanelli, and Sergio Terzi. "Circular Business Models Identification." In New Business Models for the Reuse of Secondary Resources from WEEEs, 9–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74886-9_2.
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AbstractThe main objective of FENIX is demonstrating the benefits coming from the adoption of CE practices through a set of circular business models adequately configured within the project. These CBMs have been selected basing on the three use cases requirements pertaining to different industrial streams (metal powders, 3D-printed jewels and advanced filaments for 3D printing applications). The chapter starts with a literature assessment of both current CBMs and current CBM classification methods. Subsequently, existing CBMs have been mapped basing on the most common classification method (i.e. the ReSOLVE framework), evidencing the most suitable CBMs to be adopted in FENIX. In parallel, a literature assessment of industrial benefits expected from the adoption of CE practices have been implemented. Subsequently, FENIX industrial partners have been interviewed in order to select the most relevant benefits expected from the project. A final comparison of available CBMs and expected benefits allowed to select the most suitable CBMs to be demonstrated in FENIX.
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Coleta, Karina Garcia, Humberto Elias Garcia Lopes, and Fabian Salum. "Business Models." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 63–82. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7265-7.ch004.
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The objective of this chapter is threefold: (a) assessing the development of the business model (BM) concept, pointing out efforts scholars have made to close eventual inconsistencies; (b) analyzing those shortcomings implications to the concept understanding; and (c) raising convergent themes around which future studies can be built to bring cohesion to the field. The chapter reviews BM research over the last 20 years. It indicates that BM literature still displays a discrepant use of the concept, and that divergence still constitutes an obstacle to common language development and integrated research efforts concerning BM structure and management. However, instead of justifying those gaps in literature relative newness, research and future applications can strengthen convergent themes to move forward. Four themes are identified: BM as a cognitive representation, a value reference frame, a business dynamic tool, and a two-sided view of strategy.
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Evans, Cain. "eCRM Integration in E-Business." In Strategies for Generating E-Business Returns on Investment, 50–85. IGI Global, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-417-0.ch003.
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Integrating an eCRM system in today’s business world is increasingly becoming the standard setting to the successful building of robust customer retention programs. However, integrating eCRM systems requires not only a technological perspective but a process perspective too. Developed in this work are several key phases that are integrated into the development of the CROSIT and CPR models. These two distinct models are developed to assist e-businesses in articulating eCRM through a combination of system, application, and process activities. The CROSIT model encompasses two central themes, with the centrifugal being the engine of the model. These attributes relate to the input and output of information flows: the customer and the e-business’s response to the eCustomer or traditional customer. The CROSIT model encapsulates a five-layered dimensional approach to integrating technologies, resources, strategy, and manageability of an eCRM system. The extension of CROSIT is the CPR model is used to gauge the readiness of the eCRM system, its applications, interrelated processes, and sub-systems and their integration into the e-business environment.
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Sambhanthan, Arunasalam, and Vidyasagar Potdar. "A Study of the Parameters Impacting Sustainability in Information Technology Organizations." In Sustainable Business, 499–512. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9615-8.ch023.
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This paper proposes the critical themes associated with the evaluation of software business sustainability. The whole dimension of software business sustainability has been theorized into twelve elements that unfold covering the whole spectrum of software business sustainability. The twelve elements of software business sustainability include aspects such as product, process, practices, policies, people, peripherals, partners, place and profit model. The paper justifies the use of these twelve elements in ensuring sustainability in software businesses, by incorporating the case of multinational software businesses as example. This study needs to be looked as an exploratory investigation into the elements of software business sustainability lending viability towards modelling the software businesses using these twelve elements.
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Schneider, Katja, and Marlen Gabriele Arnold. "Responsible and Sustainable Business Model Innovation in the Textile Industry." In Responsible, Sustainable, and Globally Aware Management in the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 204–43. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7638-9.ch009.
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The global textile industry offers huge potentials regarding the transformation towards sustainability. These improvements require a facilitation of business model innovations embedding shifting consumer demands. How can the textile industry drive responsible and sustainable business practices in terms of social sustainability? Tackling this question, a qualitative content-based analysis of current literature conducted highlights main themes and concepts on business model innovations, textile industry, and social sustainability. In addition, an exploratory multiple case study design was used. Results show social sustainability patterns are seldom and often linked to external pressures. This chapter proposes a reorientation towards stronger holistic and inclusive approaches for sustainability and reflects on socio-cultural aspects linked to sustainable textile business models. Progressing sustainability in the textile industry needs both a single consideration of environmental and social issues as well as an integrative and systemic perspective in academia as well as in practice.
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Guarinos, Virginia, and Sergio Cobo Durán. "The Expanded Story From Transmedia as a Business Model." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 382–95. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3119-8.ch025.
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It is the creation of transmedia stories is that drives the business model and not the business model that drives the stories. In other words, the transmedia narrative is the means and not the end; it is the essential step for transmedia marketing. This chapter is centred on the study of the Netflix series Stranger Things (2016-) as an example of the redefinition of a transmedia strategy without a truly transmedia story. The recent Netflix campaigns have managed to make the beginning of the second season of the show into a viral campaign in Spain, thanks to its connection to Spanish pop-culture personalities. The series relies on an obvious aesthetic; themes and narratives from the nineteen-eighties. This makes an intertextual analysis of the story interesting. In this chapter, we propose an analysis of marketing strategies as an expansion of the diegetic universe using various supports.
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Dimitrov, Martin K. "The Evolution and Adaptation of Business–Government Relations in Zouping." In Zouping Revisited. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604001.003.0005.
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This chapter analyzes business-government relations in a single Chinese county through the lens of IPR regulation. A focus on Zouping reveals the scope of variation that exists in business-government relations more than two decades after the introduction of policies regarding the separation of business and government. Three different ideal-typical models characterize business-government relations in Zouping: the Maoist model, where state and business are fused; the local developmental state model, where state financial and administrative resources are used to create the best possible environment for business; and the regulatory state model, where the relationship between the state and business is mediated by regulatory agencies, which are independent of the state and approach business as impartial referees. This variation within the same county with regard to IPR enforcement highlights one of the main themes of this volume, namely the coexistence of both continuity and adaptive change in Zouping.
Conference papers on the topic "Business model themes"
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Schaffer, Norman, Martin Engert, Girts Leontjevs, and Helmut Krcmar. "A tool to model and simulate dynamic business models." In Enabling Technology for a Sustainable Society. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.16.
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Software tools hold great promise to support the modeling, analyzing, and innovation of business models. Current tools only focus on the design of business models and do not incorporate the complexity of existing interdependencies between business model components. These tools merely allow simulating inherent dynamics within the models or different strategic decision scenarios. In this research, we use design science research to develop a prototype that is capable of modeling and simulating dynamic business models. We use system dynamics as a simulation approach and containers to allow deployment as web applications. This paper represents the first of three design cycles, realizing six out of 59 requirements that are collected from the literature on software tools for business models. We contribute toward the design of novel artifacts for business model innovation as well as their evaluation. Future research can use these results to build tools that consider and address the complexity of business models. Lastly, we present several options for extending the proposed tool in the future.
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Roosipõld, Anne, Krista Loogma, Mare Kurvits, and Kristina Murtazin. "WORK-BASED LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: EXPERIENCE AND CHALLENGES OF LEARNERS, WORKPLACES AND INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/15.
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In recent years, providing higher education in the form of work-based learning has become more important in the higher education (HE) policy and practice almost in all EU countries. Work-based learning (WBL) in HE should support the development of competences of self-guided learners and adjust the university education better to the needs of the workplace. The study is based on two pilot projects of WBL in HE in Estonia: Tourism and Restaurant Management professional HE programme and the master’s programme in Business Information Technology. The model of integrative pedagogy, based on the social-constructivist learning theory, is taken as a theoretical foundation for the study. A qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with the target groups. The data analysis used a horizontal analysis to find cross-cutting themes and identify patterns of actions and connections. It appears, that the challenge for HE is to create better cooperation among stakeholders; the challenge for workplaces is connected with better involvement of students; the challenge for students is to take more initiative and responsibility in communication with workplaces.
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Onojaefe, Darlington, and Marcus Leaning. "The Importance of Partnerships: The Relationship between Small Businesses ICT and Local Communities." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3169.
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The deployment of new technologies such as the Internet is often understood to positively change the way that business works. However it is important to realise that success is not automatic and a number of other factors must also be considered. In this paper it is argued that a wider range of skills is needed than just technical skills, and a wider vision is needed than just the vision of one business. Small businesses, widely considered a suitable vehicle for sustainable development, must be seen in the context of their communities, for their relationship with public sector agencies and other supporting and regulatory bodies, and as partners to much larger businesses. This paper is based on small-scale qualitative fieldwork conducted with small businesses that make extensive use of ICT located in Cape Town, South Africa and Swansea in South Wales, a deprived region of the UK. It was found that for businesses to succeed a range of competencies are by business managers needed that facilitate relationships and partnerships, these are in addition to the skills needed for simple internal operational issues. Moreover as the nature of partnerships change the mix of required competencies vary from one circumstance to another. A model is presented that shows some of the critical relationships between the Internet (on the one hand) and the stakeholders of a business and the relationships with them (on the other).
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Baloh, Peter, Talib Damij, and Peter Vrecar. "Marketable Unique and Experiential IT-Skills Education for Business Students." In InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2987.
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Educational programme for lab-lectures of Business Information Systems module is presented. There, first year undergraduate business students of Faculty of Economics Ljubljana University Business School acquire important hands-on knowledge, which is expected from them by future employers in business practice and by lecturers during their studies. The programme evolved over a course of years of instructors performing both seminars and consulting in real-life businesses and performing lab lectures in afore mentioned institution. The content is strategically rooted in combination of market- and resource-based view of the programme, and nature of performing the lectures is based on experiential education. Content of the programme along with mode of delivery (experiential learning) are presented.
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"The use of ICT by SMMEs in a Digital Economy: A case study in Buffalo City Metropolitan in South Africa [Abstract]." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4314.
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Aim/Purpose: The goal of this study is to advance understanding of ICT utilization by SMMEs by checking access, ability (in terms of technological skills) and usage of ICT among some SMMEs entrepreneurs operating their businesses in an underdeveloped areas to enhance their business activities in order to utilizes the digital opportunities 21st century digital economies present. Background: In today’s world no nation or region is untouched by the forces of globalization and digital economy. One of the key pioneering forces of globalization is the advances of ICT like internet, social networks, etc. In the sphere of business, this pioneering force has also altered the way businesses and organizations communicate and interact with customers and society at large. Such alternation presents obvious opportunities for wealth creation and growth for businesses and organizations that are well-equipped to take advantages of them. But for those that are less-equipped, particularly SMMEs, globalization can easily lead to fore-closures and marginalization. It is a common knowledge that SMMEs entrepreneurs mostly rely on ICT gadgets like mobile phone, Laptops, Tablets to conduct their business activities as many of them don’t have enough capital to set up offices with necessary equipment. Therefore, using various ICT functions/programs on these ICT devices to enhance their business activities are critical to their businesses in the 21st century digital economies. Methodology: Purposeful sampling was used to approach fifty-four SMMEs entrepreneurs operating their businesses in underdeveloped areas locally called Townships in Buffalo City Metropolitan. Microsoft excel was used in the descriptive statistics. Contribution: This research will add to the growing knowledge ICT usage in SMMEs in the 21st century digital economies. Findings: The results indicate that the participating SMMEs entrepreneurs need to be educated, trained and supported in the use of the ICT applicable to enhance their business activities in order for them to take advantages of 21st century digital economies present. Recommendations for Practitioners: The agencies tasked with looking after SMMEs in South Africa needs to consider the lacked of utilisation of ICTs by SMMEs entrepreneurs operating their businesses in underdeveloped areas as one of the barrier to growing of their businesses and take necessary steps to address it. Recommendation for Researchers: Since age and gender have been proven to be key-moderating variables in many technology acceptance models. There is a need to explore in depth whether the factors of gender and age also act as barriers. Impact on Society: The research will assist stakeholders, policy makers and agencies tasked with looking after SMMEs to identify the barriers hindering SMMEs to grow and address them accordingly. Future Research: More work needs to be done to check whether gender, age of the SMMEs entrepreneurs have some effects on their attitude towards the integration of ICT into their business activities.
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Brosig, Christoph, Markus Westner, and Susanne Strahringer. "Linking IT Assets and Competitive Advantage - IT Capabilities of Servitized Business Models." In Digital Support from Crisis to Progressive Change. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-485-9.9.
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This paper connects research from business model innovation and information systems by exploring critical IT capabilities for servitized business models. The adoption of servitized business models is a major business model innovation strategy. At the same time, digitalization drives the evolution of IT capabilities at these business models. Scholars argue that it remains unclear how IT capabilities enable servitized business models to build a competitive advantage by achieving cost advantages or differentiation. This paper explores IT capabilities that enable building a competitive advantage for servitized business models based on a qualitative analysis of multiple published case studies. The authors identify configurations of IT capabilities among servitized business models. The findings contribute to servitization research by exploring IT capabilities and how they are combined among servitized business models. The insights help practitioners deploy digital technologies and IT assets effectively as building blocks of IT capabilities to advance their servitized business model.
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Machín, Marta, and Carmen De Pablos Heredero. "Innovating and Entrepreneurial Initiatives: Some Cases of Success." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3719.
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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology] Aim/Purpose : To understand the change of entrepreneurial initiatives by analysing some new initiatives that came up the last years based on IT enabled business models Background: The theme is described from an educational perspective by offering examples of successful entrepreneurship initiatives Methodology: Description of some cases: Waynabox, Lock up, Uber, Pinterest Contribution: This project tries to become a guide for youth in order to understand various aspects: first, the entrepreneurial aspects that have to be considered before starting a business; secondly, the characteristics that successful businesses have in common; and finally how an entrepreneur can be innovative and how they can achieve the success Findings: Only the 10% of the start-ups exist more than three years. Among the causes of failure are the high saturation of the market and the market competition, which are connected to the ignorance of the real necessity of customers. The company has to identify the needs of customers. They have to define and target their customers by observing and analyzing the market and, above all, getting in touch with the customers. The business plan is something that has to be carried out before the beginning of the project, and has to exist on paper. Everything has to be planned and organised, and the objectives have to be clearly stated in order to stay focused Recommendations for Practitioners: To use existent business models as an inspiration for the creation of a new business model. It is really important to avoid copying the business model itself. One thing that a company needs to do is to make the difference offering new characteristics adapted to the current customer’s experiences Recommendation for Researchers: It is really important to have a good relation with the customer, to attend their needs and to help them with all the doubts that they can have about the company. An entrepreneur cannot be guided by his own interests. He has to invest in order to know the needs of the potential customers Impact on Society: Customer experience is key to have success in new business models
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Premkumar, Anitha. "An Applicability of Blockchain Model in Business use Case - A Technical Approach." In 2nd International Conference on Blockchain and Internet of Things (BIoT 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.110802.
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Business network brings many organizations close together to achieve their desired goals and profit from it. People from different organizations may or may not know each other but still can be part of a business network. A major challenge with these business networks is how to provide trust among people and data security. Blockchain is another means through which many organizations in the current digital age are overcoming these problems with ease. Blockchains have also changed the way the business transactions with clients take place. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger in a peer to peer network which can be public or private, and it enables individuals or companies to collaborate with each other to achieve trust and transparency between business and its clients. Many implementations of blockchain technology are widely available today. Each of them have their own strengths for a specific application domain. They can fundamentally alter electronic communications with a potential to affect all sorts of transaction processing systems. However, there are still many challenges of blockchain technology waiting to be solved such as scalability and adoptability. In this paper, we provide the knowledge on Blockchain technology and we present the applicability of blockchain in the business models and also discuss the relevant use cases for Banking and Supply Chain models.
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Popova, Nelly. "CHALLENGES TO THE TAXATION OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.233.
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Globalization and digitalization have led to the emergence of new business models based on the remote provision of services. Digital companies have access to consumers in countries all over the world without physical presence in these countries. As a result, their profits remain untaxed. There is an increasing awareness that the existing legislative provisions for corporate income taxation that date back to the 1920s need to be modernized. Currently, the possibilities for taxation of digital businesses are discussed in the context of the OECD and EU. However, progress is slow due to the different views and interests of the countries involved. Therefore, several countries have planned or already introduced digital taxes unilaterally. The purpose of the paper is to explore the specifics of digital taxes and to analyze the possibilities and challenges to their broader application. The paper is organized as follows: the first part outlines the most important digital business models; the second part dwells on the digital taxes that are implemented in several countries; the third part presents the projects for international coordination of these taxes; and the fourth part concludes.
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Allagiannis, Ioannis, Aparna Lohiya, and Anita Mirijamdotter. "Omnichannel Retail and Business Model Transformation." In The 2st Linnaeus Student Conference on Information Technology: Digital Transformation in the Contemporary World. Lnu Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/lscit2020.05.
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Due to new technological developments and the ongoing digitalization, the traditional retail sector is currently exposed to major challenges. Digital Retail started with the development of e-commerce, when online companies, such as Amazon, began selling products online. These major online global players are still growing much faster than their smaller European retail competitors. As the absorption of buying power through online retailers, is dominated by global players based in Asia (Alibaba, Rakuten) and the United States (Amazon, eBay), Europe is experiencing a loss in revenue. In this highly competitive market, traditional European brick-and-mortar retailers face hard challenges. However, studies show that most customers currently do not prefer pure online retailers, but a hybrid model, since traditional stores provide them with the opportunity to experience products and to receive personal advice from experts. This paper is a contribution to on-going research on the business model transition to include digital channels in traditional retail companies and to integrate various channels that support and streamline personal customer requirements. Thus, the paper explores challenges and opportunities for omnichannel management in the digital retail industry.
Reports on the topic "Business model themes"
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Avila-Montealegre, Oscar, and Carter Mix. Common Trade Exposure and Business Cycle Comovement. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1149.
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A large empirical literature has shown that countries that trade more with each other have more correlated business cycles. We show that previous estimates of this relationship are biased upward because they ignore common trade exposure to other countries. When we account for common trade exposure to foreign business cycles, we find that (1) the effect of bilateral trade on business cycle comovement falls by roughly 25 percent and (2) common exposure is a significant driver of business cycle comovement. A standard international real business cycle model is qualitatively consistent with these facts but fails to reproduce their magnitudes. Past studies have used models that allow for productivity shock transmission through trade to strengthen the relationship between trade and comovement. We find that productivity shock transmission increases business cycle comovement largely because of a country-pair's common trade exposure to other countries rather than because of bilateral trade. When we allow for stronger transmission between small open economies than other country-pairs, comovement increases both from bilateral trade and common exposure, similar to the data.
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Niebler, Rebecca. Abfallwirtschaftliche Geschäftsmodelle für Textilien in der Circular Economy. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627833.
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This master thesis explores the challenges for waste management business models in the field of textiles regarding the requirements of the circular economy, as well as improvement potentials in the current framework conditions. It is concerned with the research question: "Is it advisable to change the frame-work conditions at meso or macro level, with regard to business models for waste management companies in the textile sector that are oriented towards the requirements of the circular economy, and - if so - in what way?” The approach of the study is based on the delta analysis of the e Society for Institutional Analysis at the Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences. It compares the target state of the normative requirements with the actual state of the textile and waste management framework conditions and attempts to identify the gaps (the delta). Based on the delta, it develops approaches that are intended to help reduce the gaps. The thesis develops three business models for the target year 2025 in different areas: an exchange platform for sorters, recyclers and designers, an automatic sorting plant and a plant for fibre-to-fibre recycling of mixed materials. It is becoming clear that these business models cannot meet the target requirements for the circular economy. The analysis identifies the remaining gaps in the framework conditions as the main problem. For example, insufficient innovation impulses and the lack of competitiveness of secondary raw materials inhibit the actors from applying and using new technologies and business models. Restricted access to knowledge and information, as well as a lack of transparency between the actors, also prove to be problematic. In order to answer the research question, the study recommends altering the framework conditions at meso and macro level. It proposes a platform for cooperation between designers, the introduction of a material declaration system and an eco-design guideline for textiles as possible development options. In addition, this work offers a matrix of criteria to help the actors test and improve their new waste management business models regarding their suitability for the circular economy. The analysis is carried out from an outsider's perspective on the entire textile industry. It therefore cannot cover and deal with all aspects and individual circumstances of each player in detail. The necessary changes in the framework conditions that have been identified can therefore be used as a basis for further investigations.
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Mendelsohn, M., and C. Kreycik. Federal and State Structures to Support Financing Utility-Scale Solar Projects and the Business Models Designed to Utilize Them. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1039812.
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McPhedran, R., K. Patel, B. Toombs, P. Menon, M. Patel, J. Disson, K. Porter, A. John, and A. Rayner. Food allergen communication in businesses feasibility trial. Food Standards Agency, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tpf160.
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Background: Clear allergen communication in food business operators (FBOs) has been shown to have a positive impact on customers’ perceptions of businesses (Barnett et al., 2013). However, the precise size and nature of this effect is not known: there is a paucity of quantitative evidence in this area, particularly in the form of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The Food Standards Agency (FSA), in collaboration with Kantar’s Behavioural Practice, conducted a feasibility trial to investigate whether a randomised cluster trial – involving the proactive communication of allergen information at the point of sale in FBOs – is feasible in the United Kingdom (UK). Objectives: The trial sought to establish: ease of recruitments of businesses into trials; customer response rates for in-store outcome surveys; fidelity of intervention delivery by FBO staff; sensitivity of outcome survey measures to change; and appropriateness of the chosen analytical approach. Method: Following a recruitment phase – in which one of fourteen multinational FBOs was successfully recruited – the execution of the feasibility trial involved a quasi-randomised matched-pairs clustered experiment. Each of the FBO’s ten participating branches underwent pair-wise matching, with similarity of branches judged according to four criteria: Food Hygiene Rating Scheme (FHRS) score, average weekly footfall, number of staff and customer satisfaction rating. The allocation ratio for this trial was 1:1: one branch in each pair was assigned to the treatment group by a representative from the FBO, while the other continued to operate in accordance with their standard operating procedure. As a business-based feasibility trial, customers at participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were automatically enrolled in the trial. The trial was single-blind: customers at treatment branches were not aware that they were receiving an intervention. All customers who visited participating branches throughout the fieldwork period were asked to complete a short in-store survey on a tablet affixed in branches. This survey contained four outcome measures which operationalised customers’: perceptions of food safety in the FBO; trust in the FBO; self-reported confidence to ask for allergen information in future visits; and overall satisfaction with their visit. Results: Fieldwork was conducted from the 3 – 20 March 2020, with cessation occurring prematurely due to the closure of outlets following the proliferation of COVID-19. n=177 participants took part in the trial across the ten branches; however, response rates (which ranged between 0.1 - 0.8%) were likely also adversely affected by COVID-19. Intervention fidelity was an issue in this study: while compliance with delivery of the intervention was relatively high in treatment branches (78.9%), erroneous delivery in control branches was also common (46.2%). Survey data were analysed using random-intercept multilevel linear regression models (due to the nesting of customers within branches). Despite the trial’s modest sample size, there was some evidence to suggest that the intervention had a positive effect for those suffering from allergies/intolerances for the ‘trust’ (β = 1.288, p<0.01) and ‘satisfaction’ (β = 0.945, p<0.01) outcome variables. Due to singularity within the fitted linear models, hierarchical Bayes models were used to corroborate the size of these interactions. Conclusions: The results of this trial suggest that a fully powered clustered RCT would likely be feasible in the UK. In this case, the primary challenge in the execution of the trial was the recruitment of FBOs: despite high levels of initial interest from four chains, only one took part. However, it is likely that the proliferation of COVID-19 adversely impacted chain participation – two other FBOs withdrew during branch eligibility assessment and selection, citing COVID-19 as a barrier. COVID-19 also likely lowered the on-site survey response rate: a significant negative Pearson correlation was observed between daily survey completions and COVID-19 cases in the UK, highlighting a likely relationship between the two. Limitations: The trial was quasi-random: selection of branches, pair matching and allocation to treatment/control groups were not systematically conducted. These processes were undertaken by a representative from the FBO’s Safety and Quality Assurance team (with oversight from Kantar representatives on pair matching), as a result of the chain’s internal operational restrictions.
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Spano, Christian, Paolo Natali, Charles Cannon, Suzanne Greene, Osvaldo Urzúa, Carlos Sucre, and Adriana Unzueta. Latin America and the Caribbean 2050: Becoming a Global Low-Carbon Metals and Solutions Hub. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003412.
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This report evaluates scope 3 emissions along the copper and iron ore value chains and the opportunities that Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has to become a low carbon metals and solutions hub. The report presents four carbon emission scenarios that represent different sets of decisions for policy-makers and investors. Two scenarios fall short of aligning with Paris targets: (1) the business as usual (BaU) scenario with no further abatement action; and (2) a BaU scenario with the current level of emission reduction potential from players in the value chain (BaU Possible). The other two scenarios deliver the required carbon reductions to be compliant with the Paris Agreement by 2060, but through different strategies: (3) the BaU Paris scenario. where alignment with Paris targets is achieved by keeping BaU volumes and reducing carbon intensity per tonne of metal; and (4) the Decoupled scenario, where carbon intensity reductions are relaxed and compensated by a reduction in primary supply to align the value chain emissions to a Paris trajectory. All scenarios require LACs leaders to consider investments in low-carbon technology in different degrees. The report argues that, given its competitive position in the cost curve for copper and iron ore and an abundance of enabling factors for low carbon strategies, the region could become a key source of low carbon metals and solutions as long as it is proactive in adopting all the necessary measures from public sector and industry perspectives. Finally, the report concludes that myriad opportunities exist for LAC, including new business models, technologies and products, and that these could yield a greater economic and social contribution to the region than the BaU trajectories.
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Ahmed AlGarf, Yasmine. Harnessing the Power of the Collective: The Women’s Handicrafts Production Cooperative in Aswan, Egypt. Oxfam IBIS, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7857.
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The Women’s Handicrafts Production Cooperative is a success story that has transformed the lives of its members, who had been finding it hard to obtain employment. They are now focused on creating their own enterprise. Started in 2018, today the cooperative’s membership has expanded tenfold and created employment opportunities by using the principles of social solidarity economy and collective business models. The Youth Participation and Employment (YPE) project in Egypt, developed in partnership with the Better Life Association for Community Development (BLACD), provided technical training to the cooperative in handicrafts production, as well as life skills training, to empower the workers to continue despite all the societal pressure for them to give up. Assistance from BLACD came in when it was needed. Particularly during the COVID-19 crisis, with the tourism market shut down, BLACD has provided crucial technical advice and support, supporting the cooperative to brainstorm and identify several parallel income-generating activities. This case study contains some testimonies from members of the cooperative on how their collective strength was harnessed to create employment and income.
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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, and Muhammad Razin Abdullah. Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.002.
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• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Is There an Open Business Model Right for Your Company? IEDP Ideas for Leaders, August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13007/432.
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