Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Business enterprises – European Union countries'
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GATTO, Alexandra. "The responsibility of multinational enterprises for human rights violations in European Union law." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7018.
Full textExamining Board: Prof. Francesco Francioni, (EUI) ; Prof. Marise Cremona, (EUI) ; Prof. Enzo Cannizzaro, (University of Macerata) ; Prof. Olivier De Schutter, (Catholic University of Louvain)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis addresses the question as to how the European Union can ensure that EU based MNEs respect human rights when operating in third countries. Firstly, it identifies primary obligations on MNEs as developed by international law in order to tackle the above question. Secondly, on the basis of this theoretical framework it investigates how the European Union has acted to promote respect of human rights obligations by MNEs which are based on the territory of one of its Member States. Thirdly, the gap between the EU’s commitment to the respect and promotion of human rights, the potential to regulate the conduct of MNEs and the EU’s reluctance to impose human rights obligations on MNEs is explored. It is suggested that current human rights law should develop in the sense of considering companies as duty holders, together with States and other non-state actors, for the realisation of human rights. Moreover, a principle of graduation of responsibility is applied to MNEs, according to the specific human right involved, the proximity to the victim and the element of State authority exercised by the company in a particular situation. The above depicted graduation of responsibility (from the obligation to respect, to the obligation to promote human rights) should be matched by a graduation of corresponding implementing mechanisms. Applying this theoretical framework to the EU, three main recommendations have been formulated. Firstly, the EU should more firmly link the promotion of MNEs’ human rights obligations to international human rights law and support the constitution of an international law framework within the UN. Secondly, the EU should promote MNEs’ human rights obligations within the limits of its competence, both at the international and at an external level. It has been argued that a proactive attitude in this respect would not require the acquisition of new powers, but simply the recognition of a functional competence on the basis of Article 6 TEU in taking positive (and not merely negative) steps for the promotion of human rights in the areas of its competence occurring in international law and the international framework for MNEs’ responsibility. Finally, the EU should not abandon the option of exploring non-binding and incentive measures, both at the international and external levels, to be encouraged as a viable complement to binding measures.
Klug, Michael. "Market entry strategies in Eastern Europe in the context of the European Union an empirical research into German firms entering the Polish market /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134362.
Full textLiang, Zheng Yun. "The enviromental principles of the European Union." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120095.
Full textLi, Qian. "European Union normative approaches to enviromental governance." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2120096.
Full textVan, Wyk J. T. (Jacobus Tertius). "The EU-SA wine and spirits agreement : implications for South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53111.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the negotiating stages of the TOCA, the EU and South Africa could not reach an agreement on the use of certain EU geographical indications related to wine products. The geographical indication issue threatened the signing of the entire TOCA. At the request of the EU, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement, in order to finalise the TOCA. The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement was eventually negotiated and came into effect on 1 January 2002. The initial issue relating to the geographical indications remained controversial throughout the negotiations and matters were made worst when the initial contentious denominations of Port and Sherry were expanded by the EU to include Grappa, Ouzo, Korn, Kornbrand, Jagertee, Jaqertee, Jagatee and Pacharan. South Africa eventually agreed to phase out the use of these denominations over specified time periods. The current wording of the agreement will also result in South Africa having to yield a variety of well known trade marks such as Nederburg and Roodeberg. Article 7(8) of the Wine Agreement implies that in the case of conflict between a South African wine trade mark and an EU geographical indication for wine, the South African trade mark will always have to yield to the EU geographical indication. The entire geographical indication matter is being contested by South Africa and is still under negotiation. South Africa and the EU agreed to allocate reciprocal duty free tariff quotas to wine products. These tariff quotas will remain effective until the FTA has been established, following the transitional periods as agreed upon in the TOGA. The duty free funds will however not have such a direct impact on the wine industry as have been envisaged initially, because the funds are in the hands of the EU importers. Various business plans are being implemented to allow the South African wine industry to benefit from these and any future funds. The EU offered financial assistance to the value of €15 million for the restructuring of the South African wine industry as well as for the marketing of the South African wine and spirits products. To date none of these funds have been allocated and various proposals have been made to the South African government in order to obtain these funds from the EU. The EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement is a continuous evolving agreement, where both parties are allowed to modify the existing agreement with the consent of the other party. Such modifications are allowed with the premise that it would contribute to the facilitation and promotion of trade in wine and spirits products between South Africa and the EU. South Africa must take cognisance of the implications of the EU-SA Wine and Spirits Agreement and ensure that they do not end up losing more than what they are gaining.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien volteks vir opsomming
Corbillon-Gulin, Ramon. "A study of how European Union IPRA practitioners viewed ethical issues : values, standards, social responsibility, and control." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1014808.
Full textDepartment of Journalism
Huang, Zhi Feng. "Study of European Union Common Agricultural Policy : France agricultural policy anaysis." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555543.
Full textBurger, Pieter Francois Theron. "The trade and development agreement between SA and the EU : implications for SACU." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52029.
Full textThe Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) will create competitive challenges, threats and opportunities, driving out less efficient performers while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This is in line with the general principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which promotes the reduction of trade barriers in order to liberate trade on a global basis. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of the European Union - South Africa Free Trade Agreement ( EU-SA FTA) which is the main component of the TDCA. The European Union (EU) has historically been Southern Africa's most important trading partner. The main reason why South Africa entered into a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the EU was to enhance exports to South Africa's largest export market, attract higher levels of investment from the EU, and gradually expose the South African industry to competition to ensure that it is restructured to become globally competitive. Since 1910 South Africa has been part of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which also comprises Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia and Swaziland (BlNS). The EU-SA FTA will accordingly impact on trade relations between South Africa, the EU and the BLNS countries. Not only will SACU face increased competition from cheaper EU imports, but BLNS countries will also face reduced income from the common revenue pool. South Africa will have to remove a higher level of tariffs from a greater volume of imports than is the case for the EU. For the BLNS, the relative adjustment effort is even greater. The BLNS will have to adjust to the elimination of tariffs on 30% of goods currently imported from the EU, while the TDCA will bring about no improvement in their current terms of access to the EU market. The BLNS products currently exported to the EU which are most likely to be affected by the EU-SA FTA are: clothing (Lesotho), preserved fish and flowers (Namibia), and grapefruit, processed pineapples, corned fruit and grapes (Swaziland). These products are under threat from South African products which can, as a result of the FTA, be exported to the EU at reduced tariffs. BLNS products which could be affected as a result of cheaper EU imports are: grain (Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho), chicken production (Swaziland), sugar (Swaziland), beef (Namibia and Botswana), and the small wheat-farming sector in Namibia and Botswana. The EU-SA FTA is further likely to have a substantial impact on South Africa's exports to the EU. The total increase in exports as a result of the FTA is estimated between 1.3% and 1.4% of the 1996 value of South Africa's exports to the EU. The main drive will come from industrial products which are less protected than agricultural products. The South African government, further, concluded that the negative effects of the direct costs to SACU would be outweighed, in the long term, by the dynamic and geopolitical benefits of an FTA with the EU. The signal that the South African government has given with signing the TDCA with the EU indicates that the Southern African economy should restructure itself to become internationally competitive. This is the only way to survive in a global trade arena which is under WTO principles becoming increasïngly more liberated.
O'Malley, Terence T. "The impact of participation in the European monetary union of the abnormal returns to U.S. target companies acquaired by European firms." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2002. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/291.
Full textBachelors
Business Administration
Finance
Madaleno, Jose Miguel Ferreira. "The European Union and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa : comparative perspectives on their institutional frameworks and legal orders." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586421.
Full textWagner, Sigrun M. "The corporate political activities of multinational enterprises : the automotive industry and environmental regulations in the European Union." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8481.
Full textAtan, Serap. "Turkish peak business organizations and the europeanization of domestic structures in Turkey: meeting the European Union membership conditions." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210468.
Full textThe progress of Turkey’s relations with the EU enhanced the visibility of the Turkish Peak Business Organizations (PBOs) in representing Turkish business interests in Brussels. Moreover, the evolution of the activities of the PBOs, provides a broader understanding of the developments of the general characteristics of the relations between the government and business interest groups in Turkey. Hence the investigation focuses on the major Turkish PBOs.
We examine the relations of Turkish PBOs with the EU, essentially, on the basis of the observation of their transnational actions within the EU as well as their participation in financial and technical assistance programmes of the EU and in the joint institutional structures of the association regime between Turkey and the EU. By analysing these two dimensions we assess the repercussions of the socialization of the Turkish PBOs on their strategies of action in dealing with European Affairs, on discourses they adopted regarding domestic policy-making and on their organizational structure and policy agenda.
We elaborate our topic with reference to the Europeanization concept, which covers the examination of the consequences of the European governance on national systems. Through the Europeanization concept we observe the correlation between the progress of the Turkey-EU relations and the ongoing process of change in the patterns of interventions of the Turkish business interest groups in domestic policy-making.
Doctorat en sciences politiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Bao, Yong Liang. "Meeting the challenge of EU enlargement : approximation of Environmental legislation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2005. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2185450.
Full textEk, Gabrielle, and Ciriak Eszter. "The high risk of failure in micro-enterprises : Reducing failure-risk by evolving the traditional business plan." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-150029.
Full textBarker, Roger M. "Competition, parties and the determinants of change in European corporate governance : a macro-comparative analysis /." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ouls.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:31d9f1df-60e4-413d-80b2-e35e8790bac9.
Full textCorbett, Johannes Kruger. "The EU-SA free trade agreement : implications for selected agricultural products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51976.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the Trade Development and Co-operation Agreement (TDCA) creates competitive challenges and opportunities, labour and capital will seek the highest returns, dri ving out less efficient performances while bolstering more efficient enterprises and industries. This dynamic process of adjustments will continue throughout the implementation of this agreement. The South African government sees the agreement with the European Union as a step towards restructuring the country's economy and making it part of the rapidly changing world economy. This policy view of the South African government will result in those sectors of the economy that are not internationally competitive, receiving no support from government. Consequently these sectors will decrease in time. Of the three agricultural profiles studied, fresh fruit (deciduous fruit) will benefit the most from the TDCA. The most obvious effect the agreement will have on the sector is the saving on customs duties payable on exports to the EU. An estimate on 1997 trade figures revealed that in the short term the deciduous fruit industry will save approximately RI00 million. Over the implementation period of 10 years, the industry will save about Rl billion. After that, savings amounting to approximately R125 million per annum should be possible. The canned fruit sector is an export-driven industry that exports about 90 per cent of its products, 50 per cent of which is exported to the EU. The export tariffs to the EU are very high. As non-EU member, South Africa is the biggest provider of canned fruit to the EU. Some analyses revealed that the total savings in tariffs for the first year of implementation will be R25 million. The industry stands to save approximately R100 million over the implementation period. At the EU's request, South Africa agreed to negotiate a separate Wine and Spirits Agreement. The EU believes that South Africa's continued use of certain "geographical indications" or terms is in breach of Article 23 of the Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement. The quotas granted by the EU on wine and sparkling wine cover 79 per cent of South African exports to the EU. South Africa granted the EU a 0.26 million litre quota for sparkling wine and a 1 million-litre quota for bottled wine. SA will phase out the use of the terms "port", "sherry", "grappa", ouzo", "korn" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" over agreed time periods. The issue will be taken to the WTO for a ruling in this regard. The EU has agreed to grant SA a duty-free tariff quota for wine but has suspended the tariff quota until the Wine and Spirits agreement has been signed. The EU will also provide financial assistance of 15 million ECU to help restructure the SA wine and spirits sector. The South African agricultural industry should take note of the constantly changing international marketing environment. The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with the European Union opens up new markets and enhances existing ones that must be exploited. It is imperative that every role player should evaluate the level of competitiveness of his or her enterprise. Thus the message is very clear: Agricultural production with an international trading view is the only sustainable road to follow.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die Handel, Ontwikkelings en Samewerkingsooreenkoms kompeterende geleenthede en uitdagings skep, sal arbeid en kapitaal verskuif na die hoogste opbrengste beskikbaar. In hierdie proses sal daar wegbeweeg word van onvoldoende prestasies en sal effektiewe ondememings en industriee floreer. Hierdie dinarniese proses van herstruktuering sal voortduur regdeur die implementeringsperiode van hierdie handelsooreenkoms. Die Suid Afrikaanse regering beskou die ooreenkoms met die Europese Unie as 'n belangrike stap in die proses om die land se ekonomie te herstrukltureer en so deel te maak van die vinnig veranderende wereld ekonomie. Hierdie regerings beleid sal daartoe lei dat sektore wat nie intemasionaal mededingend is nie, geen ondersteuning vanaf die regering sal ontvang nie. Met tyd sal hierdie sektore verdwyn. Van die drie landbousektore wat bestudeer is, sal vars vrugte (sagte vrugte) die meeste voordeel trek uit die ooreenkoms. Die besparing van aksynsbelasting op die uitvoere na die Europese Unie is die mees kenmerkendste voordeel vir die sektor. 'n Beraming gebaseer op 1997 handels syfers toon 'n jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R100 miljoen. Deur die hele implementeringsperiode, sal die besparing plus minus Rl biljoen beloop. Na afloop van die implementeringsperiode, sal jaarlikse besparing van plus minus R125 miljoen moontlik wees. Die inmaak vrugte sektor is 'n uitvoer gedrewe industrie wat gemiddeld 90 persent van hul prod uk uitvoer. Van hierdie uitvoere is 50 persent bestem vir die Europese Unie. Die uitvoertariewe na die Europese Unie is baie hoog. As nie-lidland, is Suid Afrika die grootste verskaffer van geblikte vrugte aan die Europese Unie. Beramings voorsien dat die sektor 'n totale besparing vir die eerste jaar van implemetering van plus minus R25 miljoen kan beloop. Die industrie kan soveel as R100 rniljoen oor die implementeringsperiode bespaar. Op die Europese Unie se versoek, het Suid Afrika ingestem om 'n afsonderlike Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms te onderhandel. Die Europese Unie beweer dat Suid Afrika se gebruik van sekere "geografiese aanduidings" of terme, In verbreking is van Artikel 23 van die Handelsverwante Aspekte van die Intellektuele Eiendomsregte Ooreenkoms. Wyn en vonkelwyn kwotas wat deur die Europese Unie aan Suid Afrika toegestaan is, beloop 79 persent van die uitvoere na die Europese Unie. Suid Afrika het die Europese Unie In kwota van 0.26 miljoen liter vir vonkelwyn en 1 miljoen kwota vir gebottelde wyn toegestaan. Voorts sal Suid Afrika die terme "port", "sherry", "grappa", "ouzo", "kom" , "jagertee" and "pacharan" met die ooreengekome peri odes uitfaseer. Die aspek sal egter na die WHO geneem word vir In finale beslissing. Die Europese Unie het ooreengekom om aan Suid Afrika In tarief vrye kwota vir wyn toe te staan, maar het dit opgehef tot tyd en wyl die Wyn en Spiritualie ooreenkoms onderteken is. Die Europese Unie sal ook finansiele ondersteuning van 15 miljoen ECU skenk om die Suid Afrikaanse Wyn en Spiritualiee industrie te help hestruktureer. Suid Afrikaanse Landbou sal notisie moet neem van die konstante verandering in die intemasionale bemarkingsomgewing. Die Vrye Handelsooreenkoms wat geteken is met die Europese Unie, open nuwe markte en sal bestaande markte bevorder. Hierdie geleenthede moet benut word. Dit is baie belangrik dat elke rolspeler sy vlak van kompeterende vermoe moet evalueer, om so sy eie siening oor die ooreenkoms te kan uitspreek. Hieruit is die boodskap dus baie duidelik: Landbou produksie met In intemasionale handels uitkyk, is die enigste volhoubare pad om te volg.
Filiker, Ayşe Nur Kösekahyaoğlu Levent. "Türkiye ve AB beş yeni üyesinin 'Romanya, Bulgaristan, Macaristan, Çek Cumhuriyeti ve Polonya' rekabet ve KOBİ politikası /." Isparta : Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2007. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TS00570.pdf.
Full textHarris, Linda H. "On Human Migration and the Moral Obligations of Business." UNF Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/296.
Full textXu, Mu Chi. "Flexibility versus certainty : a comparative study of choice of law rules regarding contractual liabilities in the European Union and Mainland China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2112293.
Full textMatei, Tatiana. "Vývoj a současnost ekonomiky Rumunska a jeho postavení v EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75341.
Full textVolz, Eckehard. "The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry Agreement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52582.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global perspective. The thesis is divided into six Chapters: The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis. The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement, are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU. Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT. In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and "Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed more closely. The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the EU and other ACP countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed. Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale perspektief te beskou. Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel: Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms word ook ontleed. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid- Afrika en die EU aan. Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met Artikel XXIV GATT strook. Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs) geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed. Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.
Mulunga, Immanuel. "The impact of the SA-EU FTA and the Cotonou Agreement on the economy of Namibia with particular emphasis on the fisheries and meat sectors." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51982.
Full textOn October 1999 South Africa signed a historic TDCA with the European Union. The main objective of this agreement is to liberalise most trade between the two parties over time through a free trade agreement. Namibia as a member of SACU became automatically a de facto member of the SA-EU FTA. At the same time the EU concluded another 20-year agreement with the ACP countries effectively changing its traditional trade relationship with these countries. Namibia also being a member of the ACP group of countries finds itself in the middle of these two agreements. South Africa and the EU however opted to leave some of the sectors that are considered sensitive out of the free trade agreement in order to mitigate some of the adjustment costs likely to be faced by lesser-developed partners in SACU such as Namibia. Beef is one of those sensitive sectors as it is the main Namibian agricultural export to both the EU and South Africa. The fisheries sector likewise contributes a lot to Namibia's export earnings and the fact South Africa and the EU are negotiating for a fisheries agreement could mean a change in Namibia's competitive position in this sector. The impact that these two agreements will have on the beef sector is not very significant or at least manageable at this stage. The impact on the fisheries sector is mainly uncertain at this stage in the absence of an EU-SA fisheries agreement. The major impact of the SA-EU FTA will be on government revenues, which rely heavily on receipts from the SACU common revenue pool. The SADC has also started its regional economic integration process, which the EU hopes to be a move towards a REPA with which it hopes to do business as part of the new Cotonou Agreement. However the vast disparities in economic development between the EU and SADC does not favour such a move. The benefits will most probably accrue to the EU and the costs to SADC countries, especially those countries that are not part of SACU. It is important that if the new Cotonou Agreement is to be mutually beneficial steps need to be taken to strengthen the industrial and export capacities of the ACP countries. Otherwise this wave of globalisation will be nothing but a zero sum game.
Van, den Haute Erik. "Harmonisation européenne du crédit hypothécaire: perspectives de droit comparé, de droit international privé et de droit européen." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210458.
Full textDoctorat en droit
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Kalová, Dagmar. "Návrh financování formou dotací a grantů společnosti působící v oblasti rozhlasového vysílání." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221480.
Full textDony, Marianne. "La responsabilité des pouvoirs publics en cas d'intervention dans une entreprise en difficulté." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213118.
Full textRypák, Marcel. "Podpora a rozvoj malých a středních podniků v České republice." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255764.
Full textCicconi, Claudia. "Essays on macroeconometrics and short-term forecasting." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209660.
Full textis composed of three chapters. The first two chapters are on nowcasting,
a topic that has received an increasing attention both among practitioners and
the academics especially in conjunction and in the aftermath of the 2008-2009
economic crisis. At the heart of the two chapters is the idea of exploiting the
information from data published at a higher frequency for obtaining early estimates
of the macroeconomic variable of interest. The models used to compute
the nowcasts are dynamic models conceived for handling in an efficient way
the characteristics of the data used in a real-time context, like the fact that due to the different frequencies and the non-synchronicity of the releases
the time series have in general missing data at the end of the sample. While
the first chapter uses a small model like a VAR for nowcasting Italian GDP,
the second one makes use of a dynamic factor model, more suitable to handle
medium-large data sets, for providing early estimates of the employment in
the euro area. The third chapter develops a topic only marginally touched
by the second chapter, i.e. the estimation of dynamic factor models on data characterized by block-structures.
The firrst chapter assesses the accuracy of the Italian GDP nowcasts based
on a small information set consisting of GDP itself, the industrial production
index and the Economic Sentiment Indicator. The task is carried out by using
real-time vintages of data in an out-of-sample exercise over rolling windows
of data. Beside using real-time data, the real-time setting of the exercise is
also guaranteed by updating the nowcasts according to the historical release calendar. The model used to compute the nowcasts is a mixed-frequency Vector
Autoregressive (VAR) model, cast in state-space form and estimated by
maximum likelihood. The results show that the model can provide quite accurate
early estimates of the Italian GDP growth rates not only with respect
to a naive benchmark but also with respect to a bridge model based on the
same information set and a mixed-frequency VAR with only GDP and the industrial production index.
The chapter also analyzes with some attention the role of the Economic Sentiment
Indicator, and of soft information in general. The comparison of our
mixed-frequency VAR with one with only GDP and the industrial production
index clearly shows that using soft information helps obtaining more accurate
early estimates. Evidence is also found that the advantage from using soft
information goes beyond its timeliness.
In the second chapter we focus on nowcasting the quarterly national account
employment of the euro area making use of both country-specific and
area wide information. The relevance of anticipating Eurostat estimates of
employment rests on the fact that, despite it represents an important macroeconomic
variable, euro area employment is measured at a relatively low frequency
(quarterly) and published with a considerable delay (approximately
two months and a half). Obtaining an early estimate of this variable is possible
thanks to the fact that several Member States publish employment data and
employment-related statistics in advance with respect to the Eurostat release
of the euro area employment. Data availability represents, nevertheless, a
major limit as country-level time series are in general non homogeneous, have
different starting periods and, in some cases, are very short. We construct a
data set of monthly and quarterly time series consisting of both aggregate and
country-level data on Quarterly National Account employment, employment
expectations from business surveys and Labour Force Survey employment and
unemployment. In order to perform a real time out-of-sample exercise simulating
the (pseudo) real-time availability of the data, we construct an artificial
calendar of data releases based on the effective calendar observed during the first quarter of 2012. The model used to compute the nowcasts is a dynamic
factor model allowing for mixed-frequency data, missing data at the beginning
of the sample and ragged edges typical of non synchronous data releases. Our
results show that using country-specific information as soon as it is available
allows to obtain reasonably accurate estimates of the employment of the euro
area about fifteen days before the end of the quarter.
We also look at the nowcasts of employment of the four largest Member
States. We find that (with the exception of France) augmenting the dynamic
factor model with country-specific factors provides better results than those
obtained with the model without country-specific factors.
The third chapter of the thesis deals with dynamic factor models on data
characterized by local cross-correlation due to the presence of block-structures.
The latter is modeled by introducing block-specific factors, i.e. factors that
are specific to blocks of time series. We propose an algorithm to estimate the model by (quasi) maximum likelihood and use it to run Monte Carlo
simulations to evaluate the effects of modeling or not the block-structure on
the estimates of common factors. We find two main results: first, that in finite samples modeling the block-structure, beside being interesting per se, can help
reducing the model miss-specification and getting more accurate estimates
of the common factors; second, that imposing a wrong block-structure or
imposing a block-structure when it is not present does not have negative
effects on the estimates of the common factors. These two results allow us
to conclude that it is always recommendable to model the block-structure
especially if the characteristics of the data suggest that there is one.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Benoniová, Kamila. "Financování podnikatelských aktivit pomocí strukturálních fondů EU." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222792.
Full textKRZYZANOWSKA, Olga. "What drives entrepreneurs? : a study of business formation by young people in Poland and Ireland." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/12005.
Full textExamining Board: László Bruszt (EUI); Colin Crouch (Warwick Business School) (Supervisor); Colm O'Gorman (DCU Business School, Dublin); Andrzej Kozminski (Leon Kozminski Academy, Warsaw)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Extant research that explores the motivations for self-employment has tended to focus on the motivational determinants of men’s self-employment decisions or that of the general population and there is a distinct lack of comparable work that examines the self-employment decisions of young people, in Poland and Ireland in particular. Similarly, among studies investigating the role of social capital and work experience for the choice of self-employment at the individual level, no space has been devoted to the young from these two country settings. This thesis fills such a gap and offers a comparative analysis of self-employment and entrepreneurship of the 20-35- year-olds in Poland and Ireland, conducted in 2005. It presents a comparison of motivations from a wide perspective of socio-economic context in which young entrepreneurs are embroiled. In addition, it provides analysis of social capital, work experience, institutional environment for business, and the ways of dealing with business management aspects. Yet, important input to the literature proposed by this study regards motivations to continue which evolve from the motivation for start over time when staying in business. To tackle such queries, in-depth qualitative and exploratory interviews with 40 entrepreneurs (20 in Warsaw and 20 in Dublin) were conducted. The thesis reveals that motivations do not have an association with unemployment in the Polish case and are dependent on economic growth in the Irish case. In both instances, this may be linked to the educational (human) and occupational capital, potentially increasing the likelihood of treating firm as a chance or an opportunity. Some of the motivational factors which are common to these two contexts are: desire to work for oneself, money, and dissatisfaction with work. Social capital conceived as weak and strong social ties proved to be an important factor accounting for the decision to move into self-employment and stay in it. The major differences were traced with respect to strategies and institutional assistance for entrepreneurship. The thesis may inform individual characteristics of entrepreneurship in the countries concerned. In addition, it appears as an initial step for testing the results obtained on bigger sample studies. It also formulates some tentative recommendations which may offer timely insights for decision-makers responsible for the promotion of entrepreneurship.
COEN, David. "The large firm as a political actor in the European Union: an empirical study of the behaviour and logic." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5222.
Full textExamining board: Prof. Colin Crouch, EUI ; Prof. Wyn Grant, University of Warwick ; Prof. Giandomenico Majone, Supervisor ; Prof. Philippe Schmitter, Stanford University ; Prof. Susan Strange, University of Warwick
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
De, Cieri Helen. "The social dimension of the European Union : implications for strategic international human resource management in Australian multinational enterprises." Thesis, 1996. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19648/1/whole_DeCieriHelen1996_thesis.pdf.
Full textASSIMACOPOULOU, Elli. "L'harmonisation de la fiscalite de l'epargne das les pays de la Communaute." Doctoral thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4548.
Full textBEAUCHESNE, Benedicte. "La protection juridique des entreprises en droit communautaire de la concurrence." Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4558.
Full textExamining board: Prof. Marie-Chantal Boutard-Labarde (Université de Paris X-Nanterre) ; Prof. Fausto Capelli (Université de Parme) ; Prof. Peter Müller-Graff (Université de Trier) ; Prof. Jürgen Schwarze (Supervisor - EUI) ; Prof. Jean Vergès (Université de Paris I)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
Henriques, Maria Manuel de Amaro Brito. "Assessing the Industry 4.0 divide across sectors - Evidence from European enterprises." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123483.
Full textSince the First Industrial Revolution, the world has seen the arrival of factories, massive assembly lines, and innovations that changed the way people lived. Since then, there has been a shift from analogue devices to digital ones. We are now in the digital era, in which people, processes, and technologies are more connected than ever. Information is everywhere, in everything. Enterprises are investing more in innovations to optimize their business models. Technologies such as the Internet of Things, Big Data Analytics, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Cloud Computing are revolutionizing the way enterprises, academia, and politicians think and act in the face of innovation. It is the beginning of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The proposed study makes use of factor and cluster analysis to evaluate what the dimensions are that characterize the implementation of Industry 4.0 in different economic sectors and European Union countries. The study also tackles how the diverse sectors and countries compare to one another and, consequently, which of the two groups – sectors or countries – influence more strongly the discrepancies in Industry 4.0 implementation levels.
NOVÝ, Zdenek. "The new model of a business-to-consumer arbitration for the European Union." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32136.
Full textSupervisor: Professor Hans Wolfgang Micklitz (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The suitability of arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism for B2C disputes has aroused much interest in the recent academic literature. The relationship between arbitration and consumer protection is a complex one. On the one hand, arbitration has proved to be an effective alternative to court proceedings in business disputes. On the other hand, it has been acknowledged that arbitration might not be a viable option for the disputes involving weaker parties hence consumers. The aim of this thesis to examine what should the role of arbitration be for B2C disputes within the EU. It seeks to demonstrate that arbitration should be an ADR mechanism for B2C disputes provided that it meets certain requirements. Thus, the institutional design as well as the essential principles for the new model of B2C arbitration will be proposed.
MUSSO, Alberto. "An analysis of the Euro area business cycle." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5016.
Full textExamining Board: Prof. Mike Artis, supervisor ; Prof. Anindya Banerjee ; Prof. Denise Osborn, University of Manchester ; Prof. Gabriel Perez Quiroz, Economic Bureau of the President, Madrid
First made available online 5 September 2016
GOYDER, Joanna. ""Business format" franchising and EEC competition law : a critical analysis of the European Court of Justice's and the Commission's treatment of franchising contracts and what it can tell us about the aims and purposes of EEC competition law." Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5550.
Full textPELLEGRIN, Julie. "International business and the European integration process : the example of outward processing traffic between the European Union and the Central and Eastern European countries." Doctoral thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5348.
Full textExamining board: Prof. P.A. Messerlin, FNSP, Paris (co-supervisor); Prof. L.K. Mytelka, UNCTAD, Geneva; Prof. S. Strange, University of Warwick (supervisor); Prof. J. Zielonka, EUI, Florence
First made available online on 19 June 2017
Quitéria, Miguel Pedro. "The relation between the left-right political binomial and tax burden on European Union countries." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24230.
Full textO principal objetivo deste estudo é entender o efeito da orientação política dos governos na carga fiscal dos respetivos países. Para isto testou-se se o binómio político esquerda-direita tem um efeito positivo ou negativo na variável anteriormente referida. Foi reunida informação relacionada com o tema, com período correspondente às últimas três décadas, e relativa aos países que compõem a União Europeia, recorrendo às bases de dados da OCDE e ParlGov. Os resultados mostraram que, em média, para os países da União Europeia, os governos dominados por partidos de direita tendem a obter menores níveis de carga fiscal quando comparados a governos de esquerda. Uma das principais razões que pode justificar esta afirmação é o facto de os partidos de direita por norma incorrem em menores níveis de despesa pública, o que conduz a uma menor necessidade de maiores níveis de receita fiscal. Este mesmo estudo indica também que os partidos de direita tendem a preferir uma maior coleta de impostos diretos do que indiretos, preferindo taxar o lucro das pessoas e empresas em vez do consumo das mesmas. Considera-se que este estudo poderá ser bastante útil para os sujeitos passivos individuais e coletivos, uma vez que permite que seja feita uma previsão do aumento/redução da carga fiscal a que estão sujeitos, apenas através da análise da orientação política do governo eleito.
Oliveira, Luís de. "The impact of European Union support programmes on the internationalisation of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises in the wine sector." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/18763.
Full textEsta dissertação tem um duplo propósito: obter informações sobre os benefícios para as empresas que advêm da internacionalização; e avaliar o impacto dos programas de apoio à internacionalização da União Europeia (UE) nas micro, pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) do sector vitivinícola. Nesse sentido, foi realizado um questionário às PMEs do sector vitivinícola (42) que tiveram acesso aos programas de apoio à internacionalização definidos nos Fundos Europeus Estruturais e de Investimento 2014-2020, e uma entrevista a um consultor parar corroborar os resultados. Os resultados relacionados com a internacionalização demostram que a maioria das empresas possui uma experiência positiva de atuação no exterior, obtendo benefícios identificados pela literatura: aumento do volume de negócio, maior estabilidade, mais inovação, entre outros. A verdade é que a maioria das empresas está consciente das oportunidades inerentes a esse tipo de estratégia. No entanto, ao mesmo tempo, as PMEs também estão conscientes dos vários desafios e suas limitações. Por exemplo, a falta de informações adequadas sobre os mercados, a falta de capital e os elevados impostos e regulamentações foram as mais identificadas. Estas barreiras desencorajam naturalmente a aposta na estratégia de internacionalização. É nesse sentido que os fundos estruturais podem ter um papel crucial no apoio às PMEs. Os resultados mostram que 9 em cada 10 empresas consideraram os fundos europeus um recurso valioso para ultrapassar essas barreiras. Os resultados oriundos deste estudo contribuem com informação valiosa sobre o impacto positivo dos fundos europeus, e ao mesmo tempo, possíveis formas de os tornar mais eficazes.
Kabamba, Georges Bukasa. "The importance of bilateral agreements on trade flows: a case of the Trade Development and Cooperation Agreement (EU-SA TDCA)." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26799.
Full textBusiness Management
M. Com. (Business Management (International Business and Finance))
CUHROVÁ, Jana. "Podpora malého a středního podnikání v okrese Strakonice." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-51070.
Full textFRK, Radek. "Možnosti využití finančních prostředků z EU pro rekonstrukci a rozvoj podnikatelské nemovitosti." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-47042.
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