Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Business enterprises – Finance'

This study tested the impact of Business Incubators (BI) in stimulating the growth of small to medium businesses in a Southern African country, Zambia. The study explores the existence, awareness, beliefs and experience in a sub Saharan context, identifying the key impact factors. The study was aimed at understanding whether the operation of business incubators would result in stimulating small to medium business enterprises the same way it does in the west. To achieve this, the study reviewed the existing literature on the subject matter and analysed the collected data using a questionnaire was analysed. The collected data was analysed using SSPS. The results of the analysis revealed that 64% of the respondents had heard about Business Incubators. This was done through a scientific research by a well selected set of interview questionnaires, from a sample size of 300 small to medium businesses. Only 19% confirmed receiving business assistance from a support initiative. 95% of the total respondents confirmed that a business incubator program would impact the growth of their businesses in many areas. The study further found that there were a few challenges with access to a Business Incubator. Prominent amount them was the restricted access to SMEs located in the cities. Secondly, the respondents bemoaned that the application procedure was complicated and needed to be simplified and translated into local languages. The research makes the conclusion that Business Incubators have a positive impact on the growth of small businesses in Zambia, based on the empirical evidence obtained during the study. The study revealed 32% of incubated businesses had reduced their operation costs. Contrary to available research, entrepreneurs who had received support from Business Incubators employed fewer employees than those that did not. The study therefore, questioned how business incubators increased the probability of the long term survival of the enterprise.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are very important to employment creation, poverty alleviation and the sustainable economic development of a nation. Encouraging SMEs, especially start-ups is crucial for sustainable economic growth. However, the failure rate of start-up SMEs in South Africa is one of the highest in the world. In reviewing the literature of the causes of the failure of start-up SMEs, access to finance emerged as a prime challenge. Start-up SMEs find it very difficult to obtain external finance from commercial banks and venture capitalists. The national and provincial governments in South Africa have realised that access to finance is a major constraint to the growth and survival of start-up SMEs and have put in place certain measures to improve access to finance by start-up SMEs. One of the primary measures put in place by government to improve access to finance by start-up SMEs is the provision of Business Development Service by some government agencies. This research investigates the role of Business Development Services Providers (BDSs) in improving access to finance for start-up SMEs. Questions arise as to why the failure rate of start-up SMEs is high in South Africa despite all these government measures aimed at assisting start-ups to access finance. Empirical research was conducted to investigate the role of BDS in improving access to finance by start-up SMEs. The instrument used for data collection was the self-administered questionnaire. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis. The Cronbach‟s alpha was used as a measure of reliability. The results of the study revealed that: Access to finance is still a major problem hindering the survival of start-up SMEs. There is a lack of awareness of BDS providers and their services by the majority of start-up SMEs. There is a significant positive relationship between the use of BDS by start-up SMEs and success in accessing finance. Start-up SMEs that are aware of BDS do make use of the services. The results suggest that BDS are important to improving access to finance by start-up SMEs. However, there is a need to build awareness and encourage the use of BDS by start-up SMEs to improve their access to finance and ultimately increase their chances of survival.

The research problem addressed in this study was to provide a planning guideline for Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME’s) to assist them to plan more effectively and be sustainable in their businesses. A guideline for planning is needed, as planning is one of the most difficult activities a business owner needs to undertake. Yet it is essential to do because, before taking action, you must know where you are going and how to get there. Well-developed plans can assist the business owner to interest banks and/or investors to invest in the business, guide the owner in operating the business, give direction to and motivate employees, and provide an environment to attract customers and prospective employees. To become an effective business owner, one must look ahead. Planning, which is the process of setting objectives and devising actions to achieve those objectives are imperative to be sustainable in business. The findings of the literature survey clearly highlights the reasons why a business owner needs to plan and provide a guideline how to plan. It was found in the empirical study that Standard Bank rate the SMME market as a very valuable part of their business. The SMME market has a benefit to various departments within the bank, not only the SMME business market. The empirical study also found that not every entrepreneur that holds a business plan is successful. Many reasons for this exist. One aspect that was identified, is that the wrong idea was implemented. The empirical study revealed that in all respondents agreed that planning forms an integral part of the entrepreneurs business. The empirical study found that a business plan will assist the entrepreneur to be sustainable in their business, only if a thorough feasibility study was conducted. The respondents agreed that the feasibility study, will either support or contradict the assumptions made in the business plan, this will assist the entrepreneur to decide to either continue or end the business activity. It was found that the entrepreneur, with especially a financial expert should be involved when a business planning is undertaken. Other experts in the various business arenas should also be requested to assist with the setting up of the business plan.

Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) make a significant contribution to the South African Economy. Regardless of size, these businesses have the ability to create employment, make a generous contribution to tax collections, uplift communities and serve as a beacon of hope for those trapped in the cycle of poverty and unemployment. However, SMMEs lack access to much-needed financial resources that are critical for their growth. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) aim to bridge the gap between the SMME’s financial needs and the development of the respective SMME businesses, by providing funding to entrepreneurs with potentially viable businesses and ideas. Debt funding to these SMMEs are based on sound commercial lending principles that take various non-quantitative variables into account. The sustainability of SMMEs is a primary concern to all participants in the economy, as it is known that SMME failure rates are high Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact that the credit risk management practices of DFIs have on the sustainability of SMMEs, by examining a case study of a typical DFI. An electronic questionnaire survey was considered as an appropriate measurement method for this study. The targeted population of the study included SMMEs in the Eastern Cape that are Trust for Urban Housing (TUHF) clients and 23 SMMEs were identified as part of the study sampling frame. A total number of 14 questionnaires were returned out of the 23 targeted SMMEs - giving a response rate of 61%. The quantitative data was processed using the STATISTICA program, leading to appropriate descriptive statistical analyses. In order to better understand the impact of credit risk management practices on the sustainability of SMMEs, a hypothesis was formulated and linear regression analysis was used to establish the statistical significance of certain credit risk principles and sustainability characteristics. The results of the empirical study revealed that credit risk management practises do impact on the sustainability of SMMEs. Further, by testing the hypothesis, it was also revealed that certain sustainability variables are regarded as more important than others.

It has been generally accepted within the developed and developing countries of the world that SMES contributes significantly to employment creation as the world population increases and that it also contributes to the economic growth of the areas they are situated in. Finance is the blood (life) of any business, for a business to be successful it needs steady successful access to funds and post financial support which leads to actualization of ideas, leads to investment and expansion, improves access to market amongst others. This is why the impact of development finance can never be over emphasized. The aims of the study are: To understand the extent to which small and medium businesses are supported through the availability of financial assistance in Matjabeng Municipality. To establish the survival rates of businesses that has been funded and or supported and whether they are or not sustainable. In achieving the aims and objectives of the research, the researcher looked at development funds both from the supply side and the demand side. The supply side which involved semi structured interviews with consultants of government parastatals (the FDC and DETEA) who are involved in financing Small Medium Enterprises in Matjhabeng municipality. The demand side involved administering of questionnaires to Entrepreneurs in the municipality who are registered with the Local Economic Department (LED), which led to the acceptance of the hypothesis of the research that development finance actually helps in the growth of small medium enterprises but in conjunction with post financial support such as bookkeeping, accounting, monitoring and evaluation. The researcher also discovered some findings amongst others which includes: The most effective ways entrepreneurs heard about funding in the municipality are through the media and word of mouth. Most of the entrepreneurs that received some type of funding are startups. More entrepreneurs that had access to funds also got some post financial business support. Financial assistance to entrepreneurs yielded improvements after respondents received financial assistance, the range of goods offered was improved and more jobs were created, entrepreneurs were able to obtain better business premises either by renting or buying and entrepreneurs had access to better equipment. Some of the recommendations of this study includes; The municipal government should help small and medium enterprises in the municipality by linking them to new markets. Effective monitoring and evaluation systems should be put in place by development funders and non-financial support services. Entrepreneurial skills development should be provided by the public and private agencies by organizing workshops for aspiring entrepreneurs in order to expose them to business opportunities that are sustainable and viable.

Studies have shown that BBBEE parties are unsuccessful in raising banking finance due to a number of reasons. The objective of the enactment of the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) Act is primarily to promote the participation of black people in the economy. The measurement of BBBEE is determined by the codes of good practice for Qualifying Small Enterprises (QSE), which consists of seven elements namely: ownership, management control, employment equity, skills development, preferential procurement, enterprise development and socio-economic development. Enterprises with annual turnover ranging from R5 million and R35 million qualify as QSE. These elements measure the level of BBBEE status. The enactment of the National Credit Act replaced the Usury Act, 1968 and the Credit Agreements Act, 1980. The objective of the act is to promote accessibility to the credit market and to prevent the over-indebtedness of consumers. The Act is applicable to natural persons with contractual capacity and juristic persons with monetary assets or annual turnover of less than R1 million. This study aims to establish the facilitation of access to banking finance for BBBEE SME’S within the George and Mossel Bay area as these towns form part of the Garden Route Business Banking Division of Nedbank. The effect of the BBBEE and NCA on the accessing of banking finance was studied and analysed. Credit applications are subject to stringent credit scoring systems to rate applicants, monitor performance and manage accounts. The Basel rating which measures the minimum level of capital a bank should hold to protect investors determines the interest rate charged for loans. These ratings affect the accessibility of banking finance. A framework for bank and SME relationship building shows the relationships between: • The accounts manager’s role in relationship management; • Branch staff role in relationship management; • Corporate policies as part of relationship management. A survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire in order to obtain primary information from two sample groups, banking officials and BBBEE clients to establish the relationship between the two sample groups. Quantitative techniques were used and the data obtained from the two sample groups were analysed. The study revealed that the by establishment of relationships between BBBEE clients and banking officials would facilitate access to banking.

Purpose: with the recent establishment of Small Business Development department, the ministry is tasked and will be responsible for ensuring that the business environment is enabling for new Small to Medium businesses. The real issue and the point of interest in researching this particular dissertation is the available literature around the issue of the SME sector which indicates that new SMEs in South Africa do not move from the first stage (existence) to other stages such as survival, success, take off and resource maturity. The study seeks to inaugurate two specific challenges (difficulties in accessing finance and to examine if there is sufficient non-financial SME incubators and mentorship programs post funding allocation). The area of study focused on SMEs that are concentrated in highly populated areas of Gauteng. Methodology: The study was conducted using qualitative research and a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The researcher was able to get valuable information on stakeholders in the SMME sector. This was done through the use of questionnaires to businesses, government funders and incubators. Results: when posed with a question of the start-up capital, a mere 17% responded to having obtained financial assistance from government institutions, 20% from friends and family while a massive 60% indicated they have used own capital to start businesses. When the researcher posed the question of the reasons that often leads to failure, approximately 23% of businesses mentioned lack of working equipment as the core reasons for the business failure while 17% indicated that lack of business opportunities or rather contracts of supply from government departments as the main impeding factor which resulted to failure. In terms of the availability of incubators, approximately 67% of respondents indicated that there were no business incubators available in their areas of business. Approximately 57% of businesses mentioned the inability to obtain loans from government funding institutions was the major business constraint that often leads to failure. The researcher posed a question to business incubators personnel that participated in the study to gain perspective as to why do they think SMEs fail within the first year of operation. Approximately 40% of respondents alluded that, barriers to entry by big corporates in South Africa force Small and Medium Enterprises out of businesses. Other participants added that the South African government procurement system does not provide opportunities to small businesses due to lack of experience. All government funding institutions participants mentioned that in most cases SMEs finance applications are rejected due to the fact that businesses fail to present viable business proposals that show the ability for business to remain operating for a long time Implications: The above analysed study findings indicate that there is a huge gap between small businesses and government funding institutions in terms of the awareness of the available financial support to SMEs. From the government perspective, it was indicated that businesses submit business plans that are not viable. There needs to be the middle ground where business plans compilation support currently provided by SEDA awareness should be spread across SMEs operating in the highly populated areas of Gauteng. Recommendations: Access to finance is a major constraint hindering the growth and success of small enterprises. The South African government has established a number of financial support programmes aimed to assist SMEs. With these financial support programmes, most of the SMEs are unsuccessful due to the fact that they cannot easily access those funds and as a result they remain stagnant for a very long time or end up shutting down. Conclusion: The effect of credit rationing is the potential loss of opportunity and or reduction in the scale of a business, neither of which is a desirable outcome. At the most fundamental level, there are lost opportunities for the borrower and the lender. There are implications for the wider economy also. SMEs are a key source of innovation, competition and choice.

The goal of this project is to review the literature on how to buy an existing business and to synthesize the material into a written instructional manual that a regular individual or aspiring entrepreneur can use in understanding the process necessary to buy an existing small business.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the growth of the economy and have become a major concern for government and policy makers in developed, as well as in developing countries. Given the stated importance of SMEs in generating economic growth in Kuwait, it is essential that SMEs have access to sources of finance. However, access to finance is one of the major constraints to SME development, and is frequently mentioned in the entrepreneurship literature. This study aims to evaluate how Islamic financial institutions can support SMEs in Kuwait. The study adopts a qualitative approach that was articulated through a case study design. The case here is the phenomenon of SME financing as enacted by two organisational forms. This research uses two comparative cases; the cases are formed around the nature of the financing organisations in Kuwait and the interaction of SME owners with these organisations. Twenty face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of three different groups: SME owner-managers, managers of financial institutions, and Sharia board members to explore their opinions and perceptions with regard to the role of Islamic finance for SMEs. The main findings indicate that, in Kuwait, access to finance remains a principal challenge for SMEs. Furthermore, collateral is one of the main problems they face when obtaining finance from Islamic banks. The findings suggested that without government support, the banks would not be able to finance SMEs, and therefore, specialised SME finance institutions were more compatible than other Islamic banks with small and medium enterprises. In addition, the study showed that Islamic finance instruments were more suitable than commercial instruments. It also showed that integrating zakat, charity, waqf, and qard hassan would be helpful to the SME sector in Kuwait. The findings add to the understanding of the role of Islamic finance and contribute to knowledge about SME development, using Islamic finance methods, in Kuwait. This could encourage the government to adopt related policies in order to improve access to finance for SMEs.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study project focuses on the use of real options valuation in a tactical financing setting. The objective is to identify real option values in financial restructuring situations. These options are generated by the use of hybrid financial instruments such as warrants, preferred stocks and convertibles. In the analysis, it will be demonstrated that the binomial approach, a method commonly used in real options analysis, can be applied to draw a monetary value from specific financial transactions (e.g., leverage buyouts). When used optimally, the binomial approach provides a forceful insight into the dynamics of the transaction. The study recognises the possible impact of capital structure decisions in the analysis, but understates it to avoid complexity. The real options perspective encourages a conscious search for monetary benefits and thus improves the decision-making of managers involved in financial restructuring operations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierde werkstuk fokus op die gebruik van rieëIe opsie teorie om taktiese finansieringsbesluitneming te evalueer. Opsies word gegenereer deur die gebruik van hibridiese finansiele instrumente soos bestuursopsie-orders, voorkeuraandele en omskepbare instrumente. In hierdie studie word 'n oorsig oor die teorie soos dit in literatuur verskyn gegee, asook voorbeelde van finansiele herstrukturering om die waarde van die toepassing daarvan te illustreer. In hierdie studie word erkenning gegee aan die moontlike impak wat kapitaalstruktuur-besluitneming op die ontleding mag hê. Die impak hiervan word egter weens die kompleksiteit daarvan ignoreer. Nieteenstaande hierdie beperking, word besluitneming rakende finansiele herstrukturering verbeter deur die perspektief wat deur die rieëIe opsie-benadering verkry word, soos in hierdie werkstuk uitgewys word.

Thesis (MComm (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The determinants of capital structure form an important part of the finance profession. Contemporary capital structure theory began in 1958 when Modigliani and Miller indicated that in a perfect capital market, the value of a firm is not influenced by its capital structure. However, when considering, inter alia, the effect of taxes, bankruptcy costs and asymmetric information, the value of a firm could be affected by its leverage. Capital structure theory offers two contrasting capital structure models, namely the trade-off and pecking order models. According to the trade-off model, firms trade-off the costs and benefits of debt financing in order to reach an optimal capital structure. According to this model, a positive relationship exists between leverage and profitability. In contrast, the pecking order model indicates that firms use a financing hierarchy where internal funds are preferred above debt and equity usage. This model indicates a negative relationship between leverage and profitability. However, in practice, firms often deviate from these models to incorporate the benefits of the other model or to adapt to changing circumstances. Firms' financing decisions may be influenced by both firm-specific and economical factors within the country where they are operating. Therefore, a firm's managers should consider the growth rate, interest rate, repo rate, inflation rate, exchange rates and the tax rate when conducting finance decisions, since these factors could influence the cost and availability of capital. In addition, these economical factors often have a significant influence on each other. Prior capital structure research mainly focused on developed countries. However, South Africa provides the ideal environment to consider the effect of economic changes on capital structure within a developing country, due to South Africa's profound economic changes during 1994 and the years to follow. The primary objective of this study was thus to determine whether the capital structures of South African listed industrial firms are influenced by changes in the South African economical environment. The effect of economic changes on capital structure was examined by using a TSCSREG (time-series cross-section regression) procedure. The regression model is based on a model developed by Fan, Titman and Twite (2008). One-period lags were built into the model to make provision for the effect of economic changes that often only occur after some time. The study was conducted on a sample of firms listed on the industrial sector of the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE Ltd) over the period 1989 to 2008. The data, required to calculate the measures, were obtained from the South African Reserve Bank, the South African Revenue Service and the McGregor BFA database. This database contains standardised financial statements for both listed and delisted South African firms. In an attempt to reduce the possible skewing of results due to survivorship bias, both listed and delisted firms were included in the sample. In order to reflect its true nature, data should be available for consecutive years. Therefore, only firms with data available for more than five years were included in the final sample. The resulting sample consisted of 320 firms and 4 172 observations. The sample was also divided into years before and years after 1994, in order to determine the effect of the economic changes during 1994 and the years to follow on the firms' capital structures. The results of this study indicated that some of the economic factors influenced the D/E ratio as well as each other. However, the effect of economic changes often only occurred after a lagged period. A strong relationship was indicated between the tax rate and the repo rate, which influenced the significance of the regression results. Support was found for both the trade-off and the pecking order models. The combined profitability variable ROA-ROE also had a significant effect on the other variables. Based on these results, the claim that economic changes have an impact on capital structure is supported. The effect is often only indicated after a certain period. It also seems that the combination of the two capital structure models have a significant effect on leverage. Firms therefore appear to consider a combination of these models when conducting finance decisions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die determinante van kapitaalstruktuur speel belangrike rol in die finansiële professie. Hedendaagse kapitaalstruktuurteorie het in 1958 tot stand gekom toe Modigliani en Miller aangedui het dat die waarde van 'n firma in 'n perfekte kapitaalmark nie deur kapitaalstruktuur beïnvloed word nie. Maar, wanneer die uitwerking van onder andere belastings, die koste van bankrotskap en asimmetriese inligting in ag geneem word, kan die waarde van 'n firma deur sy finansiële hefboomwerking beïnvloed word. Kapitaalstruktuurteorie bied twee kontrasterende kapitaalstruktuurmodelle, naamlik die ruilmodel (trade-off model) en rangorde-model (pecking order model). Volgens die ruilmodel vergelyk firmas die kostes en voordele van finansiering met geleende kapitaal totdat 'n optimale kapitaalstruktuur bereik word. Hierdie model dui op die bestaan van 'n positiewe verband tussen hefboomwerking en winsgewendheid. In teenstelling hiermee dui die rangorde-model aan dat firmas 'n finansieringshiërargie gebruik waar interne fondse verkies word bo skuld en ekwiteit. Hierdie model dui 'n negatiewe verband aan tussen hefboomwerking en winsgewendheid. In die praktyk wyk firmas egter dikwels af van hierdie modelle om die voordele van die ander model te inkorporeer of om by veranderende omstandighede aan te pas. Firmas se finansieringsbesluite kan beïnvloed word deur beide firma-spesifieke en ekonomiese faktore in die land waar hulle sake doen. Daarom moet 'n firma se bestuurders die groeikoers, rentekoers, inflasiekoers, wisselkoerse en die belastingkoers oorweeg wanneer hulle finansieringsbesluite neem, aangesien hierdie faktore moontlik die koste en beskikbaarheid van kapitaal kan beïnvloed. Hierdie ekonomiese faktore het dikwels ook 'n belangrike invloed op mekaar. Vroeëre navorsing insake die kapitaalstruktuur het dikwels op ontwikkelde lande gefokus. Suid-Afrika bied egter die ideale omgewing om die uitwerking van ekonomiese veranderinge op kapitaalstruktuur in 'n ontwikkelende land te ondersoek as gevolg van Suid-Afrika se betekenisvolle ekonomiese veranderinge gedurende 1994 en die daaropvolgende jare. Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was dus om te bepaal of die kapitaalstruktuur van genoteerde Suid-Afrikaanse nywerheidsondernemings deur veranderinge in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomiese omgewing beïnvloed word. Die uitwerking van ekonomiese veranderinge op kapitaalstruktuur is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van 'n TSCSREG (tydreeks dwarssnit-regressie)-prosedure. Hierdie regressiemodel is gebaseer op 'n model wat deur Fan, Titman en Twite (2008) ontwikkel is. Enkeltydperk-vertragings is in die model ingebou om voorsiening te maak vir die uitwerking van ekonomiese veranderinge wat dikwels eers ná 'n tydperk sigbaar word. Die studie is uitgevoer op 'n steekproef firmas wat gedurende die tydperk 1989 tot 2008 op die nywerheidsektor van die Johannesburgse Sekuriteitebeurs (JSE Ltd) genoteer is. Die nodige data om die metings te bereken is verkry van die Suid-Afrikaanse Reserwebank (SARB), die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens (SAID) en die McGregor BFA-databasis. Hierdie databasis bevat gestandaardiseerde finansiële state vir beide genoteerde en gedenoteerde Suid-Afrikaanse firmas. In 'n poging om die moontlike skeeftrekking van resultate as gevolg van die oorlewingsneiging te verhoed, is beide genoteerde en gedenoteerde firmas by die steekproef ingesluit. Data moet vir opeenvolgende jare beskikbaar wees om die ware aard daarvan aan te dui. Daarom is slegs firmas met data beskikbaar vir meer as vyf jaar in die finale steekproef ingesluit. Die steekproef het gevolglik 320 firmas en 4 172 waarnemings behels. Die steekproef is ook in jare voor en jare ná 1994 verdeel, om die uitwerking van ekonomiese veranderinge gedurende 1994 en die daaropvolgende jare op firmas se kapitaalstruktuur te bepaal. Die bevindinge van die studie het daarop gedui dat sommige van die ekonomiese faktore die skuld/ekwiteit (D/E)-verhouding, maar ook elkeen van hulle beïnvloed het. Die uitwerking van ekonomiese veranderinge het egter dikwels eers ná 'n vertraagde tydperk sigbaar geword. 'n Sterk verhouding is aangedui tussen die belastingkoers en die repokoers, wat die betekenisvolheid van die regressieresultate beïnvloed het. Ondersteuning is gevind vir beide die ruilmodel en die rangorde-model. Die gekombineerde winsgewendheidsveranderlike ROA-ROE het ook 'n betekenisvolle uitwerking op die ander veranderlikes gehad. Die bewering dat ekonomiese veranderinge 'n impak op die kapitaalstruktuur het, word ondersteun op grond van die bevindinge van hierdie studie. Die uitwerking daarvan word egter dikwels eers ná 'n tydperk sigbaar. Die gekombineerde kapitaalstruktuurmodelle het moontlik 'n betekenisvolle uitwerking op hefboomwerking. Dit wil dus voorkom of firmas 'n kombinasie van hierdie modelle oorweeg wanneer hulle finansieringsbesluite neem.

The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the finance function has evolved from being mere transactional – into one being more value-adding and business-partnering. The main focus of this study is on the role of finance as a business partner. Its main function is to add value to the business and the operations, and to offer the required support, in order for management to be able to make the right decisions. In this role, finance is regarded as part of the management team – and not just an external support function providing number ‘crunching’ – but a member that provides valuable input in the processes that the business follows. They become an in-house consultant for the business, thereby providing technical knowledge, which is aligned to the manner in which the business conducts its operations. The activities that are to be done by finance in this role comprise the following: Alignment of the functions of finance with those of the business, and what is thereby required; Providing information to the business on a timely basis; Providing information that assists and is relevant in the decision-making process of the business; Having a balance between providing governance support, as well as ensuring adequate control of the assets of the organisation. Reducing non-value adding activities that can be outsourced, such as standard reports, which can be developed and housed within a linked IT system. In order to be able to perform these activities effectively, there needs to be adequate support from the organisation’s IT environment, where standard templates can be developed, which are linked, and which lead to the availability of time for the analysis of the data. The resources also needs to have the required soft skills – of which communication and the ability to influence are important aspect – as there would be times when the people in operations would need to align their business decisions to the right finance decision – without becoming an obstruction to the business. A survey was carried out involving the accountants, whose role was to support the business in the South African environment, and which provided information on the following research questions: (i) Are finance professionals moving towards becoming business partners and away from transactional back-office work? (ii) What are the main reasons for the lack of transformation of the finance function? (iii) Is the size of the organisation a factor in its transformation? (iv) Does the fact that a company is a multinational or a South African organisation have any impact on the transition? The results of the survey were used to draw a conclusion on the extent of the change in the role of finance. The research concluded that there had been some change in the role that finance was performing in regard to the business. However, there were still areas where more could be done to move the change along, and to arrive at a position where finance becomes a full business partner.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
This study was undertaken to find out how the SME sector in Nigeria has developed over time and to what extent it has performed its critical role of driving the country’s industrial transformation and development as it has done in other developed countries. This study has explained in detail, the development of SMEs in Nigeria and identified the economic potential of SMEs, their major problems, challenges and constraints, which have hindered them from playing the vital role in the Nigerian economic growth and development as well as made appropriate recommendations for redressing, reducing and/or eliminating them so that they could occupy their pride of place in the Nigerian economy. It also considered the various programmes implemented by various governments, to support and promote SMEs’ growth and development as well as the roles played by the government and the financial institutions towards promoting the development and growth of SMEs in Nigeria. The study employed primary date via questionnaires which were administered to the sampled financial institutions and SMEs’ operators, and the emanating data was analysed using simple percentages, charts and mean ranking. The Chi-square analytical technique was employed and the empirical analysis indicates that there has not been any significant contribution of government support towards developing SMEs, and also that there is a relationship between the sizes of SMEs and their modes of financing. The study determined, among others, that with the exclusion of lack of finance, the major constraints or challenges of SMEs ranked in descending order are inadequate managerial/board expertise, poor infrastructural facilities, inconsistencies in government policies, lack of financial records, multiple taxes and levies, etc. It also determined that lack of finance is a function of multiple problems and that the major sources of credit available for the financing SMEs in Nigeria are personal savings, family/friend support and commercial banks. The study recommended, among others, SME partnership and equity participation by financiers, loan guarantees, interest rate concession, fiscal incentives, and adequate training for SMEs as the factors that will drive the rapid transformations and development of the SME sector in Nigeria.

This doctoral thesis contains three research papers in social finance, a field concerned with the financing issues of organizations aiming to solve social problems. Intertemporal Preferences of Nonprofit Organizations This paper studies the intertemporal preferences that govern the spending decision of nonprofit organizations. I estimate the subjective discount rate and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution based on an extension of the consumption Euler model that allows for heterogeneous parameter estimates with regards to donation dependency and size. Biting the Hand That Feeds You: Effects of Embezzlement in Nonprofits This paper studies how newspaper reports on embezzlement affect donations received by nonprofit organizations. Based on a unique data set on wrongdoings by top managers in nonprofits between 1995 and 2002, I provide evidence that the cost of weak governance in nonprofits is very high. What is the Business of Business? This paper develops a theoretical framework for understanding the emergence of new organizational forms, such as socially responsible firms and social enterprises, which embody the private sector’s efforts to resolve problems that typically have been within the purview of government and traditional charities. The framework yields an optimal investment policy, which typically Pareto-dominates many common social investment principles, such as break-even conditions, social screening and SROI. About the author Andreas Nilsson pursued his PhD in the Department of Finance at the Stockholm School of Economics. During this time, he was affiliated with the Swedish House of Finance and SIFR and spent two years as a visiting fellow at Harvard University. He is the founder of Sonanz, an asset management firm focused on social investments.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2014. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
The Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the construction industry are presenting challenges to both industry and financial institutions in Namibia. The Development Bank of Namibia’s (DBN) investments in the construction industry yield mixed results, which have become worrisome. The percentage of non-performing loans within the construction portfolio continues to rise, hence a suitable contractor-financing model is required in order to advance financial resources and capacitate the contractor for their own development. The challenges of SMEs in construction business point to the need for the integration of knowledge from fields as diverse as business, finance, management and technical skills. This integration necessitates the need to create an enabling environment in which they can persevere. Understanding and experiencing these challenges, this researcher from the Development Bank of Namibia has taken the initiative to establish advanced financial solutions mainly for SMEs in the construction industry through the Bridging Finance Facility (BFF). This research report compiled findings gathered through the investigation of challenges impeding the success of SMEs, with a specific focus on SMEs engaged in the construction industry. A review of their satisfaction levels pertaining to the DBN’s application requirements, the adequacy of the BFF, mentoring, training, and client relationship support were some of the aspects investigated. The report also brought to the fore the bank’s internal lending processes that are currently in place. The main findings revealed that technical capacity, mentoring and training remain key shortcomings faced by SME’s. This matches the bank’s internal credit assessment processes that do not address the assessment of technical capacity sufficiently. The research found that the standard BFF induction program being implemented by the bank, and credit assessment turnaround times remain challenges for the DBN. Interestingly, road contractors were found to be a less risky portfolio group to finance in comparison to building contractors. The objectives of the document are in accord with the DBN’s overall strategic priorities, namely financial sustainability, stakeholder satisfaction and business development. Fundamental to the success of these investigations with the SMEs challenges was the use of the sets of structured questionnaires tailored to a selected sample of road and building contractors, consultants, quantity surveyors and architects as well as interviews with senior management at the DBN.

In Kenya, like in many developing countries, Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) have become the main focus for achieving the much-needed social and economic development and alleviating poverty. However, their development has been hampered by lack of access to appropriate financial and related services. Micro financing has been seen as a viable alternative to providing financial services to entrepreneurs in the MSE sector. The focus of this study was to explore the role of MFIs in the development of MSEs and to see if there are ways in which this role can be enhanced to better support the growth of MSEs. Such enhancement would contribute greatly towards government efforts to foster social-economic development. The results of the research indicate that generally, MFIs appear to have positively influenced the growth of MSE in Kenya and have potential to further influence MSE growth. There were however a number areas that if paid attention to could enhance this influence. These include the need for MFIs to offer supportive services as opposed to merely credit facilities to MSEs and the need for government intervention by putting in place a suitable Act to regulate the operations of MFIs.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which account for 96% of businesses in Nigeria are often forced to close because they lack access to funds. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the sources of funds available for the development and growth of SMEs in Nigeria. The conceptual framework guiding this study was the pecking order theory. Data were gathered from company documents and through semistructured interviews of a target population of 3 leaders of 3 SMEs from the oil and gas industry in Abuja, Kano, and Lagos in Nigeria, with a capitalization of between N5 million to N500 million. Data were compiled and organized, disassembled into fragments, reassembled into a sequence of groups, and interpreted for meaning. Member checking and triangulation of sources between the interviews and company documents added to the trustworthiness of the findings. Two themes morphed from the study: sources of business finance for SMEs and constraints of sourcing of finance for business. The implications for positive social change include the potential to create employment opportunities for youths in the communities by enabling SMEs in Nigeria to succeed and expand through the identification of sources of funding.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The South African population involves huge numbers of young people. The majority of these young people are unemployed and unable to make a living as a result of the inability of the economy to absorb them into the labour market. Other young people attempt to make a living through entrepreneurship. However, the participation of young people in entrepreneurship is very low. Young people face many challenges associated with lack of funding and business development support services, technical skills and development. The problems facing the country substantially caused socio-economic challenges resulting in a shrinking economy. This translated into an inability of both the private sector and government to create and sustain jobs. The government of South Africa established the National Youth Development Agency (here called the Agency) with the mandate to reduce poverty by making sound investments. This facilitates opportunities for young people to acquire skills, promote creation of jobs or pursue meaningful self-employment opportunities through various enterprise development initiatives. The agency developed the Enterprise Development Finance Programme as an economic development approach. The agency provides access to financial and non-financial services to the previously disadvantaged youth in a sustainable manner that improves and promotes sustainable livelihoods for the low-income groups. The study evaluates the effectiveness of the EDFP. The public and private sector offers different programmes aiming at equipping aspiring and established entrepreneurs with skills, knowledge, and motivation to enable business development and growth in the country. However, the challenge is that many do not have entrepreneurial minds. Those who have entrepreneurship knowledge do not know about the programmes, or the programmes are not easily accessible particularly to people in the rural areas. In addition, these programmes are not co-ordinated and as result we are not in a position to tell immediately as to who is doing what and where. This also makes it difficult to identify gaps and to maximise the impact of the programmes. There is a need to audit all programmes aimed at improving the economic development of the country. The government of South Africa must instil a culture of entrepreneurship at all levels to promote and nurture entrepreneurship skills. Vigorous entrepreneurial activity and innovation is needed to alleviate high unemployment levels through a combination of improved quality education and skills development. Promotion and support of entrepreneurship should form an important component of policy options considered to increase economic growth for the long term. The Economic Development Finance programme provides SME and microfinance funding which is seen as an important strategy for economic growth. Education and skills development is an important tool that supports the culture of entrepreneurship, as it contributes to the success of businesses. The private and public institutions should intensify their involvements and consider both financial and non-financial support for youth enterprises and entrepreneurs equally. The support for entrepreneurship should be holistic and cover funding, technical training, training in business and financial management, and business linkages.

Thesis (MTech (Cost and Management Accounting))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
The broad aim of this research was to investigate the working-capital management practices of Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) in the Cape Metropole. The study was motivated by a lack of research on the workingcapital management practices of SMMEs. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire that comprised closed-ended questions. The findings of the study indicate that most SMMEs manage their cash effectively; however only a minority hold cash for speculative purpose, invest their surplus cash profitably and use computers to manage cash. By contrast, only a minority of the SMMEs sell on credit. Of those that do, only a minority review their credit criteria annually, send reminders to debtors, charge interest for delayed payment, send prompt statements and use computers to manage their receivables. Likewise, only a minority of the SMMEs purchase on credit. Of those that do, a majority pay promptly to take advantage of discounts and thus only a minority settle their accounts on the last date allowed. Interestingly, most of the SMMEs that purchase on credit use computers to manage their payables. Only a minority of the SMMEs perceive a lack of skills, resources, personnel and time as factors that inhibit them from managing their workingcapital effectively. The findings of this study provide invaluable insights on the weaknesses in the working-capital management practices of SMMEs, which could be used to inform future endeavours of the Government when establishing interventions meant to improve the survival rates of these entities. The findings may also assist SMMEs to gauge and review their working management practices, particularly their receivables and payables, with a view to optimising the benefits derived from these components of working-capital.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main drivers of economic growth and employment. African SMEs are constrained by a lack of access to finance. In line with the pecking order theory, capital-constrained SMEs are expected to seek external finance. However, due to credit rationing, African SMEs have limited success raising finance. Factoring could enable African SMEs to gain access to finance, as underwriters mainly place the risk on the receivables as opposed to the firm itself. Despite its benefits, factoring has not taken root in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the obstacles and prospects to stimulating awareness, availability, acceptance, and utilization of factoring in Africa. Data on the lived experiences of 22 executives providing or promoting factoring in 16 African countries were collected through semistructured interviews; these data were analyzed using the Braun and Clarke thematic approach. Four themes emerged: supply-side conditions, demand-side conditions, business environment conditions, and facilitating institutions and industries. Results suggest high factoring prospects, legal and regulatory impediments, low awareness levels, reluctance of banks to avail factoring, high entry barriers for nonbank factors, a lack of credit insurance, and a lack of an open account trade culture. A framework was recommended, based on these findings, along with actions for factoring development in Africa. Implications for positive social change include increased awareness which may boost factoring availability, acceptance, and utilization. Improved financing options may yield improved African SME competitiveness, which in turn, may result in improved job opportunities, household incomes, quality of life, and more broadly, Africa's economic growth.

The objective of this three-essay dissertation are to develop a weighted cash conversion cycle (CCC_EVA) and empirically investigate its commensurability of corporate financial performance. Essay 1, titled "Supply Chain Finance: Developing a Weighted Cash Conversion Cycle to Proxy Operations Liquidity", presents the development and supporting empirical evidence of CCC_EVA measurability of operations liquidity. This essay shows the processes of scaling capital intensity and financing cost into time intervals captured by the traditional metric. Specifically, this essay investigates how accurately CCC_EVA indexes operations liquidity captured working capital, operational cash flow-to-modified working capital ratio, and quick ratio. The sample used in this essay consists of 4,333 firm-year observations of publicly traded industry classified firms listed on the U.S. exchange markets. The results of the empirical testing have statistically supported the essay hypotheses, that is CCC_EVA is a more accurate proxy of operations liquidity in comparison to the traditional metric (CCC_D). Essay 2, titled "Supply Chain Finance: Weighted Cash Conversion Cycle and Corporate Finance", expands the first essay findings by accounting for well-known financial measurements. Specifically, this essay examines the relations between CCC_EVA and operations liquidity and leverage, Market value, operating profitably and growth, and long-term asset management efficiency. This essay paper has used a sample of 24,127 firm-year observations of publicly traded firms listed on U.S. exchange markets from 1994 to 2016. The results support and extend the previous findings, that is CCC_EVA is a robust proxy of operations liquidity and can enhance its resiliency; maximize market value of corporate equity and debt; identify strategies to improve corporate profitability and credibility. Essay 3, titled "Supply Chain Finance: An Advanced Weighted Cash Conversion Cycle", advances the accuracy of CCC_EVA by differentiating between cash and credit forms of corporate sales and purchase transactions, and introducing operational cash flow into CCC_EVA. The advanced metric allows differences in inventory carrying cost and capital costs to be sources of the economic value added (EVA). Within a longitudinal case-based approach, the results show that the advanced metric is a potential decision tool to leverage on supply chain diversity and capitalize on its relation dynamics. Specifically, the implantation of the advanced metric can minimize the overall SC weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and its inventory carry cost (ICC); boost EVA of SC activities; and hedge liquidity risk. This three-essay dissertation has addressed the academic skepticism about CCC_D‘s commensurability by developing an advanced weighted metric (CCC_EVA) that accounts for capital intensity and financing cost. The three essays provide evidence of CCC_EVA testability and its adequacy of presenting corporate financial performance. The findings of this dissertation contribute to both industry and academia. Industry practitioners can implement CCC_EVA as a strategic decision instrument to balance SC liquidity distribution and resilience; hedge default risk of hidden deep-tier SC partners; increase overall SC profitability and creditability; boost equity value; and reveal existing opportunities of SC's EVA sources. Academically, these three essays initiate a fundamental and much-needed step for scholars to advance a systematically published metric, which can contribute to the implications, innovations, and knowledge of the SCF domain.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
Corporate environmental responsibility has engaged the attention of academics, practitioners and environmentalists for some time, creating pressure for companies to conduct business in an environmentally greener manner. To find economic support for such conduct by South African companies, this study aims to investigate whether superior environmental performance by South African listed companies leads to superior financial performance. A review of related literature identified significant diversity in research approach and methodology as well as environmental and financial performance measures employed and therefore also in the results obtained. Given the continuing emergence of climate change as a material issue for business, this study utilised South African Carbon Disclosure Leadership Index (CDLI SA) ratings as proxy for South African companies’ environmental performance. The infancy of the Carbon Disclosure Project in South Africa does result in some data limitations which necessitated a portfolio approach to address the research question. This approach, however, prevented explicit consideration or judgement on the direction of causality between environmental and financial variables. The environmental performance data limitations and the resulting need for some assumptions resulted in this study being explorative in nature. Using CDLI SA ratings as distinguishing environmental performance characteristic, industrymatching, mutually-exclusive stock portfolios were constructed. Relative portfolio performance was measured with reference to the Sharpe and Treynor ratios and a simple statistical test. Considering the three years 2008 to 2010, the Sharpe and Treynor ratios for Environmental Leaders and Laggards portfolios did not clearly identify either Environmental Leaders or Environmental Laggards as superior financial performers and results also varied across industries. There appears to be some trend emerging which sees Environmental Leaders outperforming Environmental Laggards in more recent years for some industries, however, the short time frame under consideration provided insufficient support for such conclusion. Statistical means testing concluded that the mean returns of Environmental Leaders and Environmental Laggards are similar. Sensitivity analysis performed on the Financials sector indicated that the Sharpe and Treynor ratios are sensitive to portfolio construction. Despite this sensitivity, statistical means testing consistently found little evidence to infer that the mean returns of Environmental Leaders portfolios are either higher or lower than that of Environmental Laggards portfolios. It is suggested that the similar performance of the Environmental Leaders and Environmental Laggards portfolios may be attributed to the use of an environmental performance measure unable to sufficiently distinguish between environmental leaders and environmental laggards. Another interpretation of the results could be that investors consider disclosure-based environmental performance measures as unreliable, or less reliable as compared with outcome-based or combined measures. Finally, it may be that investors’ expectations have not yet been adjusted to reflect the fact that climate change constitutes a materiality issue for business in the long run, which will require companies to actively manage carbon risks. Although there exists voluminous international research on the topic of this study, South African research in this regard is restricted. This study adds to the existing body of South African specific research, but is only explorative in nature; therefore areas for future research have been recommended.

Thesis (MBA.) -- Unversity of Limpopo, 2016
The researcher using Quantitative process is aimed to appraise Corporate Social Investment (CSI) in relation to Corporate Financial Performance (CFP). This research addressed theoretical paradigms of CSI, leadership strategies applied to implement CSI and stakeholder theory is presented. The study area was Johannesburg Stock Exchange FTSE/JSE Responsible Investment Index. The top 35 recorded companies were chosen, and then from top 35, only 5 companies were used (25 observations). Data from 2011 to 2015 were obtained from audited integrated financial statements, websites, publications and annual reports. CSI indexes and financial presentation measures of companies were taken from the annual reports to be analysed using simple regression equation to examine the link between corporate social investments to company’s fiscal presentation. This study revealed a strong positive linkage among company’s social investment strategy implementation and share price, turnover, and return on equity. Companies that implemented social investment strategy noticed increase in profit because of factors such customer awareness, good firm reputation and competitive advantage.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research project has been to investigate support provision for tourism-focused micro-enterprise development in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and to evaluate the effectiveness of available support in assisting emerging micro-entrepreneurs to break into the tourism industry. General trends in the tourism sector are discussed, in relation to the province as a whole and more specifically concerning the areas in which research was undertaken, highlighting prospects for potential growth of the sector and its contribution to the local economy. Results of a survey undertaken among Eastem Cape tourism micro-enterprises are presented, and findings further explored through in-depth case studies and a sector sub-survey of crafters. Currently available support programmes are then assessed in terms of their relevance for the microenterprise sector and constraints identified. The research reveals that although the volume of assistance available may appear to be great, little of real significance is currently reaching emerging micro-entrepreneurs. Recommendations for future programmes to more effectively address the needs of tourism-focused micro-entrepreneurs are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die projek ondersoek ondersteunjngsmaatre~ls vir kleinsake in die toerismebedryf van die Ooskaap en evalueer die doeltreffendheid van bestaande ondersteunings ten voordele van opkomende mikro-ondernemings. Teen die agtergrond van die toerismebedryf in die Ooskaap val die klem van die studie op die sogenaamde Wild Coast asook op Mdantsane/Ooos-London. Algemene tendense in die toerismesector word bespreek, sowel wat die provinsie betref asook, meer spesifiek, die ondersoekgebiede. Die uitslae van 'n opname onder Ooskaapse mikroondernemers word uitgespel en bespreek, aangevul deur enkele gevallestudies en 'n sektoropname onder 'n groep kunsflyt-ondernemers. In die lig van die insette word bestaande hulpprogramme evalueer vir hulle toepaslikheid met betrekking tot mikro-ondernemers en die struikelblokke wat deur hulle ondervind word. Uit die evaluasies blyk dit dat, nieteenstaande die groot diversiteit van programme, min ondersteuning werklik die beoogde groep -beginners" bereik. Aanbevelings word gemaak met die oog op die teikengroep in die Ooskaap, maar word ook gemik op die wyer debat oor toerismebevordeirng by die opkomende kleinskaalbedrywe dwarsoor Afrika. Terwyl Suid-Afrika staan voor 'n deurbraak van (swart) kleinsake ondernemings in die toerisme sektor sal so 'n deurbraak in ander Afrikalande heelwat langer neem en inisi~el heel selektief ptaasvind.

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Bachelors
Business Administration
Finance

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 104 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

This research is a diagnosis of the supply side of SME (small and medium enterprises) credit. Its objectives are to determine the current level of bank lending to SMEs to validate the financing gap, to explore the strategies and mechanisms employed by banks to provide tailor-made lending for SMEs and finally to conclude by identifying some of the key challenges the banks face in their quest to lend to SMEs. This, then, culminated in some recommendations for increasing bank funding to SMEs. This study employed a deductive qualitative research.. The research used a non-probability, purposive/judgmental sampling method to choose the heads of bank SME units to include in the research. There are twelve banks with dedicated SME units, out of a total of 18. The researcher carried out in-depth face to face interviews using semi-structured questions. The qualitative data was coded, deductively analysed and conclusions drawn and incorporated into a report. Banks’ most outstanding challenges in dealing with SMEs in terms of information asymmetry, an unsupportive business environment, poor quality of SME clients and inflexible regulatory requirements.

Despite important advances in family business research over the past decade, the effects of family ownership and control on firm performance and strategy remain equivocal. First, is family involvement beneficial or costly to the firm? Leading management and family business research theories proffer compelling arguments, but none have been able to present unassailable theoretical support for any one particular side. Second, how do family firms make capital structure decisions? Although there are widely-accepted theories of capital structure policy in the corporate finance literature, they have limited power in explaining financial decision making in family firms. Furthermore, empirical studies on both the performance and capital structure policy of family firms have generated mixed results. This divergence in theory and empirical evidence suggests that earlier studies have not been able to consider other critical factors that drive value creation and strategy formulation in family businesses. This dissertation addresses these gaps in the literature with two studies that are derived from the question of how the performance and behavior of “Overseas Chinese” family firms are influenced by Confucian values and practices. In the first study, I developed a theoretical framework based on social capital theory which posits that long-term orientation (LTO) acts as a mediator in the relationship between family ownership and control (FOC) and firm performance. In addition, I hypothesized that Confucian characteristics, such as filial piety (FIL), traditionalism (TRA), and guanxi (GUA), act as moderators in the model. In the second study, I built a framework using the theory of planned behavior, which explains how FOC and Confucian values jointly affect the firm’s capital structure decisions by influencing the decision maker’s beliefs and attitude toward debt, by fostering societal pressures regarding the use of debt, and by creating perceived behavioral controls in terms of risk exposure, family control, and the cost of debt. According to this framework, Confucian values moderate the relationship between FOC and financial leverage by reinforcing the family firm’s intention not to borrow. Using data from a sample of small- and medium-sized firms in the Philippines and the partial least squares structural equation modeling methodology (PLS-SEM), analysis reveals that LTO partly explains the positive influence of FOC on firm performance, and that TRA enhances the positive relationship between FOC and LTO. In the second study, the results suggest that firms which have a high degree of FOC borrow less. In addition, at high degrees of FIL, firms with a lower FOC have a lower financial leverage while firms with a higher level of FOC have a higher financial leverage. This dissertation contributes significantly to the family business management and family firm finance literature and the management literature in general. First, the social capital framework developed in the first study identifies specific circumstances in which family ownership and control can enhance firm value. Specifically, family firms are able to achieve better performance by promoting LTO in the organization, and cultural traits such as traditionalism enable the family business to achieve a higher degree of LTO. Second, the analytical framework based on the theory of planned behavior that was developed in the second study provides an alternative explanation for capital structure policy for small- and medium-sized private firms. The results of the study demonstrate that a high degree of family ownership and control results in use of less debt, and that Confucian values such as filial piety can moderate the firm’s bias against borrowing contingent on the degree of family ownership and control.

Internationally, in both developed and developing countries, it has been accepted that SMMEs are the backbone and the driving force of economic growth and job creation. In South Africa, SMMEs account for approximately 60 per cent of all employment in the economy and more than 35 per cent of South Africa's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Ntsika, 1999:38; Gumede, 2000:67 and Berry et ai, 2002 in Kongolo, 2010:235). SMMEs are often the vehicle by which the lowest income people in our society gain access to economic opportunities. The sector represents 97.5 per cent of the total number of business firms in South Africa and that it contributes 42 per cent of total remuneration. SMMEs account for some 3.5 million jobs and have between 500 000 and 700 000 businesses (Abor and Quartey, 2010:2337). Due to the above-mentioned contribution, the South African government initiated a number of SMME support programmes aimed at promoting, growing and developing the SMME sector. As a result, a number of national government agencies such as the National Youth Development Agency (NYDA), Khula Finance Limited, the National Development Agency (NDA), the Small Enterprise Development Agency (SEDA) and many other national , provincial and local government organizations were established post 1994. However, despite the concerted efforts by government to develop the sector, SMMEs are, after 17 years of democracy, still faced with enormous challenges such as access to markets, information, appropriate technology, finance, to mention but a few. Of the above-mentioned challenges, access to finance is on top of the list of these. This study, therefore, is aimed at investigating external, institutional and internal constraints impacting on SMME access to finance in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipal area. The study is also aimed at ascertaining which of the abovementioned constraints have the greatest influence to SMME access to finance. In developing the framework of the study, recent empirical research conducted around the country and internationally on constraints influencing SMME access to finance (Bbenkele, 2007:18; Ganbold, 2008:45; Mahadea and Pillay, 2008:99; Chenesai, 2009:135; Zindiye, 2009:78; Fatoki and Garwe, 2010:2765; Pandula, 2011 :257) was drawn upon. In order to meet the objectives of the study, a simple random sample survey of 50 SMMEs in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCMM) jurisdiction was conducted. The profile of the SMMEs was very similar to that of other studies that focused on constraints to SMME access to finance. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from SMME owner-managers and a response rate of 60 percent was achieved . The results of the study indicated that the high cost of credit and interest rates and Value Added Tax (VAT) registration were the key external factors that impacted on SMME access to finance. Generally, SMMEs are viewed by lending institutions as high risk category. Therefore, even though interest rates have come down significantly, the cost of credit and interest rates still remain a constraint. The study also found that even though the South African Revenue Services (SARS) has increased the VAT threshold to R1 million (South African Revenue Service, 2007: 29), SMMEs still struggled to register for VAT. With regards to the institutional factors, the study revealed that ineffective support services provided by private and public SMME support agencies, the lack of communication of these services (access to information) and the lack of the subsequent follow-up services were the key constraints to SMME access to finance. The results of the study indicate that those firms with good track record, high annual turnover, sophistication and diverse skills, good credit record, good cash flow, proper financial records, bankable and viable business plans, collateral and registered for VAT were more likely to have access to finance than their counterparts. The main conclusion of the study is that the internal factors turned to have the greatest influence to SMME access to finance. However, there is more to be done by private and public SMME support agencies and lending institutions to address the above-mentioned institutional constraints which have a negative influence to SMME access to finance. It is recommended that more in-depth empirical research be conducted on the support services provided by private and public SMME support agencies in terms of the services that they offer the effectiveness of the services and how these are communicated to potential customers. It is also recommended that training workshops aimed at addressing the intemal constraints identified be conducted. Also recommended is the development and implementation of sector-specific mentoring programmes for the owner-managers. Strategies to improve the awareness of support services provided by SMME support agencies need to be developed. This would ensure the effective use of these services by SMMEs. It is also recommended that SMME support agencies and lending institutions staff be trained in order to better understand and be more responsive to the owner managers' needs. Linkages with tertiary institutions in planning and conducting the training needs to be made.

A great deal of taxpayers’ money has gone to a lot of SMME development initiatives. Despite this effort over the past 17 years, South Africa (SA) lags behind other developing countries, in promoting the growth and sustainability of SMMEs. The impact and achievements of government initiatives have fallen disappointingly short of aspiration (Business Development in South Africa. 2009. Occasional paper). Aims and Objectives: •To evaluate and reflect on the OR Tambo District Municipality SMME funding model and establish whether it has made the desired impact. •Determine if funds that have been channelled by the SA government to SMMEs for business expansion, start-ups, grants, and special industry development have yielded quantifiable results and •Assess the private funding institutions in assisting destitute entrepreneurs in the OR Tambo District municipality. Research methodology: The study was conducted using qualitative research and a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The researcher was able to get valuable information on stakeholders in the SMME sector. The stakeholders (SMMEs and funders), formed the core research sample. Results: findings suggest that the OR Tambo Municipality has a funding gap and the current funding model both from public and private funders is not effective in developing SMMEs in the municipality. The overwhelming majority of SMMEs agreed that there is a funding gap between funders and enterprises that seek funding in the ORTDM. “Financing gap” terminology, Underhill Corporate Solutions (UCS) (2011:52) defines it as, ‘a sizeable share of economically significant SMEs cannot obtain financing from banks, capital markets or other finance suppliers.’ About 90 percent of the interviewed SMMEs agreed that there is huge funding gap and 10 percent disputed this and said that there is no funding gap; rather, it’s a funding mismatch between the funders and SMMEs which needs to be tackled by all SMMEs stakeholders. The funding model needs to be revamped so it can also be accessible to start-ups, the unemployed, people with less business management experience and limited skills, and to all sectors of the economy. Various recommendations and suggestions for further research are made based on the research findings. Conclusion: The study has shown that the current SMME funding model is not effective and does not assist in developing SMMEs in ORTDM. The research findings depict the funding plight of SMMEs in South Africa; the SMME plight in ORTDM is more real than imaginary. 70 percent of SMMEs expressed less confidence in government SMMEs agencies in terms of assistance. The bigger portion of SMMEs felt that the funds channelled to government agencies were not providing significant assistance in developing SMMEs in ORTDM. Recommendations: The conclusive response from the sample, reflect structural challenges in the current funding model. About 70 percent of funding institution`s officials said “yes”, the low yield on SMME growth is a matter of funding. The funds which were meant to fund SMMEs for one reason or the other do not reach SMMEs which are looking for funding. Hence the funds channelled in the sector in the last 17 years have not yielded the desired results. 40 percent interviewed government officials conceded that there is serious political meddling in funding SMMEs in the whole province and ORTDM could not be an exception to this rule. 80 percent of interviewed SMMEs in ORTDM said funding was their main problem, and the other 20 percent indicated that their problem was not a matter of funding. The public and the private sector must revise the current funding model or devise another funding model that will: •bridge the existing current funding gap, •distribute the SMME allocated budget and achieve maximum efficiency in budget allocation.

This study investigates the interface between financial and marketing management in South African businesses by investigating the financial and marketing-management processes. This process orientation highlighted important interactions between the two functions. A critical analysis of secondary resources produced a clear theoretical foundation on which the development of the proposed interface framework was based. The critical literature analysis indicates four steps in the financial management process, namely, financial analysis, financial decision-making, financial planning and financial control (independent variables) and five steps in the marketing management process, namely, understanding the marketplace as well as customer needs and wants, designing a customer-driven marketing strategy, constructing an integrated marketing programme, building profitable relationships and capturing value from customers in the form of profits and customer equity. These steps were used to derive a proposed theoretical framework that shows how the steps in the financial-management process relate to those in the marketing-management process. The framework also indicates the perceptions of managers on the interface between the two functions. The perceptions on the interface include aspects such as the level of communication between the two departments, the understanding of each other‟s function and the flow of information between the two departments. From this framework, the six hypotheses were formulated to test the proposed relationships. The focus of the study is on the interface between financial management and marketing management; therefore, the population of this study comprised of financial and marketing managers in South Africa. The primary data relating to the interface between financial management and marketing management was acquired by means of an on-line web-based survey. Descriptive statistics was used to present, analyse and interpret the results of the data analysis. Various inferential statistical techniques (T-tests and chi-squared tests) were employed to determine whether respondents‟ perceptions of the items in the measuring instrument differed as result of whether they were employed in the finance or marketing sections of the business. Correlations (Pearson Product Moment correlations) were calculated for the purpose of investigating the relationships between the financial and marketing management variables used in this study. Factor analysis showed that financial management consisted of four factors that corresponded with the steps in the process, and marketing management produced five factors that related to the steps in the marketing management process. Lastly, statistical tests (MANOVA) were conducted to determine whether the perceptions of respondents, with regard to the financial and marketing management variables, were influenced by selected demographic variables. The results of the empirical study indicated positive relationships between all the variables in the framework. The marketing management factors, namely, mix and profit, reported the lowest correlations compared to the financial management factors. It was also found that financial and marketing managers had different perceptions of the steps in the financial-management process but that they did not have different views of the steps in the marketing-management process. Furthermore, financial and marketing managers had different opinions about the long-term perspective of the business as well as conflicting views with regard to the flow of information from finance to marketing. Financial managers were of the opinion that marketing managers did not understand financial methods and procedures and were unable to specify their requirements to finance. The proposed framework could be seen as the start of marketing theory development on finance interaction as it showed that interface relationships could be further explored.

Thesis (MTech (Cost and Management Accounting))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
Background: Research has shown that a high percentage of SMMEs in South Africa are not sustainable, most of them failing in their infancy stage. In order to make sound decisions and achieve desirable results, owners/managers need to make use of budgets in managing their businesses. Utilisation of budgets is the core of financial planning and decision-making in manufacturing enterprises. Lack of utilisation of budgets in managing businesses can lead to business failure. There is need to conduct a study on the utilisation of budgets by SMEs in the manufacturing industry. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which SMEs in the manufacturing industry in the Cape Metropolis use budgets for managing their businesses. This was achieved by determining whether the SMEs in the manufacturing industry used budgets or not, what types of budgets were used, the purposes for which the budgets were used and what challenges if any were faced by these SMEs when using budgets. Methodology: Data was collected from 108 respondents by means of a questionnaire comprising closed-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyse the data in SPSS version 24. Frequency tables and pie charts were used to present the findings. Findings: The findings of the study reveal that most SMEs in the manufacturing industry in the Cape Metropolis use budgets for managing their businesses. The SMEs prepare budgets which are used for various purposes. The SMEs however face challenges when utilising budgets. Recommendations: Future interventions by Department of Small Business Development on financial planning should focus more on micro and very small enterprises. Other categories of enterprises may apply this information and emulate the utilisation of budgets from the SMEs in the manufacturing industry as they strive to survive and grow.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When it comes to risk management, academic opinion is divided into two camps. There are those who argue that risk management is a waste of resources and time, and that in spite of all the effort invested, it does not add any economic value to an organisation. On the other hand, there are those who believe that risk management not only safeguards, but also actively contributes to the value of an organisation. This study was an attempt to obtain empirical evidence from the South African sector to support one of the two abovementioned arguments. In doing so the study addresses the research problems of whether risk management and specifically Enterprise Risk Management, creates value for an organisation, and whether the fact that a company has a risk management program in place should influence investor decisions The study was conducted in the following way: Measurements of the maturity of the risk management systems and the implementation dates of these systems were obtained from the senior managers of a number of organisations by means of a questionnaire. This data was then compared with annual measurements of the value of these organisations that were taken between 2000 and 2013. To determine if there was a relationship between the value of an organisation and the risk management maturity tests were conducted to look for the following: i. A statistically significant relationship between the most recent measure of organisational value and the maturity of risk management. ii. A statistically significant relationship between risk management maturity and the most recent rate of organisational value increase. iii. A discernible difference between the rate of organisational value change before and after the implementation of an Enterprise Risk Management system. iv. A statistically significant relationship between risk management maturity and organisational value subsequent to the introduction of an Enterprise Risk Management system. The study found evidence of a significant gain in the rate of organisational value increase directly subsequent to the introduction of an Enterprise Risk Management system, but also that the increased rate was not sustained. Other tests yielded contradictory or indecisive results that did not lead to clear conclusions, but illuminated future research directions.

Leasing provides a significant source of finance across UK firms. Historically, its use has been attributed to favourable tax treatment and 'off-balance sheet' accounting, both of which have been eroded over time. The present day determinants of leasing have received limited investigation, and prior research has focused on the use of finance leases in isolation from overall corporate financing decisions. This seems inappropriate given the predominant and prolific use of operating leases (Beattie, Edwards and Goodacre, 1998), and evidence to suggest that lease and debt finance appear to be at least partial substitutes (Beattie, Goodacre and Thomson, 2000). Further, proposals issued by the Accounting Standards Board in late 1999 look set to essentially remove the current 'off-balance sheet' accounting treatment of operating leases. If accounting treatment is in any way responsible for the current use of operating leases, these proposals are likely to have a significant impact on the future role of leasing. In response, the present study. investigated both the current role of leasing in the wider context of corporate financing decisions, and its future role in light of the new proposals for lease accounting. Two separate surveys of UK quoted industrial companies were undertaken to investigate corporate financing and leasing decisions and views and opinions on lease accounting reform. Findings are based on a response of 23% (198 completed questionnaires) and 19% (91 completed questionnaires) respectively. OLS regression analysis was also employed for a sample of 159 UK quoted industrial companies, to establish the existence of an 'offbalance sheet' advantage to operating leases from a market perspective. Findings suggest that UK firms appear more likely to follow Myers' (1984) suggestion of a modified pecking order of capital structure when determining their debt, including leasing, levels. Investment nd dividend payout dictate the need for external finance, and debt including leasing is internally rather than externally constrained. On average, internal reserves followed by straight debt appear preferable to leasing. However, the benefits and costs associated with all sources of finance are likely to be considered when additional finance is required. Although tax and 'off-balance sheet' advantages to leasing remain, they do not appear to dominate the leasing decision in the current climate. Avoiding large capital outlay and cash flow considerations appear of paramount importance in the decision to lease all asset types. Findings suggest that the preference for leasing over other forms of debt is not anticipated to change in response to the new proposals for lease accounting. However, the new approach may not be without consequence. Where possible, financial statement preparers are likely to take reactionary steps to minimise balance sheet obligations. At the very least, this could involve exercising any opportunity to manipulate the new accounting treatment. It may extend to reduced investment and a decline in levels of debt financing, including leasing. Although operating lease obligations appear to be currently taken into account in the UK market's assessment of equity risk, the accuracy with which they are taken into account remains unclear. Therefore, the revaluation of securities in the wake of the new proposals becoming mandatory is not beyond the realms of possibility. The present study provides a holistic analysis of corporate financing and leasing decisions in UK firms. It provides a valuable contribution to the capital structure debate. It would seem inappropriate for future capital structure research to focus on proving alternative static trade-off and pecking order theories. Future research would benefit from a reconciliation of the two. The present study highlights the difficulties in analysing corporate financing and leasing decisions, by establishing that they are complex, multidimensional and essentially situation-specific. The present study also has important implications for policy makers. In addition to the potential economic consequences, findings appear to suggest that certain features of the new proposals fall short of developing into a high quality lease accounting standard. Further consideration by policy makers from alternative perspectives appears necessary.

This study examined how financial management decisions are made by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Buffalo City Metropolitan in Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study aimed at discovering SME awareness on financial management practices. The financial management practices address issues on capital budgeting, working capital management, capital structure, financial reporting and analysis. The study, therefore, hypothesised that SMEs were not aware of the sound financial management practices. It was also intended in this study to examine the relationship between employment of sound financial management practices and firm financial performance. Subsequently, the study hypothesised that the employment of sound financial management practices by SMEs did not significantly affect their financial performance. The results obtained in this study revealed that SMEs were aware of the sound financial management practices that could be employed to yield high financial performance. However, the results also revealed that most SMEs were not employing qualified personnel and this in turn had an effect on the effectiveness of the financial management practices that the SMEs utilised. The findings also indicated that the employment of sound financial management practices did significantly and positively affect the financial performance of SMEs. The study recommended that SMEs could increase their chances of financial survival if they employ sound financial management practices. The study also gave recommendations to the South African Government to provide effective facilities and services to SMEs and help sustain them because they are important in the economy. Lastly, the study recommended financial institutions to relax their credit granting policies so that SMEs could access funds.

Purpose of this treatise: The aim of this treatise is to identify the challenges facing emerging entrepreneurs in accessing funding for property development initiatives which results in high levels of declined loans thereby limiting participation in the property market as well as the interventions necessary to improve access to finance. Design / methodology / approach: The questionnaires were emailed to funding institutions and emerging property developers. The questionnaire investigates the respondents‟ perception of importance and evidence of questions on property development, finance and managerial skills drawn from the literature. Findings: The findings of this study are consistent with and support the findings of previous local and international literature on constraints that SME‟s have in accessing finance for various initiatives. The findings indicate that the emerging property developers in South Africa are characterised by insufficient number in representation in the property sector, high risk averse financial institutions that requires collateral to lend. The findings of the study indicate that broader and bolder initiatives aimed at improving the emerging property developer's representation in the market needs a holistic and collaborative approach from the various institutions to aide these entrepreneurs. Value of paper: The research is of importance to all stakeholders involved in the property sector, financial institutions and economic development of the SME sector. The results of the study will contribute to the understanding of the current financing limitations facing SMEs and will assist funding institutions to better understand the role and importance of effective collaboration in improving access to finance to emerging property developers.

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Financial performance ratios are generally based on a set of financial statements without taking cognisance of other factors that could affect the measurement of performance. The behaviour of financial performance indicators during an upswing and decline phase of the economic cycle, together with the nature and scope of an enterprise's activities may have an effect on the manner in which financial performance indicators are used by an enterprise. The question may arise whether or not a ratio's behaviour for capital intensive (CI) and labour intensive (LI) enterprises could capture the essence of external factors such as an upswing or decline in the economic cycle as measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GOP). In this study an upswing phase (1987-1989) of three years and a decline phase (1990-1992) of three years have been selected after an analysis of the economic cycle over the period 1970 to 1996. The distinction between the capital and labour intensity of an enterprise is based on an analysis of the total assets, fixed assets and number of employees of industrial enterprises listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The initially selected 62 financial performance indicators categorised under profitability, growth, cash flow, value-added and inflation-adjusted ratios are calculated for each enterprise of the CI (33) and LI (36) groups and for each year of the research period. The primary objectives of the research are: • To distinguish between the CI and LI nature of enterprises listed in the industrial sector of the JSE by using measures of capital and labour intensity; • To obtain patterns and identify differences in the behaviour of the selected financial indicators between CI and LI enterprises during an upswing and decline phase of the economic cycle, as measured by the GOP; • To analyse and investigate patterns and differences to determine whether or not there is specific justification(s) for the behaviour exhibited by the CI and LI enterprises for a particular ratio during either or both the upswing and decline phases of the economic cycle; • To identify key financial indicators, which could possibly be used by CI and LI enterprises to forecast financial performance and to identify lead and lag patterns in the economic cycle. An elaborate statistical analysis is conducted of the ratios to satisfy the objectives stipulated above. The first part of the analysis is based on a single representative measure, which represents an average of the three-year upswing and three-year decline phases respectively. Mean and median values are calculated for the CI and LI enterprises for both the upswing and decline phases. A profile analysis based on Hotelling's T2 test is used for the analysis of ratios that exhibit approximate normal distributions. Non-parametric tests, Mann-Whitney Utest and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, are used for the analysis of ratios that do not indicate approximately normal distributions. The second part of the study focuses on an analysis of the ratios based on the individual years of the research period. The statistical techniques used for the analysis of the ratios based on a single representative measure are also used in the analysis of the ratios based on the individual years. The limitations identified during the analysis based on a single representative measure are addressed to a large extent in this section of the statistical analysis. By analysing the mean and median values based on the individual years, it is possible to classify the ratios as one of five pattern groups exhibited by the CI and LI enterprises, i.e. normal expected, lag, lead, cyclical and mixed. The patterns of the various ratios within each of the pattern groups are also analysed from a financial management perspective. The findings of the study confirm the stated hypothesis that there are differences in the behaviour of financial indicators based on a single representative measure and over the individual years of the research period between CI and LI enterprises during either or both an upswing and decline phase of the economic cycle. Furthermore, the analysis highlights several ratios based on a single representative measure that could not be used universally by all enterprises to measure financial performance and only during either an upswing or decline phase of the economic cycle. Ratios which are part of this category include return on total net assets (before tax), return on total net operating assets, dividend per share, sales to total net assets and interest-bearing debt to total shareholders' interest. The results based on the individual years of the analysis indicate that a large number of ratios exhibit normal expected patterns. Among the traditional profitability indicators, 80% exhibit normal expected patterns for the CI and LI enterprises during the upswing and decline phases. Traditional profitability ratios such as return on total net assets, return on net operating assets, return on total shareholders' interest and the value-creation ratio, economic value added form part of the normal expected group of patterns. All the inflation-adjusted ratios indicate normal expected patterns. These ratios indicate relative stability over the economic cycle and may be appropriate for the purposes of medium- and long-term financial forecasting as they follow the trade cycle. Approximately 39% of the ratios indicate mixed patterns, i.e. different patterns for the CI and LI enterprises. The growth in attributable earnings, cash flow to interest payments, market value of equity to book value of equity and market value added ratios indicate behaviour patterns for the CI and LI enterprises which may lead the economic cycle. These ratios may indicate the possibility of anticipating upswing and decline phases in the economic cycle. The relevance of the results for a CI enterprise alludes to the use of more debt financing during the decline phase to cover costs and working capital requirements when demand for products and services decreases as a result of a slow-down in the economy. The pattern exhibited by EPS may allude to an anticipated upswing phase in the economic cycle. An increase in the cash flow to interest payments ratio during the decline phase may indicate an imminent change in the cycle of the economy. The relevance of the results for LI enterprises indicates that an upswing in the economic cycle may be anticipated by an increase in the working capital to operating cash flow ratio. More debt financing is used during the upswing period, which may be attributed to greater demand and consequently results in a higher gearing position for LI enterprises. An increase in the cash flow to interest payments ratio during the decline phase may indicate an imminent upswing in the economic cycle. Several limitations of the study include the use of a single upswing and decline phase to represent the movements of the economic cycle; the approach used to distinguish between the CI and LI enterprises requires further analysis, and the large number of ratios could in future research be limited to several indicators. The more important recommendations of the study include the use of multiple upswing and decline phases of the economic cycle; more research into the lags and leads exhibited by the CI and LI enterprises for specific ratios should be conducted; the possibility of adopting a different approach to distinguish between CI and LI enterprises could also be considered; and further research is required to ascertain the reliability of indicators that highlight lead patterns for forecasting an upswing or decline phase in the economic cycle.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Finansiele verhoudingsgetalle word algemeen op 'n stel finansiele state gebaseer sonder dat ander faktore wat die meting van prestasie kan beinvloed, in ag geneem word. Die gedrag van finansiele verhoudingsgetalle tydens 'n opswaai en afswaai-fase van die ekonomiese siklus, tesame met die aard en omvang van 'n ondememing se aktiwiteite, mag die manier waarop 'n ondememing finansiele verhoudingsgetalle gebruik, beinvloed, Die vraag mag ontstaan of 'n verhoudingsgetal se gedrag vir kapitaalintensiewe (KI) en arbeidsintensiewe (AI) ondememings die essensie van eksteme faktore soos 'n opswaai en afswaai in die ekonomiese siklus soos gemeet deur die Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP), sal kan omvat. In hierdie studie is 'n opswaai-fase van driejaar (1987-1989) en 'n afswaai-fase van driejaar (1990-1992) geselekteer na 'n analise van die ekonomiese siklus vir die peri ode 1970-1996. Die onderskeid tussen die kapitaal- en arbeidsintensiteit van 'n ondememing is op 'n analise van totale bates, vaste bates en die aantal werknemers van nywerheidsondememings wat op die Johannesburg Aandelebeurs (JAB) genoteer is, gebaseer. Die 62 gekose finansiele verhoudingsgetalle wat as winsgewindheid-, groei-, kontantvloei-, toegevoegdewaarde- en inflasie-aangepaste verhoudingsgetalle gegroepeer is, is vir elkeen van die 33 KI ondememings en die 36 AI ondememings, sowel as vir elke jaar van die ondersoekperiode, bereken. Die primere doelstellings van die navorsing is: • Om tussen die KI en AI aard van ondememings wat in die industriele sektor van die JAB genoteer is, te onderskei deur maatstawe van kapitaal- en arbeidsintensiwiteit te gebruik. • Om patrone te verkry en verskille in die gedrag van die gekose verhoudingsgetalle gedurende opswaai- en afswaai-fases van die ekonomiese siklus soos gemeet deur die BBP, tussen KI en AI ondememings te identifiseer. • Om patrone en verskille te ontleed en ondersoek ten einde te bepaal of daar spesifieke regverdiging is vir die gedrag wat deur KI en AI ondememings vir 'n bepaalde verhoudingsgetal gedurende een of albei van die opswaai- en afswaai-fases van die ekonomiese siklus getoon word. • Om bepaalde finansiele verhoudingsgetalle vir KI en AI ondememings te identifiseer wat moontlik gebruik kan word om finansiele prestasie te voorspel en om lei- en sloerpatrone in die ekonomiese siklus te identifiseer. 'n Omvattende statistiese analise van die verhoudingsgetalle is uitgevoer om bogenoemde doelwitte te bevredig. Die eerste deel van die analise is op 'n enkel verteenwoordigende maatstaf gebaseer wat 'n gemiddelde van die drie-jaar opswaai en drie-jaar afswaai-fases onderskeidelik verteenwoordig. Gemiddelde en mediaanwaardes is vir die KI en AI ondememings vir die opswaai- en afswaai-fases bereken. 'n Profiel-analise gebaseer op Hotelling se T2 toets is gebruik om die verhoudingsgetalle wat benaderd normaal verdeel is, te ontleed. Die nie-parametriese toetse "Mann-Whitney U-test" en "Wilcoxon matched-pairs test" is gebruik om die verhoudings wat nie benaderd normaal verdeel is nie, te ontleed. Die tweede dee I van die studie fokus op 'n analise van die verhoudingsgetalle wat op die individuele jare van die navorsingsperiode gebaseer is. Die statistiese tegnieke wat in die analise van die verhoudingsgetalle gebaseer op 'n enkel verteenwoordigende maatstaf gebruik is, is ook vir die analise van die verhoudingsgetalle gebaseer op die individuele jare gebruik. Die beperkings wat deur die analise gebaseer op 'n enkel verteenwoordigende maatstaf geidentifiseer is, word tot 'n groot mate in hierdie afdeling van die statistiese analise aangespreek. Deur die gemiddelde en mediaanwaardes gebaseer op die individuele jare te ontleed, is dit moontlik om die verhoudingsgetalle as een van 'n aantal patroongroepe, naamlik normaal verwagte, sloer-, lei-, sikliese en gemengde patrone, vir die Kl en AI ondememings te klassifiseer. Die patrone van 'n verskeidenheid van verhoudingsgetalle binne elk van die patroongroepe word ook uit 'n finansiele bestuursperspektief ontleed. Die bevindings van die studie bevestig die gestelde hipotese dat daar verskille in die gedrag van finansiele verhoudingsgetalle, gebaseer op 'n enkel-verteenwoordigende maatstaf en vir individuele jare van die navorsingsperiode, tussen Kl en AI ondememings gedurende een of albei van die opswaai- en afswaai-fases van die ekonomiese siklus is. Die analise beklemtoon verder dat 'n aantal verhoudingsgetalle wat op 'n enkel verteenwoordigende maatstaf gebaseer is, nie universeel vir alle ondememings en slegs gedurende 6f 'n opswaai- 6f 'n afswaai-fase van die ekonomiese siklus gebruik kan word nie. Verhoudingsgetalle wat deel van hierdie kategorie vorm, sluit ondememingsrentabiliteit (voor belasting), rentabiliteit van totale netto vaste- en bedryfsbates, dividend per aandeel, verkope tot totale netto bates, en rentedraende skuld tot totale aandeelhouersbelang in. Die resultate gebaseer op die individuele jare van die analise toon dat die oorgrote meerderheid van die verhoudingsgetalle normaal verwagte patrone volg. Van die tradisionele winsgewindheidsverhoudingsgetalle vertoon 80% normaal verwagte patrone vir die KI en AI ondememings gedurende die opswaai- en afswaai-fase. Tradisionele winsgewindheidsverhoudingsgetalle soos ondememingsrentabiliteit, rentabiliteit van netto vaste- en bedryfsbates, rentabiliteit van eie kapitaal en die waardeskeppingsverhoudingsgetal EVA, vorm deel van die normaal verwagte groep van patrone. Al die inflasie-aangepaste verhoudingsgetalle toon ook normaal verwagte patrone. Hierdie groep van verhoudingsgetalle toon relatiewe stabiliteit gedurende die ekonomiese siklus en is vir medium- en langtermyn finansiele vooruitskatting geskik omdat hulle die besigheidsiklus volg. Ongeveer 39% van die verhoudingsgetalle toon gemengde patrone, m.a.w. verskillende patrone vir die KI en AI ondememings. Die groei in verdeelbare inkomste, kontantvloei tot rentebetalings, markwaarde van aandeelhouersbelang tot boekwaarde van aandeelhouersbelang en mark-toegevoegde waarde verhoudingsgetalle toon gedragspatrone vir die KI en AI ondememings wat moontlik die ekonomiese siklus kan lei. Hierdie verhoudingsgetalle mag 'n aanduider van verwagte opswaai- en afswaai-fases in die ekonomiese siklus wees. Die relevansie van die resultate vir KI ondememings dui op die groter gebruik van vreemde kapitaal gedurende die afswaai-fase om kostes en bedryfskapitaal behoeftes te dek wanneer die vraag na produkte en dienste afneem as gevolg van 'n daling in die ekonomie. Die patroon wat deur verdienste per aandeel aangedui word, gee 'n moontlike aanduiding van 'n verwagte opswaai-fase in die ekonomiese siklus. 'n Toename III die kontantvloei-totrentebetalingsverhoudingsgetal gedurende die afswaai-fase mag 'n aanduider van 'n naderende opswaai in die ekonomiese siklus wees. Die relevansie van die resultate vir AI ondememings toon dat 'n opswaai in die ekonomiese siklus deur 'n toename in die bedryfskapitaal tot kontant uit ondememingsaktiwiteite verhoudingsgetal verwag kan word. Meer vreemde kapitaal word gedurende die opswaai-fase gebruik wat aan 'n toename in die vraag toegeskryf kan word en gevolglik tot 'n hoer hefboomsituasie vir AI ondememings lei. 'n Toename in die kontantvloei tot die rente betaal verhoudingsgetal gedurende die afswaai-fase mag 'n aanduider van 'n naderende opswaai in die ekonomiese siklus wees. 'n Aantal beperkings van die studie sluit in: die gebruik van 'n enkele opswaai- en afswaaifase wat die ekonomiese bewegings verteenwoordig; die benadering wat gevolg is om tussen die KI en AI ondememings te onderskei benodig verdere ondersoek; en die groot aantal verhoudingsgetalle kan in toekomstige studies tot 'n sekere aantal indikatore beperk word. Die belangrikste aanbevelings van die studie sluit in: die gebruik van veelvoudige opswaai- en afswaai-fases van die ekonomiese siklus; meer navorsing op die sloer- en leipatrone wat deur die KI en AI ondememings vir spesifieke verhoudingsgetalle getoon word; die moontlikheid om 'n ander benadering te volg om tussen KI en AI ondememings te onderskei, kan oorweeg word; en verdere navorsing word benodig om die betroubaarheid te bepaal van die indikatore wat dui op lei patrone wat 'n opswaai- of afswaai-fase in die ekonomiese siklus kan voorspel.

Managers are coming under increasing pressure from a wide array of stakeholders to improve the environmental performance of their firms while still achieving financial performance objectives. One of the most researched questions in the business and the natural environment (B&NE) literature is whether it pays to be green. Despite more than three decades of research, scholars have been unable to clearly answer this question. The purpose of this dissertation was to attempt to identify the antecedents that lead to increased, firm-level environmental performance and the conditions in which firms are then able to profit from enhanced environmental performance. First, I assessed three intra-organizational factors of top management teams (i.e. female representation, concern for non-financial stakeholders, and risk-seeking propensity) that theory indicated are associated with increased corporate environmental performance (CEP). Theory also leads us to believe that top management teams with these attributes should perform better in dynamic settings, so I tested to see if industry dynamism moderates these relationships. Second, I then examined industry-level forces that theory indicates would moderate the relationship between CEP and corporate financial performance (CFP). These moderating forces include industry profitability, industry dynamism, and the degree of industry environmental regulation. Hypotheses were tested using panel data obtained from the KLD, Compustat, and Environmental Protection Agency databases for the years 2000 to 2011. The sample consists of firms comprising the Standard and Poor’s 500 and was analyzed using fixed-effect regression and moderating variables were analyzed using the Johnson-Neyman technique.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 1997.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study project comprises an analysis of the Cash Flow Statements of a number of delisted companies for the years in which the companies were listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The trends in the cash flow infonnation for the years prior to delisting is summarised in order to detennine whether the Cash Flow Statement can be utilised as an aid in the prediction of financial failure. The validity of the foUowing hypothesis is tested against the results of the study: If the cash flow from operations of a company is very low or negative for two years, the company will be delisted, except if an issue of shares can be done. From a sample of 46 companies, the following was derived: 16 companies encountered cash flow problems and tried to delay delisting by issuing shares. 19 companies encountered cash flow problems, but did not try to delay delisting through tbe issue of shares. 11 companies were delisted for reasons other than cash flow problems. The fmal conclusion is tbat the Cash Flow Statement can be utilised as an aid in the prediction of fmancial failure, but compliance to tbe bypotbesis does not necessarily mean tbat failure is inevitable.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk behels 'n ontleding van die Kontantvloeistate van 'n aantal gedenoteerde maatskappye vir die jare waarin die maatskappye genoteer was op die Jobannesburgse Effektebeurs. Die tendense wat waargeneem word in die kontantvloei oor 'n aantal jare tot en met denotering word saamgevat ten einde vas te stel of die Kontantvloeistaat gebruik kan word as hulpmiddel in die voorspelling van finansiele mislukking. Die volgende hipotesestelling word gemaak en dan getoets aan die hand van die resultate van die studie: Indien die kontantvloei uit bedrywighede van 'n maatskappy vir twee jaar baie laag of negatief is, sal die maatskappy denoteer behalwe as 'n uitgifte van aandele gemaak kan word. Uit 'n steekproef van 46 maatskappye is die volgende afgelei: 16 maatskappye het kontantvloeiprobleme ondervind en het deurgaans denotering probeer vertraag deur aandele-uitgifte te maak. 19 Maatskappye het kontantvloeiprobleme ondervind maar het die aandele-uitgifte gebruik om denotering te vertraag. 11 maatskappye is gedenoteer weens redes anders as kontantvloeiprobleme. Die uiteindelike gevolgtrekking is dat die Kontantvloeistaat wel kan dien as bulpmiddel in die voorspelling van finansiele mislukking, maar voldoening aan die hipotese beteken nie noodwendig dat mislukking onvermydelik is nie.