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Kolesnikov, Anatolii V., Marina E. Anokhina, Maksim I. Maksimov, Sergey L. Ozerov, and Polina Y. Leykovskaya. "TYPOLOGY OF ORGANIZATIONS IN MODERN RUSSIAN PRACTICE AND USA." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/1, no. 141 (2023): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.01.013.
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The article analyzes the typology of organizations in modern Russian practice and the United States, the types and features of doing business. It was concluded that in the United States there are such positive aspects in the creation of an organization as developed infrastructure, a large number of opportunities, and an enterprise environment. If we consider Russian practice, now there are a number of possible organizational forms of enterprises, with the help of which it is possible to effectively realize the potential of the business.
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Koroschupov, V. "Some Aspects of European Defence Industry Development." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 12 (2022): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-12-98-107.
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As a result of the analysis of defence spending in European countries for the period 1990–2022, the author reveals a trend towards underfunding of their defence-industrial base. Due to the fall in defence spending, there is a reduction in European defence companies in Europe, some companies go into the commercial sector, the other part is trying to consolidate. The armed forces of European countries conduct exercises and fight on a multinational basis, and purchase weapons on a national basis. This situation does not allow industrial enterprises to consolidate demand, which makes it possible to increase production volumes. By researching the state of the defense-industrial base of European countries, it becomes evident that there are disagreements between the states of Europe about which is better to buy samples of weapons. Some are in favor of purchases in the United States, others – for joint European projects, and others – for national ones. For example, for fighters, we are talking about choosing between the F‑35, Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale or SAAB. A study of data on arms exports from the United States to Europe shows that Europe has lost its status as the main export destination of the United States. The results of research illustrate that the procurement of weapons is a long and complex process, the programming of the construction of the armed forces and the costs are planned, taking into account the threats of tomorrow, in advance. The research findings indicate that the prevailing conditions of peace and stability of the last 30 years have shaped the image of the defense industrial base of European countries unable to produce military products in large quantities and in a short time. The author comes to the conclusion that the ambitions of Europe exceed the available resources.
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Londoño-Lázaro, María Carmelina, Ulf Thoene, and Catherine Pereira-Villa. "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and Multinational Enterprises: Towards Business and Human Rights in the Americas?" Law & Practice of International Courts and Tribunals 16, no. 3 (February 27, 2017): 437–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718034-12341360.
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Abstract This article analyses the role of the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) within a business and human rights framework. A qualitative data analysis of cases on multinational enterprises (mnes) identifies the following: that the obligations the IACtHR places upon States explicitly contemplate soft law instruments, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights; and that there exist shared obligations with companies and attempts to regulate mne conduct by establishing conditions for due diligence, such as prior consultation, benefit-sharing and reparation measures for affected communities. Therefore, IACtHR rulings may contribute to the rule of law in so far as they have normative effects on member States, but they can also prove to be ineffective given the nature of corporate conduct and certain non-enforceable responsibilities.
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Dong, Bojun. "The Development of AmCham China and Its Impact on US-China Economic and Trade Relations." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 36, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/36/20240456.
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This paper analyses the development of the American Chamber of Commerce in China (AmCham China) after the Cold War and how it has influenced the evolution of US-China economic and trade relations. The paper argues that AmCham China, as a non-government, non-profit business organisation, has been both a promoter and beneficiary of US-China economic and trade cooperation, as well as a participant and mediator in US-China economic and trade frictions. By providing information, establishing communication channels, proposing policy recommendations, and organising activities, AmCham China has built an essential platform for the governments and enterprises of China and the United States and promoted the development of bilateral economic and trade relations. At the same time, AmCham China also faces some challenges and dilemmas, such as the differences in the political and economic systems of China and the United States, the complexity of bilateral economic and trade relations, and the diversity of member enterprises.
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Ahmed, Dr Emad, and Dr Medhat Alsafadi. "Small Business Owners’ Perception of Balanced Scorecard for Business Survival and Growth." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss10.3286.
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The United States Small Business Administration (SBA) defines Small Business Enterprises (SMEs) business establishments that are independently owned managed or operated. Small business organization indicates that some of them have found the Balanced Scorecard to be very significant in boosting general performance in two key perspectives: higher complexity and management capability and drives change and enhance rapid growth. However, in the recent past, there has been increased study on the adoption of BSC in small organizations. The objective of this study was to determine the how small business owners in the United States perceive the aspects of balance score card in regard to business survivability, growth and competitiveness. Hypotheses that were to be answered include H1: Small business owners’ perceive learning and growth as the most significant perspective for their business survival, growth, and competitiveness beside the financial perspective. H2: Small business owners’ perceive customers as the most significant perspective for business growth, survival, and competitiveness. H3: Small businesses owners perceive internal business processes as the most significant perspective for their business growth, survival, and competitiveness. The philosophy adopted is positivist with explanatory and descriptive strategies. The approach of the research is quantitative using ANOVA analysis. The 100 sample companies were selected from the Best 100 small business in the SBA website and survey questionnaire sent online to this selected companies. The result of the research indicated that the most significant Balanced Scorecard perspective is the customer. At the end of the research, it was deciphered that all initiatives that the small business listed in SBA undertake when applying the BSC, customer focus is always the guiding force. Therefore, it can be stated overly that there a significant positive perception of the Balanced Scorecard as a tool to enhance growth and survivability among small businesses.
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Tseng, Fang-Mei, Ching-Wen Liang, and Ngoc B. Nguyen. "Blockchain technology adoption and business performance in large enterprises: A comparison of the United States and China." Technology in Society 73 (May 2023): 102230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102230.
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Karska, Elżbieta. "Drafting an International Legally Binding Instrument on Business and Human Rights." International Community Law Review 23, no. 5 (November 10, 2021): 466–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-23050004.
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Abstract This article deals with the process of creating a convention in the field of human rights, the working name of which is the ‘International Legally Binding Instrument on Business and Human Rights’. The author analyses the existing legal grounds for the responsibility of business for human rights violations in international law. She has assessed non-binding instruments, leading her to draw the conclusion that mechanisms strengthening protection are required in human rights protection law. The process of the creation of a new convention itself is subjected to an in-depth review. A special place is given to the issue of the position of a victim of human rights violations committed as a result of the activity of transnational enterprises, the rights of the victims of such violations and the mechanisms of international cooperation in the combatting thereof. In the conclusion the author states that human rights require actions that move beyond existing divisions, and that the work of the intergovernmental group led by Ecuador should be seriously supported by the European Union and the United States.
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Vahrenkamp, Richard. "Mathematical Management – Operations Research in the United States and Western Europe, 1945 – 1990." management revue 34, no. 1 (2023): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2023-1-69.
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The rise of Operations Research, which provides mathematical models for the management of commercial enterprises, in the political knowledge culture of Cold War Science is shown and then transferred to the institutionalization of Operations Research in Europe and in the Federal Republic of Germany. The predecessor organizations of the German Society for Operations Research are presented and the interaction of the annual conference of this society with the conferences on a European and worldwide level. It tells how numerous chairs for corporate research and operations research were founded at universities between 1960 and 1980. The connection between Operations Research and the macroeconomic field of econometrics in chairs, conferences and publications is explained and problematized. The great flood of publications on the subject of Operations Research between 1960 and 1980 is referred to, but the rise of the competing field of business informatics in the 1980s halted the success of Operations Research. Based on the historical study by Alexander Nützenadel, the difference between the field of econometrics, which is based on empirical data, and the field of operations research, which is more academically oriented, is worked out. The methodological approach of Operations Research is referred to as abstractification. An example for abstractification is the transport model of linear optimization, which simplifies (abstractifies) economic reality to such an extent that it can be transformed into manageable formulas. However, the transport model is unsuitable for applications in the real economy and thus serves only as a self-referential project for the academic sector. This contribution shows that Operations Research lacks the level of empirical implementation of mathematical models known from econometrics and the social sciences. How transport optimization was taken up in the political knowledge cultures of the Eastern bloc (1945 – 1990) and in the German Democratic Republic is dealt with in a section.
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BULGAKOVA, MARINA. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC ECONOMIC CONCEPT IN MODERN CONDITIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN ECONOMY." Economic Problems and Legal Practice 18, no. 5 (November 7, 2022): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2541-8025-2022-18-5-222-226.
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In the current conditions of the functioning of the world community, the aggravation of political confrontation, the ongoing sanctions pressure and the increase in military threats, it becomes necessary to find new vectors for the development of the Russian economy, based not only on import substitution and their own developments, as well as the positive experience of states that have been subjected to economic isolation from European states and the United States of America. In times of crisis, thanks to the human potential of Russia, innovative and breakthrough prospects were formed. The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the application of the Islamic economic concept, which is due to the widespread spread of Islam in Russia, the development of Hahal initiatives and Halal enterprises. The author studied the main aspects of Islamic economic theory, the range and prospects for its distribution in the Eurasian economic space, which served as the basis for the formation of promising trends and problematic issues of the application of Islamic economic theory at the current stage of Russia's development.
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Haller, Andr, Kristoffer Holt, and Renaud de La Brosse. "The other alternatives: Political right-wing alternative media." Journal of Alternative & Community Media 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/joacm_00039_2.
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This special issue of the Journal of Alternative and Community Media presents five articles that examine right-wing alternative media from different countries and contexts: Brazil, the United States, Germany and Finland. They focus on different aspects of a phenomenon that has come to the forefront of public debate in recent years, due to the many apparently successful alternative media enterprises that can be characterised as conservative, libertarian, populist or far to extreme right wing on a political scale. While there has been much (and often heated) public debate about this, researchers tend to lag behind when it comes to new trends, and a transient and rapidly changing media landscape. The articles in this special issue are therefore especially valuable, since they all provide empirically grounded perspectives on specific cases that illustrate different parts of a large puzzle that is in much need of illumination. This special issue is of use not just to communication research, but also to the public debate on disinformation on the internet.
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Kehinde Feranmi Awonuga, Noluthando Zamanjomane Mhlongo, Funmilola Olatundun Olatoye, Chidera Victoria Ibeh, Oluwafunmi Adijat Elufioye, and Onyeka Franca Asuzu. "Business incubators and their impact on startup success: A review in the USA." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 1418–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0234.
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This review critically examines the significance of business incubators in shaping the success trajectories of startups, focusing on the dynamic landscape within the United States. Business incubators, specialized environments designed to support early-stage ventures, have become integral to fostering innovation and entrepreneurial growth. The review explores the diverse ways in which these incubators influence startup success, encompassing key elements such as access to funding, mentorship programs, collaborative workspaces, and networking opportunities. In the context of the USA, where a robust startup ecosystem thrives, the review analyzes the impact of business incubators on the financial aspects of startups. It investigates how access to funding channels, facilitated by incubators, contributes to the viability and sustainability of emerging enterprises. Additionally, the quality of mentorship provided within these incubators is scrutinized, emphasizing its pivotal role in guiding entrepreneurs through the complexities of business development and strategy formulation. Furthermore, the review delves into the collaborative environments that business incubators cultivate. Examining how shared workspaces, networking events, and collaborative initiatives foster a sense of community and knowledge exchange, the review highlights the social dynamics that contribute to startup success. The interconnectedness and knowledge-sharing culture within incubators are explored as catalysts for innovative thinking and problem-solving. As the startup landscape evolves, understanding the nuanced impact of business incubators in the USA becomes imperative for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and investors. This review provides insights into the multifaceted ways in which business incubators contribute to the success of startups, offering a comprehensive overview of the supportive ecosystems that play a pivotal role in shaping the entrepreneurial landscape in the United States.
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Wood, Van R., and Sombo Muzata. "Enhancing International Business Development Between the United States and Africa by Implementing the Vibrant International Trade Alliance Model (VITAL - M)." Archives of Business Research 10, no. 11 (December 6, 2022): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.1011.13489.
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International Business development requires a complex mix of market opportunities, political stability, confidence in the rule of law, a strong economic base, financial resources, and perhaps most important - an educated, knowledge embracing workforce that translates into global market expertise. Local, regional, national and international business development in Africa has traditionally lacked much of this mix and as it followed a tradition of natural resource exploitation, with little intellectual value added. This, for the most part has resulted in it “underdeveloped” status at worst or “developing” status at best when compared to much of the world. However, important examples exist where Africa in certain sectors is increasingly embracing knowledge resources. One area in particular, entrepreneurship, embedded in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) holds much promise for Africa’s development. This is particularly true when innovative entrepreneurs are knowledgeable about global markets, especially those with growing urban consumers and international trade opportunities. Developing such entrepreneurs and connecting them with – 1) government agencies charged with enhancing international trade (AITs), 2) public institutions of higher education (PIHEs) charged with educating the next generation of globally competitive business leaders and 3) domestic small to medium sized enterprises (SMEs) seeking new growth opportunities in the world-wide business markets can result in African business development that is super-charged. This paper explores a proven model for such development, labeled VITAL – Model (Vibrant International Trade Alliances Model). To fully grasp the nature and possibilities of this model for Africa, this paper - 1) over-views the realities of globalization that have created unprecedented opportunities for SMEs around the world, 2) highlights the importance of entrepreneurship in moving SMEs to the next level of wealth creation, 3) presents the VITAL Model developed in a globally engaged U.S. state (Virginia) to foster entrepreneurial expansion into international markets, 4) explains how the model can be applied to African countries and to partnerships between public institutions of higher education (PIHEs) in Africa and their U.S. counterparts, and 5) provides managerial, policy and future research implications related to this boundary spanning way of thinking.
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Awan, Usama, and Robert Sroufe. "Sustainability in the Circular Economy: Insights and Dynamics of Designing Circular Business Models." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031521.
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The integration of sustainability in the circular economy is an emerging paradigm that can offer a long term vision to achieve environmental and social sustainability targets in line with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Developing scalable and sustainable impacts in circular economy business models (CEBMs) has many challenges. While many advanced technology manufacturing firms start as small enterprises, remarkably little is known about how material reuse firms in sociotechnical systems transition towards circular business models. Research into CEBMs integrating sustainability and environmental conservation is still in its early stages. There has been increased interest in sustainability and circular economy research, but current research is fragmented. The innovation surrounding CEBMs eludes some firms with relatively limited evidence of the transitional perspective necessary to integrate aspects of sustainability. This lack of evidence is especially applicable to the context of circular economy practices in small and medium enterprises in the United States regarding capabilities, operations obstacles, and elements of success in designing circular business models. Based on a qualitative, interview-based inductive study of a material reuse firm, our research develops a conceptual model of the critical success factors and obstacles that are part of implementing circular economy practices. Firms must first manage strategic enablers and monitor tactical enablers to achieve sustainability goals. In this study, we identify the underlying enablers of how these capabilities affect the transition to a CEBM that integrates sustainability. The framework emerging from our findings highlights the interplay of CEBM, innovation success factors, and obstacles at a micro-level. The investigation of a material reuse firm serves as the foundation for developing a framework for how managers can alter a company and revise the business model to transition towards a more innovative circular economy.
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Sadura, Oksana B., and Oleksandr M. Pravdyvets. "Economic stability and ways to strengthen the security of enterprises in the face of modern challenges." Regional Economy, no. 1(107) (2023): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/1562-0905-2023-1-11.
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Achieving economic stability is one of the main challenges facing businesses in today’s unstable financial and political environment. The coordinated development and creation of a reliable and promising business climate are among the top priorities for Ukraine’s economy, which would ensure the continued functioning of business entities in the future. The article aims to analyze the economic stability of enterprises in the context of modern challenges, namely during martial law in Ukraine, and outline the main directions for strengthening the security of enterprises. The basic essence of the term “economic stability of an enterprise” is revealed, taking into account the interpretation of this concept in the scientific works of economists. The article analyzes the economic stability of enterprises in the context of modern challenges, namely, during martial law in Ukraine. It emphasizes that in addition to profitability, the economic stability of an enterprise depends on many factors that are formed as a result of financial stability and economic and financial resilience. The full-scale invasion of our country by the Russian aggressor has made adjustments to the economic stability of enterprises. The authors analyze the main problems that prevent businesses from recovering and developing during the war and point out certain conditions to which enterprises are adapting. The positive aspects on the basis of which the economic activity of enterprises is gradually recovering in certain industries are outlined. The results of the analytical report of the United Nations Development Programme in Ukraine are analyzed, and the directions for strengthening the security of enterprises in the context of modern challenges are offered.
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Weideman, Jeanette, and Leonie Stander. "European and American Perspectives on the Choice of Law Regarding Cross-Border Insolvencies of Multinational Corporations – Suggestions for South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 5 (June 1, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i5a2522.
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An increase in economic globalisation and international trade has amounted to an increase in the number of multinational enterprises that have debt, own assets and conduct business in various jurisdictions around the world. This, coupled with the recent worldwide economic recession, has inevitably caused the increased occurrence of multinational financial default, also known as cross-border insolvency (CBI). The legal response to this trend has, inter alia, produced two important international instruments that were designed to address key issues associated with CBI. Firstly, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (the Model Law) in 1997, which has been adopted by nineteen countries including the United States of America and South Africa. Secondly, the European Union (EU) adopted the European Council Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (EC Regulation) in 2000. Both the EC Regulation and Chapter 15 adopt a “modified universalist” approach towards CBI matters. Europe and the United States of America are currently the world leaders in the area of CBI and the CBI legislation adopted and applied in these jurisdictions seems to be effective. As South Africa’s Cross-Border Insolvency Act is not yet effective, there is no local policy guidance available to insolvency practitioners with regard to the application of the Model Law. At the basis of this article is the view that an analysis of the European and American approaches to CBI matters will provide South African practitioners with valuable insight, knowledge and lessons that could be used to understand and apply the principles adopted and applied in terms of the EC Regulation and Chapter 15, specifically the COMI concept, the “establishment” concept in the case of integrated multinational enterprises and related aspects.
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Ray, Ronjini, and Rishabha Meena. "Application of Dispute Settlement in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs’): A Cross Country Analysis of Modern FTAs’." Global Trade and Customs Journal 17, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2022): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2022044.
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Most modern free trade agreements (FTAs’) include chapters on a variety of topics such as investment, digital trade, labour, gender, environment and small-medium enterprises. These new issues are often addressed in FTAs’ as there is a lack of development of multilateral rules on these areas at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Further, many of these aspects are non-trade issuesviz. environment, labour, competition policy, and investment. These areas are contentious and often face opposition from the Global South and are frequently excluded from the scope of dispute settlement. Against this background, this article examines the trends with respect to the application of the dispute settlement across recent FTAs’ concluded by certain developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). This article examines recent FTAs’ and categorizes its chapters as follows: (1) Chapters always subject to dispute settlement, (2) Chapters not subjected to dispute settlement and (3) Chapters that have inconsistent recourse to dispute settlement. Accordingly, the article provides a cross country assessment of the FTA chapters with dispute settlement provisions and the rationale behind such divergent practices. FTA, developed, non-trade, dispute settlement, sustainable trade, USMCA, gender, environment, labour, multilateralism.
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Davis, Christina L., Andreas Fuchs, and Kristina Johnson. "State Control and the Effects of Foreign Relations on Bilateral Trade." Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 2 (November 23, 2017): 405–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002717739087.
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Can governments still use trade to reward and punish partner countries? While World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and the pressures of globalization restrict states’ capacity to manipulate trade policies, politicization of trade is likely to occur where governments intervene in markets. We examine state ownership of firms as one tool of government control. Taking China and India as examples, we use new data on bilateral trade disaggregated by firm ownership type as well as measures of political relations based on bilateral events and United Nations voting data to estimate the effect of political relations on import flows since the early 1990s. Our results support the hypothesis that imports controlled by state-owned enterprises are more responsive to political relations than imports controlled by private enterprises. This finding suggests that politicized import decisions will increase as countries with partially state-controlled economies gain strength in the global economy. Extending our analysis to exports for comparison, we find a similar pattern for Indian but not for Chinese exports and offer potential explanations for these differential findings.
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Skazochkin, Aleksandr. "On the State of Innovative Activities of Small Enterprises in Russia." Science Management: Theory and Practice 3, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2021.3.3.3.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze some aspects of the state of innovation in Russia, including the state of small innovative business, venture capital financing startups, the dynamics of the creation of business entities by universities and research institutes. The facts of an extremely small number of small innovative enterprises created by universities and research institutes were recorded, as well as a low level of innovative activity of small enterprises over the entire period of statistical observations, a long-term dynamics of a decrease in the share of innovative goods, works and services in 2019 by almost two times (1.7 times) compared to 2013. The presented data indicate the low effectiveness of the idea of direct copying of the American model of technology commercialization, according to which the main player here should be higher educational institutions, as it has historically developed in the United States. It was concluded that in order to create an effective model of an innovation system consisting of proactive owners of research and development results, venture funds financing startups, universities that undertake the organization of research and development for the subsequent release of results to the market, large firms financing a significant percentage of turnover in R&D, in Russia there were no conditions and, unfortunately, until now there are none. The system needs to be corrected taking into account the real state of the Russian economy.The article analyzes several current competitions for the development of innovative activities held by large companies and administrations of Russian regions and makes proposals for correcting the organization of competitions.
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Scarpellini, Emanuela. "Shopping American-Style: The Arrival of the Supermarket in Postwar Italy." Enterprise & Society 5, no. 4 (December 2004): 625–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700014014.
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This article presents a case study of the establishment of the first Italian supermarket in 1957, carried out by an American industrial group called the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC). It raises the question of the export of a model born in the United States in a far different economic and political context. It was necessary to transform the technical and structural aspects of the supermarket as an institution to adapt to Italian society. This article also analyzes how other serious problems, deriving from the particular political and juridical situation of Italy, were confronted. In the end, the Italian supermarket was fundamentally different from the original model.
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Buhmann, Karin. "Regulating Corporate Social and Human Rights Responsibilities at the UN Plane: Institutionalising New Forms of Law and Law-making Approaches?" Nordic Journal of International Law 78, no. 1 (2009): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181009x397063.
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AbstractGlobalisation's unprecedented growth and transborder activities of business coupled with increasing awareness of the impact of business on societies and human rights has resulted in demands for the international society to regulate corporate social and human rights responsibilities. This not only challenges traditional notions of duty bearers under international law, but also calls for novel approaches for the United Nations (UN) to implement central parts of the Charter's human rights aims and to address corporate behaviour in a state-centred international law-making order that lacks the willingness of States to regulate business. This article explores recent UN responses and argues that in the absence of States acting through ordinary international law-making, the UN as an intergovernmental organisation draws on participatory modes of law-making and new forms of law in order to normatively influence businesses' impact on human rights. The pattern of using these forms suggests an institutionalisation of reflexive regulation as a regulatory process drawing on public-private regulation, and of an emerging UN based 'Global Administrative Law' in order to meet regulatory challenges in living up to the human rights aims embodied in the UN Charter under the conditions posed by globalisation of the economy and emergence of strong transnational non-state actors. The analysis is based on the UN Global Compact, the draft Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights and the process of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and business (SRSG).
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Yakupov, Roman Aleksandrovich, and Dar'ya Viktorovna Yakupova. "“There would be no unilateral détente!”: financial sector of theCOMECON countries in the late 1970s – early 1980s as a source of Western political influence." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2021): 138–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.5.36127.
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The object of this research is the processes that took place in the COMECON member-states due instability of the financial sector. The subject of this research is the impact of the economic factor upon the evolution of bipolar system of international relations and sociopolitical sustainability of the Soviet Union during the 1979 – 1983. The article provides a scientific assessment of extent of awareness of the US intelligence on the financial solvency of the COMECON member-states, their ability to meet repayment schedules for both interest and debts, and the consequences of possible default of any of the countries during the financial crisis. The authors set the task to analyze the target points of foreign analytics regarding the “dependency” of Western European enterprises on their Eastern business partners, as well as clarify the extent to which a significant decline in trade between the East and the West affected the Soviet and Western European economy. The use of unpublished foreign and domestic archival documents, as well as foreign periodicals define the novelty of this research. This article is first to disclose the information on how the United States turned the severe financial problems of Eastern European countries for the purpose of political pressure on such issues as Afghanistan, crisis in Poland, and construction of the Soviet gas pipeline. Leaning on the introduced into the scientific discourse CIA documents, assessment is given to the effectiveness of trade and economic policy of the United States and its Western European allies in relation to Eastern Europe. The article also analyses the support of centrifugal tendencies in the economy of the Eastern European countries of the Soviet bloc.
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Loginovskiy, O. V., A. V. Hollay, A. L. Shestakov, and K. A. Korennaya. "Development of smart technologies in the management of Russian regions in modern conditions." Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Computer Technologies, Automatic Control & Radioelectronics 22, no. 3 (2022): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/ctcr220308.
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Due to the extreme aggravation of the military-political and economic situation in the world, the introduction by the United States of America and other Western countries of various kinds of sanctions against our country, the management of the development of regions, agglomerations and cities, as well as industrial enterprises and corporations located on their territory is of particular importance. The purpose of the work. The topic of this article is devoted to solving the problem of improving the efficiency of management of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as industrial enterprises located on their territories, and is the purpose of the scientific developments presented in this article. Materials and methods. Based on the analysis of works in the field of creating intelligent management in the regions of Russia, as well as the regulatory framework on which these developments are based, the shortcomings of the existing practice of implementing intelligent management in the subjects of the Russian Federation are shown and a set of scientific and practical provisions on the development of intelligent management in the regions of the country is given. At the same time, strategies for the development of intelligent management in the regions are formed taking into account and in relation to concepts and projects of intelligent management in specific regions. Results. An integral set of scientific provisions and developments of the authors of this article is presented, which allows to significantly increase the effectiveness of the strategic development of intelligent technologies in the management of domestic regions. In the significantly changed business conditions associated with overcoming the consequences of the sanctions of the United States of America and other Western countries, as well as the aggravation of relations between political competitors in the world, technologies and algorithms for the formation of strategies for the development of intellectual enterprises in domestic regions are of particular importance. The main adequate methods of increasing the efficiency of strategic and operational management of industrial enterprises in these new conditions are given. Conclusion. It is shown that the creation of an intelligent management strategy in the regions of the Russian Federation should be carried out in accordance with the complex of scientific provisions, methods and algorithms presented in this article. In addition, materials and developments are presented, on the basis of which industrial enterprises can form the main priorities of their own strategic development in the new conditions of economic activity.
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حمد العيثاوي, أ. د. ياسين محمد, and أ. م. د. احمد عدنان كاظم. "Assessing the Impact of reformation in wise Administration of Ruling and constant development : A study of Arab Political." مجلة العلوم السياسية, no. 55 (February 20, 2019): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30907/jj.v0i55.12.
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The research has been talked on specific an important notions concerning with the dimensions of effectiveness of good governance and sustainable development inside all Arab states, So that the scientific article reflected the role of investments in various sections of institutional business by draw attention toward different projects about analyzing the whole political reality according to the standard indications of political and social stability on the regional level and international aspects. Therefore, the study resembled scientific contains and the dimensions of political reform and administrative overhauling within governmental system in order to achieve all raw objectives for sustainable development. All international and regional organizations especially the United Nations and Arab league even the specialized agencies for United nations had concentrated on the matters of promoting performance the institutional work, according to the analytical - futuristic visions to evaluate the whole of sectors by good governance and sustainable development in political , social, and economic perspectives of Arab states to accomplishment various demands and necessity requirements of political reform for the future of generations within Arab society. Finally , the contemporary strategy of sustainable development has been making certain that the analysis of political reality became as a necessary for stabilizing the social and political indications , which effected thoroughly on the process of political and administrative reforms in order to preserving the future of sustainable development ; then to recreate the good governance according to the credited standards and indications for accomplish beneficial policies in the foreseeable future within Arab states .>ا
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Dopieralla, Jakub. "Battling Procedural Windmills: Introductions of Proposals to Change U.S. Senate Procedure." Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science 28, no. 2 (June 2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/pc2021-2-115.
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Procedural change in Congress, especially in the United States Senate, has been studied quite extensively over the last thirty years. One of the most remarkable aspects of Senate procedural change is the extremely low likelihood that any proposals to change the way the Senate conducts its business will actually pass the relevant procedures and become part of either the Standing Rules of the Senate, or other sources of the procedural outlay. Being fully aware of this, however, senators continue to introduce scores of proposals that deal with many different aspects of the procedural environment, despite the negligible chance of any of them being accepted or even gaining attention from fellow lawmakers or the public. This paper looks at these ‘dead on arrival’ proposals, and tries to provide an explanation for the proposals, grounded in theories that deal with legislators’ building of their personal brands, aimed at helping their chances of re-election.
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Podbornova, E. S. "STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY BASED ON PROMISING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 12 (2021): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.12.02.015.
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Improving the efficiency of the automotive industry largely depends on the innovation activity of the region and the country as a whole. This implies the need to form a high-quality national innovation system. It should include large-scale R&D, fundamental and applied industry research with substantial finan-cial investments in the development and implementation of innovative technologies, and all activities in this area should be based on a competent innovation policy. Due to the current political instability, potential sanc-tions measures by the United States and the West, the unstable economic situation of business, due to re-strictions due to COVID-19 (lack of demand, large losses, insufficient resource base), such a system cannot be created only by the efforts of market structures. Thus, state participation in regulating the development and support of knowledge-intensive enterprises is relevant today.
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Bucheli, Marcelo, and Erica Salvaj. "Adaptation Strategies of Multinational Corporations, State-Owned Enterprises, and Domestic Business Groups to Economic and Political Transitions: A Network Analysis of the Chilean Telecommunications Sector, 1958–2005." Enterprise and Society 15, no. 03 (September 2014): 534–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700015974.
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This paper compares the corporate network strategies between multinational corporations of two different origins (United States and Spain), business groups, and state-owned enterprises in the public utility sector of a developing country going through economic and political transitions. The transitions we consider are from an import substitution industrialization model to an open market economy and from a democratic regime to a dictatorial one and back to democracy. We analyze the Chilean telecommunications sector between 1958 and 2005 and find that during a democratic regime all firms sought to build more networks with each other, while incentives decrease under an authoritarian regime. In the protectionist era, US investors built links with Chile’s corporate elite, while in times of an open economy, Spanish investors built these links with the government. State-owned corporations did not attempt to build links with other actors at any time, and business groups sought to build most networks among members of the group. Our findings challenge two commonly held assumptions: first, that open economies decrease incentives for domestic actors to build links with each other and, second, that close political regimes increase incentives to build networks among economic actors.
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Dmitriev, S. "U.S.-China Technological Rivalry: from “Arrogance” to Boycott." World Economy and International Relations 64, no. 12 (2020): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-12-70-77.
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The spread of the coronavirus pandemic and the slowdown in economic activity in the United States have strengthened the position of supporters of “decoupling” from China. The U.S.-China relations are progressing from “patient integration” to “impatient disengagement”. Escalating research spending, accelerated industrial modernization, and the expansion of China’s high-tech exports have been identified as major challenges to American technology dominance. The fragility of global value chains in cooperative relationships between US and Chinese companies has become particularly evident. The United States plan to free themselves from dependence on China’s innovative technologies and critical materials. Washington’s efforts to revive the country’s manufacturing industry received a new impetus. American TNCs have begun to return some of their enterprises to the USA. The “technological boycott” of China is aimed at causing maximum damage to the development of any competitive business that presents a challenge to American multinational corporations, and to slow down the progressive technological development of the PRC. Equally important are considerations of industrial policy aimed at crowding out competitors. Washington’s protectionist actions led to a reduction in trade and mutual investment and have put American companies targeting Asian consumers in a difficult position. Washington is beginning to fear that Beijing may powerfully respond to the United States with countermeasures that are sensitive to the American military-industrial complex and innovative sectors of the economy. Washington’s aggressive actions are mobilizing China’s efforts to move up the value chain and localize products to achieve self-sufficiency in key technologies. However, the threat remains that protectionism could become a “new normal” not only for U.S.-China relations. The only viable alternative to this scenario may be the joining of efforts of market participants interested in returning to international legal norms of trade.
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Lillich, Richard B., and Burns H. Weston. "Lump Sum Agreements: Their Continuing Contribution to the Law of International Claims." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (January 1988): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000074169.
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Since there exists no international judicial system to adjudicate international claims in the ordinary course of events, individuals and business enterprises with grievances against a foreign country have looked, both jointly and severally, either to the “espousal” of their claims by their government—a discretionary act guaranteeing no ultimate redress—or, assuming their government has been able to negotiate a compromis with the foreign country involved, to the adjudication of their claims by an ad hoc international tribunal, almost always one without funds from which to pay awards once rendered. However, the volume and complexity of the claims spawned by World War II, the arrival of Marxist governments in Eastern Europe and elsewhere, and the emergence of an economically restless Third World have rendered the espousal process increasingly less effective; and efforts to establish ad hoc international tribunals have been almost uniformly unproductive during the past four decades (the Algerian Accords establishing the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal being the rare exception that proves the general proposition).
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Banchik, Anna Veronica. "Taking Care and Taking Over: Daughter’s Duty, Self-Employment, and Gendered Inheritance in Zacatecas, Mexico." Gender & Society 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 296–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243218825104.
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Although disproportionate housework and care responsibilities ascribed to mothers and wives have been found to greatly impact women’s self-employment, less is known about how family-level labor structures may shape daughters’ entrepreneurship. Family business scholarship has shed partial light on this question by showing that household hierarchies and gender norms impede daughters’ recognition and inheritance within family firms in the United States. Drawing on interviews with 32 women microenterprise owners in Zacatecas, Mexico, this article builds on previous research by suggesting that gendered mechanisms and labor structures may in fact position daughters to inherit businesses or business-related resources such as skills, financial capital, and property from their parents. Daughters acquire these assets by virtue of contributing to their parents’ enterprises as part of their childhood chores and maintaining a continued attachment to these businesses into adulthood. Daughters’ job prospects aside from inheritance were found to further shape their perceptions of business succession and inform their decision about whether to take over the family enterprise. Such acquisitions can be said to comprise instances of “gendered inheritance,” in which gendered institutions largely understood as disadvantaging women also may position them to attain valuable assets.
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Loginovskiy, O. V., A. V. Hollay, A. L. Shestakov, and K. A. Korennaya. "FORMATION OF TNE METHODOLOGY OF STRATEGIC AND OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBAL INSTABILITY." Applied Mathematics and Control Sciences, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2499-9873/2022.2.04.
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The strong aggravation of military and political instability in the world, the introduction by the United States of America and other Western countries of a huge number of various and unjustified sanctions against Russia created very difficult conditions for doing business in our country's industrial enterprises. In this regard, the issues of forming a methodology for the strategic and operational management of industrial enterprises, which need to ensure survival and further development, despite the harmful effects of Western states and the most difficult problems with resource support for production, as well as sales of products outside the Russian Federation, are of particular importance. The article discusses the main directions of development of scientific thought in the field of strategic and operational management of industrial enterprises, including in modern conditions, characterized not only by the military-political aggravation of the situation in the world, but also in many respects related to these processes, the emergence of economic crises in the largest regions of America and Europe. The authors propose a new aggregated algorithm for managing industrial enterprises, both at the strategic and operational levels, based on mathematical models and methods, taking into account the characteristics of modern industry markets. It is also noted that the modern world economy is subject to cyclical phenomena due to the very nature of capitalist relations, and not only from the desire of the Western world to destroy Russia and its powerful industrial potential. The article also presents a number of mathematical models developed by the authors for assessing the production efficiency of industrial enterprises both for the options for the functioning of manufacturing companies in a stable environment and increased demand for enterprise products, and for their working conditions during periods of crisis. The most relevant today are the models of choosing strategic decisions in the context of the global crisis. Thus, the paper proposes a methodology for the preparation of managerial decision - making by the management of industrial enterprises, which ensures the minimization of costs for the production and sale of finished products, as well as the feasibility of technical re - equipment by enterprises in various periods of the functioning of the world economy. It is also reported how the proposed methodology for the strategic and operational management of industrial enterprises in the quite recent past allowed Russian manufacturing companies to achieve fairly high performance and competitiveness at the international level.
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Izguttiyeva, K. Y., L. A. Tussupova, and E. M. Yeralina. "The impact of the pandemic on the labour market." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2021-1-1-186-190.
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In the context of a pandemic, many enterprises take actions and make specific decisions in conditions of uncertainty,since it is absolutely impossible to predict the development of the pandemic and its possible consequences on the territory of other countries of the world. Thus, business activity also remains in an environment of uncertainty and is subject to a variety of factors that can not only negatively affect certain aspects of their activities, but can also lead to the complete destruction of the business entity. The relevance of the research topic is shown in the identification of the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and their assessment on the modern labour market. An increasing number of employers' requirements for employees are associated with soft-skills. These include critical thinking, self-management, problem solving, learnability, resilience to stress, flexibility, and etc. The purpose of the study was to assess the current situation in the world and domestic labour market. The object of research was the labour market of the leading countries of the world: the United States, China, great Britain and Canada. The result of the study was the conclusion about further changes in the demand for labour and the conclusion about what the domestic labour market is waiting for in the future.
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WHITE, NICHOLAS J. "Surviving Sukarno: British Business in Post-Colonial Indonesia, 1950–1967." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 5 (November 18, 2011): 1277–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000709.
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AbstractDrawing principally upon a rich vein of previously unexploited business records, this paper analyses the experience of British firms in Indonesia between the achievement of independence and the beginnings of the Suharto regime. As in The Netherlands East Indies, British enterprises occupied a significant position in post-colonial Indonesia in plantations, oil extraction, shipping, banking, the import-export trade, and manufacturing. After the nationalization of Dutch businesses from the end of 1957, Britain emerged as the leading investing power in the archipelago alongside the United States. However, during Indonesia's Confrontation with British-backed Malaysia (1963–1966), most UK-owned companies in the islands were subject to a series of torrid (albeit temporary) takeovers by the trade unions and subsequently various government authorities. Most of these investments were returned to British ownership under Suharto after 1967. But, in surviving the Sukarno era, British firms had endured 15 years of increasing inconvenience and insecurity trapped in a power struggle within Indonesia's perplexing plural polity (and particularly between the Communist Party and the military). Indeed, the Konfrontasi takeovers themselves, varying in intensity from region to region and from firm to firm, were indicative of deep fissures within Indonesian administration and politics. The unpredictable and unsettled political economy of post-colonial Indonesia meant that the balance of advantage lay not with transnational enterprise but with the host state and society.
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Thaha, Abdurrahman Rahim, Aji Fajar Suryo Antoro, and H. Muhtarom. "Analytical Review of Tax Compliance Studies in the SMEs Sector: A Bibliometric Approach." Journal of Tax Reform 9, no. 3 (2023): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2023.9.3.149.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in fostering economic growth; however, they often face challenges in meeting their tax obligations due to limited resources and understanding. This bibliometric study explores the relationship between taxes and SMEs, exploring aspects such as compliance, the impact of tax burdens, and the effectiveness of incentives. The analysis of 783 Scopus documents reveals a growing interest in research, with consistent annual publications and significant citation rates. Among the fields, Business, Management, and Accounting lead in publications, closely followed by Economics, Econometrics, and Finance, also Social Sciences. Geographically, the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, and Malaysia stand out as major contributors, underscoring the global nature of this engagement. Thematic analysis uncovers emerging and declining themes, including the cost of tax compliance, supply chain management, and country-specific SME issues. Niche themes focus on Russia’s business environment, tax avoidance, and access to finance in India. Basic themes cover SME growth, the impact of taxation, and responses to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Motor themes emphasize innovation in SMEs, Malaysia’s capital structure, and challenges related to tax compliance, also tax evasion. The research underscores the intricate relationship between taxes and SMEs, underscoring their global significance and the necessity for targeted policies. Despite limitations such as database representation, temporal constraints, and language bias, this study advocates for ongoing research and policy strategies. These should aim to support fair and sustainable tax obligations for SMEs, ensuring their continued growth and valuable contribution to the economy.
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Prigodich, Nikita Dmitrievich, and Nikolai Ivanovich Bogomazov. "Foreign Purchases for the Needs of Russian Transport during the First World War: Problem Statement and Historiographical Aspects." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 4 (April 2023): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.4.40377.
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The article discusses general theoretical considerations about the factor of foreign purchases in solving the transport crisis in Russia during the First World War. At the same time, the main emphasis is placed on a historiographical review of the problem, which allows us to formulate a vector for further research. Since the end of 1914, it has become obvious to the political and military leadership of the country that the requirements of wartime in some industries significantly exceed the capabilities of domestic manufacturers. First of all, this applies to railways, front and rear, which constantly needed a huge number of new rails and fasteners to them, switches, bandages, wagons of various types, locomotives and other materials. The inability to produce the necessary materials in the right quantity at Russian enterprises naturally led to the need to purchase them abroad, primarily in the United States and allied countries - Great Britain and France. Since 1915, foreign procurement has been on a wide scale. Military and civilian authorities, trying to improve the operation of transport, which is critical in wartime conditions, are gradually expanding the range of goods ordered abroad for transport purposes, including cars, materials for aviation and the navy.
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Ladyzhets, N. S. "ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS: SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL MODELING, ANALYTICS AND PRACTICE." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 6, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2022-6-3-335-341.
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The analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent decades has acquired an obvious interdisciplinary character, with various industry projections in the fields of economics, manufacturing, medicine, culture, education, as well as in the development and application of military equipment. The main conceptualizations and theoretical models of AI belong to the Western analytical tradition, proving to be in demand both for substantiating the conditions for achieving sustainable development and the positions of political and economic leadership of the United States of America and Western European countries, and for drawing attention to the ever-increasing riskiness of society and the radicalization of modernity. One of the many industry projections of artificial intelligence analysis has become its application in business. Here, as well as in continuation of the "tradition" of analytics in other areas, the constancy of the confusion of terms is obvious, therefore one of the subsections of the article is devoted to terminological clarifications. The dynamics of changes in recent years related to the development of AI is also disclosed. The article considers the formation of modern business landscapes, which is taking place with the increasing rooting of the impact of AI in everyday practices. It is shown that decision-making using business intelligence tools controlled by artificial intelligence is becoming a relevant innovative trend for large corporations interested in achieving strategic leadership and interaction. The social aspects of the AI service model are revealed, as well as the strengthening of the relationship between artificial intelligence and big data, the formation of a competitive business environment that significantly increases management and consumer risks. The results of research on the use of AI in Russian business, confirmed by industry experts, are presented.
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Chow, Chee W., F. Johnny Deng, and Joanna L. Ho. "The Openness of Knowledge Sharing within Organizations: A Comparative Study of the United States and the People's Republic of China." Journal of Management Accounting Research 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 65–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2000.12.1.65.
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This study examines empirically the interaction effects of national culture and contextual factors (nature of the knowledge and the relationship between the knowledge sharer and recipient) on employees' tendency to share knowledge with co-workers. Quantitative and open-ended responses to two scenarios were collected from 142 managers (104 from the U.S. and 38 from the People's Republic of China). These two nations were selected due to their divergence on salient aspects of national culture, as well as their global political and economic importance. The focus on interaction effects was aimed at providing a more powerful test of culture's effects than simple comparisons of means typical of prior related research. Consistent with culture-based expectation, the quantitative results indicated that Chinese vs. U.S. nationals' openness of knowledge sharing was related to their different degrees of collectivism—the relative emphasis on self vs. collective interests—as well as whether knowledge sharing involved a conflict between self and collective interests. Also consistent with prediction, Chinese relative to U.S. nationals shared knowledge significantly less with a potential recipient who was not a member of their “ingroup.” Content analysis of the open-ended responses further showed that the quantitative results are the aggregated outcomes of trade-offs across cultural attributes and their interactions with contextual factors.
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Ascencio, Débora. "La empresa pública en primer plano: una revisión de la nueva agenda de investigación en Europa y América Latina." Revista del CLAD Reforma y Democracia, no. 80 (May 1, 2021): 5–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.69733/clad.ryd.n80.a254.
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Despite the inescapable relevance of public enterprises in the world's economies, the researchers who have devoted themselves to their study coincide in pointing out a historiographic and conceptual void around the subject and stress the importance of promoting research that will allow the accumulation of a considerable base of empirical studies to overcome generic interpretations and develop specific bodies of theory. In this sense, considering the aforementioned vacancy and the relating degree of dispersion in the contributions, this article proposes to comprehensively review the emergence of a recent and prolific research agenda, particularly located in Europe and Latin America, with substantial findings for the study of public enterprises and whose systematization allows identifying common aspects that, so far, have been disarticulated. Among the main conclusions is the origin of public enterprises with the emergence of the Nation-States stands out. This is central to an assessment of privatizations, because the projects that defended market solutions were based on the false postulate that state-owned enterprises originate and grow only with the left-wing or interventionist governments. In addition, they provide empirical evidence that shows there is no strict coincidence between political cycles and the evolution of the growth of firms; on the contrary, their development responds to very heterogeneous factors. Based on this “ideological stigma” attached to public enterprises, a series of myths about their supposedly inefficient operation are sustained. However, the studies examined show that ownership is just one more element within the multiplicity of factors involved in business performance and highlight central aspects of public administration, such as governance, state capacities, or what that some authors call entrepreneurship, although these are still open debates, the nuances of which are systematized throughout the work. These approaches are linked to analyses of the new formats of the 21st century, very different from the traditional state monopoly, in which public and private capital appear combined and competing in liberalized international markets.
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Bogus, Carl. "Books and Olive Oil: Why Antitrust Must Deal with Consolidated Corporate Power." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 52.2 (2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.52.2.books.
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Following an epic battle in the marketplace between Apple and major book publishers, on one side, and Amazon, on the other side, the United States Department of Justice and thirty-three states filed an antitrust lawsuit against Apple and the publishers, alleging that they had conspired to fix the prices of ebooks. Both the district court and a divided panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided the case in the government’s favor. This Article argues that government regulators and the courts took the wrong side in the dispute and did so because of fundamental flaws in current antitrust policy. Adhering to the standard approach, regulators and the courts ignored unique aspects of the industry and treated books just as they would have treated cans of olive oil. Focusing exclusively on consumer welfare—that is, consumer prices and total industry output—regulators and the courts ignored critical social, cultural, and political ramifications of the dispute. Moreover, the widely accepted view that business firms are rational profit maximizers led regulators and the courts into making serious factual misjudgments. Although there are many calls for antitrust reform, most are limited to calls for more rigorous application of existing doctrine. This case study demonstrates why that is inadequate and a paradigm shift in antitrust policy is required.
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Cai, Yuzhen. "Huawei's Operational Strategy in the Changing International Landscape." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 32, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/32/20231615.
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This paper examines Huawei's shift in business strategy in a changing international envi-ronment. Huawei's influence extends beyond the technology industry, as it plays a signifi-cant role in global political and trade relations, particularly between the United States and China. The changing international landscape has had a significant impact on Huawei, mainly in terms of trade restrictions, market access limitations, and supply chain disrup-tions. This paper uses a multidimensional framework to comprehensively understand Huawei's business strategy shifts in response to changes in the international environment. The framework integrates all aspects of the company's operational strategy to enable a comprehensive analysis of the company's strategic decisions and outcomes, which provides a comprehensive view of Huawei's operational strategy shifts in a changing international landscape. The paper also conducts a SWOT analysis of Huawei's business strategy, identi-fying Huawei's core competencies, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Finally, the pa-per offers recommendations for Huawei to mitigate the impact of geopolitical tensions, di-versify its products and services, and focus on the domestic market.
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Murshudli, Fakhri, Roksolana Zapotichna, and Erkin Dilbazi. "International banking business and bank strategy: global trends and benchmarks for post-Soviet states." Economic Annals-ХХI 185, no. 9-10 (November 21, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v185-03.
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The authors analyze the state of international banking business before and after the global economic crisis of 2007-2009, and make predictions on potential future effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on transformation of international banking and bank strategy. The analysis focuses on trends and changes in the two most important forms of trade in banking services, namely, cross-border banking flows, which include direct cross-border banking flows and local banking flows of international banks’ subsidiaries abroad, and foreign bank presence. It has been concluded that direct cross-border banking flows are more volatile than local banking flows of foreign banks during economic and social upheavals. The period under study has witnessed large increase in foreign bank presence, both in terms of number and local market share. The study determines changes of leading international banks and their home countries, highlighting the weakening position of banks from advanced countries and increase in the role of banks from emerging markets and developing countries. The authors review international expansion strategies of major banks from the post-Soviet states, that are influenced both by the opportunities and goals of banks going abroad, and by the institutional features of their banking systems; countries which these banks are targeting are predominantly comparable to the post-Soviet states in terms of economic development, and are chosen by criteria of their attractiveness, such as high level of trade and political relations with the bank’s home country, the presence of diaspora, the degree of saturation and growth dynamics of the banking market in the host country. The reasons behind the banks’ geographical expansion decision include, among many others, the dramatic growth of their economies, stimulated by the involvement in globalization processes, and liberal banking reforms. Obstacles of economic and non-economic nature that are hindering this expansion, encompass high level of competition in external banking markets, expensive financial resources of domestic banks, low level of expansion of the post-Soviet states-based enterprises to the non-post-Soviet states, discriminatory qualification requirements for personnel and composition of management bodies, problems related to banking licensing procedures and requirements, aspects of culture and communication; their transformation from local banks, operating in the local market, to banks with a clear manifestation of the tendency of their international expansion amidst changing global environment and uncertainty.
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Xia, Qu. "Preliminary Study on Construction of China’s Overseas Investment Insurance System Based on Comparative Analysis of Investment Insurance Systems of the US, Japan, Germany, and MIGA." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4384657.
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With the advancement of the Belt and Road strategy, China’s foreign direct investment has grown rapidly, and the political risks faced by Chinese enterprises in overseas investment are also increasing. It is a common practice in the world’s major capital exporting countries to prevent overseas investment risks by establishing an overseas investment insurance system. Among them, the insurance systems of the United States, Japan, Germany, and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are the most representative, and they are also models for countries to follow. At present, China has not yet established a legal system for overseas investment insurance. China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation is the only operating institution that provides overseas investment insurance in China, and its overseas investment insurance business only accounts for a small proportion and has not played its due role in safeguarding overseas investment. This paper, on the basis of comparative analysis of foreign experience, combined with China’s actual problems and needs, selects the most worthy reference systems of various countries and proposes specific ideas for establishing and improving China’s overseas investment insurance system.
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Zaparii, V. V., Vas V. Zaparii, and O. Yu Sheshukov. "Soviet metallurgy in the eyes of American metallurgists: the second half of the 1950s." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-1-5-9.
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The article reveals one small page in the development of metallurgical science and technology in the Soviet Union, namely, the history of establishing scientific contacts between American and Soviet metallurgical scientists in the second half of the 1950s. Unto middle of 1950s the successful recovery of the USSR economy after the war ended with a scientific and technological breakthrough in the field of atomic and space technologies. This significantly strengthened the political and humanitarian authority of the USSR in the eyes of the world community, making the country attractive for scientific and technical cooperation. The rush of the Soviet atom and rocketry would have been impossible without high achievements in the basic sectors of the economy, such as metallurgy. The United States and its Western European allies came to understand the prospects of limited scientific and technical cooperation with the USSR and the unproductiveness of the policy of its isolation. The establishment of scientific and business contacts with Soviet metallurgical enterprises, research institutes and educational institutions forced the Americans to critically rethink their own achievements in the industry.
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Ottovordemgentschenfelde, Svenja. "‘Organizational, professional, personal’: An exploratory study of political journalists and their hybrid brand on Twitter." Journalism 18, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657524.
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Political journalists rely heavily on their occupational status and reputation. This article addresses how political journalists negotiate their standing and enforce their legitimacy on Twitter amidst the online environment that directly challenges them. So far, practice-oriented studies have only looked at journalists in general. Studies have also tended to investigate the content published to journalists’ Twitter feeds, neglecting other aspects of the Twitter profile that can affect the perceived image of journalists. This exploratory study examines the Twitter profile pages of 20 political journalists who work for the top broadsheet newspapers in the United States. It uses the conceptual framework of personal branding to identify patterns and trends of how and where political journalists actively communicate their presence on the platform. This process is delineated by three complementary and co-existing brand identities – the organizational, the professional, and the personal – as well as a digital media skills-based dimension that political journalists use to position their journalistic brand on Twitter. Findings suggest that it could be most appropriate to think of political journalists’ Twitter profiles as digital business cards or digital portfolios, deliberately crafted to differentiate the journalist and establish competitive superiority.
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Kaczmarski, Marcin. "Fragmented Cooperation: The Role of State-Owned and Private Companies in Sino-Russian Energy Collaboration." Asian Perspective 47, no. 3 (June 2023): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/apr.2023.a905231.
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Abstract: Observers tend to interpret the contemporary Sino-Russian relationship in terms of strategic, purposeful cooperation driven by national interests and power-political considerations. The search for power and security, as well as balancing against the United States, have increasingly been pushing China and Russia closer together. The energy realm offers a distinct picture of the Sino-Russian relationship. The pace of cooperation has varied and depended on key domestic players in particular sectors. As a consequence, success stories have been accompanied by major setbacks. Energy cooperation encompasses both a meteoric rise of oil cooperation and the muddling through of gas cooperation. The foundations for close ties in the energy realm were laid well before the post-Crimean acceleration of Sino-Russian cooperation. More often than not, however, parochial interests of dominant state-owned and private enterprises rather than strategic considerations have driven this cooperation. Looking through the prism of energy cooperation, I emphasize the complexity of Russia and China as actors in international politics instead of approaching them as rational and unitary players.
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Bikeeva, M. V., V. A. Inshakov, and I. M. Fadeeva. "Administrative Barriers to the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses in the Republic of Mordovia: Materials of Practical Research." Statistics and Economics 17, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2020-6-22-30.
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Purpose of the study. Small and medium enterprises in foreign countries provide about 50% of GDP and almost 60% of industrial employment. In terms of its role in the economy, entrepreneurship in Russia is inferior to many countries, including the United States, Ireland, Japan, Italy, etc. The main priorities for the development of the sphere of entrepreneurship in Russia include improving the conditions for doing business, simplifying tax reporting, access to concessional financing, and improving the procurement system and others. Among the negative aspects of state regulation that hinder the development of small and medium-sized businesses, administrative barriers can be singled out. According to experts, due to the presence of excessive administrative barriers, the size of the country's "frozen" potential for economic growth is 5-7%. In this regard, there is a need for a statistical assessment of the conditions for doing business at the regional level for the subsequent determination of directions for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the activities of state (municipal) authorities and identifying reserves for improving the business environment.Materials and methods. As an information base for the study, we used the data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2019, as well as the results of monitoring the conditions for the activities of small and medium-sized businesses in the region, conducted by the State Treasury Institution of the Republic of Mordovia "Scientific Center for Socio-Economic Monitoring". The empirical research base included quantitative data from mass representative surveys of the business community for the period from 2014 to 2019. In addition to surveys of representatives of the business community, expert surveys were conducted, the selection of which was carried out on the basis of the experience of entrepreneurship and their belonging to formalized regional structures of entrepreneurs. The number of experts participating in the study ranged from 40 to 50 people.Results. As of January 1, 2019, there were 2,659.9 thousand small enterprises operating in the Russian Federation. Per 10,000 people, with an average of 156 in the Volga Federal District, the highest indicator was recorded in the Samara region (216 small enterprises), the lowest – in the Republic of Mordovia (86 small enterprises). The study demonstrates a steady decline in the scale of economic activity and the number of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Mordovia. The study confirmed the existence of administrative barriers to entrepreneurial activity in the region, which are manifested both at the initial stage of doing business and during long-term conduct. Within the framework of the study, proposals were formulated to reduce administrative barriers and create a favorable business environment. In the current socio-economic situation, the main measures to support entrepreneurship are to reduce tax rates and introduce a preferential tax system. Support measures that are significant for business are also a decrease in interest rates, an increase in the availability of credit, the provision of incentives for energy resources, and control over the pricing policy of services of natural monopolies. Along with institutional measures, it is necessary to disseminate various forms of entrepreneurship training and mentoring, which are widespread in foreign practice.
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Mikhina, Olga, Artem Mikhin, and Aleksandra Osipova. "Goal into own goal? Reaction to sanctions against Russia in the Russian and German media." SHS Web of Conferences 55 (2018): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185502018.
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The problem raised in the paper is very acute. The sanctions currently applied by Western countries towards Russia are unprecedented. Germany actively supports the sanctions policy, being influenced by the United States. The accession of the Crimea to Russia, the support of the liberation struggle of the rebels in the Lugansk and Donetsk People’s Republics is only an excuse for political and economic pressure on the Russian Federation executed by the North Atlantic Alliance in connection with its growing influence on the international arena. This pressure has become the subject of extensive discussions in the media. Who benefits from anti-Russian sanctions and who will suffer the main damage from their consequences? The Kremlin has traditionally been for the Bundestag a reliable trading partner for import and export tuernover, in which a significant share is represented by energy resources from Russia that are strategically important for the German economy. The apparent unwillingness of business communities to participate in the unfavorable policy of trade restrictions affects the domestic political situation in Germany. Ordinary German citizens do not like the reduction of tens of thousands of jobs and the closure of enterprises. These processes are reflected in the Russian and German press, which served as material for this article. The analysis is based on the anthropocentric and sociocultural approaches used when analyzing political discourse and the linguistic picture of the world.
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Avkhadiev, Fayaz, Farit Mukhametgaliev, Ilgizar Gainutdinov, Nail Asadullin, and Marcel Khismatullin. "Problems of the implementation of the food self-sufficiency strategy." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700020.
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The relevance of the topic of the article is caused by the need to study the level of agricultural production and the country's self-sufficiency with basic food products in the context of fierce competition in the world food market and sanctions from Western European countries and the United States. The purpose of the article is to identify trends in the implementation of the strategy of import substitution of food products and to determine the priorities for the development of the agricultural business in import and export activities. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the current state of food production and the development of priority directions for the effective functioning of enterprises of agricultural production and processing of agricultural raw materials in modern conditions of external and internal socio-political challenges and risks. The article defines the current state of food supply for the population of the country, identifies trends and priority strategic directions for implementing the policy of import substitution, and ensuring food security of the country suggests the need for an interconnected and balanced organization of import and export activities of agricultural enterprises. The theoretical provisions and practical recommendations proposed in the article allow solving the problem of stable self-sufficiency of the country with competitive food products and the transition to the implementation of an export-oriented strategy for the development of the agricultural sector of the economy.
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Varnavskii, V. "Global Value Chains (GVCS) and COVID-19 Pandemic." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 1 (2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-14-23.
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The article discusses the status of Global Value Chains (GVCs) amid the COVID 19 pandemic and their influence on world economic development. Key aspects of the world economy and GVCs transformation in the context of the COVID 19 are studied. A brief overview of the economic literature and development of theoretical frameworks and concepts of Global Value Chains as well as globalisation and “slowbalisation” is provided. The article focuses on estimates of key indicators published by international bodies, such as the United Nations, UNCTAD, UNIDO, OECD, WTO, IMF and others. Various think tanks and other institutions such as World Economic Forum, European Central Bank, McKinsey Global Institute, Deloitte, NBER have been analyzing GVCs’ contribution to the transmission of the COVID 19 macroeconomic shocks across countries. A quantitative assessment of participation in GVCs for countries and regions based on available data in the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database are discussed. Specific attention is paid to the key GVCs indicators, including exports of intermediate goods and foreign value added share of gross exports. Special attention is paid to the economic downturn in the United States and characteristics of GVCs involving enterprises located in Wuhan (China), which is very important to many global supply chains. Various kinds of long-term trends and structural changes are analyzed. It is noted that gross domestic product (GDP) of the USA in constant 2012 prices (ignoring inflation) fell in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the previous quarter by 31.7% but only 9.1% compared to the first quarter of 2020. It is concluded that improving supply chains’ recovery ability will be an important factor for restoring global economic activity in post-coronavirus times.
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Savoysky, Alexander G. "Systematic Development of Economic Diplomacy (On the Example of Relations Between the Russian Federation and the USA)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 472 (2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/472/9.
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This article covers Russian-American relations during the presidency of Vladimir Putin and Joseph Biden. It seems that the worst (“bottom” and “freezing point”) in the development of bilateral relations, as well as the “witch hunt” in the United States (unidentified hackers who allegedly committed cyber attacks on state's and party's structures), was left behind. However, numerous (energy, monetary, diplomatic, cultural, and civilizational) crises have re-emerged between Russia and the United States. Only economic diplomacy and the political will of those who determine and implement the state course can solve them. Economic diplomacy presents today a certain interest and a scientific problem at the same time. The lack of a strictly scientific interpretation of economic diplomacy and the difference in the perception of its essence are explained by the different approaches of scientists to the goal-setting in the study. The most advanced direction in the methodology of political sciences was the epistemological and systematic approach to the description of economic diplomacy. This is largely facilitated by the study of economic diplomacy on the example of modern Russia and the United States - two world powers as centers of strength and influence, indicators of international life, and some kind of dependent antipodes in balancing economic policies in favor of America. The undeniable facts of our time show that trade or commercial diplomacy is only one type of economic diplomacy, among others; that the diplomacy of the dollar as a world currency is rapidly losing its former position in the attempts of the United States to launch the electronic world economy; that political decision-making on economic diplomacy must necessarily be in the realm of its theory and practice, and not in the field of economic policy and political economy (as the influence of domestic and world business on the country's policy and its state course, as well as the politicization of international economic relations, respectively). International life, world order, geopolitics, and the world economy today are in the forming stage of a new system of international relations and other mechanisms of coordinated interaction between the countries of the world. The scientific hypothesis of the article is related to the statement that economic diplomacy is an alternative to the obsolete model of liberal capitalism (with its crises, sanctions, the excessively long stagnation of the world economy, the decline of national economies, regional conflicts, epidemics, the pandemic, and all the ensuing consequences) and that the parallel development of the Western and Eastern systems of international relations in the future is possible. The article provides a comparative analysis of certain aspects of the 2021 national security strategies of the Russian Federation and the USA. The concept of the modern theory of economic diplomacy on the basis of its systemic nature was outlined, which was the main research issue.
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Rybina, Olena I., Nataliia E. Letunovska, and Aleksandra Kuzior. "Socially responsible marketing as a way to increase the competitiveness of business entities." Mechanism of an Economic Regulation, no. 1 (2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2020.87.07.
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With the development of a market economy, there are problems of balancing the interests of all participants in production, consumers, and society as a whole. This arouses interest in the concept of socially responsible marketing, which allows companies to focus on sustainable development and social values in solving business problems. The purpose of the article is to study the implementation of the concept of socially responsible marketing by business entities. The article considers the main aspects of the concept of socially responsible marketing, its importance for businesses. Related areas of research related to socially responsible marketing are identified based on bibliometric analysis of articles published in the Scopus database from 2010 to 2019 using VOSviewer software. It was found that the largest number of publications on the subject is available in the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Australia. The basic principles of socially responsible marketing are grouped and its characteristic features are singled out. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of its basic tools. The tools of socially responsible marketing are broader than classical marketing and include marketing; consumer research; study of social and environmental consequences of production; consumption of manufactured goods and services. The authors noted that with traditional analytical methods in implementing the concept of socially responsible marketing, given the strategic direction of modern marketing, it is necessary to use multidimensional methods of analysis: SPACE-analysis, PEST-analysis, ETOM-analysis, QUEST-analysis, SNW-analysis, SWOT analysis, KPI analysis. The key features of the introduction of socially responsible marketing at the enterprises of Ukraine are analyzed. The paper substantiates that socially responsible marketing is a concept of marketing management, according to which the company's goal is to determine its own needs, needs and interests of target markets and meet them more effectively than competitors, ways to maintain or improve the welfare of both consumers and society in general. Keywords: marketing, principles of socially responsible marketing, socially responsible marketing, sustainable development.