Journal articles on the topic 'Business education Australia'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Business education Australia.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Business education Australia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Lehmann, Caitlyn. "Editorial." Children Australia 42, no. 4 (November 29, 2017): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2017.44.
Full textAbstract:
Among the plethora of minor parties fielding candidates in Australia's 2016 federal election was a relative newcomer called Sustainable Australia. Formed in 2010 and campaigning with the slogan ‘Better, not bigger’, the party's policy centrepiece calls for Australia to slow its population growth through a combination of lower immigration, changes to family payments, and the withdrawal of government agencies from proactive population growth strategies (Sustainable Australia, n.d.). At a global level, the party also calls for Australia to increase foreign aid with a focus on supporting women's health, reproductive rights and education. Like most minor parties, its candidates polled poorly, attracting too few votes to secure seats in the Senate. But in the ensuing months, the South Australian branch of The Greens broke from the national party platform by proposing the aim of stabilising South Australia's population within a generation (The Greens SA, 2017). Just this August, Australian business entrepreneur Dick Smith launched a ‘Fair Go’ manifesto, similarly calling for reductions in Australia's population growth to address rising economic inequality and a “decline in living standards” (Dick Smith Fair Go Group, 2017).
2
Colic-Peisker, Val, and Ling Deng. "Chinese business migrants in Australia: Middle-class transnationalism and ‘dual embeddedness’." Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (March 21, 2019): 234–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319836281.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past two decades, four-fifths of the business immigration to Australia originated from China. Australian business migrants are required to undertake a two-step migration pathway: first they demonstrate a certain level of assets and business success to qualify for temporary entry and then, through successful business activity, they qualify for permanent residency (PR). Using in-depth interview narratives and survey data, this article explores migration motives and experiences of Chinese business migrants in Melbourne, Australia and situates them within the conceptual framework of middle-class transnationalism and ‘dual embeddedness’. We found that our respondents were primarily driven by motives other than the likelihood of business success in Australia, such as the prospects of good education for their children and a cleaner environment. Gaining Australian PR emerged as the key milestone in the migration process, allowing migrants to move freely between home and host countries and live as ‘dually embedded’ transnationals.
3
Hogan, Owen, Michael B. Charles, and Michael A. Kortt. "The value of public business education in Australia: challenges and opportunities for decision makers." International Journal of Educational Management 35, no. 7 (October 19, 2021): 1538–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijem-05-2021-0197.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeWith their former role as “cash cows” under threat owing to COVID-19, Australian business schools are fighting not only to maintain their status but also their survival. This study aims to look at how the sector might best approach these challenges.Design/methodology/approachThe study reviews the recent literature on business and management education in Australia and compares that with emerging trends and policy directions.FindingsThis analysis of current and emerging trends suggests that business education needs to find alternative arguments for legitimacy, and that business schools in public universities can no longer be regarded automatically as the “keepers of knowledge”.Research limitations/implicationsThe study contends that public resources would be better channelled towards fit-for-purpose business and management education, with this being administered by an array of entities, some of which would include private providers, public–private partnerships or public entities other than “business schools”.Practical implicationsThe study articulates the current and emerging challenges faced by decision and policy makers in the field of public business education and contends that the largely homogeneous business education provided by public universities in Australia is not always in the public interest.Social implicationsThe value of business education provided by public institutions is becoming increasingly contested, with many stakeholders, including employers, questioning the utility of contemporary business education.Originality/valuePrevious studies have looked at the aspects of the future of business and management education, but no overview has hitherto synthesised the findings of such studies and drawn out the practical implications.
4
Stenberg, Luz Centeno. "Do International Business Students Who Are Studying in Australia Have Similar Academic Outcomes? A Comparison of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students." Journal of Education and Training 10, no. 1 (August 25, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jet.v10i1.20217.
Full textAbstract:
The paper explores the characteristics of business students studying in Australia. A total of 1907 students (1033 undergraduate and 874 postgraduate students) are included in the study between 2012 and 2016. These students are either from a higher education (tertiary) private provider of undergraduate business courses or from one of the Australian universities studying at the postgraduate level. The paper attempts to examine if there are similarities in undergraduate and postgraduate business student outcomes that could be attributed to country of origin and gender. The paper argues that the human capital pursuit among international business students studying in Australia is similar due to the linkages between immigration, labor market and education policies. These linkages might have facilitated the perceived risk-return relationship of studying in Australia and as a result led to attracting similar (international) students studying at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Ordinary least squares (OLS) models’ results suggest that gender and country of origin are important in predicting success. In particular, being female is positively related to academic success and certain student groups dominate the international students’ landscape in Australia.
5
Billett *, Stephen. "From your business to our business: industry and vocational education in Australia." Oxford Review of Education 30, no. 1 (March 2004): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305498042000190041.
Full text
6
Jaric, Ljubica. "Contemporary skill migration in Australia." Stanovnistvo 39, no. 1-4 (2001): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0104157j.
Full textAbstract:
Immigration has always been a key of the Australian social and economic development. Australia administers separate Migration and Humanitarian Programs. The Migration Program has two streams: Family and Skill. The smaller Special Eligibility stream includes groups such as former Australian citizens and former residents who have maintained ties with Australia. The Skill stream of Australia's Migration Program is specifically designed to target migrants who have skills or outstanding abilities that will contribute to the Australian economy. The migration to Australia of people with qualifications and relevant work experience can help to address skill shortages in Australia and enhance the size, skill level and productivity of the Australian labour force. Skilled migrants were mainly employed in managerial, administrative, professional or paraprofessional occupations or as traders. Permanent movement represents the major element of net overseas migration. Australia has experienced not only permanent influx of skilled but longterm movement as an affect of globalisation of business, the creation of international labour and education markets and cheaper travel. The level of longterm movements is strongly influenced by both domestic and international conditions of development, particularly economic conditions. More Australians are going overseas to work and study and foreigners are coming to Australia in larger numbers for the same reasons. Skill migration in FRY is mostly correlated with the economic situation in the country. Skill stream from FRY to Australia has been significantly increased since 1990. In the Australian official statistics separate data for the FRY has been available since July 1998. Prior to July 1998. FRY component was substantial proportion of total Former Yugoslav Republics. Estimated Serbian skill stream is around 4500 people.
7
Pimpa, Nattavud, and Margaret Heffernan. "Challenges in the Transnational Business Education." Journal of International Students 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32674/jis.v10i2.141.
Full textAbstract:
Management of learning and teaching in a transnational business education program can be a true challenge for institutions in both home and host countries, especially with leadership and governance. In this article, we seek to define challenges in engaging business students in a transnational education program operating in Singapore and Australia. From the interviews with students and staff, we identified feedback, communication, and transferability as important factors promoting engagement among students in the transnational program. We highlight learning strategies to support ongoing engagement among students in a transnational business education program. The findings suggest that contextualizing the local and international issues is crucial in the management of a transnational business education program if students are to develop global competencies.
8
Charteris, Jennifer. "Teaching performance assessments in the USA and Australia." International Journal of Comparative Education and Development 21, no. 4 (October 31, 2019): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijced-10-2018-0039.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Teaching performance assessments (TPAs) have developed in the USA and Australia as a “bar exam” for the profession and are used means to assure that graduates are classroom ready. The purpose of this paper is to outline how these assessments have been implemented in teacher education in the USA and Australian contexts. The edTPA is embroiled in controversy in the USA and there are important lessons from the related research literature that could inform the how other countries engage with TPAs in pre-service teacher education. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper outlines how Australia has introduced TPAs in initial teacher education (ITE) through policy borrowing from the USA. The paper synthesises critiques of the edTPA (USA) from research literature and considers the implications of TPAs in the Australian context. Findings The TPA impacts the focus of pre-service teacher practicum teaching, and pedagogy and curriculum in ITE education. The TPA could be used to mobilise detrimental accountability mechanisms. With the outsourcing of assessment to edu-business, Pearson Education, teacher education institutions in the USA have a sense that they have lost control over determining which students are credentialed to teach. Although pre-service teacher assessment is still administered and assessed by ITE institutions in Australia, there is a concern that could change. It is argued that educators, administrators and policy makers should avoid moves to outsource TPAs in Australia. Originality/value Because it is in its infancy, there is a little robust research into the implication of introducing teacher performance assessments into the Australian teacher education context.
9
Maritz, Alex, Quan Nguyen, and Martin Bliemel. "Boom or bust? Embedding entrepreneurship in education in Australia." Education + Training 61, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 737–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2019-0037.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the status of entrepreneurship education (EE) in Australia, replicating and expanding a similar study in 2015. The aim is to review neoteric global best practice EE initiatives, enabling the examination and embedding of EE offerings and initiatives at all 40 higher education institutions (HEIs) in Australia. Design/methodology/approach The authors introduce a review of prominent and recent global EE scholarship, enabling an iterative and emergent inquiry perspective aligned to inductive and nascent multi-method empirical research associated with theoretical underpinnings of symbolic and substantive management theory. Findings This paper highlights the sparse and inconsistent distribution of EE programs and initiatives across all 40 Australian HEIs, particularly against the backdrop of rapidly expanding start-up and entrepreneurship ecosystems. Furthermore, outcomes provide best practice EE initiatives, which included staff mobility and transferability of skills. HEIs in Australia are experiencing a moderate EE boom, albeit marginally down on global EE transformation initiatives. Research limitations/implications Limitation of the data is subject to availability and accuracy of online documents and material resources, although implications have been mitigated using multi-method research design. Practical implications The findings provide critical grounding for researchers, practitioners and HEIs wishing to enhance EE within ever-expanding entrepreneurship ecosystems. Originality/value This study is the first multi-methods inquiry into the status of EE in Australia, consisting of quantitative, qualitative and algorithmic methods.
10
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Sara Imran Khan, Fahim Ullah, Abbas Z. Kouzani, and M. A. Parvez Mahmud. "Effects of COVID-19 on the Australian Economy: Insights into the Mobility and Unemployment Rates in Education and Tourism Sectors." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 11300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011300.
Full textAbstract:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected global economies due to lockdowns, business closures, and travel and other restrictions. To control the spread of the virus, several countries, including Australia, imposed strict border restrictions and lockdown measures. Accordingly, international borders have been closed, and all incoming international passengers are mandated to a 14-day hotel quarantine. Residents’ movements and businesses have been limited to essential services only. Employees have been directed to work from home while businesses moved to a remote working model. Due to such stringent measures, small and medium businesses such as cafes, restaurants, hotels, childcare centers, and tourism-based institutions incurred heavy losses, pushing a considerable portion of such small businesses to close. The airlines, education, tourism, and hospitality sector were the worst impacted among all. Due to such closures and associated effects of COVID-19, the unemployment rates are assumed to be significantly increased in countries like Australia. However, a study investigating this unemployment and reporting its status does not exist for Australia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of COVID-19 control measures such as travel restriction and lockdown on Australia’s employment status and labor markets. The data for the local transport network, unemployment rates and impacts on the tourism industry in Australia were extracted from the public data sources to assess the unemployment rates at both national and state-wide levels. Further, we also looked into the rehabilitation measures by the Australian government, such as the Job Keeper and Job Seeker programs in March 2020, that aim to provide support to people who are unable to run their businesses or have lost their jobs due to the pandemic. Overall, we observed that despite the global crisis, the Australian unemployment rate has reduced in the last year.
11
T. Schaper, Michael. "A brief history of small business in Australia, 1970-2010." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 3, no. 2 (October 14, 2014): 222–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-08-2012-0044.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the development of the SME sector in Australia, concentrating on a number of key areas: small business definitions and numbers; the role of government; the emergence of key industry groups; and the evolution of education, training and research services. Design/methodology/approach – The study is a result of extensive literature reviews, desk research and the recollections of various participants in the field. Findings – There have been major changes to the Australian small business sector over the last 40 years. In 1983-1984 there were an estimated 550,000 small firms, and by 2010 this had grown to almost two million. Government involvement in, and support for, SMEs was virtually non-existent before 1970. Following the delivery of the Wiltshire report (1971), however, both state and federal governments responded by developing specialist advisory services, funding programmes and other support tools. Virtually non-existent before the 1970s, several peak industry associations were formed between 1977 and the 1990s. At the same time, formal education and teaching in the area expanded in the 1970s and 1980s and is now widespread. Practical implications – Development of the small business sector in Australia has often paralleled similar trends in other OECD nations. State and territory governments have often (but not always) been the principal drivers of policy change. Originality/value – There has been no little, if any, prior documentation of the evolution of the small business sector in Australia in the last 40 years.
12
Chavan, Meena. "Education and Training Needs of the Ethnic Entrepreneur in Australia." Industry and Higher Education 17, no. 3 (June 2003): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000003101296846.
Full textAbstract:
This paper is one of the outcomes of an empirical study of 209 ethnic entrepreneurs in Sydney investigating the ethnic business creation process. In the paper, the education and training needs of ethnic entrepreneurs are identified and analysed with respect to a number of issues affecting ethnic business, such as educational qualifications, English-speaking skills, areas of business knowledge, cultural, linguistic and technical skills, areas in which the entrepreneurs find it difficult to acquire knowledge, and their preferred method of receiving training and expert advice. This study confirms the view that entrepreneurship education makes a significant difference in the performance of entrepreneurs, with entrepreneurs expressing a need for further training and education in specific business issues.
13
Smith, Erica, and Andy Smith. "Making training core business: Enterprise Registered Training Organisations in Australia." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 61, no. 3 (September 2009): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13636820902996491.
Full text
14
Foley, Dennis. "Indigenous Research, Differing Value Systems." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 28, no. 1 (December 2000): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1326011100001253.
Full textAbstract:
The collective aim of many of this Journal's readers is to provide Indigenous Australians with a sound education to allow us (Indigenous Australia) to take a more active role in Australian society. My personal research interest is in business studies, training Indigenous Australians in management and business principles. I continually face the question of am I training my kin in a Western science that is often at the opposite end of the spectrum to Indigenous thought and practice?
15
CHENG, SOO-MAY. "POLICY'S CONSEQUENCES: THE COMMERCIALISATION OF AUSTRALIAN TERTIARY EDUCATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS ASIAN MARKET." Journal of Enterprising Culture 06, no. 04 (December 1998): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495898000254.
Full textAbstract:
Higher education has in the recent decade become in itself a major business. In some economies, it is an important contributor to the gross national product. This fact is true in the case of Australia. This paper discusses the commercialisation of Australian higher education in Asia and how Australian government policy has contributed to this internationalisation. In addition to addressing the policy consequences, it also examines issues surrounding the content, curricula and teaching in the programmes that are exported. Whilst the internationalisation of higher education may have led to the presence of an enterprising culture in the exporting institutions, the higher ideals of education need to be balanced.
16
Jackson, Stephen James. "“Not in the business of indoctrination”: religious education in South Australian public schools, 1968–1980." History of Education Review 49, no. 2 (October 16, 2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-01-2020-0006.
Full textAbstract:
PurposeThis paper explores religious education (RE) in South Australia from 1968–1980. It focuses especially on the collapse of the RE settlement from 1968–1972 and the controversial legislation and subsequent curricula emerging from changes to the Education Act in 1972.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws upon archival materials, published sources from the South Australian Institute of Teachers, the South Australian Education Department and the Religious Education Project Team, as well as an interview with Malcolm McArthur, one of the most influential figures in the controversy.FindingsFollowing the collapse of religious instruction from 1968–1972, the Minister of Education quickly passed legislation regarding a new course of religious education. A major controversy subsequently broke out over the appropriateness and design of a new programme of religious education. Educators attempted to design an educationally sound programme of RE that would avoid the problem of indoctrination. Ultimately, a new programme was created that satisfied neither proponents nor opponents of religion in state schools, and General Religious Teaching gradually faded from South Australian classrooms by 1980.Originality/valueThe article engages with broader debates on the nature of secularity in Australian history. In particular, it complicates the political-institutional approach developed by Damon Mayrl by stressing the agency and significance of elite educational and religious actors in the creation of new secular settlements. It also provides a useful addition to an older South Australian historiography by utilising newly available sources on the topic.
17
Hubbard, Graham. "Changing Trends in MBA Education in Australia." Journal of Management Development 9, no. 6 (June 1990): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621719010145272.
Full text
18
Adam, Christopher M., and Lester W. Johnson. "The Changing Face of Europe and International Business Education in Australia." Journal of Teaching in International Business 3, no. 1 (October 29, 1991): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j066v03n01_03.
Full text
19
Toussaint, Sandy, Donna Mak, and Judith Straton. "Marnin Business: Anthropological Interpretations of Cervical Screening among Australian Aboriginal Women." Australian Journal of Primary Health 4, no. 2 (1998): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py98019.
Full textAbstract:
Cervical cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among Australian Aboriginal women despite the existence of effective prevention in the form of the Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear. An anthropological assessment of a successful cervical screening program in remote northern Australia reveals that a large proportion of women participated in the program because of the gender, skills, dedication and history of a female medical practitioner, and work practices which incorporated recognition of indigenous beliefs and practices. Without the direct involvement of the practitioner, and with health services which undermined the influence of local cultural behaviours, the program declined. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal responses to the program are described, and it is suggested that understandings about culture and gender are crucial to the design and application of future Pap Smear programs. Committed health care practitioners, cross-cultural education, and improved socioeconomic conditions for indigenous populations, are also identified as key elements for better service delivery in regard to cervical screening and other health-related issues in Aboriginal Australia.
20
Anderson, Alastair A. "Vocational Education and Industry Training in Australia." Education + Training 36, no. 2 (March 1994): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400919410058117.
Full text
21
de Jonge, Alice. "Australia-China-Africa investment partnerships." critical perspectives on international business 12, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2014-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – This paper aims to examine the potential for “triangular cooperation” between investment partners from Australia, China and host African nations to contribute to the economic development in Africa. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses a number of complementarities between Australian and Chinese investors in mining, agriculture, energy, research and education and finance – sectors vital to Africa’s future development. These complementarities are examined in light of recent development studies on the benefits of triangular cooperation and recent literature examining links between foreign direct investment (FDI) policy and economic development. Findings – The paper concludes that there is much to be gained by making the most of the existing and potential synergies between Australian, Chinese and local investors in African settings. Research limitations/implications – The implications of this paper are, first, that African nations should keep the benefits of triangular cooperation in mind when designing FDI policies and, second, that Australian and Chinese investors should be more willing to explore potential investment partner synergies when investing in Africa. The paper also suggests an agenda for future research into how good design of FDI policies might best promote healthy economic development in African nations. Practical implications – Australian and Chinese companies should be more willing to explore potential avenues for cooperation when investing in Africa, while African governments should be more mindful of how rules and policies can maximise the local benefits of FDI. Social implications – African governments should be more mindful of the quality, rather than the quantity of FDI when drafting relevant laws and policies. Originality/value – The value of the paper is in applying the concept of “triangular cooperation” to direct investment. The paper also provides an original focus on Australia-China investment synergies in African settings.
22
Mason, Robb, and Shirley Randall. "Adult Education and Local Economic Development in Australia." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 5, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v5i2.396.
Full textAbstract:
Adult education has not been considered to have had a strong connection with local economic development. Changing economic circumstances for Australia, however, have forced a reconsideration of the relationship of education more broadly to work and economic matters. In so doing it has become apparent that local adult education agencies have had a more intimate connection with this area than has previously been realised. This has become more apparent as the importance of local involvement in the decision making over local economic matters has become more critical. Training for employment, small business development, enterprise education, awareness programs, the encouragement of entrepreneurialism are all aspects of econontic development impacted upon by adult education and described in this paper.
23
Tham, Tse Leng, and Peter Holland. "What do business school academics want? Reflections from the national survey on workplace climate and well-being: Australia and New Zealand." Journal of Management & Organization 24, no. 4 (February 20, 2018): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.3.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis research discusses the findings from a study undertaken for an exploration of the critical issues around the working conditions, workplace climate, and well-being of business school (predominantly management) academics in Australia and New Zealand. With an ageing workforce, and almost half of the Australian and New Zealand workforce intending to retire, move overseas, or leave the sector within this decade, amidst rising demand in the tertiary education sector, the effective retention of this key skilled workforce is pertinent. With data from a survey conducted in 2017 involving 451 business school academics in Australia and New Zealand, this research note highlights several key issues around the areas of workplace climate and well-being which importantly, are within the control of management. Specifically, these salient workforce issues include work intensification, burnout, and poor work–life balance.
24
Gribble, Catriona, Jill Blackmore, and Mark Rahimi. "Challenges to providing work integrated learning to international business students at Australian universities." Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning 5, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 401–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-04-2015-0015.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a three-year Australian study of international business and accounting students and the transition to employment. For international students seeking to differentiate themselves in a highly competitive global labour market, foreign work experience is now an integral part of the overseas study “package”. Work-integrated learning (WIL) is seen to provide critical “employability” knowledge and skills, however, international students have low participation rates. The high value placed on WIL among international students poses challenges for Australia as well as opportunities. Understanding the issues surrounding international students and WIL is closely linked to Australia’s continued success in the international education sector which has broad, long-term, social and economic implications. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on 59 interviews with a range of stakeholders including international students, universities, government, employers and professional bodies. Central to the paper is an in-depth case study of WIL in the business and accounting discipline at one Australian university. Findings – Providing international students with access to discipline-related work experience has emerged as a critical issue for Australian universities. The study finds that enhancing the employability skills of internationals students via integrated career education, a focus on English language proficiency and “soft skills” development are central to success in WIL. Meeting the growing demand for WIL among international students requires a multipronged approach which hinges on cooperation between international students, universities, employers and government. Originality/value – This project aims to fill a critical knowledge gap by advancing theories in relation to international students and WIL. While there is a significant body of research in the fields of international education and WIL, there is an absence of research exploring the intersection between the two fields. The study will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in both fields by exploring the emerging issue of WIL and international students.
25
McWilliam, Erica, Alan Lawson, Terry Evans, and Peter G. Taylor. "‘Silly, Soft and Otherwise Suspect’: Doctoral Education as Risky Business." Australian Journal of Education 49, no. 2 (August 2005): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000494410504900208.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates how certain doctoral practices come to count as scandalous and with what effects on universities. To do so, it engages with a number of recent media allegations that relate to doctoral practice in Australia and elsewhere. The analysis of these allegations is developed in terms of three broad categories, namely allegations of silliness in relation to thesis content, allegations of softness in relation to entry, rigour and assessment, and allegations of suspect conduct and/or credentials. The impact of such allegations on university governance is then addressed.
26
Fraser, Kym. "Is Indonesia Producing Enough Business Graduates to Assist its Development Aspirations?" Industry and Higher Education 27, no. 2 (April 2013): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2013.0148.
Full textAbstract:
Business plays an important role in most economies around the world, but businesses rely on the higher education system to supply an adequate number of qualified business graduates. In nations such as the USA, the UK and Australia, business degrees are the most popular university qualification; and the growth in the number of Chinese students undertaking business degrees in universities outside their home country over the past decade has been astronomical. In contrast, for Indonesia there has been a decline in the number of business degrees being undertaken abroad and at home. Indonesia has set a number of ambitious development goals and if these are to be achieved, there will need to be increasing activity from the business sector. Therefore, it is argued, questions should be raised about the current declining rate of student numbers in higher education business degree courses, and about whether the trend will have a detrimental impact on the future development aspirations of this highly populated country.
27
Sablok, Gitika, Pauline Stanton, Timothy Bartram, John Burgess, and Brendan Boyle. "Human resource development practices, managers and multinational enterprises in Australia." Education + Training 59, no. 5 (June 12, 2017): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2016-0023.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the HRD practices of multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in Australia to understand the value that MNEs place on investment in their human capital, particularly managerial talent. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a representative sample of 211 MNEs operating in Australia, this paper investigates the extent (using frequencies) and determinants (using logistic regression analysis) of training and development expenditure, management development strategies, talent management and succession planning policies. Findings The findings suggest that less than 20 per cent of MNEs operating in Australia are investing over 4 per cent of their annual pay bill on training and development. Furthermore, almost a quarter of firms invest less than 1 per cent in training and development. However, most MNEs invest in their managers and those with high potential through the use of management development programmes, talent management strategies and succession planning. Interestingly, in comparison to US MNEs, Australian MNEs were less likely to use management development or talent management programmes for senior management or high performing staff. Research limitations/implications The current study is cross-sectional and represents a snapshot of MNEs’ HRD practices at one point in time. The study measured the perceptions of the most senior HR manager and did not include the views of other organisational participants. The authors suggest the need for future research studies that incorporate longitudinal research designs and the views of different organisational actors. Practical implications HR managers or HRD specialists need to develop a strong understanding of the Australian institutional context, as well as demonstrate the importance/business case for an integrative approach to HRD. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to study the HRD practices of MNEs operating in Australia, particularly focusing on the value that MNEs place on their human capital.
28
Stanley, Gordon, and Jeff Oliver. "Variation in student selection within the Australian Unified National System: A case study in undergraduate business studies from Western Australia." Higher Education 28, no. 3 (October 1994): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01383719.
Full text
29
Davidson, Paul, Jane Tsakissiris, and Yuanyuan Guo. "A Systems Model Comparing Australian and Chinese HRM Education." Journal of Learning Design 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/jld.v9i3.263.
Full textAbstract:
<p class="Keywords">This paper compares HR education in Australia and in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It explores implications for learning design in graduate HRM education in an increasingly globalised world. Beginning with a discussion of the HR profession and the competencies demanded for HR professionals and their accreditation, the paper takes an open systems perspective to argue that to provide optimal HR education (the transformation process) for the HR graduate (the product output) requires resource inputs from academe, from professional associations, and from industry. HR education comprises topics in the theory and process of HRM, general business knowledge and skills, and pedagogy that extends to industry experience and assessment and reporting. A comparison of Australian and Chinese curricula indicates similarities in terms of approximate programme weightings of general business units, core HRM, and elective units. It is recommended that curriculum design take into account the need to remain research-based academically yet industry-focused, in the context of an international workplace. A key to this is the collaborative input by academe, regulators, professional associations, and industry. The content and process is examined, with implications for education design. </p>
30
Hughes, Owen E. "MPA Programs in Australia." Chinese Public Administration Review 3, no. 1-2 (March 2005): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v3i1.2.53.
Full textAbstract:
Australian universities have established specific Masters programs for public servants over the past twenty years. However, until recently, despite being established, they have not thrived by comparison with MBA and other masters courses in business. It was not easy to attract students and good staff. MPA programs have generally not captured the public sector community's attention in the same way as is the case in a number of US schools of public administration or management. This situation changed in 2003 with the creation of the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG). This is a consortium of five governments - the Commonwealth government, the New Zealand government, and the three largest state governments - and nine universities set up to provide an Executive Masters in Public Administration. The ANZSOG cohort is composed of future leaders in the opinion of their governments. All students are fully funded by their governments and at a level that is more costly per student than other training. Funding of this scale reflects a major change for governments in Australia. The establishment of the Australia and New Zealand School of Government represents a major change in education of public managers in Australia. There are lessons for other countries in its establishment.
31
Fieger, Peter, Renato Andrin Villano, John Rice, and Ray Cooksey. "Two dimensional efficiency measurements in vocational education." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 66, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 196–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-09-2015-0139.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose In Australia, the vocational education and training (VET) sector accounts for approximately A$8 billion of public spending, of which around A$6.6 billion is spent on government providers that include Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes. The TAFE institutes in Australia are large, public VET providers, generally funded and managed by state government. Measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of TAFE institutes is of great interest to policy makers, regulators, consumers and to the institutions themselves. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach In this study the authors use data relating to student cohort demographics, institutional characteristics and educational outcome data, while employing stochastic frontier analysis, to develop two distinct efficiency measures and models. The first model examines institutional efficiency in the transformation of financial resources into teaching loads. The second model evaluates efficiency in the transformation of institutional resources into post-study employment outcomes. K-means cluster analysis is used to establish groupings of similar institutes and subsequent canonical discriminant analysis is employed to develop a typology of these clusters. Findings In both models the authors find significant inefficiencies in the Australian TAFE system. The relationship between both efficiency measures is then assessed. While there is no direct linear relationship, a distinct pattern could be detected. Finally the authors develop a typology of efficient institutions. Originality/value This study contributes to the existing research by defining efficiency in vocational education in two distinct ways and by the utilisation of the derived efficiencies in the development of a typology of efficient institutes. In doing so, this research makes an original contribution to the understanding of the drivers of efficiency in vocational education.
32
Arrighi, Gillian, and Victor Emeljanow. "Entertaining Children: an Exploration of the Business and Politics of Childhood." New Theatre Quarterly 28, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x12000048.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the conflict between the constructions of childhood and their political/legal implications in the context of the entertainment business, as related to the demands imposed upon children by parents and theatre managers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Once children could move freely both within and between countries, these conflicts and concerns assumed a global dimension. Through a number of case studies, the authors offer some fresh observations about how legal and social imperatives affected the transmission of values about children employed as entertainers between Britain and Australasia during the period from 1870 to the start of the First World War – from the Education Acts of the 1870s to the legislation of 1910–1913 restricting the export of child entertainers. Gillian Arrighi is a Lecturer in Drama at the University of Newcastle, Australia. She has recently published articles in Theatre Journal (Dec 2008), Australasian Drama Studies (April 2009 and Oct 2010), and in Impact of the Modern: Vernacular Modernities in Australia 1870s–1960s (Sydney, 2008). She is associate editor of the e-journal Popular Entertainment Studies. Victor Emeljanow is Emeritus Professor of Drama at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and General Editor of the e-journal Popular Entertainment Studies. He has published widely on subjects ranging from the reception of Chekhov in Britain and the career of Theodore Kommisarjevsky, to Victorian popular dramatists. He co-wrote with Jim Davis the award-winning Reflecting the Audience: London Theatregoing 1840–1880 in 2001, and his chapter on staging the pirate in the nineteenth century was included in Swashbucklers and Swindlers: Pirates and Mutineers in Nineteenth-Century Literature and Culture, edited by Grace Moore (2011).
33
Hockley, Charmaine. "Internal collaborative partners:a business agreement case study." Australian Health Review 24, no. 1 (2001): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010079.
Full textAbstract:
In the future many organisations in Australia will be turning towards collaborative arrangements with otherindustry partners in order to survive financially. This paper introduces an internal collaborative arrangementresponsive to the challenges of meeting increased demand for services with limited resources. The development of thisexciting approach has in part provided a solution to funding and management issues within one organisation. Thispaper is about the first two years of a negotiated service agreement between the education director and three regionaldirectors of the same organisation.
34
Hughes, Owen E. "MPA Programs in Australia." Chinese Public Administration Review 3, no. 1/2 (November 4, 2016): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v3i1/2.53.
Full textAbstract:
Australian universities have established specific Masters programs for public servants over the past twenty years. However, until recently, despite being established, they have not thrived by comparison with MBA and other masters courses in business. It was not easy to attract students and good staff. MPA programs have generally not captured the public sector community’s attention in the same way as is the case in a number of US schools of public administration or management. This situation changed in 2003 with the creation of the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG). This is a consortium of five governments - the Commonwealth government, the New Zealand government, and the three largest state governments - and nine universities set up to provide an Executive Masters in Public Administration. The ANZSOG cohort is composed of future leaders in the opinion of their governments. All students are fully funded by their governments and at a level that is more costly per student than other training. Funding of this scale reflects a major change for governments in Australia.The establishment of the Australia and New Zealand School of Government represents a major change in education of public managers in Australia. There are lessons for other countries in its establishment.
35
O’Connor, Allan, and Francis J. Greene. "Is there an association between business and entrepreneurship education and differing entrepreneurial groups in Australia? Evidence from GEM Australia." Small Enterprise Research 19, no. 1 (October 2012): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ser.2012.19.1.5.
Full text
36
Dooley, Karen, Liwei Livia Liu, and Yue Melody Yin. "Supplying private tuition: edu-business and Asian migration in Australia." Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 41, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2018.1461063.
Full text
37
Smith, Andrew, Eddie Oczkowski, Charles Noble, and Robert Macklin. "New management practices and enterprise training in Australia." International Journal of Manpower 24, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437720310464954.
Full textAbstract:
The widespread implementation of new management practices (NMPs) in industrialised countries has had a significant impact on employee training. Examines five NMPs: the learning organisation; total quality management; lean production/high performance work organisations; teamworking; and business process re‐engineering. Focuses on the relationship between organisational change and training at the enterprise level. The research identified important findings in six key areas: small business; the use of the vocational education and training system; the importance of the individual; the nature of training; the importance of behavioural skills; and organisational change. The study confirmed that workplace change is a major driver of improved training provision in enterprises. It showed unambiguously that most NMPs are associated with higher levels of training. The integration of training with business strategy was found to be the most important factor in driving training across a wide range of training activities and appears to lead to an across the board boost to enterprise training in all its forms.
38
Stanger, Anthony, Bet Roffey, David Forsaith, Elspeth McInnes, Franca Petrone, Chris Symes, and Maria Xydias. "Gender Differences in Small Business Owner-Managers." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3, no. 2 (May 2002): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101299097.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the findings of a literature review of over 425 articles and reports on women in small business commissioned by the Department of Industry, Science and Tourism in Australia, factors that have a gender-specific impact on women in small business are identified. These factors include age, education and experience; motivations, values and risk-taking; business and financial planning; financing; training and business assistance needs; networks and mentoring; and legal issues. Suggestions are made on how the help and advice of accountants and other assistance providers may be influenced by these gender differences.
39
Murby, Stephen P. "Knowledge Victoria: Trading on know-how." Industry and Higher Education 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228900300317.
Full textAbstract:
Knowledge Victoria is a not-for-profit independent company, wholly owned by the state government of Victoria, Australia. It is concerned with the commercialization and business development of education and knowledge transfer.
40
Hall, Richard, Renu Agarwal, and Roy Green. "The future of management education in Australia: challenges and innovations." Education + Training 55, no. 4/5 (May 24, 2013): 348–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00400911311326009.
Full text
41
McCosker, Colin F. "AUSTRALIAN FRANCHISING: FROM INTERNATIONAL INVASION TO INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION." Journal of Enterprising Culture 01, no. 01 (June 1993): 39–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495893000038.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to review the growth of the franchising sector in Australia, assess the current situation and examine the challenges it faces as it moves into the 21st century. The growth of business format franchising is examined from the early 1970’s when some of the largest U.S. franchisors established themselves in Australia, through the 1980’s when a great number of Australian franchises were commenced and understanding of franchising was growing, until the current situation where the maturity of the sector is evident and increasingly local franchisors are extending their expansion internationally. The current situation is examined, discussing distribution of franchise systems, their performance, the growing trend to international expansion and the changing attitude of government. The roles of franchisors and franchisees are examined, with attention given to data on their plans, behaviour, opinions and concerns. Finally the problems in Australian franchising as identified by a government Franchising Task Force are discussed, together with its conclusions and recommendations which include a scheme for self-regulation by the franchising sector and attention to education and training. Franchising in Australia has achieved considerable growth and maturity. It has developed its own characteristics and now stands independent of the international participants. Instead, it is turning its attention to international expansion while continuing to develop actively its systems within Australia.
42
Taylor, Joy, Ifor Ffowcs-Williams, and Mike Crowe. "Linking desert businesses: the impetus, the practicalities, the emerging pay-offs, and building on the experiences." Rangeland Journal 30, no. 1 (2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj07045.
Full textAbstract:
Small businesses in desert Australia are disadvantaged by remoteness from suppliers and markets, workforce problems, and limited opportunities to explore alliances across the desert. This paper outlines an initiative to support and encourage capacity building in remote desert centres and to create networks to overcome the isolation experienced by desert-based small and medium-sized enterprises. Building on existing local initiatives and seizing the opportunities offered by a range of new information and communication technologies (ICT), businesses are linked together to explore the benefits of networking, to identify possible synergies and opportunities for collaboration, to gain practical ICT and networking skills and confidence in the processes, and create real outcomes for their business. The initiative began with a pilot project focused on training and mentoring business owners and managers in business clustering. In addition to education and training outcomes, this pilot produced more outcomes for the participating businesses than had been anticipated. In the final year $7 million of new business was reported. Many businesses embraced this way of working together to improve competitiveness; as a consequence the networks have continued to operate beyond the life of the pilot project. Several case studies are presented to demonstrate how ICT has been used for the transfer of ideas and knowledge, for collaboration, and to open new commercial opportunities for businesses that arose as a direct result of their participation. Proof of concept has been demonstrated in the value to businesses of this approach to long-distance inter-business cooperation and networking. The paper outlines key findings from the pilot project, including the needs for an appropriate pace of development, mix of technologies used, nurturing of business champions, flexibility, local facilitation, and real business outcomes, among others. These findings are being used to inform future developments in long-distance, cross-border business networking internationally and an expanded project involving nine regions of desert Australia.
43
Baker, Shayne D., Neil Peach, and Malcolm Cathcart. "Work-based learning." Journal of Work-Applied Management 9, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jwam-04-2017-0008.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which work-based learning could potentially improve education and training pathways in Australia. Design/methodology/approach The paper reviews education and training provision in Australia through a contextualisation of the Australian Qualification Framework (AQF) with work-based learning pedagogy to determine the extent to which it might contribute to improved outcomes for learners. Findings People seeking to advance their career aspirations can consider the application of work-based learning to support lifelong learning pathways through the AQF. Research limitations/implications There is a need for further longitudinal studies on the outcomes of work-based learning for organisations, individual learners and education and training institutions. Practical implications The application of effective WBL approaches has the potential to create a much larger flow of learners from experiential and vocational backgrounds into undergraduate programmes and onto higher education programmes using a consistent and effective pedagogy. Social implications By actively considering the opportunities for learning at work and through work learners, educators and business managers may recognise that there would be more demand for work-based learning. Originality/value This paper represents an initial action research study which examines the role WBL can provide for life-long learning.
44
English, Bill. "The Tertiary Education Advisory Commission (TEAC) reforms." Journal of Management & Organization 12, no. 1 (June 2006): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200004168.
Full textAbstract:
In this article Bill English, New Zealand's Shadow Minister for Education, tells the story of New Zealand's tertiary education policy development over the past several years. His perspective comes from time in government and from time in opposition. He concludes with the lessons to be learnt, and his prognosis of the main issues to be confronted by that tertiary sector, in the years to come. The lessons to be learnt are just as valuable for the Australian sector as they are for New Zealand academicians.In this article, Polytechnics are the equivalent of the old Colleges of Advanced Education in Australia, or roughly between the TAFE and university sectors. MMP (mixed member proportional) is the proportional system of electing the New Zealand Parliament. This system is similar to the method by which Australians elect their federal Senate. A Wananga is a tertiary institution set up by statute to focus on the educational needs of Maori.
45
English, Bill. "The Tertiary Education Advisory Commission (TEAC) reforms." Journal of Management & Organization 12, no. 1 (June 2006): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2006.12.1.68.
Full textAbstract:
In this article Bill English, New Zealand's Shadow Minister for Education, tells the story of New Zealand's tertiary education policy development over the past several years. His perspective comes from time in government and from time in opposition. He concludes with the lessons to be learnt, and his prognosis of the main issues to be confronted by that tertiary sector, in the years to come. The lessons to be learnt are just as valuable for the Australian sector as they are for New Zealand academicians.In this article, Polytechnics are the equivalent of the old Colleges of Advanced Education in Australia, or roughly between the TAFE and university sectors. MMP (mixed member proportional) is the proportional system of electing the New Zealand Parliament. This system is similar to the method by which Australians elect their federal Senate. A Wananga is a tertiary institution set up by statute to focus on the educational needs of Maori.
46
O'Brien, John M. "The Collective Organization of Australian Academic Staff 1949-1983." Journal of Industrial Relations 35, no. 2 (June 1993): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218569303500201.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines the development of the collective organization of academic staff in the Australian higher education sector. This examination tests the relevance of the claim that the arbitration system largely rendered powerless those organizations designed to 'bring comfort, security, peace of mind' to society as well as to union members. The paper argues that the development of academic unionism was both a reflection of shifts in state policy on higher education and the changing consciousness of academic staff. Further, industrial registration was sought because it was perceived that it would strengthen the organizational effectiveness of academic unionism. Finally, the paper contests the view that the achievement of federal registration by academic staff organizations represented the beginning of the adoption of an industrial relations model in institutions of higher education in Australia.
47
Dana, Leo-Paul. "AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION." Journal of Enterprising Culture 01, no. 01 (June 1993): 67–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849589300004x.
Full textAbstract:
Entrepreneurship skills are very different from managerial skills. Physiologically, entrepreneurial skills are the function of a developed right hemisphere of the brain, while managerial skills are processed in the left side of the brain. The development of entrepreneurs, therefore, is quite different from managerial development. According to Distinguished Professor Raymond W.Y. Kao, many people lose their entrepreneurial spirit because of the educational system. The problem appears to stem from the fact that traditional education teaches to formalize before doing, while entrepreneurs prefer action rather than pen and paper. This paper begins with a literature review. It then describes and analyzes entrepreneurship education in Canada, the US, Australia and Europe. It explains what is being taught and how. Based on the curriculum of almost fifty schools of business, the author develops a learning agenda, ranging from business basics and techniques, to character development skills and integration. Recommendations are then made, based on outstanding examples of entrepreneurship education in different countries.
48
Watson, Jane, Suzie Wright, Kim Beswick, Jeanne Maree Allen, Ian Hay, and Neil Cranston. "Community Beliefs about Rural and Regional Education and Students' School Completion." Australian and International Journal of Rural Education 27, no. 3 (July 24, 2022): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47381/aijre.v27i3.185.
Full textAbstract:
School completion to the end of Year 12 in rural, regional, and disadvantaged communities is an acknowledged challenge in Australia and internationally. This research reports the beliefs of 86 rural and regional community leaders in the Australian state of Tasmania. A survey on issues associated with students' school completion was designed specifically for community members, and responded to by the study participants. Findings that emerged from the data analysis included that participants were on average quite positive about the capability of students in the community and the potential for business/organisation links with schools. Some concern was expressed, however, about bullying in schools and students having well-formed plans for their futures after finishing school. This study provides a benchmark for future research with community members on their beliefs about issues related to students' educational aspirations and students' continuation in school. It has implications for policy makers, school leaders, and teachers at a national and international level.
49
BARNES, LISA, and STEWART JONES. "SMALL BUSINESS TRAINING PROGRAMS IN VICTORIA: A SURVEY OF COURSE CONTENT AND EFFECTIVENESS." Journal of Enterprising Culture 03, no. 01 (March 1995): 21–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218495895000039.
Full textAbstract:
Australian research efforts have established some strong relationships between small business training and education and improved managerial skill. Ultimately, this impacts on increased survival rates of small firms (Williams, 1990). While the literature suggests that management training programs are generally inadequate in Australia, there is comparatively little empirical research that has concentrated on the effectiveness of these programs in terms of course content and delivery. By surveying course providers and participants, this study seeks to determine the strengths and limitations in the current provision of such services and to identify policy avenues for the future development of more effective training programs. In contrast to previous research, the results of this paper indicate that the general effectiveness of training programs has noticeably improved since the 1980s. However, while providers have become more aware of the training needs of small businesses, and the means by which course effectiveness can be improved, providers need to make more concerted efforts to incorporate this knowledge into the development and delivery of specific training programs.
50
Jackson, Denise. "Personality Traits in Australian Business Graduates and Implications for Organizational Effectiveness." Industry and Higher Education 28, no. 2 (April 2014): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2014.0200.
Full textAbstract:
The Five-Factor model is widely accepted as a robust model of personality that influences workplace behaviour and performance. Given evidence of persistent skills gaps in Australia, it is important to explore personality traits in business graduates to understand whether they have the necessary characteristics to enable the country to perform successfully nationally and to compete on a global level, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. This study examines personality traits in 674 Australian business graduates, using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and variations in traits across demographic/background characteristics. The results indicate that graduates are relatively high in extroversion, conscientiousness and emotional stability and low in openness and agreeableness. Some gender differences were apparent. The findings are largely positive for organizational performance, but raise concern for organizational well-being, effective leadership and innovativeness. There is some alignment between the findings and documented deficiencies in graduate performance, highlighting areas for intervention. Strategies for managing typical traits in business graduates and their potential impact on prevalent skills gaps are discussed for both professional and education practitioners.