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Journal articles on the topic 'Bushveld complex'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Trumbull, R. B., L. D. Ashwal, S. J. Webb, and I. V. Veksler. "Drilling through the largest magma chamber on Earth: Bushveld Igneous Complex Drilling Project (BICDP)." Scientific Drilling 19 (May 29, 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-19-33-2015.

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Abstract. A scientific drilling project in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa has been proposed to contribute to the following scientific topics of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP): large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, natural resources, volcanic systems and thermal regimes, and deep life. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from eight countries met in Johannesburg to exchange ideas about the scientific objectives and a drilling strategy to achieve them. The workshop identified drilling targets in each of the three main lobes of the Bushveld Complex, which will integrate existing drill cores with new boreholes to establish permanently curated and accessible reference profiles of the Bushveld Complex. Coordinated studies of this material will address fundamental questions related to the origin and evolution of parental Bushveld magma(s), the magma chamber processes that caused layering and ore formation, and the role of crust vs. mantle in the genesis of Bushveld granites and felsic volcanic units. Other objectives are to study geophysical and geodynamic aspects of the Bushveld intrusion, including crustal stresses and thermal gradient, and to determine the nature of deep groundwater systems and the biology of subsurface microbial communities.

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2

Von Gruenewaldt, Gerhard, Martin R. Sharpe, and Christopher J. Hatton. "The Bushveld Complex; introduction and review." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.803.

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3

Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.

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4

Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, J. van der Merwe, and J. Westraat. "A note on the erosive nature of potholes in the Bushveld Complex." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0042.

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Abstract We describe an impressive ~55 m high outcrop from the Pilanesberg Platinum Mine open pit, located in the North-Western Bushveld Complex. The outcrop exposes the complete two-dimensional structure of three Merensky Unit potholes that cut several metres down into the underlying footwall anorthosites. The transgressive field relationships are interpreted to have resulted from thermochemical erosion of the footwall rocks by new pulses of magma replenishing the chamber and resulting in incremental growth of the Bushveld Complex.

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5

Ivanic, Timothy J., Oliver Nebel, John Brett, and Ruth E. Murdie. "The Windimurra Igneous Complex: an Archean Bushveld?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 453, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp453.1.

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6

Cawthorn, R. G., and N. McKenna. "The extension of the western limb, Bushveld Complex (South Africa), at Cullinan Diamond Mine." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 3 (June 2006): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067030328.

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AbstractMafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex at the southeastern end of the western limb, intersected in bore core from the Cullinan Diamond Mine, are described. A 260 m thick ultramafic body of orthopyroxene and chromite cumulate rocks, with mg# – 100*Mg/(Mg+Fe) – values from 77 to 84 and 0.25 to 0.5% Cr2O3 in the pyroxene, is considered to have affinity to the Critical Zone. Such an interpretation considerably extends the eastern limit of Critical Zone rocks of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The whole-rock composition of the lower, chilled basal contact of this body has 10% MgO and 500 ppm Cr, and is comparable to magmas considered parental to the Bushveld Complex. Due to intrusion of a younger sill, the upper contact is not preserved in the bore core. The cumulate rocks have higher interstitial component, inferred from incompatible trace element abundances (Zr, Ti and K), than normal Critical Zone rocks, interpreted to be a result of more rapid cooling due to proximity to the basal contact. The near-constancy of mg# in the pyroxene in the entire succession suggests that large volumes of magma flowed through this conduit, with only the liquidus phases of orthopyroxene and chromite being precipitated.Five generations of sills, intruded into the underlying metasedimentary rocks, are identified. The oldest is tholeiitic, and was metamorphosed prior to the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. The second equates to the magma proposed as being parental to the Bushveld Complex (2060 Ma). The third represents the products of differentiation of that magma. The fourth is syenitic, and related to the Pienaars River Alkaline Complex (1430–1300 Ma). The fifth is tholeiitic (1150 Ma), and cuts the Cullinan kimberlite.

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7

Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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8

Jones, MQW. "Thermophysical properties of rocks from the Bushveld Complex." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 115, no. 2 (2015): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n2a10.

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9

Cawthorn, R. Grant, and T. S. McCarthy. "Incompatible trace element behavior in the Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 1016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1016.

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10

Maier, W. D., and B. Teigler. "A facies model for the western Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 90, no. 8 (December 1, 1995): 2343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2343.

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11

Meyer, R., and J. H. de Beer. "Structure of the Bushveld Complex from resistivity measurements." Nature 325, no. 6105 (February 1987): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/325610a0.

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12

Cawthorn, R. G. "Delayed accumulation of plagioclase in the Bushveld Complex." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 6 (December 2002): 881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026660065.

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Abstract The Upper Critical Zone of the Bushveld Complex consists of several cyclic units, each ranging from ultramafic to leucocratic. One view is that they were initiated by addition of, and crystallization from, relatively magnesian magma. Experimental studies on plausible parental magma compositions to this sequence show that plagioclase joins orthopyroxene in the crystallization sequence once the Mg# of the orthopyroxene has decreased below 83. Some norites from the Upper Critical Zone contain orthopyroxene with this Mg#, supporting the validity of the experimental studies. There are no orthopyroxene compositions with higher Mg# than 83 in the entire Upper Critical Zone in either the eastern or western limbs of the Bushveld Complex. This observation suggests that all these rocks formed from plagioclase-saturated magmas. If this interpretation is correct, pyroxenites in this succession are not the result of crystallization from a magnesian magma. Instead, they result from the mechanical separation of plagioclase and orthopyroxene, probably due to crystal sorting during settling, from a magma lying at the cotectic for these two minerals. Rocks exist in the Upper Critical Zone that contain non-cotectic proportions of cumulus plagioclase and orthopyroxene, again supporting models of crystal sorting during settling. In such a model, anorthosites result from the delayed accumulation of plagioclase relative to pyroxene, and not to formation from a magma saturated only in plagioclase. When traced from northwest to southeast in the western limb, there is a change in the relative proportions of plagioclase to orthopyroxene in the Upper Group 2 chromitite cyclic unit. In the northwest the unit is dominated by ultramafic rocks. In the southeast the plagioclase to pyroxene ratio exceeds that of the cotectic proportion, relations that may result from the lateral transport of suspended plagioclase grains to the southeast.

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13

Mondal, Sisir K., and Edmond A. Mathez. "Origin of the UG2 chromitite layer, Bushveld Complex." Journal of Petrology 48, no. 3 (November 29, 2006): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egl069.

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14

Cawthorn, R. G., and F. Walraven. "Emplacement and Crystallization Time for the Bushveld Complex." Journal of Petrology 39, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petroj/39.9.1669.

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15

Uken, Ronald, and Michael K. Watkeys. "Diapirism initiated by the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 25, no. 8 (1997): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0723:dibtbc>2.3.co;2.

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16

Cawthorn, R. G., C. Harris, and F. J. Kruger. "Discordant ultramafic pegmatoidal pipes in the Bushveld Complex." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140, no. 1 (November 2000): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100000175.

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17

Verryn, Sabine M. C., Roland K. W. Merkle, and Gerhard Von Gruenewaldt. "Gold- and associated ore minerals of the Waaikraal Deposit, northwest of Brits, Bushveld Complex." European Journal of Mineralogy 3, no. 2 (April 18, 1991): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/3/2/0451.

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18

Maier, Wolfgang D., and Andrew A. Mitchell. "Grain-size variations of cumulus plagioclase in the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex." European Journal of Mineralogy 7, no. 1 (February 8, 1995): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/7/1/0195.

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19

Cawthorn, R. G., C. A. Lee, R. P. Schouwstra, and P. Mellowship. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PGE AND PGM IN THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX." Canadian Mineralogist 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.2.311.

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20

Von Gruenewaldt, Gerhard, C. J. Hatton, and R. K. W. Merkle. "Platinum-group element-chromitite associations in the Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 81, no. 5 (August 1, 1986): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.5.1067.

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21

Basson, I. J. "Cumulative deformation and original geometry of the Bushveld Complex." Tectonophysics 750 (January 2019): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.11.004.

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22

Campbell, Geoff. "Exploration geophysics of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa." Leading Edge 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 622–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3599148.

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23

Perritt, Sam, and Mike Roberts. "Flexural-slip structures in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa?" Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 9 (September 2007): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.008.

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24

Hattingh, P. J. "Palaeomagnetism of the upper zone of the Bushveld Complex." Tectonophysics 165, no. 1-4 (August 1989): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(89)90042-5.

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25

Hattingh, Pierre J. "Palaeomagnetic constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld complex." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 4 (November 1995): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00107-7.

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26

Mitchell, A. A., J. Henckel, and A. Mason-Apps. "The Upper Critical Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Swartklip Sector, north-western Bushveld Complex, on the farm Wilgerspruit 2JQ: I. Stratigraphy and PGE mineralization patterns." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0010.

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Abstract The Upper Critical Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) in the Swartklip Sector, north-western Bushveld Complex, is considerably attenuated relative to other parts of the Complex. The interval between the UG2 chromitite and the Merensky Reef amounts to as little as 25 m in places. Within this interval, the aggregate thickness of orthopyroxenite-dominated ultramafic layers hosting the UG1 and UG2 chromitites and the Merensky and Bastard reefs does not differ significantly from the area around Rustenburg, to the south. The total thickness of ultramafic lithologies is, in fact, increased by the presence of the 3 to 5 m thick olivine-rich Pseudo Reef Unit, which is developed between the UG2 and Merensky Reef units in the Swartklip Sector, but does not occur in any significant form elsewhere in the Bushveld intrusion. The substantial thinning of the succession is due almost entirely to the fact that plagioclase-rich rocks (norite and anorthosite) between the ultramafic layers are radically thinned in the Swartklip Sector relative to virtually all other parts of the Bushveld Complex. The ultramafic layers, although dominated by orthopyroxenite, are characterized by higher proportions of olivine than in other parts of the Bushveld Complex. In our logging of the substantial number of exploration drill cores that form the basis of this study, we have found it expedient to define stratigraphic units that are either exclusively plagioclase-rich (norite and anorthosite) or plagioclase-poor (consisting of varying proportions of orthopyroxenite, harzburgite and chromitite). This effectively binary system of lithological classification has no overt genetic connotations. Our nomenclature has, in fact, enabled us to rigorously document the nature of contacts between ultramafic and plagioclase-rich units, and thus to identify unconformities between the ultramafic units (orthopyroxenite and harzburgite) and intervening noritic and anorthositic units, which have in the past been ascribed to localized thermo-chemical erosion of pre-existing plagioclase-rich cumulates. Apart from the well-documented evidence of erosional unconformities at the basal contacts of ultramafic units, we also provide evidence for unconformities at the tops of these units.

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27

Cawthorn, R. Grant. "Centenary of the Discovery of Platinum in the Bushveld Complex." Platinum Metals Review 50, no. 3 (July 1, 2006): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/147106706x119746.

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28

Walraven, F. "Genetic aspects of the granophyric rocks of the Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 1166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1166.

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29

Engelbrecht, Johann P. "The chromites of the Bushveld Complex in the Nietverdiend area." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 896–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.896.

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30

Huthmann, F. M., J. A. Kinnaird, M. A. Yudovskaya, and M. A. Elburg. "The Sr isotopic stratigraphy of the far northern Bushveld Complex." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.4.499.

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31

Kgaswane, Eldridge M., Andrew A. Nyblade, Raymond J. Durrheim, Jordi Julià, Paul H. G. M. Dirks, and Susan J. Webb. "Shear wave velocity structure of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Tectonophysics 554-557 (July 2012): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.06.003.

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32

BALLHAUS, CHRIS, and PAUL SYLVESTER. "Noble Metal Enrichment Processes in the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex." Journal of Petrology 41, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.4.545.

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33

Boudreau, Alan E. "Modeling the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, Republic of South Africa." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, no. 4 (March 18, 2008): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0294-0.

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34

Lehloenya, Pelele B., and Frederick Roelofse. "Mercury distribution amongst co-existing silicates within the Bushveld Complex." Geochemistry 73, no. 3 (October 2013): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2013.07.003.

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35

Mathez, E. A. "Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119, no. 2-3 (March 1995): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00307287.

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36

Mathez, E. A. "Magmatic metasomatism and formation of the Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 119, no. 2-3 (March 1, 1995): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050042.

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37

Zingg, A. J. "Recrystallization and the origin of layering in the Bushveld Complex." Lithos 37, no. 1 (February 1996): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(95)00013-5.

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38

Cole, Janine, Carol A. Finn, and Susan Jane Webb. "Geometry of the Bushveld Complex from 3D potential field modelling." Precambrian Research 359 (July 2021): 106219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106219.

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39

Hughes, Hannah S. R., Judith A. Kinnaird, Iain McDonald, Paul A. M. Nex, and Grant M. Bybee. "Lamprophyric dykes in the Bushveld Complex: the lithospheric mantle and its metallogenic bearing on the Bushveld large igneous province." Applied Earth Science 125, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03717453.2016.1166638.

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40

Joreau, Pascal, Wolf U. Reimold, Laurence J. Robb, and Jean-Claude Doukhan. "TEM study of deformed quartz grains from volcaniclastic sediments associated with the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 2 (June 26, 1997): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/2/0393.

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41

Verryn, Sabine M. C., and Roland K. W. Merkle. "Compositional variation of cooperite, braggite, and vysotskite from the Bushveld Complex." Mineralogical Magazine 58, no. 391 (June 1994): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1994.058.391.05.

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AbstractThe compositions of coexisting and individual cooperite (ideally PtS) and braggite (ideally (Pt,Pd)S) grains from the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, as well as cooperite, braggite and vysotskite (ideally PdS) grains from the UG-2 of the Bushveld Complex were investigated. There is a clearly defined miscibility gap between cooperite and braggite, but no evident gap between braggite and vysotskite. Partition coefficients between cooperite and braggite are determined on coexisting phases. The KDbraggite/cooperite in atomic ratios are estimated to be 0.54 for Pt, 15.81 for Pd and 5.93 for Ni. For Rh and Co the KDbraggite/cooperite are estimated to be > 1.40 and > 1.46 respectively. No systematic behaviour is detected for Fe and Cu. Coupled substitutions of Pd + Ni for Pt in cooperite and braggite/vysotskite are indicated. Within the cooperite of the Merensky Reef, the Pd:Ni ratio is approximately 9:11. The substitution trend in braggite, which extends to vysotskite in the UG-2, is dependent on the base-metal sulphide (BMS) association. If pentlandite is the dominant Ni-bearing BMS, the Pd:Ni ratio is about 7:3 in the Merensky Reef and in the UG-2. Millerite as the dominant Ni-bearing BMS in the UG-2 changes this ratio to 3:1. It is concluded that the Ni-content in braggite/vysotskite from BMS assemblages does not depend on the NiS activity, but rather on temperature of formation.

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42

Klemd, Reiner, Andreas Beinlich, Matti Kern, Malte Junge, Laure Martin, Marcel Regelous, and Robert Schouwstra. "Magmatic PGE Sulphide Mineralization in Clinopyroxenite from the Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Minerals 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10060570.

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The Platreef, at the base of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, hosts platinum-group element (PGE) mineralization in association with base-metal sulphides (BMS) and platinum-group minerals (PGM). However, whilst a magmatic origin of the stratiform mineralization of the upper Platreef has been widely confirmed, the processes responsible for the PGE and BMS mineralization and metasomatism of the host rocks in the Platreef are still under discussion. In order to contribute to the present discussion, we present an integrated petrographical, mineral-chemical, whole-rock trace- and major-element, sulphur- and neodymium-isotope, study of Platreef footwall clinopyroxenite drill core samples from Overysel, which is located in the northern sector of the northern Bushveld limb. A metasomatic transformation of magmatic pyroxenite units to non-magmatic clinopyroxenite is in accordance with the petrography and whole-rock chemical analysis. The whole-rock data display lower SiO2, FeO, Na2O and Cr (<1700 ppm), and higher CaO, concentrations in the here-studied footwall Platreef clinopyroxenite samples than primary magmatic Platreef pyroxenite and norite. The presence of capped globular sulphides in some samples, which display differentiation into pyrrhotite and pentlandite in the lower, and chalcopyrite in the upper part, is attributed to the fractional crystallization of a sulphide liquid, and a downward transport of the blebs. In situ sulphur (V-CDT) isotope BMS data show isotopic signatures (δ34S = 0.9 to 3.1 ‰; Δ33S = 0.09 to 0.32‰) close to or within the pristine magmatic range. Elevated (non-zero) Δ33S values are common for Bushveld magmas, indicating contamination by older, presumably crustal sulphur in an early stage chamber, whereas magmatic δ34S values suggest the absence of local crustal contamination during emplacement. This is in accordance with the εNd (2.06 Ga) (chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR)) values, of −6.16 to −6.94, which are similar to those of the magmatic pyroxenite and norite of the Main Zone and the Platreef in the northern sector of the northern Bushveld limb. Base-metal sulphide textures and S–Se-ratios give evidence for a secondary S-loss during late- to post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration. The textural evidence, as well as the bulk S/Se ratios and sulphide S isotopes studies, suggest that the mineralization in both the less and the pervasively hydrothermally altered clinopyroxenite samples of Overysel are of magmatic origin. This is further supported by the PPGE (Rh, Pt, Pd) concentrations in the BMS and mass-balance calculations, in both of which large proportions of the whole-rock Pd and Rh are hosted by pentlandite, whereas Pt and the IPGE (Os, Ir, Ru) were interpreted to mainly occur in discrete PGM. However, the presence of pentlandite with variable PGE concentrations on the thin section scale may be related to variations in the S content, already at S-saturation during magmatic formation, and/or post-solidification mobilization and redistribution.

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43

Schweitzer, J. K., and C. J. Hatton. "Chemical alteration within the volcanic roof rocks of the Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 90, no. 8 (December 1, 1995): 2218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2218.

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Hunt, Emma, Rais Latypov, and Péter Horváth. "The Merensky Cyclic Unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Reality or Myth?" Minerals 8, no. 4 (April 3, 2018): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8040144.

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Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, and J. Kramers. "Arguments against syn-magmatic sills in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.4.565.

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Venter, Andrew Derick, Johan Paul Beukes, Pieter Gideon van Zyl, Miroslav Josipovic, Kerneels Jaars, and Ville Vakkari. "Regional atmospheric Cr(VI) pollution from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Atmospheric Pollution Research 7, no. 5 (September 2016): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.03.009.

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Cawthorn, R. G., and S. J. Webb. "Connectivity between the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex." Tectonophysics 330, no. 3-4 (January 2001): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00227-4.

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Hill, Malcolm, Fred Barker, Don Hunter, and Roy Knight. "Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of the Lebowa Granite Suite, Bushveld Complex." International Geology Review 38, no. 3 (March 1996): 195–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819709465331.

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JOHNSON, T. E. "Partial Melting of Metapelitic Rocks Beneath the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 44, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 789–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/44.5.789.

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Cawthorn, R. G. "The Residual or Roof Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Petrology 54, no. 9 (June 18, 2013): 1875–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt034.

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