Relevant bibliographies by topics / Business enterprises – Finance

Academic literature on the topic 'Business enterprises – Finance'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Li, Lingjuan. "Application of ERP information System in Business." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijcsit.v1n1.24.

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This article aims to explore the application of ERP information system in business and its influence on enterprise operation and management, let large and medium enterprises organizations understand the application of ERP information system, and according to the scale of the enterprise organization provide ERP system selection corresponding scheme planning, through case analysis method to collect data to support the view of the paper. This paper first expounds the evolution history from material demand plan (MRP) to enterprise resource plan (ERP), and then introduces the corresponding ERP system according to the four categories of circulation, energy, finance and finance, and briefly introduces the OA system, HR system, CRM system and SCM system applied in enterprises. Finally, it focuses on how to choose ERP system for small and medium-sized enterprises, and concludes that ERP system with flexibility, functionality, integration, high efficiency and sustainability is more suitable for large enterprises, and ERP system with simple and easy to use, modular business and highly integrated characteristics is more suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises.
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Lei, Shu Qin. "Applied Technology in Business Credit in the Enterprise’s Short-Term Finance." Advanced Materials Research 859 (December 2013): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.859.422.

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Applied technology plays an important role in different fields, at the same time, it is also applied in business credit in the enterprise’s short-term finance. Applied technology is often closely connected with information technology. Business credit is a direct credit which forms in the process of sale and buy on credit. As business credit has no warrant, it is applied widely in fact by many enterprises. With the development of information technology, business credit will greatly increase enterprise’s operating risk if it can’t be used correctly during the course of financing and investing decision. This article has a carefully discussion about how to use correctly the business credit in the short-financing of enterprise.
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Chen, Feng. "Business Model of Supply Chain Finance." Scientific and Social Research 4, no. 5 (May 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/ssr.v4i5.3915.

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Supply chain finance is a new type of financial product designed by commercial banks to provide financial aid for the weak medium and small-sized enterprises in the supply chain. It can effectively eliminate the obstacles of information asymmetry between banks and enterprises, but also effectively solve the problem faced by the medium and small-sized enterprises in getting bank credit loan due to insufficient mortgage, as well help them to improve the core competitiveness of commercial banks, eventually bring new profit growth for commercial banks and the third-party logistics enterprises. This paper, introduces some different financial models of supply chain finance, for medium and small-sized enterprises which can be considered, adopted or used according to their own situation.
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Ren, Shaomin. "Optimization of Enterprise Financial Management and Decision-Making Systems Based on Big Data." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1708506.

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Based on information asymmetry theory, principal-agent theory, and risk management theory, this paper analyzes the mechanism of the impact of big data on financial decision-making, analyzing four dimensions: how big data enhances the information base for forecasting, how big data improves the relevance of decision-making, how big data builds new competitive advantages, and how big data promotes dynamic decision-making. Secondly, through the analysis of specific implementation cases of enterprise big data in financial decision-making, we focus on the real problems faced in management and the effect of solving problems through big data platform. The enterprise realizing the integration of business and finance not only can better lead business expansion, but also can improve the management level within the enterprise, which is conducive to the improvement of core competitiveness. The integration of industry and finance is essentially achieved through the application of various financial management modules to the business operations of enterprises, including budget management, capital management, fixed asset management, and financial accounting. If we want to implement the whole process of financial integration, it is impossible to achieve this manually, and we must first build a powerful information system as a guarantee. Under the guidance of theories of information asymmetry, stakeholders, and management information systems, Internet finance enterprises should build their own integrated business finance system based on the demand for business finance integration in the Internet finance industry, to enhance the matching of business finance data of Internet finance enterprises, improve the efficiency of enterprise management, and realize business finance integration. Finally, through the research of this paper, we hope to provide reference for other similar enterprises to apply big data for financial decision-making. Through the application of big data, higher economic benefits are achieved in procurement management, production control, capital budget, and investment decision compared with the previous ones. It is concluded that in the era of big data, massive data can be used to serve enterprise decision-making in depth, which can break the business and financial barriers, improve the efficiency and quality of decision-making, optimize the organizational structure and personnel, and enhance the prediction and early warning capability. The application of big data tools has become the key to assisting financial decision-making and enhancing enterprise value.
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Gubán, Ákos, Ágnes Sándor, József Udvaros, and Miklós Gubán. "Necessity of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises." International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 7, no. 4 (May 15, 2023): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.706.

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For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the advantages of ERP systems are obvious. Many small businesses initially use different software and applications to manage each business process, such as separate programs for invoicing, finance, sales, etc. However, these programs are not integrated with each other, which can cause problems such as data loss between different databases, errors caused by manual data entry, and time-consuming manual processes. However, ERP systems provide a single, integrated system that connects all important business processes, reducing data loss and errors. With the help of an ERP system, businesses can manage finances more efficiently, implement more consistent sales and marketing strategies, better plan and organize production and logistics processes, and manage human resources more effectively. However, ERP systems also have some disadvantages, such as implementation costs and time-consuming implementation. In addition, businesses should choose an ERP system according to the number of their staff and the complexity of their processes to best suit their needs. The efficient operation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the growth of their performance is facilitated by the use of various technologies/techniques. Covid19 has highlighted even more the importance of using these technologies - which differ from sector to sector - but at what point during the company's life cycle does an SME reach the stage where it already needs a complex, integrated business management system ERP?
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Su, Ruixin, Tong Zheng, Yuzhao Zhong, and Weizhou Zhong. "Role of Digital Inclusive Finance for High-Quality Business Development: A Study of China’s “Five Development Concept” Policy." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 12078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151512078.

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The “Five Development Concept” policy is the foundation of high-quality development in China, and enterprises should base their high-quality development on this new paradigm. Can digital inclusive finance play a vital role in the high-quality growth of those businesses? This paper examines the relationship between digital inclusive finance and high-quality corporate development and its mechanism of action. This study demonstrates that digital financial inclusion can facilitate high-quality business development. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the contribution of digital inclusion to high-quality businesses development is more evident among non-state, large growth capacity and small-scale enterprises. An investigation of the mechanism reveals three pathways through which high-quality enterprise development is facilitated via digital inclusive finance, namely improving innovation, easing financing constraints, and improving risk taking, and a triple internal drive mechanism of innovation, capital, and risk is extant. This paper enhances the research related to the micro-level of digital inclusive finance on the high-quality development of enterprises, which is conducive to the construction of a long-term mechanism of digital inclusive finance under the new development pattern, so as to effectively facilitate the high-quality development of enterprises in developing countries.
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Salmon, Harly Clifford Jonas. "Kedudukan Keuangan Negara Dalam Badan Usaha Milik Negara." TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 3, no. 2 (April 28, 2023): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v3i2.1570.

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Introduction: The state separates its finances to be used as capital in state-owned enterprises. However, Law Number 17 of 2003 concerning State Finances still counts the separated capital as state finance, contrary to the principle that separated finance is corporate finance.Purposes of the Research: Analyzing the Position of State Financial Status in State-Owned Enterprises. Methods of the Research: The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory and conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials carried out in this research is through literature study.Results of the Research: The results of the study show that state finances are all rights attached to the state in the form of money or goods, including equity participation in state-owned enterprises. However, in its management, when the capital has been handed over to a state-owned enterprise, the state's financial status has completely changed to private finance, in this case it is a state-owned enterprise in accordance with Article 4 paragraph (1) UUBUMN which states that the company's capital comes from separated state assets. This capital in the legal context of the company is equity capital. Pursuant to the provisions of Article 1 point 7 of Government Regulation Number 72 of 2016 concerning Procedures for Participation and Administration of State Capital in BUMN and Limited Liability Companies, state capital participation is the separation of State assets from the APBN or determination of company reserves or other sources to serve as BUMN capital and/or other limited liability companies are managed as a corporation. has also been explained in the Constitutional Court Decision No. 77/PUU-IX/2011. The Constitutional Court ruled that a BUMN is a business entity that has separate assets from state assets so that the authority to manage business assets, including the settlement of BUMN debts, is subject to the limited liability company law. This is the point of privatization of state finances which are included in state-owned enterprises where the capital is then managed by the business entity with business principles.
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Liu, Jinyan. "Research on Cost Accounting Business Process Optimization of Construction Enterprises Based on FSSC." BCP Business & Management 30 (October 24, 2022): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v30i.2493.

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Current infrastructure construction is the key of the national policy, along with the expansion of business areas, branch subsidiary is more, the traditional enterprise management system more difficult to adapt to the subsidiary, branch, distribution is more decentralized management needs of enterprise, the management of construction enterprises difficult to ascend, mainly reflected in operation of separation of goods. Financial sharing center is one of the methods to promote the integration of industry and finance and improve the efficiency of enterprise management. The cost accounting process is an important business process in the construction process. This paper optimizes the cost accounting business process of construction enterprises based on the financial sharing center, so as to improve the informatization and standardization level of construction enterprises, enhance the integration level of industry and finance, and improve the efficiency of cost management.
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Marchyta, Nony Kezia, and Widjojo Suprapto. "PENTINGNYA PERENCANAAN KEUANGAN PADA KELOMPOK USAHA MIKRO GUYUB RUKUN, PPA SHIKAR MALANG." Mafaza : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (December 12, 2023): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/mafaza.v3i2.2324.

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Financial planning is vital to the growth of micro-enterprises. The Guyub Rukun micro-enterprise group, owned by parents of children who are members of PPA Shikar in Malang, has encountered stagnation due to insufficient understanding of personal financial planning and entrepreneurial finance, which is harmful to business owners. Many micro-enterprise owners in the Guyub Rukun group merge their personal and business finances. Due to insufficient of mentors' managerial knowledge, these entrepreneurs need help managing their finances effectively. Therefore, community service activities by PPA Shikar Malang that highlight the significance of financial planning are crucial for the success of the Guyub Rukun micro-enterprise group. Training is provided in the form of personal and entrepreneurial financial planning. MSME entrepreneurs can immediately practice the knowledge by using the digital application for daily financial records and the MSME business financial records application on PlayStore. According to the questionnaires distributed to the participants, 92% expressed satisfaction, found the material easily understandable, and believed that community service activities benefited their micro-enterprises
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Gong, Yutian. "Research on Intelligent Finance Construction of Manufacturing Enterprises under Digital Transformation." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/6rkd0k20.

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At present, China's economic development has entered a new normal. In order to adapt to the rapid development of the times and improve the competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry, Chinese manufacturing enterprises have begun digital transformation and upgrading. The development and application of intelligent technology have had a profound impact on the manufacturing industry, and intelligent manufacturing has entered a new stage of development. At present, many industries are at a critical juncture in digital transformation, with an increasing reliance on intelligent technology, which highlights the importance of establishing intelligent finance. If manufacturing enterprises want to truly complete digital transformation, they must make the construction of smart finance a new driving force. Based on the current background of digital transformation, financial management in the manufacturing industry needs to be innovated and optimized, and an intelligent financial model should be established. By actively applying technologies such as big data and cloud computing to the enterprise, the integration of business and finance can be enhanced, and the financial and commercial data of the enterprise can be deeply excavated to help the enterprise make business and management decisions and improve its risk control capabilities. Based on the background of intelligent finance construction, this article provides a specific discussion on the relevant issues of intelligent finance construction in manufacturing industry. Starting from the problems faced by intelligent finance construction in manufacturing enterprises, it briefly explains the background of digital transformation and the concept of intelligent finance. Secondly, it analyzes the important role of intelligent finance construction in manufacturing enterprises, and finally proposes countermeasures to promote the construction of intelligent finance in manufacturing enterprises.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Kasase, William K. "Business incubators in Zambia: A study of the impact on small business enterprises." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25098.

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This study tested the impact of Business Incubators (BI) in stimulating the growth of small to medium businesses in a Southern African country, Zambia. The study explores the existence, awareness, beliefs and experience in a sub Saharan context, identifying the key impact factors. The study was aimed at understanding whether the operation of business incubators would result in stimulating small to medium business enterprises the same way it does in the west. To achieve this, the study reviewed the existing literature on the subject matter and analysed the collected data using a questionnaire was analysed. The collected data was analysed using SSPS. The results of the analysis revealed that 64% of the respondents had heard about Business Incubators. This was done through a scientific research by a well selected set of interview questionnaires, from a sample size of 300 small to medium businesses. Only 19% confirmed receiving business assistance from a support initiative. 95% of the total respondents confirmed that a business incubator program would impact the growth of their businesses in many areas. The study further found that there were a few challenges with access to a Business Incubator. Prominent amount them was the restricted access to SMEs located in the cities. Secondly, the respondents bemoaned that the application procedure was complicated and needed to be simplified and translated into local languages. The research makes the conclusion that Business Incubators have a positive impact on the growth of small businesses in Zambia, based on the empirical evidence obtained during the study. The study revealed 32% of incubated businesses had reduced their operation costs. Contrary to available research, entrepreneurs who had received support from Business Incubators employed fewer employees than those that did not. The study therefore, questioned how business incubators increased the probability of the long term survival of the enterprise.
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Musara, Mazanai. "The role played by business development services providers (BDSs) in improving access to finance by start-up SMEs in the Buffalo City Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/359.

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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are very important to employment creation, poverty alleviation and the sustainable economic development of a nation. Encouraging SMEs, especially start-ups is crucial for sustainable economic growth. However, the failure rate of start-up SMEs in South Africa is one of the highest in the world. In reviewing the literature of the causes of the failure of start-up SMEs, access to finance emerged as a prime challenge. Start-up SMEs find it very difficult to obtain external finance from commercial banks and venture capitalists. The national and provincial governments in South Africa have realised that access to finance is a major constraint to the growth and survival of start-up SMEs and have put in place certain measures to improve access to finance by start-up SMEs. One of the primary measures put in place by government to improve access to finance by start-up SMEs is the provision of Business Development Service by some government agencies. This research investigates the role of Business Development Services Providers (BDSs) in improving access to finance for start-up SMEs. Questions arise as to why the failure rate of start-up SMEs is high in South Africa despite all these government measures aimed at assisting start-ups to access finance. Empirical research was conducted to investigate the role of BDS in improving access to finance by start-up SMEs. The instrument used for data collection was the self-administered questionnaire. The statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, T-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis. The Cronbach‟s alpha was used as a measure of reliability. The results of the study revealed that: Access to finance is still a major problem hindering the survival of start-up SMEs. There is a lack of awareness of BDS providers and their services by the majority of start-up SMEs. There is a significant positive relationship between the use of BDS by start-up SMEs and success in accessing finance. Start-up SMEs that are aware of BDS do make use of the services. The results suggest that BDS are important to improving access to finance by start-up SMEs. However, there is a need to build awareness and encourage the use of BDS by start-up SMEs to improve their access to finance and ultimately increase their chances of survival.
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Porter, Tony (Anthony) Carleton University Dissertation Political Science. "Inter-state and private regimes in global finance." Ottawa, 1992.

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Kemp, John Morne. "The development of best practice guidelines that will assist small businesses planning." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1016153.

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The research problem addressed in this study was to provide a planning guideline for Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMME’s) to assist them to plan more effectively and be sustainable in their businesses. A guideline for planning is needed, as planning is one of the most difficult activities a business owner needs to undertake. Yet it is essential to do because, before taking action, you must know where you are going and how to get there. Well-developed plans can assist the business owner to interest banks and/or investors to invest in the business, guide the owner in operating the business, give direction to and motivate employees, and provide an environment to attract customers and prospective employees. To become an effective business owner, one must look ahead. Planning, which is the process of setting objectives and devising actions to achieve those objectives are imperative to be sustainable in business. The findings of the literature survey clearly highlights the reasons why a business owner needs to plan and provide a guideline how to plan. It was found in the empirical study that Standard Bank rate the SMME market as a very valuable part of their business. The SMME market has a benefit to various departments within the bank, not only the SMME business market. The empirical study also found that not every entrepreneur that holds a business plan is successful. Many reasons for this exist. One aspect that was identified, is that the wrong idea was implemented. The empirical study revealed that in all respondents agreed that planning forms an integral part of the entrepreneurs business. The empirical study found that a business plan will assist the entrepreneur to be sustainable in their business, only if a thorough feasibility study was conducted. The respondents agreed that the feasibility study, will either support or contradict the assumptions made in the business plan, this will assist the entrepreneur to decide to either continue or end the business activity. It was found that the entrepreneur, with especially a financial expert should be involved when a business planning is undertaken. Other experts in the various business arenas should also be requested to assist with the setting up of the business plan.
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Derrocks, Velda Charmaine. "Credit risk management in development finance institutions and SMME sustainability." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/14862.

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Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) make a significant contribution to the South African Economy. Regardless of size, these businesses have the ability to create employment, make a generous contribution to tax collections, uplift communities and serve as a beacon of hope for those trapped in the cycle of poverty and unemployment. However, SMMEs lack access to much-needed financial resources that are critical for their growth. Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) aim to bridge the gap between the SMME’s financial needs and the development of the respective SMME businesses, by providing funding to entrepreneurs with potentially viable businesses and ideas. Debt funding to these SMMEs are based on sound commercial lending principles that take various non-quantitative variables into account. The sustainability of SMMEs is a primary concern to all participants in the economy, as it is known that SMME failure rates are high Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact that the credit risk management practices of DFIs have on the sustainability of SMMEs, by examining a case study of a typical DFI. An electronic questionnaire survey was considered as an appropriate measurement method for this study. The targeted population of the study included SMMEs in the Eastern Cape that are Trust for Urban Housing (TUHF) clients and 23 SMMEs were identified as part of the study sampling frame. A total number of 14 questionnaires were returned out of the 23 targeted SMMEs - giving a response rate of 61%. The quantitative data was processed using the STATISTICA program, leading to appropriate descriptive statistical analyses. In order to better understand the impact of credit risk management practices on the sustainability of SMMEs, a hypothesis was formulated and linear regression analysis was used to establish the statistical significance of certain credit risk principles and sustainability characteristics. The results of the empirical study revealed that credit risk management practises do impact on the sustainability of SMMEs. Further, by testing the hypothesis, it was also revealed that certain sustainability variables are regarded as more important than others.
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Babalola, Oluwanifesimi Omolade. "Development finance in small and medium enterprises in Matjhabeng Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020215.

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It has been generally accepted within the developed and developing countries of the world that SMES contributes significantly to employment creation as the world population increases and that it also contributes to the economic growth of the areas they are situated in. Finance is the blood (life) of any business, for a business to be successful it needs steady successful access to funds and post financial support which leads to actualization of ideas, leads to investment and expansion, improves access to market amongst others. This is why the impact of development finance can never be over emphasized. The aims of the study are: To understand the extent to which small and medium businesses are supported through the availability of financial assistance in Matjabeng Municipality. To establish the survival rates of businesses that has been funded and or supported and whether they are or not sustainable. In achieving the aims and objectives of the research, the researcher looked at development funds both from the supply side and the demand side. The supply side which involved semi structured interviews with consultants of government parastatals (the FDC and DETEA) who are involved in financing Small Medium Enterprises in Matjhabeng municipality. The demand side involved administering of questionnaires to Entrepreneurs in the municipality who are registered with the Local Economic Department (LED), which led to the acceptance of the hypothesis of the research that development finance actually helps in the growth of small medium enterprises but in conjunction with post financial support such as bookkeeping, accounting, monitoring and evaluation. The researcher also discovered some findings amongst others which includes: The most effective ways entrepreneurs heard about funding in the municipality are through the media and word of mouth. Most of the entrepreneurs that received some type of funding are startups. More entrepreneurs that had access to funds also got some post financial business support. Financial assistance to entrepreneurs yielded improvements after respondents received financial assistance, the range of goods offered was improved and more jobs were created, entrepreneurs were able to obtain better business premises either by renting or buying and entrepreneurs had access to better equipment. Some of the recommendations of this study includes; The municipal government should help small and medium enterprises in the municipality by linking them to new markets. Effective monitoring and evaluation systems should be put in place by development funders and non-financial support services. Entrepreneurial skills development should be provided by the public and private agencies by organizing workshops for aspiring entrepreneurs in order to expose them to business opportunities that are sustainable and viable.
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Kroukamp, Thelma. "Facilitating banking finance access for BBBEE firms in the Southern Cape area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/996.

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Studies have shown that BBBEE parties are unsuccessful in raising banking finance due to a number of reasons. The objective of the enactment of the Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) Act is primarily to promote the participation of black people in the economy. The measurement of BBBEE is determined by the codes of good practice for Qualifying Small Enterprises (QSE), which consists of seven elements namely: ownership, management control, employment equity, skills development, preferential procurement, enterprise development and socio-economic development. Enterprises with annual turnover ranging from R5 million and R35 million qualify as QSE. These elements measure the level of BBBEE status. The enactment of the National Credit Act replaced the Usury Act, 1968 and the Credit Agreements Act, 1980. The objective of the act is to promote accessibility to the credit market and to prevent the over-indebtedness of consumers. The Act is applicable to natural persons with contractual capacity and juristic persons with monetary assets or annual turnover of less than R1 million. This study aims to establish the facilitation of access to banking finance for BBBEE SME’S within the George and Mossel Bay area as these towns form part of the Garden Route Business Banking Division of Nedbank. The effect of the BBBEE and NCA on the accessing of banking finance was studied and analysed. Credit applications are subject to stringent credit scoring systems to rate applicants, monitor performance and manage accounts. The Basel rating which measures the minimum level of capital a bank should hold to protect investors determines the interest rate charged for loans. These ratings affect the accessibility of banking finance. A framework for bank and SME relationship building shows the relationships between: • The accounts manager’s role in relationship management; • Branch staff role in relationship management; • Corporate policies as part of relationship management. A survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire in order to obtain primary information from two sample groups, banking officials and BBBEE clients to establish the relationship between the two sample groups. Quantitative techniques were used and the data obtained from the two sample groups were analysed. The study revealed that the by establishment of relationships between BBBEE clients and banking officials would facilitate access to banking.
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Mbundwini, Gracious Nomfuneko. "Complexities of accessing finance from government institutions and its agencies." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11772.

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Purpose: with the recent establishment of Small Business Development department, the ministry is tasked and will be responsible for ensuring that the business environment is enabling for new Small to Medium businesses. The real issue and the point of interest in researching this particular dissertation is the available literature around the issue of the SME sector which indicates that new SMEs in South Africa do not move from the first stage (existence) to other stages such as survival, success, take off and resource maturity. The study seeks to inaugurate two specific challenges (difficulties in accessing finance and to examine if there is sufficient non-financial SME incubators and mentorship programs post funding allocation). The area of study focused on SMEs that are concentrated in highly populated areas of Gauteng. Methodology: The study was conducted using qualitative research and a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The researcher was able to get valuable information on stakeholders in the SMME sector. This was done through the use of questionnaires to businesses, government funders and incubators. Results: when posed with a question of the start-up capital, a mere 17% responded to having obtained financial assistance from government institutions, 20% from friends and family while a massive 60% indicated they have used own capital to start businesses. When the researcher posed the question of the reasons that often leads to failure, approximately 23% of businesses mentioned lack of working equipment as the core reasons for the business failure while 17% indicated that lack of business opportunities or rather contracts of supply from government departments as the main impeding factor which resulted to failure. In terms of the availability of incubators, approximately 67% of respondents indicated that there were no business incubators available in their areas of business. Approximately 57% of businesses mentioned the inability to obtain loans from government funding institutions was the major business constraint that often leads to failure. The researcher posed a question to business incubators personnel that participated in the study to gain perspective as to why do they think SMEs fail within the first year of operation. Approximately 40% of respondents alluded that, barriers to entry by big corporates in South Africa force Small and Medium Enterprises out of businesses. Other participants added that the South African government procurement system does not provide opportunities to small businesses due to lack of experience. All government funding institutions participants mentioned that in most cases SMEs finance applications are rejected due to the fact that businesses fail to present viable business proposals that show the ability for business to remain operating for a long time Implications: The above analysed study findings indicate that there is a huge gap between small businesses and government funding institutions in terms of the awareness of the available financial support to SMEs. From the government perspective, it was indicated that businesses submit business plans that are not viable. There needs to be the middle ground where business plans compilation support currently provided by SEDA awareness should be spread across SMEs operating in the highly populated areas of Gauteng. Recommendations: Access to finance is a major constraint hindering the growth and success of small enterprises. The South African government has established a number of financial support programmes aimed to assist SMEs. With these financial support programmes, most of the SMEs are unsuccessful due to the fact that they cannot easily access those funds and as a result they remain stagnant for a very long time or end up shutting down. Conclusion: The effect of credit rationing is the potential loss of opportunity and or reduction in the scale of a business, neither of which is a desirable outcome. At the most fundamental level, there are lost opportunities for the borrower and the lender. There are implications for the wider economy also. SMEs are a key source of innovation, competition and choice.
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Ramirez, Teodocio. "Acquiring an existing business." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2614.

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The goal of this project is to review the literature on how to buy an existing business and to synthesize the material into a written instructional manual that a regular individual or aspiring entrepreneur can use in understanding the process necessary to buy an existing small business.
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Carlson, Murray. "An empirical analysis of the corporate call decision." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34536.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Eiteman, David K. Multinational business finance. 8th ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1998.

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Eiteman, David K. Multinational business finance. 4th ed. Reading (Mass.): Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1986.

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Eiteman, David K. Multinational business finance. Boston, Mass: Pearson Addison Wesley, 2004.

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Eiteman, David K. Multinational business finance. 6th ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1992.

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Roger, Buckland, and Davis Edward W, eds. Finance for growing enterprises. London: Routledge, 1995.

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I, Stonehill Arthur, and Moffett Michael H, eds. Multinational business finance. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.

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Morris, Steve. Business finance. Manchester: Open College, 1995.

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I, Stonehill Arthur, and Moffett Michael H, eds. Multinational business finance. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2013.

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J, Gitman Lawrence. Managerial finance. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

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Ford, John Kingston. Business finance: Integrating marketing, production,and finance. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Shivany, S. "Linkages with Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) for Sustainable Higher Education in Management." In Future of Business and Finance, 393–412. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62171-1_19.

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Sathana, V., T. Velnampy, and S. Rajumesh. "Role of Innovative Marketing Strategy for Success of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)." In Future of Business and Finance, 57–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62171-1_4.

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Williams, David A., and David J. Smith. "The Entry Mode Decisions of Multinational Enterprises and Regional Economic Development." In Inward Investment, Business Finance and Regional Development, 65–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14181-4_5.

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Wijewardena, Nilupama, Ramanie Samaratunge, Ajantha Sisira Kumara, and Kumudinei Dissanayake. "Do Entrepreneurial Business and Political Connections Lead to Greater Firm Performance? Exploring Informal-Sector Micro-enterprises in Sri Lanka." In Future of Business and Finance, 103–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62171-1_6.

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Tang, Zedi. "Research on Digital Technology Empowering Green Finance: Evidence from Financial Enterprises." In Atlantis Highlights in Economics, Business and Management, 168–75. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-270-5_18.

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Kotios, Dimitrios, Georgios Makridis, Silvio Walser, Dimosthenis Kyriazis, and Vittorio Monferrino. "Personalized Finance Management for SMEs." In Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Digital Finance, 215–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94590-9_12.

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AbstractThis chapter presents Business Financial Management (BFM) tools for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The presented tools represent a game changer as they shift away from a one-size-fits-all approach to banking services and put emphasis on delivering a personalized SME experience and an improved bank client’s digital experience. An SME customer-centric approach, which ensures that the particularities of the SME are taken care of as much as possible, is presented. Through a comprehensive view of SMEs’ finances and operations, paired with state-of-the-art ML/DL models, the presented BFM tools act as a 24/7 concierge. They also operate as a virtual smart advisor that delivers in a simple, efficient, and engaging way business insights to the SME at the right time, i.e., when needed most. Deeper and better insights that empower SMEs contribute toward SMEs’ financial health and business growth, ultimately resulting in high-performance SMEs.
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Hoxholli, Emi, and Donika Kercini. "The Internationalization Process of Small and Medium Enterprises: Case of Albania." In Economy, Finance and Business in Southeastern and Central Europe, 169–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70377-0_12.

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Kostas, Antonios, Ioannis Tsoukalidis, Anastasios Karasavvoglou, Persefoni Polychronidou, and Lambros Tsourgiannis. "The Barriers for the Development of the Social Cooperative Enterprises in Greece." In Economy, Finance and Business in Southeastern and Central Europe, 513–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70377-0_35.

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Wang, Feifan. "The impact of green finance on the value of Chinese photovolatic enterprises in the context of COVID-19–based on the research of listed photovoltaic enterprises." In Economic and Business Management, 106–10. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003203704-19.

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Kumar, Santosh. "Investment Pattern and Sources of Finance in Micro, Small and Medium Agro-Processing Enterprises in India." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 227–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9468-7_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Güvenek, Burcu, Zeynep Karaçor, and Abdul Qahar Khatir. "CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT IN AFGHANISTAN DURING THE COALITION FORCES’ SUPPORT FOR THE GOVERNMENT." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.805.

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The goal of this study is to look into the challenges and opportunities for investing in Afghanistan while coalition forces are present in the country. The World Bank (WB) enterprise survey was used for this, with dependent dummy variables being access to finance, land, electricity, being in a stable political environment, taxes, and security, and dependent variables being age, small, medium, and large enterprises, experience of top level managers, and firm ages. The most significant and significant impediments for investors and enterprises are access to land, access to electricity, access to a secure environment, and taxes.
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"Determinants of Innovation across Nigeria Enterprises: Does Size and Region Matter?" In International Conference on Business, Management and Finance. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icbmf.2019.03.56.

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Čirčová, Vanda, and Dagmar Grachová. "Global Trends in Human Resources and Finance Management in the Shared Service Centres." In Sustainable Business Development Perspectives 2022. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0197-2022-1.

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Nowadays global economies must face many challenges due to the current trends. To these we can include globalisation, digitalization and mainly pandemic. All these factors influence enterprises all over the world and accelerate in innovations. Moreover, enterprises of all size tend to implement Shared Service Centres into the business strategy. They have realized that this decision may provide numerous advantages to their business, such as increase in the competitiveness, orientation on the primary business activity and consequent overall effectiveness. Consequently, enterprises can contribute to the overall sustainable development since they are innovative. The main objective of this article is to make implications about how the mentioned paradigms increase innovative behaviour of companies and promote sustainable development. In our research we mainly used meta-analyses of the existing data from research of domestic and foreign authors, international institutions, and selected world widely significant SSCs on this topic. We focus on two impacted areas – finance and HR. The research gap and added value of this article is the new view on the business environment from wide scale of areas and the trend of globalisation accelerated with the spread of COVID – 19.
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Pascoe, Pulkeria, Marcia Dutra De Barcellos, Hans De Steur, Joachim Schouteten, Hawa Petro Tundui, and Xavier Gellynck. "FIRM-LEVEL DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO EXTERNAL FINANCE AND IMPACT OF EXTERNAL FINANCE ON FIRM PERFORMANCE." In 13th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2023“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2023.1083.

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This cross-sectional study employs resource-based view and resource dependence theories to examine the determinants of access to external finance at firm-level and the effect of access to external finance on performance of 328 agri-food firms. Applying binary logistic regression, results indicate that firm age, ownership, sources of financing, and firm location were significant predictors of access to external finance. The effect of access to external finance on firm performance analyzed using linear regression was positive and significant. Therefore, firm-specific characteristics are crucial in the decision to access external finance. Access is easier for older firms in small cities that rely on informal sources of financing. Family firms are more vulnerable to external finance than non-family firms. Furthermore, access to external financing is associated with better firm performance. The findings of this study are useful for managers making financing decisions and for stakeholders involved in micro and small enterprises financing.
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Mutoko, Wilbert R. "Challenges of financing small, medium and micro-enterprises: The case of Botswana manufacturing sector." In 7th International Conference on Business and Finance. AOSIS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jbmd.v5i1.17.

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BEIZITERE, Ilona, Biruta SLOKA, and Ieva BRENCE. "THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR THE PERFORMANCE AND SURVIVAL OF MICRO-ENTERPRISES." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.636.

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Purpose – to examine the Latvian micro-enterprises having indicated the external financing as an important factor for their development. Research methodology – the results of the ad hoc survey (WAPI) on companies registered in Latvia in nationally defined sectors are used. Valid responses were received from 2.511 companies, of which 1.879 were micro-enterprises, the results were processed by using the SPSS programme. Findings – micro-enterprises that have not received the necessary external financing in previous years were less sustainable in the later period. Of the liquidated micro-enterprises examined, 16% were closed in 2020. Research limitations – the study highlights the impact of the availability of finance factor on the survival of micro-enterprises. Practical implications – the findings are useful for business support policy makers to identify preventative measures to ensure the resilience of micro-enterprises in times of economic turmoil when the spread of the Covid-19 has affected economy. Originality/Value – although scientific research on the need for financial support for companies has already been conducted in recent years, our study emphasizes the importance of access to finance for micro-enterprises.
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"On the Choice and Comparison of Financing Methods of Transnational Enterprises." In 2018 International Conference on Economics, Finance, Business, and Development. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icefbd.18.026.

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"Comparative Study of Differences between Chinese and American E-commerce Enterprises." In 2018 International Conference on Economics, Finance, Business, and Development. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icefbd.18.033.

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Mutoko, Wilbert R. "The role of small, micro- and medium enterprises in employment creation: The case of the manufacturing sector in Botswana." In 7th International Conference on Business and Finance. AOSIS, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jbmd.v5i1.15.

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"Research on the Impact of Supply Chain Finance on the Financing Constraints of Cultural Enterprises Research on the Impact of Supply Chain Finance on the Financing Constraints of Cultural Enterprises." In 8th Annual International Conference on Business & Economics (CBE). Global Science and Technology Forum, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1970_bizstrategy18.130.

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Reports on the topic "Business enterprises – Finance"

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Aterido, Reyes, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Carmen Pagés. Investment Climate and Employment Growth: The Impact of Access to Finance, Corruption and Regulations across Firms. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011259.

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Using firm level data on 70,000 enterprises in 107 countries, this paper finds important effects of access to finance, business regulations, corruption, and to a lesser extent, infrastructure bottlenecks in explaining patterns of job creation at the firm level. The paper focuses on how the impact of the investment climate varies across sizes of firms. The results suggest strong composition effects: A weak business environment shifts downward the size distribution of firms. In the case of finance and business regulations this occurs by reducing the employment growth of all firms, particularly micro and small firms. On the other hand, corruption and poor access to infrastructure reduce employment growth by affecting the growth of medium size and large firms. With significant differences between firms with less than 10 employees and SMEs, these results indicate significant reforms are needed to spur micro firms to grow into the ranks of the SMEs.
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Bernal, Richard L. Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean: Potential and Prospects. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009313.

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China has recently become the third largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world and is a major source of development aid for developing countries, including those in the Caribbean. The capital flows it provides have taken the form of loans to governments to finance infrastructure projects and to expand production of oil and other raw materials. There have been indications of interest in further investment in the Caribbean from Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. This is driven by both state policy, which seeks to more actively integrate China into the global economy, and enterprise-level interests by both state and private enterprises. Caribbean governments have generally been receptive to prospective incoming FDI. This paper identifies the instances of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean to date and discusses the potential for further investment, highlighting opportunities in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, mining, infrastructure, and fishing. The factors influencing the emergence of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean include: the ongoing learning process by both investors and the governments of host countries; the performance of vanguard companies; transnational ethnic business networks; the local business environment; and the policies of Caribbean governments.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Private Sector Development Finance to Support the ‘Missing Middle’. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.106.

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Evidence indicates that business support to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in lower middle-income countries (LMICs) can improve firms’ performance, create jobs, and have a positive effect on labour productivity (Piza et al., 2016). The impacts of some approaches to private sector finance such as traditional loans, grants and technical assistance have been studied empirically, but there is limited evidence of the impacts of non-traditional and innovative financing instruments (Mallen & Bungey, 2019; Piza et al., 2016). Studies of financial instruments to support SMEs in LICs and LMICs tend to focus on particular markets or adaptations to traditional funding models rather than targeted outcomes such as sustainable employment creation (Mallen & Bungey, 2019). This report explores evidence on the effectiveness of financing options available to bilateral donors to promote private sector development (PSD) in LIMCs, however the evidence base for most financing instruments is extremely limited and much of the evidence is more than 5 years old. The report seeks to provide a (non-comprehensive) list of available Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) eligible options and a more detailed examination of those options for which evidence was identified for this review. An open search for evidence on PSD interventions to support SMEs in LMICs and LICs was carried out, followed by a targeted search of interventions seeking to support medium-sized enterprises (the ‘missing middle’) in Zambia specifically. The report begins with a brief overview of the ‘missing middle’ challenge in Zambia. Section 3 explores recent trends in bilateral finance for PSD. The remaining sections of the report explore available evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions: credit guarantees, matching grants, equity investment and permanent capital vehicles, mezzanine finance, and funds of funds.
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Ketterer, Juan Antonio. Digital Finance: New Times, New Challenges, New Opportunities. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007028.

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Since the end of the great crisis of 2007-10, the financial services industry began a process of accelerating change. New business models based on convergent technological developments are challenging the status quo of a long-established and traditional industry. The purpose of this document is to consider the latest developments in the financial services industry and to discuss how they might affect the ability for firms--particularly small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)--and individuals to access financing. It concludes that the transformative developments in the financial services industry will most likely improve and expand access of firms and individuals to finance, as well as increase formalization and financial inclusion. Some hurdles and risks that may hamper and/or delay the process are identified: the reaction of the industry incumbents, the lack of appropriate and timely regulation, the lack of access to good-quality and affordable digital connectivity (broadband access), and the unforeseen and seriously disruptive changes that might come from the payments space. To confront these risks, the public sector must define a set of proper and timely responses. The strategy for public interventions must be defined based on a deep understanding of the forces that are driving the change.
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Casey, Jonathan, Alexander Bisaro, Alvaro Valverde, Marlon Martinez, and Martin Rokitzki. Private finance investment opportunities in climate-smart agriculture technologies. Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20220030734.

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This investor-focused study analyses the role of private finance in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technology innovation and deployment in Africa and Asia. It focuses in on the perspectives of investors, identifies technologies and areas that demonstrate commercial viability and investment potential, profiles existing investments in CSA technologies, explores the motives and incentives that may attract investors to financing CSA technology companies, and provides a more nuanced understanding of the barriers and bottlenecks that exist for mobilizing greater investment for CSA technology. The findings are based on evidence from 28 interviews with investors and other CSA technology stakeholders, and a review of more than 100 relevant reports and publications. Most investors tend to approach climate challenges from the perspective of environmental, social, and corporate governance(ESG) screening, looking first at risk, and building from a 'do no harm' perspective, rather than seeking to identify solutionoriented technology investments. Less than 1% of private climate finance is currently directed towards CSA, with enterprises struggling to find appropriately costed investment capital. Increasing private financial flows to emerging and developing economies needs to be supported by proactively connecting available capital with investable opportunities and encouraging new market structures and business models.
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Klinger, Bailey, Asim Khwaja, and Joseph LaMonte. Improving Credit Risk Analysis with Psychometrics in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009139.

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Access to finance remains a challenge for some micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Peru, particularly informal enterprises with no borrowing history in the formal financial system. Lenders lack the tools to reach these borrowers with sufficient scale and control over risk due in part to the shortcomings of current screening technologies. For this paper, the authors carried out a pilot test of an innovative psychometric tool aimed at evaluating credit risk for business owners seeking a loan from Financiera Confianza, the fourth largest Empresa Financiera in Peru. Applicant responses were compared to self-reported sales, subsequent loan repayment performance, and credit bureau data to determine if psychometric-based credit scoring models could reduce the constraints on MSME finance. The authors created a scorecard based on that information using data from other countries and evaluated its effectiveness on this sample. It achieved a Gini coefficient of between 20 and 40 percent. Those MSMEs rejected by a psychometrically enhanced application scorecard with this Gini coefficient have a probability of defaulting that is up to four times greater than those accepted by the scorecard. Along with other policies to reduce information asymmetry in MSME lending, such a tool could help relieve constraints on MSME finance in Peru.
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Andrade, Gabriela, Karina Azar, Tabia Kazembe, Cristina López Mayher, and Vanina Vincensini. Financing Programs for Women's Financial Inclusion and Access to Finance for Women MSMEs: Results from a Survey of Public Development Banks. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005104.

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This report presents the highlights from a survey directed to public development banks (PDBs) as part of the 2023 agenda of the Finance in Common Summit (FiCS) Coalition on Gender Equality and Womens Empowerment in Development Banks, co-chaired by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and UN Women. The survey, which was completed by 54 PDBs, aimed to examine how PDBs are serving women and their businesses by mapping existing programs and identifying current practices, innovations, challenges, and opportunities in this agenda. Key findings suggest PDBs are offering a diversity of programs, product types, and innovative approaches, with varied institutional capabilities that range from the development stage to well-established systems that support productive financing, business development, green financing, and financial education and literacy in women micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises. While challenges persist, particularly the lack of sex-disaggregated data and an inadequate understanding of womens financial needs and preferences, there are opportunities to expand these programs, such as by leveraging their positive societal impact and the growing market potential.
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Granada, Isabel, Pier Saraceno, and Anna Camilo. The Importance of Financial Information in the Transport Sector: an Encouragement to New Outlooks and Perspectives in Light of the IDB's Vision 2025. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004152.

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Services in the transport sector in Latin America & the Caribbean are provided mainly by private enterprises of different sizes. However, as technical transport specialists, our knowledge and understanding of their management strategies and financial objectives remains limited. Most of the sectorial attention is rightly dedicated to the analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of the products/services provided by companies, leaving out of the picture the focus on the “business” side of their structures and operations. Such lack of awareness can be linked to several reasons. But one of the motives that mostly hinder transport practitioners from further analyzing these aspects is the ability to speak the private companies “financial language”. Engineers, planners, and even economists are not always familiar with the instruments of financial analysis, management accounting or corporate finance; concepts that are at the core of this language. When it comes to financial analysis, sectors practitioners are mainly biased in thinking about PPPs issues and project finance. This is certainly not a fault per se! However, such a narrow focus can unquestionably represent an obstacle to the full comprehension of the phenomena and rationales that impact the sectors functioning
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Nugent, Stevonne, and Juan Pedro Schmid. The Business Climate in Jamaica: What Does the Enterprise Survey Have to Say? Inter-American Development Bank, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008436.

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Jamaican firms are constantly plagued by a number of issues that restrict their ability to grow. The World Bank's Enterprise Survey examined the key indicators to give insight on the business climate in Jamaica. Compared with firms in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region, Jamaican firms face several constraints to growth and operation. Within the Caribbean Country Department (CCB), Jamaica is the only member - except Suriname - that identified close to half of the areas as constraints to firm operation. Tax rates, access to finance, practices of the informal sector, and electricity were identified as their biggest obstacles.
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Hague, Mathias, Michael Obanubi, Michael Shaw, and Geoff Tyler. The development impact of concessional finance to agri-business: a rapid evidence review. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191179.

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The provision of concessional finance has become an increasingly important tool to support enterprise development, especially where financial markets are underdeveloped. For the purposes of this research, concessional finance is defined as that which is extended on terms and/or conditions that are more favourable than those available from the market. This can be achieved, for example, via lower risk adjusted return expectations; terms and conditions that would not be accepted/extended by a commercial financial institution; and/or by providing financing to a borrower/recipient not otherwise served by commercial financing. Risk mitigation tools, guarantees and first-loss products are also included when they are provided on concessional terms. The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) of the United Kingdom (UK) has committed funding to a range of concessional finance investors in the agriculture sector, including significant sums for the CDC Group (the UK's development finance institution), AgDevCo (a specialist agribusiness impact investor), the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) Private Sector Window, and the Africa Enterprise Challenge Fund (AECF). FCDO also makes smaller contributions to more specialized institutions as well as collaborative interventions with other donors in the agriculture sector. These organizations cover the spectrum of investment themes, from close-to-market interest rates for more established businesses to long-term, low- or no-interest debt with packages of advisory support for early stage or highly innovative business models. They deploy a wide range of instruments, some funded, which includes all types of concessional debt and equity; and others unfunded, which covers risk mitigation tools, guarantees and first-loss products when they are provided on concessional terms. Implementing partners use different methods for monitoring and reporting the performance of the concessional funding provided by donors, using both customized measurement mechanisms or those based on more broadly accepted standards such as the Donor Committee for Enterprise Development (DCED). Research ranges from light touch human interest case studies to more formal longitudinal analysis using rigorous statistical survey methods. Academic institutions are increasingly contributing quality research, particularly to the assessment and understanding of development impact, often in partnership with impact investors. Donors themselves both directly engage in research but also provide the majority of the funding for evidence-based learning in both investors and academia. After more than a decade of concerted investment and innovation in the concessional finance space, particularly in sub Saharan Africa and South Asia, there is increasing interest in understanding whether these interventions are providing the development impacts expected and which financing tools and institutions are most effective for different types of farmer and or food market systems. These lessons will allow good practices to be replicated in future and implementation modalities to be improved to maximize development impact and financial performance.
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